A foreign founder may be able to close a French company without travelling to France, but “closing” is not one filing. For a solvent société par actions simplifiée (SAS, simplified joint-stock company), société à responsabilité limitée (SARL, private limited-liability company), or another French company, the normal sequence is an early dissolution, a liquidation, approval of the final accounts, and deregistration. A foreign corporate shareholder may instead use a transmission universelle du patrimoine (TUP, universal transfer of the company’s assets and liabilities) in the cases allowed by law, with no liquidation. The choice changes the creditors’ objection period, the documents, the tax work and the date on which the legal entity disappears.

The remote element adds another layer. A shareholder resolution, a liquidator’s mandate, a French-language legal notice, an INPI filing, tax returns and social-security closures must all be coordinated. INPI is the Institut national de la propriété industrielle, the public body operating the one-stop business-formalities system. The RCS is the Registre du commerce et des sociétés, the commercial and companies register; the RNE is the Registre national des entreprises, the national register; and a Kbis is the official extract evidencing registration in the RCS. This guide focuses on a French company owned or directed from abroad, and links the procedural map to the cabinet’s broader French company-formation and corporate-services hub.

I. Can a foreign founder dissolve a French company from abroad?

A. When is voluntary dissolution possible, and when is judicial liquidation required?

The first decision is not whether the founder can sign online. It is whether the company is solvent and whether the selected closing route matches its legal structure. Voluntary dissolution followed by an amicable liquidation is designed for a company that can deal with its liabilities. It is not a way to make unpaid creditors, employee claims, tax debts or disputed contractual obligations disappear. If the company cannot pay due debts with the assets available to it, the directors and shareholders should obtain urgent advice about insolvency proceedings rather than presenting an orderly solvent liquidation as the answer.

The legal starting point is Article 1844-7 of the French Civil Code. It lists the events that end a company, including expiry, completion or extinction of its purpose, annulment, early dissolution decided by the shareholders, judicial dissolution for just cause, and other statutory causes. The statute begins: “La société prend fin :” and includes, at 4°, “Par la dissolution anticipée décidée par les associés.” In English, the shareholders can decide an early dissolution when the company’s articles and the applicable voting rules allow it. That decision starts a process; it does not itself erase the company.

For an ordinary voluntary closing, the shareholders’ resolution should be drafted as a complete corporate instruction. It should identify the legal entity, approve the early dissolution, state the effective date, appoint the liquidator, define the liquidator’s powers, fix the place for correspondence, and authorise the person who will make the publication and electronic filing. The articles of association may contain special voting thresholds, a preferred liquidator, or formalities for convening and signing. A foreign shareholder should therefore read the current articles and any shareholders’ agreement before relying on a standard French template.

Article 1844-8 of the French Civil Code states: “La dissolution de la société entraîne sa liquidation, hormis les cas prévus à l’article 1844-4 et au troisième alinéa de l’article 1844-5. Elle n’a d’effet à l’égard des tiers qu’après sa publication.” The translation is practical: dissolution normally triggers liquidation, and the event cannot be relied on against third parties until it has been published. The same article provides that the liquidator is appointed under the articles, by the shareholders, or by a court, and that the legal personality continues until publication of the liquidation closure. A foreign owner should not tell a bank, customer or creditor that the company has ceased to exist merely because an overseas resolution has been signed.

The Commercial Code supplies the operating rule. Article L. 237-2 of the French Commercial Code provides: “La société est en liquidation dès l’instant de sa dissolution pour quelque cause que ce soit sauf dans le cas prévu au troisième alinéa de l’article 1844-5 du code civil. Sa dénomination sociale est suivie de la mention « société en liquidation ».” It adds: “La personnalité morale de la société subsiste pour les besoins de la liquidation, jusqu’à la clôture de celle-ci.” The company therefore remains a legal person for the limited purpose of collecting, paying, selling, terminating and accounting for what remains. Its correspondence, invoices and notices should show the liquidation status where required.

The liquidator is not just a filing agent. The liquidator takes control of the winding-up work: identifying assets, collecting receivables, paying creditors, resolving or terminating contracts, dealing with employees, preparing the final accounts and convening the shareholders. A foreign founder may be appointed, but a France-based professional or a trusted representative may be more practical when original documents, French notices, bank instructions, employee matters or registry questions must be handled quickly. The appointment should be checked against any disqualification rule. Article L. 237-4 of the Commercial Code states: “Ne peuvent être nommées liquidateurs les personnes auxquelles l’exercice des fonctions de directeur général, d’administrateur, de gérant de société, de membre du directoire ou du conseil de surveillance est interdit ou qui sont déchues du droit d’exercer ces fonctions.”

