{"id":2131234,"date":"2026-09-26T01:53:57","date_gmt":"2026-09-25T23:53:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/2026\/09\/26\/foreign-company-france-close-dissolve-liquidate-abroad\/"},"modified":"2026-09-26T01:53:57","modified_gmt":"2026-09-25T23:53:57","slug":"foreign-company-france-close-dissolve-liquidate-abroad","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/09\/26\/foreign-company-france-close-dissolve-liquidate-abroad\/","title":{"rendered":"Close Your French Company From Abroad: Dissolution, Liquidation and Radiation Without Flying to France"},"content":{"rendered":"

Your French venture has run its course. The Paris office never broke even, the American parent is refocusing on its home market, or you and your co-founder have agreed to go your separate ways \u2014 and now a company with a French registration number, a French bank account and a French Kbis<\/em> (the official registration certificate issued by the greffe<\/em>, the clerk’s office of the commercial court) sits idle on the other side of the Atlantic, generating accounting fees, tax filings and legal exposure every single month. You live in London, New York, Dubai or Singapore, you have no intention of flying to France for paperwork, and your accountant tells you that simply walking away is not an option. Your accountant is right: a French company that is abandoned without being properly closed keeps existing, keeps owing annual filings, and keeps its director exposed until the radiation<\/em> \u2014 the formal striking-off from the RCS<\/em> (Registre du commerce et des soci\u00e9t\u00e9s<\/em>, the French trade and companies register) \u2014 is published.<\/p>\n

The good news is that closing a healthy French company is a standardised two-step procedure that a foreign shareholder can drive almost entirely from abroad: first the dissolution anticip\u00e9e<\/em>, the early dissolution voted by the shareholders, then the liquidation amiable<\/em>, the friendly winding-up run by a liquidateur<\/em> (the appointed winding-up officer) who pays the creditors, closes the accounts and distributes what remains. This guide explains each step in business language, with the exact legal references your advisers will ask for, the filings to make on the guichet unique<\/em> (the single online portal run by the INPI<\/em>, the French intellectual property office, through which all company formalities pass since 2023), the tax stops to pull on the way out, and the 2026 court ruling that punishes shareholders who close too fast while a creditor is still unpaid. It assumes your company can still pay its bills; if it cannot, the emergency track is different and is described in our companion guide on what to do when your French company cannot pay its bills<\/a>. For the full journey from creation to closure, start with our hub guide on setting up a company in France as a foreign founder<\/a>.<\/p>\n

I. How Do You Dissolve Your French Company From Abroad Without Flying to France?<\/h2>\n

A. How to Vote the Early Dissolution and File It on the Guichet Unique From Abroad<\/h3>\n

The legal starting point is reassuringly simple. Article 1844-7 of the Civil Code<\/a> provides: “La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 prend fin : 1\u00b0 Par l’expiration du temps pour lequel elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 constitu\u00e9e, sauf prorogation effectu\u00e9e conform\u00e9ment \u00e0 l’article 1844-6 ; 2\u00b0 Par la r\u00e9alisation ou l’extinction de son objet ; 3\u00b0 Par l’annulation du contrat de soci\u00e9t\u00e9 ; 4\u00b0 Par la dissolution anticip\u00e9e d\u00e9cid\u00e9e par les associ\u00e9s”. In practice, nearly every voluntary closure uses the fourth case: the shareholders vote an early dissolution even though the company’s fixed term has not expired. No court is involved, no reason has to be given, and no minimum trading period applies. A company incorporated eighteen months ago can be dissolved this week if the shareholders agree.<\/p>\n

