{"id":2161479,"date":"2026-11-03T10:55:07","date_gmt":"2026-11-03T09:55:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/?page_id=2161479"},"modified":"2026-11-04T19:49:53","modified_gmt":"2026-11-04T18:49:53","slug":"inland-waterway-lawyer-paris","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/inland-waterway-lawyer-paris\/","title":{"rendered":"Inland waterway lawyer in Paris: barge transport, cargo damage, accidents and vessel sales"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"2161479\" class=\"elementor elementor-2161479 elementor-2160851\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-v5bd59a e-con-full e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"v5bd59a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-v5bd59aw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"v5bd59aw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"kcv\" id=\"kci-root\" data-refresh-marker=\"expertise-fr-avocat-droit-fluvial-paris-20261101\">\n<section class=\"kcv-hero\" aria-labelledby=\"kch-h1\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-in\">\n    <div class=\"kcv-head\">\n      <p class=\"kk\">Inland waterway transport, CMNI, damage, accidents, and the purchase and sale of vessels<\/p>\n      <h1 id=\"kch-h1\"><em>Inland waterway lawyer<\/em> in Paris:<span class=\"kcv-tail\"> barge transport, cargo damage, accidents and vessel sales.<\/span><\/h1>\n      <p class=\"kcv-sub\">A barge of grain delivered short, steel soaked during loading, a barge immobilised at the quay, a lock struck, a vessel whose engines fail after the sale: for an inland waterway lawyer in Paris, such a dispute is settled first on the contract, then on a time limit and a ceiling that must be identified before anything is written.<\/p>\n      <div class=\"kcv-btns\">\n        <a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a>\n        <a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kch-form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a>\n      <\/div>\n      <p class=\"kcv-urg\">In domestic inland waterway transport, a reasoned protest must be notified within three days of receipt. Under the CMNI, non-apparent damage must be notified within seven days and delay within twenty-one days. The action is subject to a one-year limitation period.<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcv-stagewrap\"><div class=\"kcv-stageshadow\"><div class=\"kcv-stage\">\n      <link rel=\"preload\" as=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kohen-v3-expertises\/kohen-fr-assurance-paysage-20261025.webp\" media=\"(min-width:761px)\" fetchpriority=\"high\">\n      <link rel=\"preload\" as=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kohen-v3-expertises\/kohen-fr-assurance-paysage-1080-20261025.webp\" media=\"(max-width:760px)\" fetchpriority=\"high\">\n      <div class=\"kcv-media\" aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"--kcv-img:url('https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kohen-v3-expertises\/kohen-fr-assurance-paysage-20261025.webp');--kcv-img-m:url('https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kohen-v3-expertises\/kohen-fr-assurance-paysage-1080-20261025.webp')\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"kcv-panel kcv-glass\" id=\"kch-form\">\n        <div class=\"kcv-panel-head\">\n          <div>\n            <p class=\"kcv-panel-k\">Inland waterway law \u00b7 Paris<\/p>\n            <h2 class=\"kcv-panel-t\">Get a <em>first analysis<\/em><\/h2>\n            <p class=\"kcv-panel-l\">Send the contract confirmation, the consignment note, the reservations, the gauging reports, the vessel's bill of sale or the insurance policy: the firm identifies the applicable regime, the time limits still open and who is liable.<\/p>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"kcv-chip kcv-glass\"><p class=\"kcv-chip-n\">24 \u00e0 48 h<\/p><p class=\"kcv-chip-x\">first legal<br>review<\/p><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"kcf-wrap\">\n<form id=\"kcf-2form\" data-kcf data-api-url=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-json\/kohen-form\/v1\/submit\" data-vps-url=\"https:\/\/upload-fr.46-224-152-225.sslip.io\/submit\" data-max-size=\"1073741824\" data-max-files=\"500\" novalidate enctype=\"multipart\/form-data\">\n  <input type=\"hidden\" name=\"rendered_at\" value=\"1776847557\">\n  <div class=\"kcf-hp\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><label for=\"kcf-2website\">Do not fill in<\/label><input id=\"kcf-2website\" name=\"website\" type=\"text\" tabindex=\"-1\" autocomplete=\"off\"><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcf-price\">\n    <span class=\"kcf-price-amount\">\u20ac80<small>incl. VAT<\/small><\/span>\n    <div class=\"kcf-price-body\">\n      <p class=\"kcf-price-text\"><strong>Preliminary review of your case.<\/strong> Examination of your documents and a first written analysis by Reda Kohen, within 24 to 48 business hours. Payment is made online after this form is sent.<\/p>\n      <ul class=\"kcf-price-meta\">\n        <li>Up to 1 GB of documents, folders and subfolders accepted<\/li>\n        <li>Secure payment, no banking data stored<\/li>\n        <li><a href=\"\/conditions-etude-prealable\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Terms and fee agreement<\/a><\/li>\n      <\/ul>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcf-row\">\n    <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n      <label class=\"kcf-label\" for=\"kcf-2name\">Full name<\/label>\n      <input class=\"kcf-input\" type=\"text\" id=\"kcf-2name\" name=\"name\" placeholder=\"Your name\" required autocomplete=\"name\" aria-describedby=\"kcf-2name-err\">\n      <p class=\"kcf-field-error\" id=\"kcf-2name-err\" role=\"alert\"><\/p>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n      <label class=\"kcf-label\" for=\"kcf-2phone\">Telephone <span class=\"kcf-optional\">(optional)<\/span><\/label>\n      <input class=\"kcf-input\" type=\"tel\" inputmode=\"tel\" id=\"kcf-2phone\" name=\"phone\" placeholder=\"06 00 00 00 00\" autocomplete=\"tel\" aria-describedby=\"kcf-2phone-err\">\n      <p class=\"kcf-field-error\" id=\"kcf-2phone-err\" role=\"alert\"><\/p>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n    <label class=\"kcf-label\" for=\"kcf-2email\">Email address<\/label>\n    <input class=\"kcf-input\" type=\"email\" id=\"kcf-2email\" name=\"email\" placeholder=\"your@email.com\" required autocomplete=\"email\" spellcheck=\"false\" autocapitalize=\"off\" aria-describedby=\"kcf-2email-err\">\n    <p class=\"kcf-field-error\" id=\"kcf-2email-err\" role=\"alert\"><\/p>\n  <\/div>\n  \n  <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n    <label class=\"kcf-label\" for=\"kcf-2message\">Message<\/label>\n    <textarea class=\"kcf-textarea\" id=\"kcf-2message\" name=\"message\" placeholder=\"Briefly describe your situation...\" required aria-describedby=\"kcf-2message-err\"><\/textarea>\n    <p class=\"kcf-field-error\" id=\"kcf-2message-err\" role=\"alert\"><\/p>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n    <label class=\"kcf-label\">Attachments <span class=\"kcf-optional\">(required, 500 files max, 1 GB)<\/span><\/label>\n    <div class=\"kcf-dropzone\" id=\"kcf-2dropzone\">\n      <svg class=\"kcf-dropzone-icon\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M21 15v4a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-4\"\/><polyline points=\"17 8 12 3 7 8\"\/><line x1=\"12\" y1=\"3\" x2=\"12\" y2=\"15\"\/><\/svg>\n      <p class=\"kcf-dropzone-text\"><strong>Click<\/strong> or drag your files here<br>All formats accepted (PDF, Word, images, etc.)<\/p>\n      <input type=\"file\" name=\"attachments\" id=\"kcf-2files\" multiple>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcf-file-list\" id=\"kcf-2filelist\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcf-progress\" id=\"kcf-2progress\">\n      <div class=\"kcf-progress-bar\"><div class=\"kcf-progress-fill\" id=\"kcf-2progressfill\"><\/div><\/div>\n      <p class=\"kcf-progress-text\" id=\"kcf-2progresstext\">Sending...<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n  <button type=\"submit\" class=\"kcf-btn\">\n    <span class=\"kcf-spinner\"><\/span>\n    <span class=\"kcf-btn-text\">Pay \u20ac80 and send my case<\/span>\n  <\/button>\n  <div class=\"kcf-msg\" role=\"status\" aria-live=\"polite\" aria-atomic=\"true\" tabindex=\"-1\"><\/div>\n  <p class=\"kcf-note\">Payment constitutes a request for immediate performance of your analysis. 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l'\u00c9tat.\",\"auteur\":\"data.gouv.fr\",\"paraphrase\":true,\"libelle\":\"Voir la fiche sur data.gouv.fr\"},{\"titre\":\"Commentaires des d\u00e9cisions de justice par l'IA g\u00e9n\u00e9rative\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.data.gouv.fr\/reuses\/commentaires-des-decisions-de-justice-par-lia-generative\",\"citation\":\"R\u00e9utilisation des donn\u00e9es publiques de justice publi\u00e9e par Kohen Avocats et r\u00e9f\u00e9renc\u00e9e sur data.gouv.fr.\",\"auteur\":\"data.gouv.fr\",\"paraphrase\":true,\"libelle\":\"Voir la r\u00e9utilisation sur data.gouv.fr\"}]},\"awwwards\":{\"nom\":\"Awwwards\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Kohen Avocats, site nomm\u00e9 aux Awwwards\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.awwwards.com\/sites\/kohen-avocats\",\"citation\":\"Le site du cabinet figure parmi les sites nomm\u00e9s (\u00ab Nominee \u00bb) par Awwwards, r\u00e9f\u00e9rence internationale du design web.\",\"auteur\":\"Awwwards\",\"paraphrase\":true,\"libelle\":\"Voir la fiche sur 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\u00e0 la location ?\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.leboncoin.fr\/guide\/immobilier\/bouilloires-thermiques-bientot-interdites-a-la-location-hfpj70o6.html\",\"citation\":\"Le guide immobilier cite une analyse de kohenavocats.fr parmi ses sources.\",\"auteur\":\"Leboncoin\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"femme-actuelle\":{\"nom\":\"Femme Actuelle\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"S\u00e9paration ou divorce : quelle banque et quel cr\u00e9dit pour repartir sur de bonnes bases ?\",\"date\":\"2026-09-30\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.femmeactuelle.fr\/vie-pratique\/news-vie-pratique\/separation-ou-divorce-quelle-banque-et-quel-credit-pour-repartir-sur-de-bonnes-bases-2211980\",\"citation\":\"L'article cite une analyse de kohenavocats.com parmi ses sources.\",\"auteur\":\"Femme Actuelle\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"economie-matin\":{\"nom\":\"\u00c9conomie Matin\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Nouveau bail 2026 : ce que les propri\u00e9taires doivent anticiper d\u00e8s 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if(e.key==='ArrowLeft'&&actuel>0){e.preventDefault();aller(actuel-1);}});\ns.querySelectorAll('button.knp__logo').forEach(function(b){b.addEventListener('click',function(e){ouvrir(b,e.detail===0&&b.tabIndex>=0);});});\n}\ndocument.querySelectorAll('.knp').forEach(lier);\n})();\n<\/script>\n<\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"kcv-tabs\" id=\"kcv-cabinet\" aria-label=\"Inland waterway lawyer in Paris\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-in\">\n    <div class=\"kcv-tabs-head\">\n      <p class=\"kk\">Kohen Avocats, Paris 17<\/p>\n      <h2>Inland waterway law: <em>the contract, the vessel, the time limit<\/em><\/h2>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcv-bar\"><div class=\"kcv-chips\" role=\"tablist\" aria-label=\"Case sections\"><button class=\"kcv-chip-t on\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-avocat\" aria-controls=\"kcv-avocat\" aria-selected=\"true\" tabindex=\"0\">The lawyer<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p1\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p1\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The rules<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p2\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p2\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Your documents<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p3\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p3\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The method<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p4\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p4\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The timetable<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p5\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p5\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The checks<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-synthese\" aria-controls=\"kcv-synthese\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Summary<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-faq\" aria-controls=\"kcv-faq\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Questions<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-textes\" aria-controls=\"kcv-textes\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Legal texts<\/button><\/div><\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcv-track\"><div class=\"kcv-slide kcv-on\" id=\"kcv-avocat\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-avocat\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<div class=\"kcv-pro\">\n  <figure class=\"kcv-pro-photo\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" src=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/kohen-footer\/portrait-reda-20260920-lignes-orange.jpg\" alt=\"Reda Kohen, lawyer at the Paris Bar\" width=\"1122\" height=\"1402\" loading=\"eager\" decoding=\"async\">\n    <figcaption class=\"kcv-pro-cap kcv-glass\"><span class=\"kcv-pro-capn\">Reda Kohen<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pro-capr\">Lawyer at the Paris Bar<\/span><\/figcaption>\n  <\/figure>\n  <div class=\"kcv-pro-body\">\n    <p class=\"kk\">Maritime law \u00b7 Paris 17th arrondissement<\/p>\n    <h2>What an <em>inland waterway lawyer<\/em> in Paris does<\/h2>\n    <ul class=\"kcv-pro-tags\"><li>Paris Bar<\/li><li>Transport law<\/li><li>Inland waterway transport and vessels<\/li><\/ul>\n    <p class=\"kcv-p\">Reda Kohen, lawyer (avocat) at the Paris Bar, can act for shippers, consignees, inland waterway carriers, buyers and sellers of vessels and their insurers, in both advisory and contentious matters.<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-p\">An inland waterway case generally turns on one of two questions. Either a cargo has been lost, damaged or delivered late, and it is necessary to know which contract bound the parties. Or the vessel itself is at issue, because it has been sold, mortgaged, involved in an accident or insured.