Renovating a property in France is a dream for many foreign buyers. The stone farmhouse in the Dordogne, the Haussmann apartment in Paris, the Provençal mas — each carries the promise of a lifestyle that has drawn British, American and Australian purchasers to the French property market for decades. Yet the legal framework governing construction and renovation in France differs fundamentally from common-law systems. A buyer who signs a devis (quotation) without understanding the statutory guarantees, mandatory insurance requirements and the architecture of liability under the Code civil can find themselves exposed to costs that far exceed the original budget.
This article sets out the key legal mechanisms that protect — and in some cases bind — a property owner who undertakes building works in France. It focuses on the two principal contractual frameworks (the contrat de construction de maison individuelle with plan, or CCMI, and the general contrat d’entreprise), the mandatory post-completion guarantees, the assurance dommages-ouvrage (works-damage insurance) and the most significant rulings handed down by the Cour de cassation, France’s supreme court for civil matters, between 2023 and 2026. Every reference below is sourced from decisions and legislative texts obtained directly in the preparation of this article.
I. Understanding the Two Main French Construction Contracts
A. The contrat de construction de maison individuelle with plan (CCMI)
The contrat de construction de maison individuelle (individual house construction contract), governed by Articles L. 231-1 et seq. of the Code de la construction et de l’habitation (CCH), is the most heavily regulated building contract in French law. It applies whenever a professional builder undertakes to construct a single-family home and provides the plans — even if the client contributes design input.
For a foreign buyer, the CCMI offers the highest level of statutory protection. The contract must, by law, include a fixed price, a defined completion date, detailed specifications, and — critically — a garantie de livraison (guarantee of delivery) underwritten by an approved bank, finance company or insurer. Article L. 231-6 CCH requires this guarantee to cover the owner from the date the worksite opens against the risk of non-performance or defective performance of the works “à prix et délais convenus” (at the agreed price and within the agreed time).
The scope of the guarantee of delivery was significantly clarified by a published decision of the Cour de cassation on 13 April 2023, no. 21-21.106 (FS-B). The Court held that the guarantee covers the cost of price overruns necessary to complete the construction, but — unless the guarantee contract provides otherwise — does not extend to compensating separate losses such as removal costs or alternative accommodation. The Court stated: “sauf stipulation contraire, cette garantie ne s’étend pas à l’indemnisation de préjudices distincts” (unless otherwise stipulated, this guarantee does not extend to compensating separate losses). The practical consequence is that an owner must verify the precise terms of the guarantee certificate: a standard-form caution solidaire (joint surety bond) protects the completion budget, not the owner’s ancillary expenses.
Equally important is the penalty for late delivery. The CCMI must stipulate per-day penalties once the delay exceeds 30 days. On 19 September 2024, no. 22-24.871, the Cour de cassation confirmed that the starting point of the contractual execution period — and therefore of the penalties — is the date indicated in the contract for the opening of the worksite, not the date on which the builder actually filed the déclaration réglementaire d’ouverture de chantier (DROC). If the contract says the worksite opens two months after the conditions precedent are fulfilled, that date governs, regardless of administrative filings.
In a significant ruling of 26 March 2026, no. 24-14.789, the Court reinforced the builder’s exposure by holding that the annulment of a court-ordered expert report — even where caused by the expert’s lack of impartiality — does not constitute force majeure capable of excusing the builder from delay penalties. The Court reasoned that the expert investigation had been ordered precisely because of defects attributable to the builder, and that “la durée des opérations d’expertise résultant du décès de l’expert premier désigné et de l’annulation prononcée du rapport déposé par le deuxième ne constituait pas, faute d’extériorité, un cas de force majeure exonératoire de la responsabilité du constructeur” (the duration of the expert proceedings resulting from the death of the first expert and the annulment of the second expert’s report did not constitute, for lack of externality, a case of force majeure exonerating the builder).
B. The contrat d’entreprise (general works contract)
Where the owner does not commission a complete new build with plans supplied by the builder — for example, a renovation, an extension, or a conversion of an existing structure — the relationship is governed by the contrat d’entreprise (contract for services) under Articles 1787 et seq. of the Code civil. This framework is far less prescriptive than the CCMI: there is no statutory obligation to include a guarantee of delivery, no mandatory penalty clause, and no fixed-price requirement unless the parties agree to one.
For a foreign buyer who hires a local artisan or a maître d’œuvre (project manager) to oversee a renovation, the legal relationship is essentially governed by the general law of contract, supplemented by the statutory building guarantees discussed in Part II below. The devis signed by the parties should specify the scope of works, the price (whether fixed or by measurement), the payment schedule and the estimated completion date. Under French law, a devis is binding once accepted by the client; there is no cooling-off period equivalent to the 10-day délai de rétractation that applies to the CCMI.
One practical pitfall for foreign buyers concerns the sous-traitance (subcontracting). Many French artisans subcontract parts of the work without disclosing it. Under Article 14-1 of the Law of 31 December 1975, the main contractor must have each subcontractor approved and their payment terms accepted by the owner. If this formality is neglected, the subcontractor may have a direct claim against the owner for payment — even if the owner has already paid the main contractor in full. The Cour de cassation has reinforced the procedural protections available to main contractors by ruling, on 4 July 2024, no. 23-13.371, that a référé-expertise (interim expert investigation) not accompanied by a claim for a right — even provisional — does not start the five-year prescription period for the main contractor’s recourse against its subcontractors. The practical lesson for the owner is to demand a written list of all subcontractors and proof of their approval before work begins.