Who votes, and with what majority, depends on the company form. In a SARL<\/em> (soci\u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e0 responsabilit\u00e9 limit\u00e9e<\/em>, the French limited liability company with intuitu personae shares), dissolution is an amendment of the articles and requires the extraordinary majority \u2014 historically three quarters of the shares, subject to the thresholds in force in your articles. In a SAS<\/em> (soci\u00e9t\u00e9 par actions simplifi\u00e9e<\/em>, the flexible joint-stock company most foreign founders choose), the rule is whatever your articles say, because Article L227-9 of the Commercial Code<\/a> provides: “Toutefois, les attributions d\u00e9volues aux assembl\u00e9es g\u00e9n\u00e9rales extraordinaires et ordinaires des soci\u00e9t\u00e9s anonymes, en mati\u00e8re d’augmentation, d’amortissement ou de r\u00e9duction de capital, de fusion, de scission, de dissolution, de transformation en une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 d’une autre forme, de nomination de commissaires aux comptes, de comptes annuels et de b\u00e9n\u00e9fices sont, dans les conditions pr\u00e9vues par les statuts, exerc\u00e9es collectivement par les associ\u00e9s.” Read your SAS articles before anything else: many foreign-drafted articles require unanimity for dissolution, and a single absent co-founder holding a blocking minority can freeze the whole exit until you negotiate. If you are the sole shareholder, the procedure is even lighter: you sign a written unilateral decision recorded in the company register, and no meeting is needed.<\/p>\n

The dissolution resolution must do three things at once: record the decision to dissolve early, appoint the liquidator \u2014 very often the outgoing president or manager, but it can be a third party, a lawyer, or one of the foreign shareholders \u2014 and fix the liquidator’s powers, pay and the address of the liquidation (usually the former registered office or the liquidator’s address). A frequent and expensive mistake is voting the dissolution without naming a liquidator, which leaves the company headless and forces a court appointment later. Name the liquidator in the same deed, check that the person accepts in writing, and keep a copy of the identity document and proof of address: the portal will ask for them.<\/p>\n

From abroad, the whole filing runs through the guichet unique<\/em>. Article L123-33 of the Commercial Code<\/a> organises the principle: “toute entreprise se conforme \u00e0 l’obligation de d\u00e9clarer sa cr\u00e9ation, la modification de sa situation ou la cessation de ses activit\u00e9s” through “le d\u00e9p\u00f4t d’un seul dossier comportant les d\u00e9clarations qu’elle est tenue d’effectuer”, filed electronically with the single designated body. In plain terms, you upload one file \u2014 signed dissolution minutes, the liquidator’s acceptance and ID, an amended details form \u2014 and the portal forwards it to the greffe<\/em>, the tax office and the statistical register. Two practical points matter for non-residents. First, the portal works fully online with no physical presence required; a foreign shareholder signs with an electronic signature or authorises a French professional under a written power of attorney (pouvoir<\/em>) with an apostilled ID. Second, budget the publication costs: the dissolution must be advertised in a legal announcements journal (journal d’annonces l\u00e9gales<\/em>) of the department of the registered office, and the portal filing itself carries registry fees. Expect roughly 400 to 700 euros of registry, publication and filing costs for step one, plus professional fees if you use counsel.<\/p>\n

One special case deserves attention because it is the cheapest exit available: if 100 percent of the shares have come into a single hand \u2014 for example the American parent has bought out the minority \u2014 do not run a full liquidation at all. Article 1844-5 of the Civil Code<\/a> provides: “En cas de dissolution, celle-ci entra\u00eene la transmission universelle du patrimoine de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e0 l’associ\u00e9 unique, sans qu’il y ait lieu \u00e0 liquidation.” The entire assets and liabilities pass automatically to the sole shareholder in a TUP<\/em> (transmission universelle de patrimoine<\/em>, universal transfer of assets), with no liquidator and no final liquidation accounts. The safeguard for creditors is a thirty-day window, since the same article states: “Les cr\u00e9anciers peuvent faire opposition \u00e0 la dissolution dans le d\u00e9lai de trente jours \u00e0 compter de la publication de celle-ci.” Only after that period \u2014 or after a court has rejected the objection or ordered repayment or guarantees \u2014 does the transfer take effect and the legal entity disappear. Note the statutory exception: this shortcut is unavailable when the sole shareholder is an individual (personne physique<\/em>); a foreign founder holding the shares personally must go through the ordinary liquidation described below, while a foreign parent company holding them can use the TUP. The Cour de cassation confirmed the power of this mechanism in a commercial lease case, holding that such a universal transfer “ne s’agissait pas d’une cession de bail et que l’autorisation du bailleur pr\u00e9vue \u00e0 cette fin n’\u00e9tait pas requise” (Cass. 3rd civ., 9 April 2014, appeal no. 13-11.640, official ruling<\/a>): the lease passes to the surviving shareholder automatically, and a landlord clause requiring prior consent to assignments does not apply.<\/p>\n