<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-p\">The firm then examines three elements that determine the rest of the case: the applicable regime, domestic or CMNI; the time limit running from delivery, from discovery of the defect or from the loss; and the ceiling or clause that will limit compensation.<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-p\">Send what you have, even if incomplete: the firm will prioritise and complete the file with you. In an emergency, call <a href=\"tel:+33646605822\">06 46 60 58 22<\/a>.<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-pro-meta\"><a href=\"https:\/\/consultation.avocat.fr\/avocat-paris\/reda-kohen-54670.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Official profile in the directory of French lawyers (CNB)<\/a><span>Firm at 11 rue Margueritte, 75017 Paris<\/span><\/p>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-cards\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-card\"><h3>Three transport contracts<\/h3><p>Shippers and inland waterway carriers may choose between the time charter contract, the tonnage contract and the single or multiple voyage contract (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023082598\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023082598\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 4451-1 of the French Transport Code<\/a>). Each has its standard contract (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000027233971\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000027233971\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article D. 4451-2 of the Transport Code<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000027233973\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000027233973\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article D. 4451-3 of the Transport Code<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000027233975\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000027233975\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article D. 4451-4 of the Transport Code<\/a>), which applies as of right in the absence of a written agreement (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023630976\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023630976\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 1432-4 of the Transport Code<\/a>).<\/p><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-card\"><h3>Two liability regimes<\/h3><p>International transport is governed by the Budapest Convention, known as the CMNI (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023082532\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023082532\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 4453-1 of the Transport Code<\/a>). Domestic transport is governed by the standard contracts (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023630976\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023630976\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 1432-4 of the Transport Code<\/a>) and by the rules of the French Commercial Code (Code de commerce) on the carrier (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023085436\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023085436\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 1432-1 of the Transport Code<\/a>).<\/p><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-card\"><h3>The vessel: registered movable property<\/h3><p>Although legally movable property (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006428730\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006428730\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 531 of the French Civil Code<\/a>), a registered vessel is nonetheless subject to a register: its sale and mortgage can be enforced against third parties only once entered in it (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000044072972\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000044072972\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 4121-2 of the Transport Code<\/a>).<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p1\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The rules<\/p>\n<h2>Inland waterway transport, vessels, insurance: <em>the applicable rules<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">Five sets of rules apply, from the loading of the barge to the resale of the vessel.<\/p>\n<ol class=\"kcv-conds\">\n  <li>The contract must be characterised first. The Transport Code defines the time charter contract, the tonnage contract and the voyage contract (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023082596\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023082596\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 4451-2 of the Transport Code<\/a>); the voyage contract requires an approved confirmation, kept on board (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000030996896\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000030996896\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 4451-7 of the Transport Code<\/a>). The consignment note must accompany the cargo and follows a standard form (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000027233967\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000027233967\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article D. 4451-1 of the Transport Code<\/a>). In the absence of a written agreement, the corresponding standard contract applies as of right (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023630976\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023630976\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 1432-4 of the Transport Code<\/a>).<\/li>\n  <li>The carrier is liable for the goods, subject to qualifications. Under the domestic regime, the carrier guarantees loss and damage, except in cases of force majeure or inherent defect (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006220288\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006220288\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 133-1 of the Commercial Code<\/a>, applicable through <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023085436\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023085436\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 1432-1 of the Transport Code<\/a>). Under the CMNI, the carrier is liable for loss and damage occurring between taking over and delivery, unless it proves circumstances that a diligent carrier could not have avoided (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ccr-zkr.org\/files\/conventions\/cmni_fr.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Article 16 of the CMNI<\/a>). Under both regimes, loading carried out by the consignor or on its behalf is in principle at its risk (Article 7.1 of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000041672217\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000041672217\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">standard voyage contract<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ccr-zkr.org\/files\/conventions\/cmni_fr.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Article 18 of the CMNI<\/a>).<\/li>\n  <li>Time limits are short and ceilings strict. Under the domestic regime, the consignee must protest within three days (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000021486442\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000021486442\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 133-3 of the Commercial Code<\/a>); under the CMNI, non-apparent damage must be notified within seven days (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ccr-zkr.org\/files\/conventions\/cmni_fr.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Article 23<\/a>). The action is subject to a one-year limitation period (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000017853204\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000017853204\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 133-6 of the Commercial Code<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ccr-zkr.org\/files\/conventions\/cmni_fr.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Article 24 of the CMNI<\/a>). The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000041672217\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000041672217\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">standard voyage contract<\/a> caps compensation at two euros per kilogram, and compensation for delay at 50% of the principal freight (Articles 16.1 and 17).<\/li>\n  <li>A navigation accident is governed by a fault-based regime. Between two vessels, collision follows the convention signed in Geneva in 1960 (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023083325\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023083325\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 4131-1 of the Transport Code<\/a>); between a seagoing ship and an inland vessel, the maritime rules apply (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023083321\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023083321\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 4132-1 of the Transport Code<\/a>) and leave each party to bear its own loss where the causes are in doubt (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023081464\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023081464\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 5131-3 of the Transport Code<\/a>). The judicial court (tribunal judiciaire) of Lyon thus dismissed the claim of the owner of a barge moored on the Sa\u00f4ne, for lack of proof of fault by the ship that had struck it (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/69a230fccdc6046d47fb43a3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">TJ Lyon, 4th ch., 24 February 2026, No. 22\/01694<\/a>).<\/li>\n  <li>A vessel is sold, mortgaged and insured under its own rules. Transferring a registered vessel requires a written contract (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023083410\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023083410\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 4121-1 of the Transport Code<\/a>), which can be enforced against third parties only once entered in the register (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000044072972\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000044072972\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 4121-2 of the Transport Code<\/a>). An inland waterway mortgage is contractual and in writing (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023083398\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023083398\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 4122-1 of the Transport Code<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023083394\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023083394\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 4122-3 of the Transport Code<\/a>). Inland waterway insurance is governed, with a few exceptions, by the rules on marine insurance (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000024376822\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000024376822\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 171-1 of the French Insurance Code<\/a>), with a two-year limitation period (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000024376832\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000024376832\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 172-31 of the Insurance Code<\/a>).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"kcv-callout\"><span class=\"kcv-callout-i\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M9.6 6C6.5 7.4 4.5 10 4.5 13.4V18h6v-6H7.6c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L9.6 6zm9 0c-3.1 1.4-5.1 4-5.1 7.4V18h6v-6h-2.9c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L18.6 6z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><p>Before any letter is sent, three questions: was the transport international, on what date was the cargo delivered or the defect discovered, and what document, reservation, declaration of value or register entry already exists.<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p2\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Your documents<\/p>\n<h2>What to send, <em>depending on your situation<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">The court rules on the vessel's papers and the commercial documents: their date, their signatory and their wording can decide the outcome.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-duel\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-opt kcv-opt-a\"><p class=\"kcv-opt-k\">Situation A<\/p><p class=\"kcv-opt-t\">A cargo carried by vessel<\/p><ul><li>Contract confirmation, transport order, general conditions and order correspondence<\/li><li>Consignment note or inland waterway bill of lading, with loading and unloading times and reservations<\/li><li>Gauging or counting reports, dated photographs, expert report and invoices for the goods<\/li><li>Written protest or claim, proof that it was sent, reply from the carrier or its insurer<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-or\" aria-hidden=\"true\">or<\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-opt kcv-opt-b\"><p class=\"kcv-opt-k\">Situation B<\/p><p class=\"kcv-opt-t\">A vessel bought, sold, damaged in an accident or insured<\/p><ul><li>Bill of sale, register extract and registration certificate, navigation certificate<\/li><li>Hull survey reports, repair invoices, logbook and findings recorded after the incident<\/li><li>Mortgage deed, loan agreement and statement of registered charges<\/li><li>Insurance policy, proposal and questionnaire, claim notification and letter of refusal<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-callout\"><span class=\"kcv-callout-i\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M9.6 6C6.5 7.4 4.5 10 4.5 13.4V18h6v-6H7.6c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L9.6 6zm9 0c-3.1 1.4-5.1 4-5.1 7.4V18h6v-6h-2.9c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L18.6 6z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><p>Note the exact date of delivery, or the date on which it should have taken place: it starts the one-year period for bringing an action against the carrier, under the domestic regime as under the CMNI. For a vessel, note the date on which the defect was discovered, which starts the two-year period.<\/p><\/div>\n<p class=\"kcv-p\">The firm also handles:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"kcv-pro-tags\"><li>Maritime law<\/li><li>Road haulage<\/li><li>Logistics and warehousing<\/li><li>Customs law<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p3\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The method<\/p>\n<h2>The firm's method, <em>in four stages<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">Each stage answers a precise question, asked in the order in which the court will ask it.