{"id":2161397,"date":"2026-11-01T23:36:03","date_gmt":"2026-11-01T22:36:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/?page_id=2161397"},"modified":"2026-11-04T19:45:44","modified_gmt":"2026-11-04T18:45:44","slug":"international-business-law-lawyer-paris","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/international-business-law-lawyer-paris\/","title":{"rendered":"International business law lawyer in Paris"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"2161397\" class=\"elementor elementor-2161397 elementor-2160731\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7fd52a0 e-con-full e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7fd52a0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-89b0043 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" 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.chess-knight{top:295px;height:340px}\n.chess-hero{height:820px;margin-bottom:28px}\n}\n\n@media(min-width:651px){.chess-field{clip-path:none;border-radius:0;mask-image:url(\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%201000%20650%22%20preserveAspectRatio%3D%22none%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22white%22%20d%3D%22M38%2052H710Q740%2052%20740%2026Q740%200%20778%200H962Q1000%200%201000%2038V612Q1000%20650%20962%20650H38Q0%20650%200%20612V90Q0%2052%2038%2052Z%22\/%3E%3C\/svg%3E\");mask-size:100% 100%;mask-repeat:no-repeat}}\n\n\/* Groupes de pi\u00e8ces : cadrage large, texte d\u00e9gag\u00e9. *\/\n.chess-group .chess-preview .chess-knight{width:54%;right:0;height:580px;bottom:30px}\n@media(max-width:1000px) and (min-width:651px){.chess-group .chess-preview .chess-knight{width:52%;height:510px}}\n@media(max-width:650px){.chess-group .chess-preview .chess-knight{width:100%;right:0;top:310px;bottom:auto;height:320px}}\n\/* D\u00e9coupe initiale 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.chess-intro::before,.chess-intro::after{\n  width:32px;height:32px;\n  background:radial-gradient(circle at 100% 0,transparent 31.5px,#f7f8f8 32px);\n }\n .chess-intro::before{top:-32px;left:0}\n .chess-intro::after{right:-32px;bottom:0}\n}\n\/* Raccord progressif entre la landing et les domaines d\u2019intervention. *\/\nbody:has(.chess-preview) .elementor-754 > .elementor-element-4fdc5e4{\n background:linear-gradient(180deg,#f7f8f8 0px,rgba(247,248,248,.85) 45px,rgba(247,248,248,0) 190px) !important;\n}\n\n\/* Transition du blanc du menu vers le gris de la landing. *\/\n.chess-preview{background:linear-gradient(180deg,#fff 0px,#f7f8f8 120px)!important}\n\n\/* Proposition B \u2014 composition d\u00e9cal\u00e9e. Header et charte partag\u00e9s inchang\u00e9s. *\/\n@media (max-width:650px) {\n  .mobile-study-b .chess-hero {\n    height:650px;\n    margin-bottom:12px;\n    overflow:visible;\n  }\n  .mobile-study-b .chess-heading {\n    inset:0 auto auto 8px;\n    width:calc(100% - 16px);\n    max-width:none;\n  }\n  .mobile-study-b .chess-heading h1 {\n    font-family:Lato,Arial,sans-serif!important;\n    font-weight:900!important;\n    font-size:clamp(43px,13.4vw,56px)!important;\n    line-height:.97!important;\n    letter-spacing:-.045em!important;\n  }\n  .mobile-study-b .chess-title-paris {\n    margin-top:0;\n    font-size:1em;\n    letter-spacing:-.045em;\n  }\n  .mobile-study-b .chess-motto {\n    width:115px;\n    margin:37px 0 0;\n    font-size:14px;\n    line-height:1.9;\n    letter-spacing:.015em;\n  }\n  \/* Un seul fond : la d\u00e9coupe porte sur son alpha, jamais sur le d\u00e9grad\u00e9. *\/\n  .mobile-study-b .chess-field {\n    inset:229px 0 155px 0;\n    border-radius:0;\n    clip-path:none;\n    background:linear-gradient(155deg,#e8f0f9,#d6e6f4 60%,#e7eaf2);\n    -webkit-mask-image:url(\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%201000%20304%22%20preserveAspectRatio%3D%22none%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22white%22%20d%3D%22M555%200H930Q1000%200%201000%2024V277Q1000%20304%20921%20304H73Q0%20304%200%20279V191Q0%20166%2073%20166H288Q370%20166%20370%20138V64Q370%200%20555%200Z%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\");\n    mask-image:url(\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%201000%20304%22%20preserveAspectRatio%3D%22none%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22white%22%20d%3D%22M555%200H930Q1000%200%201000%2024V277Q1000%20304%20921%20304H73Q0%20304%200%20279V191Q0%20166%2073%20166H288Q370%20166%20370%20138V64Q370%200%20555%200Z%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\");\n    -webkit-mask-size:100% 100%;\n    mask-size:100% 100%;\n    -webkit-mask-repeat:no-repeat;\n    mask-repeat:no-repeat;\n  }\n  .mobile-study-b .chess-field::before,\n  .mobile-study-b .chess-field::after {\n    content:none;\n    display:none;\n  }\n  .mobile-study-b .chess-knight {\n    top:193px;\n    bottom:auto;\n    right:-7px;\n    width:66%;\n    height:302px;\n    object-fit:contain;\n    object-position:center bottom;\n    filter:drop-shadow(7px 16px 13px #243d6225);\n  }\n  .mobile-study-b .chess-intro {\n    top:511px;\n    bottom:auto;\n    left:8px;\n    width:calc(100% - 16px);\n    max-width:none;\n    padding:0;\n    border-radius:0;\n    background:transparent;\n  }\n  .mobile-study-b .chess-intro::before,\n  .mobile-study-b .chess-intro::after { display:none; }\n  .mobile-study-b .chess-intro-label {\n    font-size:9px;\n    letter-spacing:.15em;\n  }\n  .mobile-study-b .chess-intro p {\n    max-width:320px;\n    margin:9px 0 19px;\n    font-size:13px;\n    line-height:1.5;\n  }\n}\n@media (min-width:480px) and (max-width:650px) {\n  .mobile-study-b .chess-motto { margin-top:25px; }\n  .mobile-study-b .chess-knight { width:60%;height:300px;top:195px; }\n}\n@media (max-width:360px) {\n  .mobile-study-b .chess-motto { width:100px;font-size:12px;line-height:2.1; }\n  .mobile-study-b .chess-knight { width:64%; }\n}\n\n\/* Trois placements locaux : typo, image, contours et CTA de B conserv\u00e9s. *\/\n@media(max-width:650px){\n .mobile-study-b1{--title-shift:12px;--motto-top:238px}\n .mobile-study-b2{--title-shift:20px;--motto-top:258px}\n .mobile-study-b3{--title-shift:28px;--motto-top:278px}\n .mobile-study-b1 .chess-heading,.mobile-study-b2 .chess-heading,.mobile-study-b3 .chess-heading{top:var(--title-shift)}\n .mobile-study-b1 .chess-motto,.mobile-study-b2 .chess-motto,.mobile-study-b3 .chess-motto{position:absolute;top:calc(var(--motto-top) - var(--title-shift));left:0;margin:0}\n}\n\/* B2 valid\u00e9e : r\u00e9server toute la hauteur du CTA et de son halo. *\/\n@media(max-width:650px){\n .mobile-study-b2 .chess-hero{height:700px}\n .mobile-study-b2 .chess-field{bottom:auto;height:266px}\n}\n\n\/* \u00c9tudes mobiles uniquement ; menu et logo natifs, disposition plus compacte. *\/\n@media(max-width:650px){\n body:has(.fr-chess) .elementor-location-header{height:110px!important;min-height:110px!important}\n body:has(.fr-chess) .navo{position:relative!important;top:auto!important;left:auto!important;width:100%!important;height:110px!important;min-height:110px!important;padding:0 20px!important;margin:0!important;display:grid!important;grid-template-columns:1fr auto!important;grid-template-rows:72px 32px!important;gap:0!important;align-items:center!important;background:linear-gradient(#fff,#f7f8f8)!important;backdrop-filter:none!important}\n body:has(.fr-chess) .navo .elementor-element-26e7aca4{display:flex!important;visibility:visible!important;grid-area:1\/1;min-height:0!important;width:110px!important;padding:0!important;margin:0!important}\n body:has(.fr-chess) .navo .elementor-element-5176e41b{width:105px!important;margin:0!important;padding:0!important}\n body:has(.fr-chess) .navo .elementor-element-5176e41b img{width:105px!important;height:62px!important;object-fit:contain!important}\n body:has(.fr-chess) .navo .elementor-element-7f9425b9{display:contents!important}\n body:has(.fr-chess) .navo .elementor-element-68cc9a0{grid-area:2\/1\/3\/3;width:100%!important;margin:0!important;padding:0!important}\n body:has(.fr-chess) .navo .wpml-ls{width:100%!important;padding:0!important}\n body:has(.fr-chess) .navo .wpml-ls ul{display:flex!important;justify-content:center!important;gap:11px!important;align-items:center!important;padding:0!important;margin:0!important}\n body:has(.fr-chess) .navo .wpml-ls li{padding:0!important;margin:0!important}\n body:has(.fr-chess) .navo .wpml-ls a{padding:4px!important}\n body:has(.fr-chess) .navo .wpml-ls img{width:16px!important;height:11px!important}\n body:has(.fr-chess) .navo .elementor-element-2b355485{grid-area:1\/2;width:auto!important;margin:0!important;padding:0!important}\n body:has(.fr-chess) .navo .elementor-element-2b355485 