B. What Does “Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 en Liquidation” Change for Contracts, the Kbis and Third Parties?<\/h3>\n

The day after the dissolution is filed, your company enters a strange half-life that surprises common-law founders: it is dead in purpose but alive in law. Article 1844-8 of the Civil Code<\/a> states: “La personnalit\u00e9 morale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 subsiste pour les besoins de la liquidation jusqu’\u00e0 la publication de la cl\u00f4ture de celle-ci.” The company keeps its legal personality, its bank account and its capacity to sue and be sued, but only for winding-up purposes. Commercial law repeats the point with a practical sting. Article L237-2 of the Commercial Code<\/a> provides: “La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 est en liquidation d\u00e8s l’instant de sa dissolution pour quelque cause que ce soit” and “Sa d\u00e9nomination sociale est suivie de la mention ” soci\u00e9t\u00e9 en liquidation “.” Every invoice, letter and email must carry that phrase after the company name, and the updated Kbis<\/em> extract will show the company’s status as en liquidation<\/em> with the liquidator’s name. Continuing to trade as if nothing happened \u2014 signing new client contracts, taking fresh orders \u2014 exceeds the liquidator’s powers and can make the liquidator personally liable, as Section II explains.<\/p>\n

Against outsiders, timing is everything. The same Article L237-2 of the Commercial Code<\/a> provides: “La dissolution d’une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 ne produit ses effets \u00e0 l’\u00e9gard des tiers qu’\u00e0 compter de la date \u00e0 laquelle elle est publi\u00e9e au registre du commerce et des soci\u00e9t\u00e9s.” Until the greffe<\/em> publishes the dissolution on the national register and the BODACC<\/em> (Bulletin officiel des annonces civiles et commerciales<\/em>, the official gazette where company and insolvency notices appear), a creditor, a landlord or a tax office can treat the company as still fully active \u2014 which, paradoxically, protects you by keeping the corporate shield up while the filings travel. From abroad, the lesson is operational: file fast, keep proof of every filing receipt, and instruct your French bank, landlord and suppliers in writing the day the dissolution is voted, because counterparties notified early cannot later claim they dealt in good faith with a company they believed active.<\/p>\n

Contracts do not vanish with the dissolution vote; they must be actively terminated or transferred. The commercial lease (bail commercial<\/em>) is the classic trap for foreign companies with a Paris office or shop: dissolution does not terminate the lease, rent keeps running, and the three-year notice rules survive the winding-up. Either negotiate an early surrender (r\u00e9siliation amiable<\/em>) with the landlord, assign the lease to a successor with the landlord’s consent, or let the liquidator give formal notice while budgeting the exit indemnity. Employment contracts are the second trap: if even one employee remains, the liquidator must run a proper redundancy procedure with the DREETS<\/em> (the regional labour administration) before the closure meeting, and the URSSAF<\/em> (Union de recouvrement des cotisations de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 sociale et d’allocations familiales<\/em>, the agency collecting social contributions) must be settled, because unpaid payroll charges follow directors personally in the worst cases. Supplier contracts, loans and intra-group service agreements should each receive a termination letter citing the dissolution, and the liquidator should freeze all direct debits except those needed for the winding-up itself.<\/p>\n

Finally, secure the paper trail as if a dispute were certain, because in closures run from abroad the dispute usually arrives two years later by email. Keep the signed dissolution minutes, the liquidator’s acceptance, the legal announcement certificate, the updated Kbis<\/em> showing en liquidation<\/em>, and every creditor notification with its registered-mail receipt. Store them in English-indexed files: your successor, your auditor and the French tax office will each ask for them in turn, and the liquidator’s discharge at the end of the procedure depends on showing this file complete.<\/p>\n