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-rows\">\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 1<\/p><h3>Characterise the contract and the regime<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">The firm identifies the contract actually concluded, whether time charter, tonnage or voyage, the place of loading and of delivery, and therefore the applicable regime, domestic or CMNI, before taking any position.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 2<\/p><h3>Preserve the evidence<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">Reservations, joint gauging, photographs and the expert assessment are carried out while the goods or the vessel are still available. An amicable expert assessment that nothing corroborates may be set aside by the court; a report signed by both parties avoids that discussion.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 3<\/p><h3>Quantify with the right ceiling<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">The firm calculates the actual loss, then the ceiling in the standard contract or the CMNI, looking for a declaration of value, a declaration of special interest in delivery or a fault that would remove the limit.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 4<\/p><h3>Act within the time limit<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">The claim, the negotiation with the insurer and then, if necessary, the writ of summons are pursued before the one-year or two-year period expires. Recourse actions against subcontractors have their own time limit: under the domestic regime, one month from the action brought against the party being indemnified (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000017853204\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000017853204\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 133-6 of the Commercial Code<\/a>); under the CMNI, recourse remains open after the one-year period has expired if proceedings are brought within ninety days of the day on which the person bringing the recourse settled the claim or was served with proceedings, or within a longer period provided by the law of the State where proceedings are brought (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ccr-zkr.org\/files\/conventions\/cmni_fr.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Article 24(4) of the CMNI<\/a>).<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-callout\"><span class=\"kcv-callout-i\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M9.6 6C6.5 7.4 4.5 10 4.5 13.4V18h6v-6H7.6c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L9.6 6zm9 0c-3.1 1.4-5.1 4-5.1 7.4V18h6v-6h-2.9c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L18.6 6z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><p>Under the CMNI, the person against whom a claim is made may extend the limitation period by a written declaration to the injured party, which may be renewed (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ccr-zkr.org\/files\/conventions\/cmni_fr.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Article 24 of the CMNI<\/a>). A negotiation that drags on must therefore be backed by such a document, failing which the one-year period continues to run, subject to any suspension or interruption provided by the law applicable to the contract of carriage (same article, paragraph 3).<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p4\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The timetable<\/p>\n<h2>Deadlines <em>to watch in an inland waterway case<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">Time limits often start running before the damage has even been quantified.<\/p>\n<ol class=\"kcv-hs\"><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Contract<\/p><p><strong>Before loading.<\/strong> The voyage contract confirmation is approved by both parties and placed on board, and the information needed for performance is passed to the carrier.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Loading<\/p><p><strong>Laytime.<\/strong> One and a half working days below five hundred tonnes, plus half a day for each additional five hundred tonnes; beyond that, demurrage is owed to the carrier if the overrun is not attributable to the carrier.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Delivery<\/p><p><strong>On delivery.<\/strong> Under the CMNI, apparent damage is the subject of written reservations at the latest on delivery, unless there is a joint survey report; under the domestic regime, reasoned reservations entered on the transport document prepare the protest. A gauging is requested where there is doubt about the weight.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Protest<\/p><p><strong>Three or seven days.<\/strong> Three days, excluding public holidays, under the domestic regime; seven consecutive days for non-apparent damage under the CMNI.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Delay<\/p><p><strong>Twenty-one days.<\/strong> Under the CMNI, compensation for delay is payable only if the carrier was notified within twenty-one days following delivery.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Action<\/p><p><strong>One year or two years.<\/strong> One year against the carrier; one month under the domestic regime, and at least ninety days under the CMNI, for the recourse of the carrier or the freight forwarder against its subcontractor; two years for the action on latent defects (vices cach\u00e9s), running from discovery, and for actions arising from the insurance contract.<\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p5\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The checks<\/p>\n<h2>What the firm checks <em>before acting<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">A claim that is well founded on the merits can be lost on a date, a capacity or a document.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-split\">\n  <ul class=\"kcv-check\"><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Applicable regime: places of loading and delivery, State party to the CMNI, river-sea voyage and bill of lading issued.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Capacity of the parties: principal, consignor, consignee, carrier, subcontractor, freight broker, freight forwarder, subrogated insurer.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Reservations and protest: content, form, date and proof of notification, joint gauging or counting.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Ceiling: weight of the goods affected, permitted loss in weight, intermodal unit, declaration of value or of special interest in delivery.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Vessel: registration, register extract, registered charges and mortgages, navigation certificate, date on which the defect was discovered.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Insurance: risk declaration at inception, exclusions relied on, dates of the loss and of the refusal, the two-year period under Article L. 172-31 of the Insurance Code.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n  <aside class=\"kcv-act\">\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-k\">Case documents<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-t\">Send what you have, even if incomplete<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-p\">Submit your documents through the confidential form at the top of the page: the firm will prioritise and complete the file with you.<\/p>\n    <div class=\"kcv-act-b\"><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kch-form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n  <\/aside>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-synthese\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-synthese\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Summary<\/p>\n<h2>Six situations, <em>six answers<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">The starting point depends less on the damage than on the document and the date.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-rows\">\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Shortage or damage on a domestic transport<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Annotated consignment note, gauging, expert assessment.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time limit:<\/strong> Three days to protest, one year to bring an action.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Notify the reasoned protest or request an expert assessment, then quantify the claim under the standard contract.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Cargo damaged on an international transport<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Transport document, written reservations.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time limit:<\/strong> Delivery or seven days, then one year.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Reserve rights in writing, claim, and if necessary obtain a written extension of the limitation period.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Vessel held at the quay or delivered late<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Times of placing at disposal and of loading.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time limit:<\/strong> Twenty-one days under the CMNI, one year.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Check to whom the overrun is attributable, then calculate demurrage or compensation for delay under the standard contract, with its ceiling.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Collision or striking of a structure<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Signed report, logbook, joint expert assessment.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time limit:<\/strong> Two years from the event between a seagoing ship and an inland vessel; depending on the regime in other cases.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Establish the fault of the colliding vessel or, for a lock, the link between the structure and the damage, since Voies navigables de France may prove normal maintenance of the structure, then act together with the insurer.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Barge bought with a defect<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Expert assessment, invoices, chronology of breakdowns.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time limit:<\/strong> Two years from discovery.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Choose between return and a reduction in price, and examine whether the seller knew of the defect.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Insurer's refusal of cover<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Policy, questionnaire, claim notification.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time limit:<\/strong> Two years.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Check what was known and declared at inception, challenge the nullity or prove good faith.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-faq\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-faq\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Frequently asked questions<\/p>\n<h2>Your questions: <em>inland waterway law<\/em><\/h2>\n<div class=\"kcv-faqgrid\">\n  <aside class=\"kcv-act kcv-act-sticky\">\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-k\">13 questions<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-t\">A situation not listed here?<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-p\">Every case has its own features. The firm reads your documents before answering you.<\/p>\n    <div class=\"kcv-act-b\"><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kch-form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n  <\/aside>\n  <div class=\"kcv-faq\"><details><summary>Which rules apply to the carriage of goods by barge between two French ports?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>An inland waterway transport whose loading and delivery both take place in France falls under the domestic regime, since the CMNI covers only transport between two States (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ccr-zkr.org\/files\/conventions\/cmni_fr.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Article 2 of the CMNI<\/a>). The Transport Code allows the parties to choose between a time charter contract, a tonnage contract and a single or multiple voyage contract (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023082598\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023082598\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 4451-1 of the Transport Code<\/a>), and each of these contracts has its own regulatory standard contract (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000027233971\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000027233971\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article D. 4451-2 of the Transport Code<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000027233973\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000027233973\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article D. 4451-3 of the Transport Code<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000027233975\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000027233975\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article D. 4451-4 of the Transport Code<\/a>).<\/p><p>Where the parties have put nothing in writing on the content of their obligations, the standard contract applies as of right (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023630976\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023630976\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 1432-4 of the Transport Code<\/a>). The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000041672217\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000041672217\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">standard voyage contract<\/a>, in the version in force since 1 March 2020, thus governs the placing of the inland vessel at disposal, loading, laytime, demurrage, the price, compensation ceilings and termination.