An amicable liquidation also requires a realistic creditor file. List trade creditors, lenders, landlords, tax authorities, URSSAF and employees. URSSAF is the Union de recouvrement des cotisations de sécurité sociale et d’allocations familiales, the organisation collecting much of France’s social-security contributions. Include customer deposits, warranties, chargebacks, litigation, data-retention duties, subscriptions and guarantees. A company with no current invoice can still have a liability under a lease, an employment dispute, a tax reassessment, a director’s current-account balance or a cross-border service agreement. The liquidator should reserve enough cash to resolve those exposures rather than distributing a surplus too early.

The liquidation status does not authorise new commercial activity without limit. The liquidator may complete existing operations when that is necessary to wind up the company, but the objective is closure, not a new business plan. Continuing to issue ordinary sales invoices, accepting new long-term orders or moving assets to a shareholder without a documented liquidation reason can create tax, creditor and director-liability problems. The liquidator should preserve a written explanation for each material transaction after the dissolution date.

The legal personality can survive longer than the Kbis suggests. In Cass. com., 20 September 2023, nos. 21-14.252 and 22-21.718, the French Supreme Court stated: “Il résulte de ce texte que la personnalité morale d’une société dissoute subsiste aussi longtemps que ses droits et obligations à caractère social ne sont pas liquidés.” The Court also accepted the survival of the company’s legal personality for liquidation purposes despite its removal from the commercial register. The consequence for a foreign founder is clear: deregistration is an important public milestone, but it does not excuse the preservation of the liquidation records or the handling of a claim that arose before closure.

A branch requires a different analysis. A French branch is an establishment of a foreign company, not a French subsidiary with its own separate legal personality. Its closure normally concerns the deregistration of the French establishment and the parent’s continuing obligations in its home state. Do not use the TUP route for a branch, and do not treat the branch’s Kbis as proof that the foreign parent has been dissolved. The article below addresses a French company; if the French record identifies a succursale or branch, classify that record first and prepare a separate exit plan.

B. What changes when the sole shareholder is a foreign company?

The major alternative to an ordinary liquidation is a TUP. It may apply where the French company has a single shareholder that is a legal person. The shareholder receives the company’s entire patrimony, including its assets and liabilities, subject to the creditors’ objection procedure. This is not the same as a shareholder buying selected assets or receiving a final dividend. It is a universal transfer of the patrimony, followed by the disappearance of the subsidiary once the statutory period and formalities have run.

Article 1844-5 of the French Civil Code states: “En cas de dissolution, celle-ci entraîne la transmission universelle du patrimoine de la société à l’associé unique, sans qu’il y ait lieu à liquidation.” It then provides: “Les créanciers peuvent faire opposition à la dissolution dans le délai de trente jours à compter de la publication de celle-ci.” The transfer and disappearance occur only after that objection period, and the third paragraph does not apply when the sole shareholder is a natural person. In other words, a foreign parent company can be eligible for TUP, while a foreign individual shareholder cannot rely on that corporate-shareholder exception merely because the individual lives abroad.

The shareholder’s status must be established before the resolution. Obtain the current French register extract, the parent company’s certificate of incorporation or equivalent register extract, its constitutional documents, and a corporate resolution proving who may decide the dissolution. Check whether the parent has one shareholder itself, whether the signatory’s authority is current, and whether the French company’s articles reflect the actual ownership. A corporate chain can create a second layer of approvals: the person signing for the foreign parent may need a board, manager or shareholder authorisation under the parent’s law.

The TUP creditors’ notice changed in 2024. The official Service-Public.fr explanation of the 1 October 2024 reform states that a TUP dissolution must be published in BODACC so that creditors are informed. BODACC means Bulletin officiel des annonces civiles et commerciales, the official bulletin carrying civil and commercial announcements. The reform did not eliminate the legal notice in a SHAL, a support habilitated to publish legal announcements. A foreign parent should budget for both the legal-announcement publication and the BODACC notice, and should not assume that a shareholder resolution alone starts the objection period.