II. How Do You Close the Liquidation, Pay the Last Tax and Get the Radiation Without Returning?<\/h2>\n

A. How to Pay Creditors, Approve the Final Accounts and Share the Boni From Abroad<\/h3>\n

Once dissolution is published, the liquidator’s job is conceptually simple and practically demanding: turn everything into cash, pay everybody, and share what is left. The statute sets the default method when the articles are silent. Article L237-14 of the Commercial Code<\/a> provides: “A d\u00e9faut de clauses statutaires ou de convention expresse entre les parties, la liquidation de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 dissoute est effectu\u00e9e conform\u00e9ment aux dispositions de la pr\u00e9sente section”. In practice that means drawing up an opening inventory, collecting receivables, selling stock and equipment, terminating the lease, closing or transferring the bank accounts, and paying creditors in the legal order \u2014 employees and the Treasury first in effect, then secured lenders, then ordinary suppliers, then shareholder advances, which rank as ordinary claims. A foreign shareholder owed money by the company should formally declare that shareholder advance (compte courant d’associ\u00e9<\/em>) to the liquidator in writing with the loan agreement attached; our guide on recovering your shareholder advance from abroad<\/a> explains the ranking traps in detail.<\/p>\n

If the liquidation lasts beyond one financial year \u2014 common when a lease surrender or a tax audit drags on \u2014 the liquidator cannot simply go silent. Article L237-25 of the Commercial Code<\/a> provides: “Le liquidateur, dans les trois mois de la cl\u00f4ture de chaque exercice, \u00e9tablit les comptes annuels au vu de l’inventaire qu’il a dress\u00e9 des divers \u00e9l\u00e9ments de l’actif et du passif existant \u00e0 cette date et un rapport \u00e9crit par lequel il rend compte des op\u00e9rations de liquidation au cours de l’exercice \u00e9coul\u00e9.” The shareholders must be convened at least once a year to approve those interim accounts, and a foreign shareholder can attend by video where the articles allow it or vote by written consultation and proxy. Miss this annual rhythm and the liquidator faces sanctions: the same article warns that a liquidator who skips these steps “peut \u00eatre d\u00e9chu de tout ou partie de son droit \u00e0 r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration pour l’ensemble de sa mission” and “peut en outre \u00eatre r\u00e9voqu\u00e9”. Diary the anniversary of the dissolution the day it is voted.<\/p>\n

The endgame is a final shareholders’ meeting that three resolutions close forever. Article L237-9 of the Commercial Code<\/a> provides: “Les associ\u00e9s, y compris les titulaires d’actions \u00e0 dividende prioritaire sans droit de vote, sont convoqu\u00e9s en fin de liquidation pour statuer sur le compte d\u00e9finitif, sur le quitus de la gestion du liquidateur et la d\u00e9charge de son mandat et pour constater la cl\u00f4ture de la liquidation.” The three votes \u2014 final accounts, discharge (quitus<\/em>) of the liquidator, formal recording of closure \u2014 must appear expressly in the minutes; a vague minute approving “the end of operations” has been held insufficient to discharge a liquidator later sued by a forgotten creditor. Foreign shareholders vote by signed proxy or written consent, the minutes are filed again on the guichet unique<\/em>, a second legal announcement is published, and the greffe<\/em> issues the company death certificate: a Kbis<\/em> marked radi\u00e9e<\/em>, struck off. Only that publication ends the legal personality that Article 1844-8 of the Civil Code<\/a> kept alive “jusqu’\u00e0 la publication de la cl\u00f4ture de celle-ci”. Count roughly two to four months for an clean file from dissolution vote to radiation, six to eighteen months if a lease, an employee or a tax audit complicates the exit.<\/p>\n

Tax is where foreign shareholders lose the most money by rushing, so pull each stop deliberately. Corporate income tax (IS<\/em>, imp\u00f4t sur les soci\u00e9t\u00e9s<\/em>) requires a final return covering the short period from the last year-end to the closure date, filed with the SIE<\/em> (service des imp\u00f4ts des entreprises<\/em>, the local corporate tax office) within sixty days of closure, with the balance paid immediately; the liquidator is personally on the hook for that filing. VAT needs a last CA3<\/em> return (the periodic VAT return filed with the tax office) reporting the final period plus any self-assessed VAT on remaining assets and stock transferred to shareholders, followed by a VAT deregistration request \u2014 and if the company is left with a VAT credit, claim the refund before the radiation, because recovering it afterwards as a non-existent entity is painful. Payroll filings (DSN<\/em>, the monthly social data declaration) and the business premises tax (CFE<\/em>, cotisation fonci\u00e8re des entreprises<\/em>) must each be closed with the URSSAF<\/em> and the tax office, and the liquidator should request a tax clearance certificate (quitus fiscal<\/em>) before distributing a euro.<\/p>\n