<\/p><p>The Commercial Code completes this foundation, since its rules on the carrier also apply to carriage by vessel (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023085436\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023085436\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 1432-1 of the Transport Code<\/a>). The carrier therefore guarantees loss and damage (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006220288\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006220288\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 133-1 of the Commercial Code<\/a>); the consignee must protest within three days (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000021486442\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000021486442\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 133-3 of the Commercial Code<\/a>); and the action is subject to a one-year limitation period (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000017853204\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000017853204\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 133-6 of the Commercial Code<\/a>).<\/p><p>The firm therefore begins by gathering the contract confirmation, the consignment note and the order correspondence, then checks whether a written agreement displaces the standard contract on any particular point.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>When does the CMNI apply to an inland waterway transport?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The Budapest Convention on the Contract for the Carriage of Goods by Inland Waterway, known as the CMNI, made on 22 June 2001, governs the international contract for the carriage of goods by inland waterway (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023082532\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023082532\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 4453-1 of the Transport Code<\/a>). France published it by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/jorf\/id\/JORFTEXT000018193769\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/jorf\/id\/JORFTEXT000018193769\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Decree No. 2008-192 of 27 February 2008<\/a>.<\/p><p>It applies where the port of loading or place of taking over and the port of discharge or place of delivery are located in two different States, at least one of which is a party to the convention (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ccr-zkr.org\/files\/conventions\/cmni_fr.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Article 2 of the CMNI<\/a>). A transport without transhipment that uses both inland waterways and sea waters is also subject to it, unless a maritime bill of lading has been issued or the sea leg is the longer one.<\/p><p>The convention is mandatory on the essentials: any clause that excludes or limits the carrier's liability, or increases it other than in the cases provided for in Article 20(4) (declared value, higher agreed limits), reverses the burden of proof or shortens the periods for claims and limitation is void (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ccr-zkr.org\/files\/conventions\/cmni_fr.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Article 25<\/a>). It does, however, allow exemption clauses for nautical fault, fire or explosion on board and certain defects of the vessel that could not be detected despite reasonable diligence.<\/p><p>Without prejudice to its mandatory provisions and in the absence of a written agreement, the clauses of the standard contract also apply as of right to international transport (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023085428\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023085428\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 1432-5 of the Transport Code<\/a>), for the points that the CMNI does not govern (Article 1 of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000041672217\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000041672217\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">standard voyage contract<\/a>). The firm therefore reads the transport document in the light of both texts before writing to the carrier.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Time charter, tonnage or voyage contract: what difference does it make for the shipper?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The time charter contract places one or more vessels and their crew at the exclusive disposal of the principal for a fixed period, for a price set per day. The tonnage contract commits the carrier to carry a specified tonnage over an agreed period for a freight rate per tonne. The voyage contract covers a specified voyage or a series of successive voyages by the same vessel (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023082596\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023082596\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 4451-2 of the Transport Code<\/a>).<\/p><p>The choice affects the allocation of risk. Under a voyage contract, the shipper pays for a journey and bears demurrage if it exceeds the laytime. Under a time charter, it pays for the vessel's immobilisation, whether or not it is sailing. The voyage contract must also be the subject of a confirmation approved by both parties, kept on board and by the other contracting party (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000030996896\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000030996896\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 4451-7 of the Transport Code<\/a>).<\/p><p>Two similar arrangements call for the same vigilance. The hire of a cargo vessel with crew must specify each party's obligations as to the use of the crew and the performance of operations (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023082522\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023082522\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 4454-1 of the Transport Code<\/a>). Subcontracting remains the responsibility of the principal carrier (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023082539\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023082539\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 4452-1 of the Transport Code<\/a>) and must take the form of one of the three contracts (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000027233979\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000027233979\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article D. 4452-1 of the Transport Code<\/a>).<\/p><p>The firm characterises the contract from its actual terms, not its title, because that characterisation determines the applicable standard contract and therefore the ceilings.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Who is liable for cargo damaged while the barge is being loaded?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>In the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000041672217\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000041672217\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">standard voyage contract<\/a>, loading, wedging and stowage are the responsibility of the principal or its representative. The carrier must nonetheless provide useful information, supervise operations and request that they be stopped if they endanger the goods or safety (Article 7.1).<\/p><p>Before departure, the carrier carries out an external inspection of the load. If it notes an apparent defect, it enters reasoned reservations on the transport document; once countersigned by the principal, they relieve the carrier of the resulting losses. The carrier nevertheless remains liable for operations it carries out with the equipment of its own vessel.<\/p><p>The CMNI takes a similar approach. The carrier is exempt where the loss results from handling, loading, stowage or unloading carried out by the consignor, the consignee or third parties acting on their behalf (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ccr-zkr.org\/files\/conventions\/cmni_fr.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Article 18 of the CMNI<\/a>).<\/p><p>Rain does not always relieve the party doing the loading. Seised of steel plates that had rusted after being loaded onto a barge on the Rh\u00f4ne, the Court of Appeal of Aix-en-Provence held that \"the rain event therefore in no way constitutes an event of force majeure but, on the contrary, an event anticipated and provided for by the parties\" (our translation), and held the handling company liable, under the handling services contract that bound it to the consignor (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/67d27b3511a32a45752477bb\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CA Aix-en-Provence, ch. 3-1, 12 March 2025, No. 20\/10035<\/a>). That outcome turns on the contractual instructions in that case, which must be found before any party is identified as liable.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>What reservations should be made on delivery of an inland waterway cargo?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>In domestic transport, a consignee who takes delivery loses all recourse for damage or partial shortage unless it sends the carrier, within three days excluding public holidays, a reasoned protest by registered letter or extrajudicial document (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000021486442\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000021486442\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 133-3 of the Commercial Code<\/a>). A request for an expert assessment made within that period under the procedure of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039280832\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039280832\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 133-4 of the Commercial Code<\/a> counts as a protest (Article L. 133-3, second paragraph).<\/p><p>In international transport, the CMNI distinguishes three situations (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ccr-zkr.org\/files\/conventions\/cmni_fr.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Article 23 of the CMNI<\/a>). Apparent damage must be notified in writing at the latest on delivery, unless there is a joint survey report. Non-apparent damage must be notified within seven consecutive days, and the consignee must then prove that it occurred during transport. Delay gives a right to compensation only if the carrier was notified within twenty-one days following delivery.<\/p><p>The transport document must record the times of arrival and of the start and end of unloading, together with the reasoned reservations (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000041672217\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000041672217\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">standard voyage contract<\/a>, Article 3.2). Where there is doubt about quantity, a joint gauging or count settles the discussion, its costs remaining with the party at fault (Articles 7.1 and 7.4).<\/p><p>The firm drafts reservations that describe the nature of the damage, the batch concerned and the method of measurement, then quickly arranges a joint expert assessment, before the goods are resold or processed.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>How is compensation for damage or shortage calculated?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Under the domestic regime, absent a contrary written agreement, the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000041672217\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000041672217\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">standard voyage contract<\/a> limits compensation for loss or damage to two euros per kilogram of missing or damaged goods, after deduction of the permitted loss in weight (Article 16.1). For an intermodal transport unit, the ceiling is \u20ac25,000 per unit for its contents and \u20ac1,500 for the unit itself.<\/p><p>Loss in weight in transit, that is, the normal reduction in mass or volume linked to the nature of the goods, is measured by gauging. Where no tolerance is entered on the transport document, the carrier is liable for anything above 2.5% for goods whose moisture content exceeds 10%, and 1% for dry goods (Article 16.3).<\/p><p>Under the CMNI, compensation is calculated, in the event of total loss, on the value of the goods at the place and on the day of delivery and, in the event of partial loss or damage, up to the loss in value (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ccr-zkr.org\/files\/conventions\/cmni_fr.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Article 19<\/a>). It is capped at 666.67 units of account per package or 2 units of account per kilogram, whichever is higher, with separate ceilings for containers (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ccr-zkr.org\/files\/conventions\/cmni_fr.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Article 20<\/a>). The carrier loses these limits if it acted with intent to cause the damage, or recklessly and with knowledge that such damage would probably result (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ccr-zkr.org\/files\/conventions\/cmni_fr.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Article 21<\/a>).<\/p><p>Under the domestic regime, a declaration of value notified when the contract is concluded substitutes the declared value for the ceiling in the standard contract, provided that the agreed price is paid (Article 16.2). The limit also falls away in the event of inexcusable fault by the carrier, the only fault equivalent to fraud (dol), that is, a deliberate fault involving awareness of the probability of the damage and its reckless acceptance without valid reason (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000021480210\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000021480210\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 133-8 of the Commercial Code<\/a>, applicable through <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023085436\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023085436\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 1432-1 of the Transport Code<\/a>). Under the CMNI, the limits also fall away where the nature and higher value of the goods are stated in the transport document without having been disputed by the carrier, or where higher limits have been expressly agreed (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ccr-zkr.org\/files\/conventions\/cmni_fr.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Article 20<\/a>). The firm therefore first checks what was declared, then quantifies the actual loss and the applicable ceiling.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>The vessel waited at the quay or arrived late: who pays?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000041672217\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000041672217\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">standard voyage contract<\/a> sets one laytime for loading and another for unloading: one and a half working days below five hundred tonnes, increased by half a day for each additional five hundred tonnes (Article 9.1). Time runs from noon if the vessel is placed at disposal before noon, and from midnight the following day if it is placed at disposal between noon and midnight.