a{display:grid!important;place-items:center!important;width:43px!important;height:43px!important;padding:0!important;border-radius:14px!important}\n body:has(.fr-chess) .navo .elementor-element-2b355485 svg{width:22px!important;height:22px!important}\n .chess-preview.mobile-study{padding:28px 16px 0!important;background:#f7f8f8!important;display:flow-root}\n .mobile-study .chess-knight{max-width:none}\n .mobile-study .chess-cta{max-width:calc(100vw - 64px)!important}\n .mobile-study .chess-intro-label{color:#6b747c}\n .mobile-study .chess-intro p{color:#40464a}\n}\n@media(max-width:650px){body:has(.fr-chess) .navo.elementor-sticky__spacer{display:none!important}}\n\nbody:has(.fr-chess) .navo{visibility:visible!important;opacity:1!important;animation:none!important;transform:none!important}\nbody:has(.fr-chess) .fr-hero-wrapper,body:has(.fr-chess) .fr-hero-widget{padding:0!important;margin:0!important;width:100%!important;max-width:none!important;gap:0!important}\nbody:has(.fr-chess) .fr-hero-widget>.elementor-widget-container{margin:0!important;padding:0!important}\nbody:has(.fr-chess) .fr-chess{display:flow-root}\nbody:has(.fr-chess) .fr-chess .chess-heading h1{font-size:clamp(45px,5.2vw,80px)!important;line-height:1!important}\nbody:has(.fr-chess) .fr-chess .chess-heading{top:112px;max-width:54%}\nbody:has(.fr-chess) .fr-chess .chess-knight{width:48%;height:640px;right:3%;bottom:0;top:auto;object-fit:contain}\nbody:has(.fr-chess) .fr-chess .chess-motto{font-size:clamp(16px,1.6vw,25px)}\nbody:has(.fr-chess) #fr-contact-form{scroll-margin-top:110px}\n@media(max-width:650px){\n body:has(.fr-chess) [data-elementor-type=\"header\"]{height:110px!important;min-height:110px!important}\n body:has(.fr-chess) .fr-chess .chess-heading{top:20px;max-width:none}\n body:has(.fr-chess) .fr-chess .chess-heading h1{font-size:clamp(37px,11.9vw,50px)!important;line-height:.97!important}\n body:has(.fr-chess) .fr-chess .chess-knight{top:193px;bottom:auto;right:-7px;width:66%;height:302px}\n body:has(.fr-chess) .fr-chess .chess-motto{font-size:12px;width:120px;line-height:2.1;top:238px}\n body:has(.fr-chess) .fr-chess .chess-intro{max-width:none}\n}\n@media(min-width:651px){\nbody:has(.fr-chess) [data-elementor-type=\"header\"]{height:80px!important;min-height:80px!important}\nbody:has(.fr-chess) .navo{height:80px!important;padding:0 32px!important;background:linear-gradient(#fff,#f7f8f8)!important}\nbody:has(.fr-chess) .navo .elementor-element-26e7aca4{width:125px!important;min-width:125px!important}\nbody:has(.fr-chess) .navo .elementor-element-5176e41b{width:110px!important}\nbody:has(.fr-chess) .navo .elementor-element-5176e41b img{width:110px!important;height:65px!important;object-fit:contain!important}\nbody:has(.fr-chess) .fr-chess{padding-top:30px}\n}\n\/* Le header natif FR est hors flux : r\u00e9server sa hauteur dans chaque copie. *\/\n@media(max-width:650px){body:has(.fr-chess) .chess-preview.mobile-study{padding-top:138px!important}}\n@media(min-width:651px){body:has(.fr-chess) .fr-chess{padding-top:80px!important}}\nbody:has(.fr-chess) .navo .elementor-invisible{visibility:visible!important;opacity:1!important;animation:none!important}\n\n@media(max-width:650px){body:has(.fr-chess):not(.home) .chess-preview.mobile-study{padding-top:28px!important}}\n@media(min-width:651px){body:has(.fr-chess):not(.home) .fr-chess{padding-top:0!important}}\n\/* Contenir les carrousels et le footer copi\u00e9s dans la largeur de pr\u00e9visualisation. *\/\n\n@media(max-width:650px){body:has(.fr-chess) .kcf-hero-inner{min-width:0!important;max-width:100%!important}body:has(.fr-chess) .kcf-wrap{min-width:0!important;max-width:100%!important}}\n\/* Raccord menu blanc vers fond gris, sans bande de couleur \u00e0 la jonction. *\/\n@media(max-width:650px){body:has(.fr-chess) .kcf-hero-text,body:has(.fr-chess) .kcf-hero-form{min-width:0!important;width:100%!important;max-width:100%!important}body:has(.fr-chess) .kcf-hero-title,body:has(.fr-chess) .kcf-hero-title-main{white-space:normal!important;overflow-wrap:anywhere}}@media(max-width:650px){body:has(.fr-chess) .hk-footer-avocat{max-width:100%!important}body:has(.fr-chess) .hk-footer-avocat img{max-width:100%!important}}body:has(.fr-chess) .elementor-element-7817ac8,body:has(.fr-chess) .elementor-element-7f97ff5,body:has(.fr-chess) .elementor-element-62048c2{background-image:linear-gradient(180deg,#f7f8f8 