II. The Three-Tier System of Statutory Guarantees
A. Garantie de parfait achèvement, garantie biennale and garantie décennale
Once the works are complete, French law imposes a mandatory three-tier guarantee regime on every constructeur — a term defined broadly by Article 1792-1 of the Code civil to include architects, contractors, technicians and any person who sells a building they have built or had built. These guarantees run from the date of réception (acceptance of the works) and are matters of ordre public (public policy): they cannot be waived or limited by contract.
The réception itself is defined by Article 1792-6 of the Code civil as “l’acte par lequel le maître de l’ouvrage déclare accepter l’ouvrage avec ou sans réserves” (the act by which the owner declares acceptance of the works, with or without reservations). For a foreign buyer, the moment of réception is the single most consequential step in any construction project: it triggers the guarantee periods, transfers the risk of loss to the owner, and crystallises the builder’s right to payment of the balance. Signing a procès-verbal de réception sans réserves (acceptance certificate without reservations) means the owner accepts the works as they are, visible defects included.
The three guarantees are:
1. Garantie de parfait achèvement (guarantee of perfect completion): one year from réception. The builder must remedy all defects reported in the reservations noted at réception or notified in writing within the year. The builder cannot refuse on grounds of cost or inconvenience.
2. Garantie de bon fonctionnement (guarantee of proper functioning, or garantie biennale): two years from réception. Under Article 1792-3 of the Code civil, “les autres éléments d’équipement de l’ouvrage font l’objet d’une garantie de bon fonctionnement d’une durée minimale de deux ans à compter de sa réception” (other equipment elements of the building are covered by a guarantee of proper functioning for a minimum of two years from acceptance). This covers items that can be removed without damaging the structure — boilers, shutters, kitchen fittings, sanitary ware.
3. Garantie décennale (ten-year decennial guarantee): ten years from réception. Under Article 1792 of the Code civil, “tout constructeur d’un ouvrage est responsable de plein droit, envers le maître ou l’acquéreur de l’ouvrage, des dommages, même résultant d’un vice du sol, qui compromettent la solidité de l’ouvrage ou qui, l’affectant dans l’un de ses éléments constitutifs ou l’un de ses éléments d’équipement, le rendent impropre à sa destination” (every builder of a work is liable as of right to the owner or purchaser for damage, even resulting from a defect in the ground, that compromises the solidity of the work or, affecting one of its constituent elements or items of equipment, renders it unfit for its purpose).
The decennial guarantee is the cornerstone of French construction law. It imposes strict liability — the owner need not prove fault, only that the damage falls within the statutory definition. In the 13 April 2023 ruling cited above (no. 21-21.106), the Cour de cassation censured a court of appeal that had refused to classify as decennial defects a house described as “complètement bancale et de guingois” (completely lopsided and crooked) that required demolition and reconstruction. The Court held that the lower court had failed to draw the correct legal conclusions from its own findings: if a house must be demolished to be repaired, the defects are necessarily of decennial gravity.
The guarantees are discharged after ten years from réception pursuant to Article 1792-4-1 of the Code civil. After that point, only residual contractual claims — or claims in tort under Article 1240 — may survive, subject to the ordinary five-year limitation period.
B. The assurance dommages-ouvrage: insurance you must buy before work starts
No aspect of French construction law surprises foreign buyers more than the assurance dommages-ouvrage (works-damage insurance, often abbreviated DO). Under Article L. 242-1 of the Code des assurances, any person who commissions building works subject to the decennial guarantee must, before the worksite opens, take out a DO policy in their own name. This insurance pre-finances the repair of decennial defects without waiting for a court to determine which builder is liable. The insurer must make an offer of indemnity within 60 days of the claim and pay within 90 days of the offer’s acceptance.
For a foreign buyer, two points are critical. First, the DO policy must be obtained before the works begin. A builder who starts work without proof of DO insurance risks criminal sanctions and, in the event of a claim, the owner may be left without the accelerated compensation mechanism. Second, the DO policy covers the building for ten years and runs with the property: if the owner sells, the policy benefits the purchaser automatically, without assignment formalities.
The link between the DO policy and the CCMI guarantee of delivery was illustrated by the 26 March 2026 decision (no. 24-14.789), where the Court examined a situation in which the builder had failed to produce the DO and delivery-guarantee certificates on time. The Court recalled that the contractually stipulated date for the worksite opening could not start before the conditions precedent — including the production of these certificates — were fulfilled. A foreign buyer should therefore insist on receiving certified copies of both the DO policy and the guarantee of delivery before making the first payment.
The Article L. 231-6 CCH guarantee of delivery mechanism provides that, if the builder is in default, the guarantor must, after formal notice, designate a replacement contractor to complete the works. The guarantor may also propose that the owner contract directly with completion contractors, with the guarantor paying them directly. This mechanism remains in place until the réception has been signed and all reservations lifted.
Conclusion
French construction law offers one of the most protective statutory frameworks in Europe for a property owner, but its effectiveness depends on compliance with formalities that are unfamiliar to buyers from common-law jurisdictions. The CCMI provides a near-comprehensive safety net for new builds; the contrat d’entreprise leaves substantially more risk with the owner. In both cases, the mandatory guarantees — parfait achèvement, biennale and décennale — operate automatically from the moment of réception, but they only protect an owner who has navigated the réception correctly, has secured the DO insurance before work begins, and has verified that the builder holds the requisite garantie de livraison and assurance décennale.
The French real estate law practice at Kohen Avocats assists foreign buyers at every stage — from reviewing the devis and the CCMI before signature, through the réception process, to enforcing the statutory guarantees and pursuing contractors and their insurers before the French courts when defects emerge.