<\/p><p>Where the overrun is not attributable to the carrier, the carrier receives demurrage calculated by a formula per day and per tonne of deadweight, increased from the fourth day, to which are added berthing charges and necessary expenses (Article 9.2).<\/p><p>Conversely, the carrier's delay in placing the vessel at disposal for unloading gives rise, outside force majeure and on proof of loss, to compensation limited to 50% of the principal freight, unless a declaration of special interest in delivery has been made (Article 17). Cancellation of the charter notified less than seven days before loading gives rise to compensation for the proven loss, capped at 40% of the freight if the principal withdraws, and at 30% if the carrier does (Articles 10.1 and 11.1).<\/p><p>Under the CMNI, compensation for delay is capped at the amount of the freight (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ccr-zkr.org\/files\/conventions\/cmni_fr.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Article 20<\/a>), provided that it was notified within twenty-one days. The firm reconstructs the chronology from the transport document, the logbook and the berthing correspondence.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can the freight price be revised when diesel prices rise?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Yes, and the law requires it. The price of inland waterway transport includes fuel costs (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023082579\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023082579\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 4451-3 of the Transport Code<\/a>). Where the contract mentions these costs, the price is revised as of right to take account of the change in the price of fuel between the date of the contract and that of the transport, and the invoice shows the fuel costs borne (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023082574\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023082574\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 4451-4 of the Transport Code<\/a>).<\/p><p>Failing agreement on the terms, the revision applies the change in the consumer price index for domestic heating oil published by Insee (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023082572\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023082572\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 4451-5 of the Transport Code<\/a>). If the contract does not identify the fuel costs, they are determined by reference to their average share in the price of a transport (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023082564\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023082564\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 4451-6 of the Transport Code<\/a>). The carrier's contracting party that disregards these rules is liable to a fine of \u20ac15,000 (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023082358\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023082358\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 4463-3 of the Transport Code<\/a>).<\/p><p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000041672217\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000041672217\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">standard voyage contract<\/a> adds a revision in the event of a significant change in the carrier's overall costs due to external conditions (Article 14.1). It requires payment no later than thirty days after the invoice is issued (Article 15) and prohibits any unilateral set-off of compensation against the transport price (Article 18).<\/p><p>A shipper who disputes damage therefore cannot withhold the freight on its own initiative. The firm separates the freight claim from the compensation claim and deals with each within its own time limit.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Collision between two vessels or striking of a lock: on what basis should an action be brought?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>When two vessels collide on an inland waterway, compensation follows the convention signed in Geneva in 1960 on collisions in inland navigation (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023083325\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023083325\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 4131-1 of the Transport Code<\/a>). Between a seagoing ship and an inland vessel, the maritime rules apply (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023083321\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023083321\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 4132-1 of the Transport Code<\/a>): each party bears its own damage if the accident is fortuitous or its causes are in doubt (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023081464\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023081464\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 5131-3 of the Transport Code<\/a>), and the action for compensation is subject to a two-year limitation period from the event (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023081456\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023081456\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 5131-6 of the Transport Code<\/a>).<\/p><p>This regime requires proven fault. For a barge moored on the Sa\u00f4ne and struck by a drifting ship, the judicial court of Lyon, ruling at first instance, based liability on \"proven fault and not on the act of things in one's custody\" (our translation); it set aside the victim's amicable expert report, recalling that, while such a report may serve as evidence, \"this is on condition that it is corroborated by other evidence also subject to adversarial argument between the parties\" (our translation), and dismissed the claim of the owner and its insurers (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/69a230fccdc6046d47fb43a3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">TJ Lyon, 4th ch., 24 February 2026, No. 22\/01694<\/a>). In a maritime case, the Court of Cassation held this regime applicable to a collision caused by a moored sailing boat whose mooring line had broken, and quashed the judgment that had excluded it, noting that \"the condition of absence of mooring therefore concerns only craft that are not ships\" (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/63997c20b7ec7f05d42d80e7\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 14 December 2022, No. 21-16.785<\/a>).<\/p><p>Damage caused by a lock falls under a different basis, which depends on the date of the accident. For a pusher craft damaged on 1 August 2012 by a bulky object in the chamber of a lock, at a time when Voies navigables de France was an industrial and commercial public establishment, the Paris Court of Appeal ruled on the liability of the custodian under former Article 1384 of the Civil Code: \"It is as custodian of the lock chamber that its liability is engaged\" (our translation). It added that \"EPA VNF is bound by an obligation of means concerning the maintenance of the lock\" (our translation), and upheld the order against the establishment (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/62be90a455cf2069b3661ce4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CA Paris, p\u00f4le 4 ch. 10, 30 June 2022, No. 19\/19649<\/a>). Jurisdiction is in fact assessed at the date of the damage, and the dispute between a user and this industrial and commercial establishment then fell within the jurisdiction of the ordinary courts (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000037033871\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000037033871\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">CAA Paris, 8th ch., 7 June 2018, No. 17PA02953<\/a>).<\/p><p>Since 1 January 2013, Voies navigables de France has been a State public establishment of an administrative nature responsible for the operation and maintenance of navigable waterways (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000025198576\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000025198576\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 4311-1 of the Transport Code<\/a>). For damage occurring since then, the boatman brings the action before the administrative court, as a user of the public structure: the boatman proves the causal link between the lock and the damage, and the establishment is exonerated by proving normal maintenance of the structure, the victim's fault or force majeure. The Administrative Court of Appeal of Versailles thus rejected the claim of the operator of a barge whose propeller had been blocked in 2015 by a submerged cable in the chamber of the large lock at Pontoise: the link with the structure was established, but the lock had been dredged the previous year and the object, drifting and submerged, was undetectable (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000044453853\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000044453853\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">CAA Versailles, 5th ch., 2 December 2021, No. 19VE02161<\/a>).<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Buying a second-hand barge: what should be checked before signing?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Legally, a barge remains movable property (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006428730\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006428730\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 531 of the Civil Code<\/a>). The judicial court of Mulhouse drew the conclusion that the buyer of a houseboat could not rely on the cooling-off period reserved for residential immovable property, noting that the alleged immobilisation had not been established, \"such immobilisation not being capable of resulting from the mere mooring of the property\" (our translation), and \"the use of the property having no bearing on its legal classification as movable or immovable property\" (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/67fec9157a459da3dcdf1b9d\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">TJ Mulhouse, 1st civil ch., 15 April 2025, No. 22\/00401<\/a>). The buyer nevertheless obtained the return of her deposit on the basis of consumer law, the sellers having been treated as professionals.<\/p><p>For a vessel subject to registration, that is, a cargo vessel of at least twenty tonnes deadweight or any other vessel with a displacement of at least ten cubic metres (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023083449\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023083449\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 4111-1 of the Transport Code<\/a>), the transfer must be made by written contract (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023083410\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023083410\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 4121-1 of the Transport Code<\/a>). The deed can be enforced against third parties only once entered in the register, at the buyer's request (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000044072972\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000044072972\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 4121-2 of the Transport Code<\/a>). The vessel register is public and an extract of the entries must be on board (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031971997\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031971997\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 4111-5 of the Transport Code<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000044072966\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000044072966\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 4121-3 of the Transport Code<\/a>).<\/p><p>Before signing, the firm has the register extract, registered mortgages, navigation certificate, latest hull survey report and repair history checked. If the vessel is moored on the public river domain, the position of its mooring falls under separate rules, set out on the firm's page on <a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/maritime-law-lawyer-paris\/\">maritime law<\/a>.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Latent defect in an inland waterway vessel: what remedies, and within what time limit?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The seller guarantees hidden defects that make the vessel unfit for its use (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006441924\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006441924\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1641 of the Civil Code<\/a>). The buyer has two years to bring an action, from the day the defect is discovered (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000020466328\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000020466328\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1648 of the Civil Code<\/a>). The buyer may return the vessel and have the price refunded, or keep it and have part of the price returned (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000030254091\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000030254091\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1644 of the Civil Code<\/a>); a seller who knew of the defect also owes all damages (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006441972\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006441972\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1645 of the Civil Code<\/a>).<\/p><p>The Paris Court of Appeal recalled that \"the warranty against latent defects does not require proof of fault by the seller\" (our translation), and held that \"the proximity of the first breakdowns to the date of sale sufficiently establishes that the defects predate the sale\" (our translation). It did, however, reject the claim for loss of operating income, holding that \"the appellant has not provided evidence in support of this claim\" (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/63ecb24dc0a6c305dea9feb6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CA Paris, p\u00f4le 4 ch. 10, 9 February 2023, No. 20\/01607<\/a>).