What remains after every creditor is paid is the boni de liquidation<\/em>, the liquidation surplus, and it is taxed in the hands of the shareholders \u2014 not money you pocket without tax. Article 161 of the General Tax Code<\/a> provides: “Le boni attribu\u00e9 lors de la liquidation d’une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 aux titulaires de droits sociaux en sus de leur apport n’est compris, le cas \u00e9ch\u00e9ant, dans les bases de l’imp\u00f4t sur le revenu que jusqu’\u00e0 concurrence de l’exc\u00e9dent du remboursement des droits sociaux annul\u00e9s sur le prix d’acquisition de ces droits”. In business terms: you first get your original capital contribution back without tax, and only the surplus above it is taxed \u2014 for a non-resident shareholder, under the applicable double-tax treaty and French withholding rules, with the US-France, UK-France and UAE-France treaties each giving a different answer on the rate and the procedure to claim it. A foreign parent company receiving the surplus analyses it under its own corporate regime instead. Get the cross-border tax computation signed off before the distribution vote, because once the boni<\/em> is paid and the company is struck off, there is no entity left to file a corrective return. Registration duty (droit d’enregistrement<\/em>) completes the picture: the closure minutes and any distribution of assets must be registered with the tax office within one month where the law requires it \u2014 Article 635 of the General Tax Code<\/a> lists the deeds subject to mandatory registration \u2014 so have your counsel confirm whether your file needs that one-month registration step before the final portal filing.<\/p>\n

B. What the Liquidator Personally Risks if You Close Too Fast: the 2026 Warning<\/h3>\n

The most dangerous reasoning in a French closure runs like this: there is nothing left to pay the creditor with, so the company may as well close. On 11 March 2026 the Commercial Chamber of the Cour de cassation, appeal no. 24-21.461, struck down exactly that reasoning and every foreign shareholder acting as liquidator of their own company should read the ruling before signing the closure minutes (official ruling<\/a>). The facts were ordinary: the sole shareholder of a small renovation company voted an early dissolution, appointed himself friendly liquidator, approved his own liquidation accounts one month later and had the company struck off \u2014 while a customer with an ongoing court claim for defective works was still unpaid. The appeal court had excused him, reasoning that the company’s finances were ruined and no assets could have paid the customer anyway. The Cour de cassation quashed that decision and restated two duties that now frame every French liquidation.<\/p>\n

First, the Court recalled the liability rule. It held (official ruling, paragraph 9<\/a>): “Selon le premier de ces textes, le liquidateur est responsable, \u00e0 l’\u00e9gard tant de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 que des tiers, des cons\u00e9quences dommageables des fautes par lui commises dans l’exercice de ses fonctions.” Those words reproduce Article L237-12 of the Commercial Code<\/a>, which states: “Le liquidateur est responsable, \u00e0 l’\u00e9gard tant de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 que des tiers, des cons\u00e9quences dommageables des fautes par lui commises dans l’exercice de ses fonctions.” A liquidator answers not only to the shareholders who appointed him but to every third party harmed by his mistakes \u2014 including the creditor he forgot, underpaid or closed over. Second, the Court defined what a proper friendly liquidation requires. It held (official ruling, paragraph 10<\/a>): “Il en r\u00e9sulte que la liquidation amiable d’une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 impose l’apurement int\u00e9gral du passif, les cr\u00e9ances litigieuses devant, jusqu’au terme des proc\u00e9dures en cours, \u00eatre garanties par une provision, et qu’en l’absence d’actif social suffisant pour r\u00e9pondre du montant des condamnations \u00e9ventuellement prononc\u00e9es \u00e0 l’encontre de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, il lui appartient de diff\u00e9rer la cl\u00f4ture de la liquidation et de solliciter, le cas \u00e9ch\u00e9ant, l’ouverture d’une proc\u00e9dure collective contre la soci\u00e9t\u00e9.” Three concrete duties follow: clear all liabilities in full before closing, secure disputed claims with a provision until the pending cases end, and \u2014 where the assets cannot cover even a possible court award \u2014 postpone the closure and file for insolvency proceedings instead of signing a clean closure minute over an empty shell.<\/p>\n