0px,rgba(247,248,248,.85) 45px,rgba(247,248,248,0) 200px)!important}body:has(.fr-chess) .elementor-element-da753e9{background-image:linear-gradient(180deg,#f7f8f8 0px,rgba(247,248,248,.85) 45px,rgba(247,248,248,0) 200px),linear-gradient(180deg,#f5f4f8 0%,#e4eef9 100%)!important}body:has(.fr-chess) .navo{background:#fff!important}\nbody:has(.fr-chess) .fr-chess{background:linear-gradient(180deg,#fff 0px,#f7f8f8 130px)!important}\n\nbody:has(.fr-chess) .elementor-element-b8c5a8a,body:has(.fr-chess) .elementor-element-5abe9b0,body:has(.fr-chess) .elementor-element-6667b04,body:has(.fr-chess) .elementor-element-b003989,body:has(.fr-chess) .elementor-element-990a523,body:has(.fr-chess) .elementor-element-c9f42ee,body:has(.fr-chess) .elementor-element-263bc05,body:has(.fr-chess) .elementor-element-6cc331c{padding:0!important;margin:0!important;width:100%!important;max-width:none!important;gap:0!important}\nbody:has(.fr-chess) .navo{background:#fff!important}body:has(.fr-chess) .fr-chess{background:linear-gradient(180deg,#fff 0px,#f7f8f8 130px)!important}\n@media(max-width:650px){body.home:has(.fr-chess) #content{padding-top:0!important}body.home:has(.fr-chess) .chess-preview.mobile-study{padding-top:138px!important}body:not(.home):has(.fr-chess) .chess-preview.mobile-study{padding-top:28px!important}}\nbody:has(.fr-chess) .chess-preview.mobile-study{background:linear-gradient(180deg,#fff 0px,#fff 110px,#f7f8f8 230px)!important}\n@media(max-width:650px){body.fr-hero-visible .kohen-avis-floating{visibility:hidden!important;pointer-events:none!important}}\n\nbody:has(.fr-chess) .elementor-element-7fd52a0,body:has(.fr-chess) .elementor-element-89b0043{padding:0!important;margin:0!important;width:100%!important;max-width:none!important;gap:0!important}\nbody:has(.fr-chess) .elementor-element-dd1953d{background-image:linear-gradient(180deg,#f7f8f8 0px,rgba(247,248,248,.85) 45px,rgba(247,248,248,0) 200px)!important}\nbody.page-id-1915254 .fr-chess .chess-heading h1{font-size:clamp(42px,4.8vw,74px)!important}\nbody.page-id-1915254 .fr-chess .chess-knight{width:53%;height:530px;bottom:30px;right:0;object-fit:contain}\n@media(max-width:650px){body.page-id-1915254 .fr-chess .chess-heading h1{font-size:clamp(35px,10.8vw,47px)!important}body.page-id-1915254 .fr-chess .chess-knight{top:265px;height:230px;width:85%;right:0;bottom:auto}}\n<\/style><div class=\"chess-preview fr-chess mobile-study mobile-study-b mobile-study-b2\">\n<section aria-labelledby=\"chess-title\" class=\"chess-hero\">\n<div aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"chess-field\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"chess-heading\"><h1 id=\"chess-title\"><span class=\"chess-title-back\">International<\/span>\n<span class=\"chess-title-front\">business law<\/span>\n<span class=\"chess-title-front\">lawyer<\/span>\n<span class=\"chess-title-paris\">Paris<\/span>\n<\/h1><p class=\"chess-motto\">Export. <span>Invest.<\/span> Enforce.<\/p><\/div>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Wooden chess knight facing black pieces, illustrating the choices to be made before an international transaction\" class=\"chess-knight\" fetchpriority=\"high\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/kohen-fr-affaires-hero.webp\"\/>\n<div class=\"chess-intro\"><span class=\"chess-intro-label\">YOUR TRANSACTIONS.<\/span><p>A sale abroad, the purchase of a French company, a dispute with a partner: describe the transaction to an international business law lawyer in Paris.<\/p><a class=\"chess-cta\" href=\"#kcf-1form\"><span class=\"chess-cta-icon\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\"><rect height=\"14\" rx=\"2\" width=\"18\" x=\"3\" y=\"5\"><\/rect><path d=\"m3 6 9 7 9-7\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"chess-cta-text\">Go to the form<\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div><script id=\"fr-hero-widgets-20260920\">(()=>{const h=document.querySelector('.fr-chess');if(!h||!