<\/p><p>For a barge unable to manoeuvre, the Court of Appeal of Bourges upheld the rescission of the sale, the lack of manoeuvrability \"thus rendering it unfit for its normal purpose, that is, navigating on inland waterways in satisfactory conditions of safety\" (our translation); according to the judgment, the Union certificate issued after the sale \"does not appear capable of contradicting the findings made by the expert during the joint expert assessment carried out subsequently\" (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/67a5a9c5d9873682128266e8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CA Bourges, 1st ch., 6 February 2025, No. 24\/00400<\/a>).<\/p><p>The buyer's status as a professional weighs on the assessment of whether the defect was hidden. For a corroded barge that the purchaser had visited three times and had analysed before the sale, the Court of Appeal of Versailles noted that \"the two companies ETPO and Mat Force are professionals in inland waterway and maritime transport and the continuation of the corrosion phenomenon and its consequences for safety are known to them as such\" (our translation), held the corrosion to be apparent and upheld the dismissal of the purchaser's claims (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/6abe1ec3c27382d0995289d3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CA Versailles, ch. com. 3-1, 30 September 2026, No. 24\/00623<\/a>).<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Inland waterway mortgage and seizure: how can the lender or the buyer be protected?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Any registered vessel may be mortgaged, but only by a contractual mortgage, which may also encumber a vessel under construction (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023083398\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023083398\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 4122-1 of the Transport Code<\/a>). It is created in writing, on pain of nullity (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023083394\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023083394\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 4122-3 of the Transport Code<\/a>), and extends to items permanently attached to the vessel that belong to its owner (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023083396\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023083396\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 4122-2 of the Transport Code<\/a>).<\/p><p>Like the sale, the mortgage can be enforced against third parties only once entered in the register (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000044072972\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000044072972\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 4121-2 of the Transport Code<\/a>). A lender that undertook to register the mortgage is liable for its failure to do so: the loan agreement of 3 July 2009 providing for this registration, the Court of Appeal of Montpellier held, on the ground of contractual non-performance, that \"the bank's failure to regularise the inland waterway mortgage is a contractual fault\" (our translation), the sale of the vessel at a lower price having deprived the borrower of a chance to extinguish her debt, and ordered the bank to pay \u20ac30,000 in damages for that loss of a chance, the borrower remaining liable for the balance of the loan, with set-off (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/686767077c03803a32c272a3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CA Montpellier, 4th civ. ch., 3 July 2025, No. 24\/00257<\/a>).<\/p><p>Protective measures against a registered vessel follow the French Code of Civil Enforcement Procedures (Code des proc\u00e9dures civiles d'ex\u00e9cution), subject to international conventions (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000027232395\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000027232395\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article R. 4123-1 of the Transport Code<\/a>). For the buyer, the register extract reveals the entries before signature; for the creditor, registration must follow the deed without delay.<\/p><p>The firm checks the entries, drafts or reviews the constituting deed and coordinates the sale with the release of existing security.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Inland waterway vessel insurance: what to do when cover is refused?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The inland waterway and lake insurance contract is governed, with a few exceptions, by the rules that the Insurance Code applies to maritime risks and transport (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000024376822\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000024376822\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 171-1 of the Insurance Code<\/a>). When the contract is concluded, the insured must accurately declare the circumstances known to them that enable the insurer to assess the risk (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006794501\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006794501\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 172-19 of the Insurance Code<\/a>). An omission or inaccurate declaration likely to significantly reduce the insurer's assessment of the risk renders the insurance void at the insurer's request; an insured who proves good faith nevertheless remains covered in proportion to the premium received, unless the insurer shows that it would not have covered the risk (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006794324\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006794324\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 172-2 of the Insurance Code<\/a>).<\/p><p>The Court of Cassation has held that \"any omission by the insured likely to significantly reduce the insurer's assessment of the risk renders the insurance void, at the insurer's request, even where the questionnaire given by the insurer to the insured did not mention the circumstances not declared by the latter\" (our translation), and that the provision \"requires the insured to prove their own good faith\" (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/6137235dcd58014677408d21\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 15 February 2000, No. 97-18.043<\/a>). It has also set the limit: \"only the omission or inaccurate declaration of facts that had already occurred on the day the inland waterway insurance policy was concluded, and that are likely to significantly reduce the insurer's assessment of the risk, renders the insurance void\" (our translation). It quashed the judgment that had ruled \"on grounds drawn from the method of financing the acquisition of the insured property, which are unsuited to establishing circumstances likely to significantly reduce the insurer's assessment of the risk to be covered\" (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/5fca797eb65b4267968f32c2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 30 January 2019, No. 17-19.420<\/a>).<\/p><p>Actions arising from the contract are subject to a two-year limitation period (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000024376832\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000024376832\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 172-31 of the Insurance Code<\/a>). An insurer that has paid the compensation acquires, up to the amount paid, the insured's rights arising from the insured damage, for example against the carrier or the party responsible for the collision (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006794607\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006794607\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 172-29 of the Insurance Code<\/a>).<\/p><\/div><\/details><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-textes\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-textes\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Sources and related pages<\/p>\n<h2>Official texts and <em>related pages<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">The sources for this page and the firm's related areas of practice.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-arts\"><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023082598\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023082598\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 4451-1 of the Transport Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">three types of inland waterway transport contract<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023082596\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023082596\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 4451-2 of the Transport Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">time charter, tonnage and voyage contracts<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023082574\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023082574\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 4451-4 of the Transport Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">price revision according to fuel<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000030996896\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000030996896\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 4451-7 of the Transport Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">approved confirmation of the voyage contract<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023082532\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023082532\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 4453-1 of the Transport Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">international transport and the CMNI<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000041672217\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000041672217\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Annex to Article D. 4451-4 of the Transport Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">standard single or multiple voyage contract<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023085436\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023085436\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 1432-1 of the Transport Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">carrier rules applicable to inland waterway transport<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000021486442\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000021486442\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 133-3 of the Commercial Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">consignee's protest within three days<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000017853204\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000017853204\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 133-6 of the Commercial Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">one-year limitation period<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ccr-zkr.org\/files\/conventions\/cmni_fr.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Budapest Convention (CMNI) of 22 June 2001<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">French text published by the CCNR<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/jorf\/id\/JORFTEXT000018193769\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/jorf\/id\/JORFTEXT000018193769\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Decree No. 2008-192 of 27 February 2008<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">publication of the CMNI in France<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023083325\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023083325\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 4131-1 of the Transport Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">collision between inland vessels<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000044072972\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000044072972\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 4121-2 of the Transport Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">registration of deeds relating to a vessel<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023083398\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023083398\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 4122-1 of the Transport Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">inland waterway mortgage<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000024376822\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000024376822\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 171-1 of the Insurance Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">inland waterway and lake insurance<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<h3 class=\"kcv-center\">Further reading<\/h3>\n<div class=\"kcv-pgs\"><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/maritime-law-lawyer-paris\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Maritime law<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">The firm's practice area<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/road-transport-lawyer-paris\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Road haulage<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">The firm's practice area<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/logistics-lawyer-paris\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Logistics and warehousing<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">The firm's practice area<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/customs-law-lawyer-paris\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Customs law<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">The firm's practice area<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<p class=\"kcv-small kcv-center\">Page updated on 1 November 2026.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"kcv-cta\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-in\">\n    <div class=\"kcv-cta-card\">\n      <h2>A damaged cargo, a vessel at issue? <em>Take stock today<\/em>.<\/h2>\n      <p>Send the contract or confirmation, the consignment note, the reservations, the bill of sale or the insurance policy: the firm checks the regime, the time limits still open and who is liable.<\/p>\n      <div class=\"kcv-btns\">\n        <a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a>\n        <a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kch-form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n<div class=\"kcv-news-band\"><h2>The latest <em>news.<\/em><\/h2><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\", \"@type\": \"FAQPage\", \"mainEntity\": [{\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Which rules apply to the carriage of goods by barge between two French ports?