The Supreme Court has applied the thirty-day rule in a cross-border corporate setting. In Cass. com., 23 September 2014, nos. 13-17.171 and 13-17.172, concerning a German corporate sole shareholder, the Court held that the legal personality ends automatically at the end of the thirty-day period open to creditors, counted from publication of the dissolution in an authorised legal-announcements journal. The Court described the later registration entry as making the dissolution definitive and enforceable against third parties. The exact wording includes: “…en cas de dissolution d’une société unipersonnelle dont l’associé unique est une personne morale, la personnalité de celle-ci prend fin de plein droit à l’issue du délai de trente jours ouvert aux créanciers pour faire opposition à cette dissolution…”

An earlier decision makes the timing equally concrete. In Cass. civ. 3, 20 June 2007, no. 06-13.514, the Court stated: “…la transmission du patrimoine n’est réalisée et il n’y a disparition de la personnalité morale qu’à l’issue du délai d’opposition des créanciers à la dissolution ; que ce délai est de trente jours à compter de sa publication…” These decisions matter to a foreign founder because closing a bank account, transferring a contract or distributing the parent’s assets before the TUP has become effective may be premature. The calendar should identify the publication date, the last day for opposition and the expected date for the INPI deregistration filing.

TUP does not mean “no documents”. The French company still needs a valid shareholder decision, a publication record, a filing through the required channel, evidence of the shareholder’s corporate identity and authority, and a plan for tax, accounting, payroll, contracts and creditor communications. The universal transfer also means that the foreign parent inherits the subsidiary’s obligations. It should obtain a complete liability schedule and litigation report before approving the TUP. A balance sheet showing no unpaid invoices is not enough if a tax audit, employee claim or warranty exposure is still possible.

The foreign parent should also decide how it will evidence the transfer to banks, customers and public bodies. A translated shareholder resolution, the legal notice, the BODACC entry, the INPI filing receipt and the final register extract will normally tell a more coherent story than a single email saying “the subsidiary has closed”. If a bank requires a separate release letter or a new account mandate, that is a banking requirement, not a reason to alter the company-law sequence.

There is a tax distinction between the legal route and its financial result. TUP can transfer unrealised assets, receivables, provisions, tax attributes and liabilities. The parent and its advisers should analyse immediate taxation, transfer pricing, withholding tax, VAT adjustments and any intra-group debt before the decision is signed. A TUP that is legally valid can still produce an unexpected tax bill. Ask the French Service des impôts des entreprises (SIE, business tax service) which final declarations and supporting documents it expects, and keep the answer in the closing file.

If the sole shareholder is a foreign individual, use an ordinary dissolution and liquidation unless a different statutory route clearly applies. The individual’s residence abroad affects signing, identity checks and tax coordination; it does not turn the individual into a legal person for Article 1844-5. This is also why an individual who is moving to France should receive immigration or personal-tax advice from the appropriate desk, rather than treating a company-closing article as personal relocation advice.

II. What are the steps, documents and deadlines for deregistration?

A. How do you appoint a liquidator, sign a power of attorney and file with INPI?

Remote execution should be planned as an authority chain. First, identify the shareholder or shareholders entitled to decide. Second, identify the person who can sign for each shareholder under the articles and the shareholder’s home law. Third, identify the liquidator and the filing representative. Fourth, connect each person to the document they will sign. The file should make it possible for a registry reviewer, bank, tax authority or creditor to answer one question: who authorised this person to act for this company at this stage?

The power of attorney is governed by ordinary mandate principles. Article 1984 of the French Civil Code defines it in these words: “Le mandat ou procuration est un acte par lequel une personne donne à une autre le pouvoir de faire quelque chose pour le mandant et en son nom.” It adds: “Le contrat ne se forme que par l’acceptation du mandataire.” The document should therefore state the mandator, the agent, the company, the precise acts authorised, the period, the ability to receive registry correspondence, and whether the agent may correct or resubmit a rejected filing.

Do not grant a vague power to “handle all matters”. A closing mandate should cover, as appropriate, the shareholder resolution, legal-announcement instruction, INPI dissolution formality, communication with the greffe, the tax and URSSAF closure steps, the later radiation formality, receipt of the final register extract, and communications with the bank and contractual counterparties. If the agent may sell an asset, collect a receivable, settle a claim or sign a lease termination, name that power expressly and set an approval limit. A narrow mandate is easier to explain and audit than an unlimited one.