('IntersectionObserver' in window))return;const mq=matchMedia('(max-width:650px)');let inside=true;const sync=()=>document.body.classList.toggle('fr-hero-visible',mq.matches&&inside);new IntersectionObserver(e=>{inside=e[0].isIntersecting;sync()},{threshold:0}).observe(h);mq.addEventListener('change',sync);sync()})();<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div 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4px;padding:0 24px;text-align:center;line-height:1}.knp a.knp__videos{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:8px;padding:9px 18px 9px 14px;border:1px solid #CFDEF0;border-radius:999px;background:linear-gradient(135deg,#FFFFFF 0%,#E6EEF8 100%);color:#1F4FA8;font-family:inherit;font-size:14px;font-weight:600;letter-spacing:.01em;line-height:1.2;text-decoration:none;transition:border-color .2s ease,box-shadow .2s ease,transform .2s ease}.knp a.knp__videos svg{flex:0 0 auto;display:block}.knp a.knp__videos:hover{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#FFFFFF 0%,#DCEAFB 100%);border-color:#1F4FA8;color:#1F4FA8;box-shadow:0 6px 18px rgba(31,79,168,.14);transform:translateY(-1px)}.knp a.knp__videos:focus-visible{outline:2px solid #1F4FA8;outline-offset:3px}.kcv-press.knp{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;justify-content:center;align-items:center;column-gap:14px}.kcv-press.knp>.kcv-press-t,.kcv-press.knp>.knp__watchlink{flex:0 0 auto}.kcv-press.knp>.knp__piste{flex:0 0 100%}.kcv-press.knp p.knp__watchlink{margin:0 0 2px;padding:0;line-height:17px}.kcv-press.knp a.knp__videos{gap:5px;padding:0;border:0;border-radius:0;background:none;box-shadow:none;font-size:11.5px;letter-spacing:.02em;line-height:17px;transform:none}.kcv-press.knp a.knp__videos:hover{background:none;box-shadow:none;transform:none}.kcv-press.knp a.knp__videos:hover span{text-decoration:underline;text-underline-offset:3px}.kcv-press.knp a.knp__videos svg{width:13px;height:13px}.knp .knp__vc{display:none}@media (max-width:900px){.kcv-press.knp .knp__vl{display:none}.kcv-press.knp .knp__vc{display:inline}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){.knp a.knp__videos{transition:none}.knp a.knp__videos:hover{transform:none}}<\/style><p class=\"knp__watchlink\"><a class=\"knp__videos\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/media\/\" aria-label=\"View the videos and their transcripts\"><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><circle cx=\"10\" cy=\"10\" r=\"9\" fill=\"#1F4FA8\"\/><path d=\"M8.3 6.4v7.2l5.6-3.6z\" fill=\"#fff\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"knp__vl\">View the videos and their transcripts<\/span><span class=\"knp__vc\">Videos<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"knp__piste\">\n<ul class=\"knp__ruban\" role=\"list\">\n<li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"france-2\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"France 2: watch the report featuring Hassan Kohen\"><img class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/france-2.svg\" alt=\"France 2\" style=\"--h:30px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li>\n<li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"tf1\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"TF1: watch the news excerpt featuring Hassan Kohen\"><img class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/tf1.svg\" alt=\"TF1\" style=\"--h:36px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li>\n<li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"france-tv\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"France T\u00e9l\u00e9visions: watch the excerpt featuring Reda Kohen\"><img class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/france-tv.svg\" alt=\"France T\u00e9l\u00e9visions\" style=\"--h:28px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li>\n<li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"bfm\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"BFMTV: watch the excerpt featuring Reda Kohen\"><img class=\"skip-lazy knp--fixe\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/bfm.svg\" alt=\"BFMTV\" style=\"--h:30px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li>\n<li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"le-point\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"Le Point: see the 2 publications\"><img class=\"skip-lazy knp--fixe\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/le-point.svg\" alt=\"Le Point\" style=\"--h:24px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li>\n<li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"le-figaro\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"Le