For a foreign founder winding up from abroad, the operational translation is strict. Never close while a lawsuit, a tax audit, an URSSAF<\/em> dispute or an employee claim is still running unless a matching provision sits visibly in the final accounts; the 2026 ruling makes the missing provision itself the fault. Never distribute the boni<\/em> to yourself before the time limits for creditor claims and tax reassessments have visibly expired or been secured. And if the mid-liquidation inventory reveals that the company cannot pay everybody, stop the friendly track immediately and declare the cessation des paiements<\/em> (the legal state of being unable to meet current liabilities with available assets) to the commercial court within forty-five days \u2014 the insolvency track described in our companion guide for companies that cannot pay<\/a>. A liquidator who closes over an unpaid creditor to “save time” now faces a personal damages claim under the 2026 case law, with the closure minutes and the missing provision exhibited against him.<\/p>\n

Two further liability traps complete the picture for non-resident liquidators. First, the tax authorities can pursue the liquidator personally for the company’s unpaid corporate tax, VAT and withholding if the distribution to shareholders happened before the Treasury was paid \u2014 which is why the quitus fiscal<\/em> request before any distribution is not bureaucracy but self-protection. Second, the three-year backstop in Article 1844-8 of the Civil Code<\/a> means a liquidation that drags on invites judicial intervention: “Si la cl\u00f4ture de la liquidation n’est pas intervenue dans un d\u00e9lai de trois ans \u00e0 compter de la dissolution, le minist\u00e8re public ou tout int\u00e9ress\u00e9 peut saisir le tribunal, qui fait proc\u00e9der \u00e0 la liquidation ou, si celle-ci a \u00e9t\u00e9 commenc\u00e9e, \u00e0 son ach\u00e8vement.” A forgotten company dissolved but never closed can therefore be finished by a court-appointed stranger billing the shareholders \u2014 one more reason to drive the file to radiation promptly rather than letting it sleep. Keep every bank statement, every creditor letter and every provision calculation for at least six years after the radiation: that file is the liquidator’s only shield if a creditor resurfaces.<\/p>\n

Conclusion<\/h2>\n

Closing a solvent French company from abroad is a paper procedure, not a court battle: vote the early dissolution under Article 1844-7 of the Civil Code<\/a>, file it on the guichet unique<\/em> under Article L123-33 of the Commercial Code<\/a>, trade under the “soci\u00e9t\u00e9 en liquidation” banner of Article L237-2<\/a>, then approve the final accounts, take the discharge and record the closure under Article L237-9<\/a> before collecting the struck-off Kbis<\/em>. The two shortcuts are worth checking first \u2014 the universal transfer of assets under Article 1844-5<\/a> when a single company holds all the shares, and the standard path with no meeting for a sole shareholder. The two red lines are absolute: never close over an unpaid or disputed creditor without a provision, as the Cour de cassation’s 11 March 2026 ruling (no. 24-21.461) now punishes with personal liability under Article L237-12<\/a>, and never distribute the surplus before the final tax returns are filed and the Treasury is paid. Run from abroad with a disciplined file \u2014 dissolution minutes, announcements, inventory, provisions, final accounts, tax clearance, struck-off Kbis<\/em> \u2014 a clean closure takes a few months and buys permanent peace; a rushed one leaves the liquidator personally exposed for years. If the inventory shows the company cannot pay everybody, switch tracks immediately to the insolvency procedure before signing anything.<\/p>\n

Need a quick opinion on your case<\/h2>\n

You are closing your French company from abroad and want the dissolution, liquidation and radiation done right the first time. The firm offers a phone consultation: 80 EUR including VAT, within 48 hours with a lawyer of the firm. Call +33 6 46 60 58 22<\/a> \u2014 Ma\u00eetre Reda Kohen. Send your Kbis, articles and latest accounts through our contact page<\/a> before the call so the advice is concrete.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Solvent French company to close from London, New York or Dubai? 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