The signature itself must be reliable. Article 1367 of the French Civil Code states: “La signature nécessaire à la perfection d’un acte juridique identifie son auteur. Elle manifeste son consentement aux obligations qui découlent de cet acte.” For an electronic signature, the text requires a reliable identification process that guarantees its link to the signed act. Use the signature route accepted by the INPI formalities portal and by the document’s recipient. A pasted image of a signature can be rejected or can make later proof of authority difficult.

The one-stop process is usually divided into two corporate events. The first is the dissolution or, where appropriate, the TUP-related filing. The second is the final deregistration after liquidation or after the TUP period and transfer have been completed. The official INPI guide to closing a company describes these as two formalities on the Guichet unique: dissolution first, then deregistration. It also indicates that the liquidation phase cannot in principle last more than three years and that the liquidator must complete the assets-and-liabilities work before the final filing.

The first submission should be assembled before the shareholders’ meeting or written decision, not afterwards. The package may include the decision, the liquidator’s acceptance, identity and authority evidence, the updated articles or corporate information where required, the legal-notice certificate, and the mandate to the filing agent. The exact list depends on the legal form, the status of the company and the Guichet unique form shown at submission. Keep a PDF of the completed form and every attachment before pressing submit.

INPI’s electronic identity requirement can be a practical obstacle for an overseas signer. The official INPI steps for closing an enterprise explain that the filing may require a qualified advanced electronic signature or FranceConnect+. FranceConnect+ is the French government’s strengthened identity-access route. A foreign founder who cannot use the available identity service should not improvise with a lower-quality scan. Instead, ask whether the filing can be made through a properly empowered representative, and assemble the mandate and identity evidence that the portal or registry requires.

The representative should monitor the filing rather than assume submission equals acceptance. Save the INPI reference, date and time, payment receipt, automated messages and any request for correction. If the greffe asks for a missing document, answer through the official channel and keep the original request with the response. The greffe is the registry office of the competent commercial court. Its review may identify an authority problem, an inconsistent address, an absent publication certificate or a mismatch between the parent’s name and the French company record.

The dissolution publication matters for third parties. Article L. 237-2 of the Commercial Code says that dissolution affects third parties only from the date it is published in the RCS. Article L. 237-1 adds: “Sous réserve des dispositions du présent chapitre, la liquidation des sociétés est régie par les dispositions contenues dans les statuts.” The articles remain relevant after a foreign shareholder has voted to close; they govern the liquidation unless the statutory chapter provides otherwise.

The liquidator’s appointment must also be made public. Article L. 237-3 of the Commercial Code provides: “L’acte de nomination du liquidateur est publié par celui-ci, dans les conditions et délais fixés par décret en Conseil d’Etat, qui détermine également les documents à déposer en annexe au registre du commerce et des sociétés.” A French legal notice should identify the company and the liquidation information required by the applicable form. Keep the publication certificate; it is the evidence that links the corporate decision to the public timetable.

For a founder abroad, a useful signing pack has three layers. The corporate layer contains the articles, shareholder register, resolution and proof of signatory authority. The representative layer contains the power of attorney, the agent’s acceptance and identity documents. The filing layer contains the legal notice, translations, INPI forms, payment proof and registry correspondence. If any document originates outside France, ask in advance whether a certified translation, legalisation or apostille is requested. These requirements depend on the document and recipient; an apostille is not a universal cure for a defective corporate resolution.

The same discipline applies to the bank. Do not close the company’s bank account immediately after the first dissolution filing if the liquidator still needs to receive customer payments, pay tax, pay a creditor, refund a deposit or settle employee amounts. Instruct the bank about the liquidation status, update the mandate, preserve statements and agree a controlled final transfer of any balance. A premature account closure can make a small final liability unnecessarily difficult to pay.

If the company owns French real estate, holds regulated assets, employs people or is a party to litigation, add a dedicated workstream before the deregistration request. A property sale or transfer may require a notaire and a separate tax review. This article does not address a property purchase or sale for an individual; such matters belong to the property desk. Corporate assets should nevertheless be identified in the liquidator’s inventory because they determine whether the final accounts are accurate.