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"An inland waterway transport whose loading and delivery both take place in France falls under the domestic regime, since the CMNI covers only transport between two States (Article 2 of the CMNI). The Transport Code allows the parties to choose between a time charter contract, a tonnage contract and a single or multiple voyage contract (Article L. 4451-1 of the Transport Code), and each of these contracts has its own regulatory standard contract (Article D. 4451-2 of the Transport Code, Article D. 4451-3 of the Transport Code and Article D. 4451-4 of the Transport Code). Where the parties have put nothing in writing on the content of their obligations, the standard contract applies as of right (Article L. 1432-4 of the Transport Code). The standard voyage contract, in the version in force since 1 March 2020, thus governs the placing of the inland vessel at disposal, loading, laytime, demurrage, the price, compensation ceilings and termination. The Commercial Code completes this foundation, since its rules on the carrier also apply to carriage by vessel (Article L. 1432-1 of the Transport Code). The carrier therefore guarantees loss and damage (Article L. 133-1 of the Commercial Code); the consignee must protest within three days (Article L. 133-3 of the Commercial Code); and the action is subject to a one-year limitation period (Article L. 133-6 of the Commercial Code). The firm therefore begins by gathering the contract confirmation, the consignment note and the order correspondence, then checks whether a written agreement displaces the standard contract on any particular point.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"When does the CMNI apply to an inland waterway transport?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The Budapest Convention on the Contract for the Carriage of Goods by Inland Waterway, known as the CMNI, made on 22 June 2001, governs the international contract for the carriage of goods by inland waterway (Article L. 4453-1 of the Transport Code). France published it by Decree No. 2008-192 of 27 February 2008. It applies where the port of loading or place of taking over and the port of discharge or place of delivery are located in two different States, at least one of which is a party to the convention (Article 2 of the CMNI). A transport without transhipment that uses both inland waterways and sea waters is also subject to it, unless a maritime bill of lading has been issued or the sea leg is the longer one. The convention is mandatory on the essentials: any clause that excludes or limits the carrier's liability, or increases it other than in the cases provided for in Article 20(4) (declared value, higher agreed limits), reverses the burden of proof or shortens the periods for claims and limitation is void (Article 25). It does, however, allow exemption clauses for nautical fault, fire or explosion on board and certain defects of the vessel that could not be detected despite reasonable diligence. Without prejudice to its mandatory provisions and in the absence of a written agreement, the clauses of the standard contract also apply as of right to international transport (Article L. 1432-5 of the Transport Code), for the points that the CMNI does not govern (Article 1 of the standard voyage contract). The firm therefore reads the transport document in the light of both texts before writing to the carrier.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Time charter, tonnage or voyage contract: what difference does it make for the shipper?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The time charter contract places one or more vessels and their crew at the exclusive disposal of the principal for a fixed period, for a price set per day. The tonnage contract commits the carrier to carry a specified tonnage over an agreed period for a freight rate per tonne. The voyage contract covers a specified voyage or a series of successive voyages by the same vessel (Article L. 4451-2 of the Transport Code). The choice affects the allocation of risk. Under a voyage contract, the shipper pays for a journey and bears demurrage if it exceeds the laytime. Under a time charter, it pays for the vessel's immobilisation, whether or not it is sailing. The voyage contract must also be the subject of a confirmation approved by both parties, kept on board and by the other contracting party (Article L. 4451-7 of the Transport Code). Two similar arrangements call for the same vigilance. The hire of a cargo vessel with crew must specify each party's obligations as to the use of the crew and the performance of operations (Article L. 4454-1 of the Transport Code). Subcontracting remains the responsibility of the principal carrier (Article L. 4452-1 of the Transport Code) and must take the form of one of the three contracts (Article D. 4452-1 of the Transport Code). The firm characterises the contract from its actual terms, not its title, because that characterisation determines the applicable standard contract and therefore the ceilings.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Who is liable for cargo damaged while the barge is being loaded?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"In the standard voyage contract, loading, wedging and stowage are the responsibility of the principal or its representative. The carrier must nonetheless provide useful information, supervise operations and request that they be stopped if they endanger the goods or safety (Article 7.1). Before departure, the carrier carries out an external inspection of the load. If it notes an apparent defect, it enters reasoned reservations on the transport document; once countersigned by the principal, they relieve the carrier of the resulting losses. The carrier nevertheless remains liable for operations it carries out with the equipment of its own vessel. The CMNI takes a similar approach. The carrier is exempt where the loss results from handling, loading, stowage or unloading carried out by the consignor, the consignee or third parties acting on their behalf (Article 18 of the CMNI). Rain does not always relieve the party doing the loading. Seised of steel plates that had rusted after being loaded onto a barge on the Rh\u00f4ne, the Court of Appeal of Aix-en-Provence held that \\\"the rain event therefore in no way constitutes an event of force majeure but, on the contrary, an event anticipated and provided for by the parties\\\" (our translation), and held the handling company liable, under the handling services contract that bound it to the consignor (CA Aix-en-Provence, ch. 3-1, 12 March 2025, No. 20\/10035). That outcome turns on the contractual instructions in that case, which must be found before any party is identified as liable.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What reservations should be made on delivery of an inland waterway cargo?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"In domestic transport, a consignee who takes delivery loses all recourse for damage or partial shortage unless it sends the carrier, within three days excluding public holidays, a reasoned protest by registered letter or extrajudicial document (Article L. 133-3 of the Commercial Code). A request for an expert assessment made within that period under the procedure of Article L. 133-4 of the Commercial Code counts as a protest (Article L. 133-3, second paragraph). In international transport, the CMNI distinguishes three situations (Article 23 of the CMNI). Apparent damage must be notified in writing at the latest on delivery, unless there is a joint survey report. Non-apparent damage must be notified within seven consecutive days, and the consignee must then prove that it occurred during transport. Delay gives a right to compensation only if the carrier was notified within twenty-one days following delivery. The transport document must record the times of arrival and of the start and end of unloading, together with the reasoned reservations (standard voyage contract, Article 3.2). Where there is doubt about quantity, a joint gauging or count settles the discussion, its costs remaining with the party at fault (Articles 7.1 and 7.4). The firm drafts reservations that describe the nature of the damage, the batch concerned and the method of measurement, then quickly arranges a joint expert assessment, before the goods are resold or processed.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"How is compensation for damage or shortage calculated?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Under the domestic regime, absent a contrary written agreement, the standard voyage contract limits compensation for loss or damage to two euros per kilogram of missing or damaged goods, after deduction of the permitted loss in weight (Article 16.1). For an intermodal transport unit, the ceiling is \u20ac25,000 per unit for its contents and \u20ac1,500 for the unit itself. Loss in weight in transit, that is, the normal reduction in mass or volume linked to the nature of the goods, is measured by gauging. Where no tolerance is entered on the transport document, the carrier is liable for anything above 2.5% for goods whose moisture content exceeds 10%, and 1% for dry goods (Article 16.3). Under the CMNI, compensation is calculated, in the event of total loss, on the value of the goods at the place and on the day of delivery and, in the event of partial loss or damage, up to the loss in value (Article 19). It is capped at 666.67 units of account per package or 2 units of account per kilogram, whichever is higher, with separate ceilings for containers (Article 20). The carrier loses these limits if it acted with intent to cause the damage, or recklessly and with knowledge that such damage would probably result (Article 21). Under the domestic regime, a declaration of value notified when the contract is concluded substitutes the declared value for the ceiling in the standard contract, provided that the agreed price is paid (Article 16.2). The limit also falls away in the event of inexcusable fault by the carrier, the only fault equivalent to fraud (dol), that is, a deliberate fault involving awareness of the probability of the damage and its reckless acceptance without valid reason (Article L. 133-8 of the Commercial Code, applicable through Article L. 1432-1 of the Transport Code). Under the CMNI, the limits also fall away where the nature and higher value of the goods are stated in the transport document without having been disputed by the carrier, or where higher limits have been expressly agreed (Article 20). The firm therefore first checks what was declared, then quantifies the actual loss and the applicable ceiling.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"The vessel waited at the quay or arrived late: who pays?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The standard voyage contract sets one laytime for loading and another for unloading: one and a half working days below five hundred tonnes, increased by half a day for each additional five hundred tonnes (Article 9.1). Time runs from noon if the vessel is placed at disposal before noon, and from midnight the following day if it is placed at disposal between noon and midnight. Where the overrun is not attributable to the carrier, the carrier receives demurrage calculated by a formula per day and per tonne of deadweight, increased from the fourth day, to which are added berthing charges and necessary expenses (Article 9.2). Conversely, the carrier's delay in placing the vessel at disposal for unloading gives rise, outside force majeure and on proof of loss, to compensation limited to 50% of the principal freight, unless a declaration of special interest in delivery has been made (Article 17). Cancellation of the charter notified less than seven days before loading gives rise to compensation for the proven loss, capped at 40% of the freight if the principal withdraws, and at 30% if the carrier does (Articles 10.1 and 11.1). Under the CMNI, compensation for delay is capped at the amount of the freight (Article 20), provided that it was notified within twenty-one days. The firm reconstructs the chronology from the transport document, the logbook and the berthing correspondence.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Can the freight price be revised when diesel prices rise?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Yes, and the law requires it. The price of inland waterway transport includes fuel costs (Article L. 4451-3 of the Transport Code). Where the contract mentions these costs, the price is revised as of right to take account of the change in the price of fuel between the date of the contract and that of the transport, and the invoice shows the fuel costs borne (Article L. 4451-4 of the Transport Code). Failing agreement on the terms, the revision applies the change in the consumer price index for domestic heating oil published by Insee (Article L. 4451-5 of the Transport Code). If the contract does not identify the fuel costs, they are determined by reference to their average share in the price of a transport (Article L. 4451-6 of the Transport Code). The carrier's contracting party that disregards these rules is liable to a fine of \u20ac15,000 (Article L. 4463-3 of the Transport Code). The standard voyage contract adds a revision in the event of a significant change in the carrier's overall costs due to external conditions (Article 14.1). It requires payment no later than thirty days after the invoice is issued (Article 15) and prohibits any unilateral set-off of compensation against the transport price (Article 18). A shipper who disputes damage therefore cannot withhold the freight on its own initiative. The firm separates the freight claim from the compensation claim and deals with each within its own time limit.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Collision between two vessels or striking of a lock: on what basis should an action be brought?