Figaro Immobilier: see the 3 publications\"><img class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/le-figaro.svg\" alt=\"Le Figaro\" style=\"--h:19px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li>\n<li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"liberation\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"Lib\u00e9ration: see the publication\"><img class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/liberation.svg\" alt=\"Lib\u00e9ration\" style=\"--h:28px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li>\n<li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"les-echos\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"Les Echos: see the publication\"><img class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/les-echos.svg\" alt=\"Les Echos\" style=\"--h:23px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li>\n<li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"20-minutes\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"20 Minutes: see the 12 publications\"><img class=\"skip-lazy knp--fixe\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/20-minutes.svg\" alt=\"20 Minutes\" style=\"--h:24px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li>\n<li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"ouest-france\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"Ouest-France: see the 2 publications\"><img class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/ouest-france.svg\" alt=\"Ouest-France\" style=\"--h:28px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li>\n<li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"franceinfo\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"franceinfo: see the 2 publications\"><img class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/franceinfo.svg\" alt=\"franceinfo\" style=\"--h:19px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li>\n<li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"actu-fr\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"actu.fr: see the 3 publications\"><img class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/actu-fr.svg\" alt=\"actu.fr\" style=\"--h:26px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li>\n<li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"marie-claire\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"Marie Claire: see the publication\"><img class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/marie-claire.svg\" alt=\"Marie Claire\" style=\"--h:19px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li>\n<li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"femme-actuelle\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"Femme Actuelle: see the publication\"><img class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/femme-actuelle.svg\" alt=\"Femme Actuelle\" style=\"--h:21px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li>\n<li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"psychologies\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"Psychologies: see the publication\"><img class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/psychologies.svg\" alt=\"Psychologies\" style=\"--h:21px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li>\n<li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"wikipedia\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"Wikipedia: view the 4 publications\"><img class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/wikipedia.svg\" alt=\"Wikipedia\" style=\"--h:21px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li>\n<li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"data-gouv\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"data.gouv.fr: view the 2 publications\"><img class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/data-gouv.svg\" alt=\"data.gouv.fr\" style=\"--h:26px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li>\n<li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"leboncoin\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"Leboncoin: view the publication\"><img class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/leboncoin.svg\" alt=\"Leboncoin\" style=\"--h:24px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li>\n<li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"pappers\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"Pappers: view the 2 publications\"><img class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/pappers.svg\" alt=\"Pappers\" style=\"--h:25px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li>\n<li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"laforet\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"Lafor\u00eat Montesson: view the publication\"><img class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/laforet.svg\" alt=\"Lafor\u00eat\" style=\"--h:24px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li>\n<li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"economie-matin\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"\u00c9conomie Matin: see the publication\"><img class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/economie-matin.jpg\" alt=\"\u00c9conomie Matin\" style=\"--h:24px;mix-blend-mode:multiply\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li>\n<li class=\"knp__item\"><img class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/lexbase.png\" alt=\"Lexbase\" style=\"--h:20px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/li>\n<li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"awwwards\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"Awwwards: view the publication\"><img class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/awwwards.svg\" alt=\"Awwwards\" style=\"--h:20px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li>\n<li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"la-voix-du-nord\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"La Voix du Nord: see the publication\"><img class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/la-voix-du-nord.svg\" alt=\"La Voix du Nord\" style=\"--h:17px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li><li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"sortir-a-paris\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"Sortir \u00e0 Paris: see the publication\"><img class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/sortir-a-paris.png\" alt=\"Sortir \u00e0 Paris\" style=\"--h:40px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li><li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"science-et-vie\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"Science &amp; Vie: see the publication\"><img class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/science-et-vie.svg\" alt=\"Science &amp; Vie\" style=\"--h:22px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li><li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"frandroid\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"Frandroid: see the 2 publications\"><img class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/frandroid.svg\" alt=\"Frandroid\" style=\"--h:15px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li><li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"magicmaman\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"Magicmaman: see the publication\"><img class=\"skip-lazy knp--fixe\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" 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d\u00e9noncent le \u00ab pi\u00e8ge de l'indivision \u00bb qui se referme sur les victimes de divorces tr\u00e8s conflictuels\",\"date\":\"2026-07-28\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/immobilier.lefigaro.fr\/article\/elles-denoncent-le-piege-de-l-indivision-qui-se-referme-sur-les-victimes-de-divorces-tres-conflictuels-20260728\",\"citation\":\"Tant que le pr\u00eat n'est pas rembours\u00e9, ren\u00e9goci\u00e9 ou d\u00e9solidaris\u00e9 avec l'accord de la banque, l'engagement bancaire continue.\",\"auteur\":\"Me Hassan Kohen\"},{\"titre\":\"Sa maison est fissur\u00e9e \u00e0 cause de la s\u00e9cheresse, la justice le rend responsable\",\"date\":\"2026-06-18\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/immobilier.lefigaro.fr\/article\/sa-maison-est-fissuree-a-cause-de-la-secheresse-la-justice-le-rend-responsable-20260618\",\"citation\":\"C'est \u00e0 l'assur\u00e9, demandeur \u00e0 l'indemnisation, de rapporter la preuve qu'il a satisfait \u00e0 cette obligation ou que de telles mesures \u00e9taient 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conseille sur son site Internet de proc\u00e9der avec m\u00e9thode en l'absence de mesures suffisantes face \u00e0 une forte chaleur.