B. How do you settle tax, social and creditor obligations before closure?

Liquidation is complete only when the company’s open obligations have been mapped and resolved or properly reserved. The liquidator should prepare an opening liquidation balance sheet, a list of receivables, a list of creditors, a contract schedule, an employee schedule, a tax calendar and a bank reconciliation. For each item, record the person responsible, the amount or range, the next deadline and the evidence of completion. A foreign shareholder needs this operational file because a post-deregistration claim may arrive after the signatory has returned to ordinary overseas business.

The tax work depends on the company’s regime and activity. A company subject to IS, impôt sur les sociétés (French corporate income tax), should ask its SIE for the final corporate-tax declarations, payment instructions, instalment adjustments and documents needed to close the tax account. A company registered for VAT should identify the final VAT return, outstanding credit, reverse-charge entries, intra-Community reporting and records supporting its last invoices. VAT is value-added tax; the French tax administration may require the company to retain evidence of supplies, customer status, place of taxation and payment.

The official impots.gouv.fr guidance on the tax consequences of ceasing an activity explains that cessation can trigger immediate taxation of relevant profits and gains and requires final tax steps. The final date, forms and payment depend on the company’s tax regime, accounting period and the nature of the cessation. Do not copy an individual trader’s deadline onto an SAS or SARL without checking the company’s actual tax profile. The liquidator should obtain written confirmation from the accountant or SIE where the closing date creates an unusual filing position.

The tax administration may also require accounting evidence in French. Article 54 of the French Tax Code provides that, when accounts are kept in a foreign language, “une traduction certifiée par un traducteur juré doit être représentée à toute réquisition de l’administration.” A sworn translator is a translator recognised by the French judicial system. Preserve the source accounts, the translation and the working papers supporting the final tax returns. The closing file should show how the tax figures reconcile to the final liquidation accounts and to the bank movements.

Registerable corporate acts may have an additional tax-office step. The official impots.gouv.fr guidance on registering acts concerning a company’s life addresses acts involving formation, changes, dissolution and liquidation, including situations with a non-resident party. The correct office and filing route depend on the act and the parties. For a foreign shareholder, ask whether the dissolution decision must be presented for registration, whether a duty is due and whether the non-resident service is competent. Keep the stamped or electronically acknowledged evidence if an act is submitted.

Employees require a separate closure timetable. Pay salary, expense claims, holiday pay, termination amounts and any other employment sums due under the applicable termination route. Submit the final DSN, déclaration sociale nominative (the monthly electronic social declaration), close the employer account with URSSAF, and retain payroll registers and proof of payment. The company should not wait for the final Kbis to deal with an employee’s termination or social declaration. A liquidation can be legally organised from abroad, but employment obligations still follow the work performed in France and the employment documents.

The official URSSAF cessation guidance is a useful starting point for the social closure channel. It should be read together with the company’s payroll provider’s timetable and the employee-specific documents. If there are no employees, record that fact. If there is a director paid through payroll or a manager with a social-security affiliation, reconcile the final remuneration, contributions and account status before asking for the closure certificate.

The final accounts are the shareholders’ proof that the liquidation has been carried out. Article L. 237-9 of the Commercial Code states: “Les associés, y compris les titulaires d’actions à dividende prioritaire sans droit de vote, sont convoqués en fin de liquidation pour statuer sur le compte définitif, sur le quitus de la gestion du liquidateur et la décharge de son mandat et pour constater la clôture de la liquidation.” The shareholders should therefore approve the final accounts, decide on any liquidation surplus or loss, grant or refuse discharge after reviewing the liquidator’s report, and formally record the closure.

If the shareholders cannot deliberate or refuse to approve the liquidator’s accounts, the matter is not cured by an overseas email. Article L. 237-10 of the Commercial Code states: “Si l’assemblée de clôture prévue à l’article L. 237-9 ne peut délibérer ou si elle refuse d’approuver les comptes du liquidateur, il est statué, par décision de justice, à la demande de celui-ci ou de tout intéressé.” That possibility should be identified before the foreign shareholder books a final distribution or announces that the company is closed.

The closing notice is a separate public event. Article L. 237-11 of the Commercial Code provides: “L’avis de clôture de la liquidation est publié selon les modalités fixées par décret en Conseil d’Etat.” Publish the notice using the required legal-announcement channel, keep the certificate, and verify that the wording identifies the company and the closing decision correctly. The notice is not the same as the first dissolution notice and should not be reused without updating the date and purpose.