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"When two vessels collide on an inland waterway, compensation follows the convention signed in Geneva in 1960 on collisions in inland navigation (Article L. 4131-1 of the Transport Code). Between a seagoing ship and an inland vessel, the maritime rules apply (Article L. 4132-1 of the Transport Code): each party bears its own damage if the accident is fortuitous or its causes are in doubt (Article L. 5131-3 of the Transport Code), and the action for compensation is subject to a two-year limitation period from the event (Article L. 5131-6 of the Transport Code). This regime requires proven fault. For a barge moored on the Sa\u00f4ne and struck by a drifting ship, the judicial court of Lyon, ruling at first instance, based liability on \\\"proven fault and not on the act of things in one's custody\\\" (our translation); it set aside the victim's amicable expert report, recalling that, while such a report may serve as evidence, \\\"this is on condition that it is corroborated by other evidence also subject to adversarial argument between the parties\\\" (our translation), and dismissed the claim of the owner and its insurers (TJ Lyon, 4th ch., 24 February 2026, No. 22\/01694). In a maritime case, the Court of Cassation held this regime applicable to a collision caused by a moored sailing boat whose mooring line had broken, and quashed the judgment that had excluded it, noting that \\\"the condition of absence of mooring therefore concerns only craft that are not ships\\\" (our translation) (Cass. com., 14 December 2022, No. 21-16.785). Damage caused by a lock falls under a different basis, which depends on the date of the accident. For a pusher craft damaged on 1 August 2012 by a bulky object in the chamber of a lock, at a time when Voies navigables de France was an industrial and commercial public establishment, the Paris Court of Appeal ruled on the liability of the custodian under former Article 1384 of the Civil Code: \\\"It is as custodian of the lock chamber that its liability is engaged\\\" (our translation). It added that \\\"EPA VNF is bound by an obligation of means concerning the maintenance of the lock\\\" (our translation), and upheld the order against the establishment (CA Paris, p\u00f4le 4 ch. 10, 30 June 2022, No. 19\/19649). Jurisdiction is in fact assessed at the date of the damage, and the dispute between a user and this industrial and commercial establishment then fell within the jurisdiction of the ordinary courts (CAA Paris, 8th ch., 7 June 2018, No. 17PA02953). Since 1 January 2013, Voies navigables de France has been a State public establishment of an administrative nature responsible for the operation and maintenance of navigable waterways (Article L. 4311-1 of the Transport Code). For damage occurring since then, the boatman brings the action before the administrative court, as a user of the public structure: the boatman proves the causal link between the lock and the damage, and the establishment is exonerated by proving normal maintenance of the structure, the victim's fault or force majeure. The Administrative Court of Appeal of Versailles thus rejected the claim of the operator of a barge whose propeller had been blocked in 2015 by a submerged cable in the chamber of the large lock at Pontoise: the link with the structure was established, but the lock had been dredged the previous year and the object, drifting and submerged, was undetectable (CAA Versailles, 5th ch., 2 December 2021, No. 19VE02161).\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Buying a second-hand barge: what should be checked before signing?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Legally, a barge remains movable property (Article 531 of the Civil Code). The judicial court of Mulhouse drew the conclusion that the buyer of a houseboat could not rely on the cooling-off period reserved for residential immovable property, noting that the alleged immobilisation had not been established, \\\"such immobilisation not being capable of resulting from the mere mooring of the property\\\" (our translation), and \\\"the use of the property having no bearing on its legal classification as movable or immovable property\\\" (our translation) (TJ Mulhouse, 1st civil ch., 15 April 2025, No. 22\/00401). The buyer nevertheless obtained the return of her deposit on the basis of consumer law, the sellers having been treated as professionals. For a vessel subject to registration, that is, a cargo vessel of at least twenty tonnes deadweight or any other vessel with a displacement of at least ten cubic metres (Article L. 4111-1 of the Transport Code), the transfer must be made by written contract (Article L. 4121-1 of the Transport Code). The deed can be enforced against third parties only once entered in the register, at the buyer's request (Article L. 4121-2 of the Transport Code). The vessel register is public and an extract of the entries must be on board (Article L. 4111-5 of the Transport Code; Article L. 4121-3 of the Transport Code). Before signing, the firm has the register extract, registered mortgages, navigation certificate, latest hull survey report and repair history checked. If the vessel is moored on the public river domain, the position of its mooring falls under separate rules, set out on the firm's page on maritime law.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Latent defect in an inland waterway vessel: what remedies, and within what time limit?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The seller guarantees hidden defects that make the vessel unfit for its use (Article 1641 of the Civil Code). The buyer has two years to bring an action, from the day the defect is discovered (Article 1648 of the Civil Code). The buyer may return the vessel and have the price refunded, or keep it and have part of the price returned (Article 1644 of the Civil Code); a seller who knew of the defect also owes all damages (Article 1645 of the Civil Code). The Paris Court of Appeal recalled that \\\"the warranty against latent defects does not require proof of fault by the seller\\\" (our translation), and held that \\\"the proximity of the first breakdowns to the date of sale sufficiently establishes that the defects predate the sale\\\" (our translation). It did, however, reject the claim for loss of operating income, holding that \\\"the appellant has not provided evidence in support of this claim\\\" (our translation) (CA Paris, p\u00f4le 4 ch. 10, 9 February 2023, No. 20\/01607). For a barge unable to manoeuvre, the Court of Appeal of Bourges upheld the rescission of the sale, the lack of manoeuvrability \\\"thus rendering it unfit for its normal purpose, that is, navigating on inland waterways in satisfactory conditions of safety\\\" (our translation); according to the judgment, the Union certificate issued after the sale \\\"does not appear capable of contradicting the findings made by the expert during the joint expert assessment carried out subsequently\\\" (our translation) (CA Bourges, 1st ch., 6 February 2025, No. 24\/00400). The buyer's status as a professional weighs on the assessment of whether the defect was hidden. For a corroded barge that the purchaser had visited three times and had analysed before the sale, the Court of Appeal of Versailles noted that \\\"the two companies ETPO and Mat Force are professionals in inland waterway and maritime transport and the continuation of the corrosion phenomenon and its consequences for safety are known to them as such\\\" (our translation), held the corrosion to be apparent and upheld the dismissal of the purchaser's claims (CA Versailles, ch. com. 3-1, 30 September 2026, No. 24\/00623).\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Inland waterway mortgage and seizure: how can the lender or the buyer be protected?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Any registered vessel may be mortgaged, but only by a contractual mortgage, which may also encumber a vessel under construction (Article L. 4122-1 of the Transport Code). It is created in writing, on pain of nullity (Article L. 4122-3 of the Transport Code), and extends to items permanently attached to the vessel that belong to its owner (Article L. 4122-2 of the Transport Code). Like the sale, the mortgage can be enforced against third parties only once entered in the register (Article L. 4121-2 of the Transport Code). A lender that undertook to register the mortgage is liable for its failure to do so: the loan agreement of 3 July 2009 providing for this registration, the Court of Appeal of Montpellier held, on the ground of contractual non-performance, that \\\"the bank's failure to regularise the inland waterway mortgage is a contractual fault\\\" (our translation), the sale of the vessel at a lower price having deprived the borrower of a chance to extinguish her debt, and ordered the bank to pay \u20ac30,000 in damages for that loss of a chance, the borrower remaining liable for the balance of the loan, with set-off (CA Montpellier, 4th civ. ch., 3 July 2025, No. 24\/00257). Protective measures against a registered vessel follow the French Code of Civil Enforcement Procedures (Code des proc\u00e9dures civiles d'ex\u00e9cution), subject to international conventions (Article R. 4123-1 of the Transport Code). For the buyer, the register extract reveals the entries before signature; for the creditor, registration must follow the deed without delay. The firm checks the entries, drafts or reviews the constituting deed and coordinates the sale with the release of existing security.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Inland waterway vessel insurance: what to do when cover is refused?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The inland waterway and lake insurance contract is governed, with a few exceptions, by the rules that the Insurance Code applies to maritime risks and transport (Article L. 171-1 of the Insurance Code). When the contract is concluded, the insured must accurately declare the circumstances known to them that enable the insurer to assess the risk (Article L. 172-19 of the Insurance Code). An omission or inaccurate declaration likely to significantly reduce the insurer's assessment of the risk renders the insurance void at the insurer's request; an insured who proves good faith nevertheless remains covered in proportion to the premium received, unless the insurer shows that it would not have covered the risk (Article L. 172-2 of the Insurance Code). The Court of Cassation has held that \\\"any omission by the insured likely to significantly reduce the insurer's assessment of the risk renders the insurance void, at the insurer's request, even where the questionnaire given by the insurer to the insured did not mention the circumstances not declared by the latter\\\" (our translation), and that the provision \\\"requires the insured to prove their own good faith\\\" (our translation) (Cass. com., 15 February 2000, No. 97-18.043). It has also set the limit: \\\"only the omission or inaccurate declaration of facts that had already occurred on the day the inland waterway insurance policy was concluded, and that are likely to significantly reduce the insurer's assessment of the risk, renders the insurance void\\\" (our translation). It quashed the judgment that had ruled \\\"on grounds drawn from the method of financing the acquisition of the insured property, which are unsuited to establishing circumstances likely to significantly reduce the insurer's assessment of the risk to be covered\\\" (our translation) (Cass. com., 30 January 2019, No. 17-19.420). Actions arising from the contract are subject to a two-year limitation period (Article L. 172-31 of the Insurance Code). 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Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2157055 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2157055 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/allison-saeng-Hpw4nI_QUWQ-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2157055 post-2157055 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/25\/foreign-company-france-corporate-bank-account-refusal-abroad\/\">Your French Bank Won&#8217;t Open a Corporate Account While You Live Abroad: Right to an Account, Banque de France Designation and the Anti-Money-Laundering Wall<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2157013 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2157013 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/getty-images-p1ZW7qeVRyE-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2157013 post-2157013 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/25\/foreign-company-france-sas-pay-abroad-salary-dividends-management-fees\/\">Your French SAS Pays You While You Live Abroad: Salary, Dividends or Management Fees<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2156883 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2156883 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/getty-images-p1ZW7qeVRyE-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2156883 post-2156883 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/25\/foreign-company-france-sas-capital-increase-cash-call-filing-abroad\/\">Your French SAS Needs Cash From Abroad: Increase Capital, Call Up Unpaid Shares or Lend Instead \u2014 Filing and New Kbis Without Flying to Paris<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2156702 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2156702 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/pawel-czerwinski-mIT9kEQBC6Q-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2156702 post-2156702 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/24\/foreign-company-france-hire-first-employee-dpae-contract-trial-pay-abroad\/\">Hiring Your First French Employee While You Live Abroad: DPAE, Contract, Trial Period, Pay and Registration<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2156668 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2156668 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/alex-vasey-F5HtPjpBb9k-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2156668 post-2156668 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/24\/foreign-company-france-management-fees-transfer-pricing-file-defence-abroad\/\">Your French Subsidiary Pays Management Fees to Its Foreign Parent While You Live Abroad: Transfer Pricing File, Deduction and Reassessment Defence<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2156642 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2156642 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/shubham-dhage-ICCn56-jyuw-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2156642 post-2156642 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/24\/foreign-company-france-shareholder-loan-compte-courant-abroad\/\">Your French Subsidiary Needs Cash From Abroad: Shareholder Loans (Compte Courant d&#8217;Associe), Interest, Approval and Getting Repaid<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. 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A barge of grain delivered short, steel soaked during loading, a barge immobilised at the quay, a lock struck, a vessel whose engines fail after the sale: for an [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":251031307,"featured_media":2157176,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2161479","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.2 (Yoast SEO v28.2) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Inland waterway lawyer Paris | Kohen Avocats<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Inland waterway lawyer Paris: barge cargo damage, collisions, vessel sales and insurance refusals. Time limits checked. 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