The final filing package normally includes the approved final accounts, the shareholders’ closing decision, the liquidator’s report or discharge evidence, the certificate relating to social contributions, the tax certificate required for the relevant filing, and the closing publication. Article R. 237-7 of the Commercial Code expressly refers to depositing the final accounts with the greffe as an annex to the RCS and attaching the associates’ decision, the social-security attestation mentioned in Article L. 243-15 of the Social Security Code and the certificate concerning certain taxes. The portal may request the documents in a different sequence, but the legal file should contain the full set.

INPI’s public procedure guidance says that, after the liquidation closure is published, the liquidator must carry out the deregistration within one month. Treat that as a hard internal deadline. The liquidator should submit the radiation, or deregistration, formality through the Guichet unique, respond to any request for correction, and obtain the updated RNE/RCS evidence. If the final filing is rejected because a tax or URSSAF document is absent, obtain the missing certificate and resubmit; do not simply stop at “the company is already inactive”. Inactive, dissolved, in liquidation and deregistered are different statuses.

The RNE and Kbis should be checked after acceptance. Confirm the company name, registration number, liquidation or closure status, date, representative and final radiation. A stale online extract can mislead a bank or customer, so save the official extract and the INPI acknowledgement. If the public data is inconsistent, write to the appropriate registry through the official channel and keep the correspondence. The correction request is easier to support when the resolution, notice, filing receipts and final accounts are all indexed.

The liquidator’s responsibility does not end with a foreign transfer of cash. Article L. 237-12 of the Commercial Code provides: “Le liquidateur est responsable, à l’égard tant de la société que des tiers, des conséquences dommageables des fautes par lui commises dans l’exercice de ses fonctions.” The liquidator should therefore document the reason for settling each creditor, the basis for each distribution and the treatment of any unresolved claim. If the company is unable to satisfy liabilities, pausing to reassess the procedure is safer than forcing a clean-looking closing statement.

The limitation periods also make record retention important. Article L. 237-13 of the Commercial Code states: “Toutes actions contre les associés non liquidateurs ou leurs conjoint survivant, héritiers ou ayants cause, se prescrivent par cinq ans à compter de la publication de la dissolution de la société au registre du commerce et des sociétés.” Retain the corporate books, accounting ledgers, invoices, tax returns, payroll records, bank statements, contracts, notices, translations, powers of attorney and final register documents for the applicable statutory and tax periods. Ask the accountant where the archive will be stored and who can access it after the shareholder has returned abroad.

For a TUP, replace the liquidation-closure checklist with a transfer-and-objection checklist. Record the publication date, the expiry of the thirty-day creditor period, any opposition, the parent’s assumption of liabilities, the INPI filing, the final RNE/RCS evidence and the tax/accounting treatment. Do not file a liquidation closure that never occurred. Do not distribute a supposed liquidation surplus when the transaction is a universal transfer to a corporate sole shareholder. The formality must describe the legal route actually chosen.

The closing file should end with a short post-completion report. It should state the route used, the date of the shareholder decision, the publication dates, the final tax and URSSAF status, the bank status, the employee status, the final accounts approval, the INPI submission and the date on which the company was deregistered or the TUP became effective. Send a translated copy to the foreign shareholder and store the French originals in the archive. This report is valuable if a bank, investor, tax authority or creditor later asks why the French company no longer appears as active.

Conclusion

Closing a French company from abroad is feasible when the legal route, authority chain and evidence are planned together. A solvent SAS or SARL normally moves through dissolution, liquidation, final accounts and deregistration. A French subsidiary wholly owned by a foreign legal entity may instead use a TUP, but only after the corporate-shareholder condition, publication and thirty-day creditor-objection period have been checked. A branch of a foreign company is a different case and should not be forced into either model.

The remote founder should appoint a liquidator with defined powers, use a specific power of attorney, select the correct electronic-signature route, publish the required notices, file the two INPI formalities, close tax and URSSAF obligations, settle employees and creditors, approve the final accounts, and preserve the complete record. The final Kbis or RNE status is the visible endpoint; it is not a replacement for the underlying corporate, tax and accounting file. Before signing, have the articles, ownership, solvency, contracts, employee position, tax regime and cross-border documentation reviewed against the company’s actual facts.

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