\",\"auteur\":\"Les Echos\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"ouest-france\":{\"nom\":\"Ouest-France\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Elle a laiss\u00e9 son fils b\u00e2tir sa maison au fond de son terrain, sans rien signer chez le notaire : 20 ans plus tard, \u00e0 la succession, la maison n'\u00e9tait pas \u00e0 lui\",\"date\":\"2026-10-06\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/pause-maison.ouest-france.fr\/elle-a-laisse-son-fils-batir-sa-maison-au-fond-de-son-terrain-sans-rien-signer-chez-le-notaire-20-ans-plus-tard-a-la-succession-la-maison-n-etait-pas-a-lui\",\"citation\":\"Selon le cabinet Kohen Avocats, cinq informations doivent \u00eatre r\u00e9unies avant toute analyse.\",\"auteur\":\"Pause Maison, Ouest-France\",\"paraphrase\":true},{\"titre\":\"Auchan devient Lidl : ce que change (ou pas) votre cr\u00e9dit Oney en 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Kohen\"},{\"titre\":\"\u00ab Pour renouer le dialogue c'est rat\u00e9 \u00bb : le sermon du pr\u00e9fet des Hauts-de-Seine aux parents d'\u00e9l\u00e8ves casseurs ne passe pas\",\"date\":\"2026-10-06\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/actu.fr\/ile-de-france\/nanterre_92050\/pour-renouer-le-dialogue-c-est-rate-le-sermon-du-prefet-des-hauts-de-seine-aux-parents-d-eleves-casseurs-ne-passe-pas_64886890.html\",\"citation\":\"Aucun texte ne donne au pr\u00e9fet le pouvoir de convoquer les parents d'un mineur.\",\"auteur\":\"Me Reda Kohen\"},{\"titre\":\"C\u00e9dric Jubillar surpris en plein acte sexuel au parloir : que dit vraiment la loi et ce qu'il risque\",\"date\":\"2026-09-27\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/actu.fr\/societe\/cedric-jubillar-surpris-en-plein-acte-sexuel-au-parloir-que-dit-vraiment-la-loi-et-ce-qu-il-risque_64844675.html\",\"citation\":\"Un confinement ou une mise en cellule disciplinaire de plusieurs jours, parfois assortie du sursis.\",\"auteur\":\"Me Hassan Kohen\"}]},\"marie-claire\":{\"nom\":\"Marie Claire\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Des plafonds de 31 et 62 jours : tout comprendre \u00e0 la nouvelle r\u00e9forme des arr\u00eats de travail\",\"date\":\"2026-09-01\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.marieclaire.fr\/reforme-arret-de-travail-septembre-2026-plafonds-droits-salaries,1519083.asp\",\"citation\":\"Pour une pathologie longue, l'arr\u00eat initial sera suivi de prolongations successives, chacune r\u00e9\u00e9valu\u00e9e par le praticien.\",\"auteur\":\"Me Hassan Kohen\"}]},\"psychologies\":{\"nom\":\"Psychologies\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Ce changement dans la loi sur le consentement pourrait tout changer pour les victimes de viol, et voici pourquoi\",\"date\":\"2025-06-18\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.psychologies.com\/actualites\/societe\/changement-loi-consentement-pourrait-tout-changer-victimes-viol-604168\",\"citation\":\"[\u2026] la charge de la preuve incombe \u00e0 l'accusation, et le doute doit syst\u00e9matiquement profiter 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fra\u00eechement isol\u00e9s juste pour y faire entrer la lumi\u00e8re : un an plus tard, c\u2019est la mairie qui a tout recompt\u00e9\",\"date\":\"2026-10-07\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/maison.20minutes.fr\/mm151832-jai-fait-percer-le-toit-de-mes-combles-fraichement-isoles-juste-pour-y-faire-entrer-la-lumiere-un-an-plus-tard-cest-la-mairie-qui-a-tout-recompte\",\"citation\":\"L'article cite une analyse de kohenavocats.fr parmi ses sources.\",\"auteur\":\"20 Minutes\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"wikipedia\":{\"nom\":\"Wikip\u00e9dia\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Rupture conventionnelle du contrat de travail\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rupture_conventionnelle_du_contrat_de_travail\",\"citation\":\"Le cabinet y est cit\u00e9 en r\u00e9f\u00e9rence : \u00ab La rupture conventionnelle \u00e0 l'\u00e9preuve de la loi du 11 juin 2026 : l'inflexion d'un dispositif entre libert\u00e9 contractuelle et ma\u00eetrise des deniers publics 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l'\u00c9tat.\",\"auteur\":\"data.gouv.fr\",\"paraphrase\":true,\"libelle\":\"Voir la fiche sur data.gouv.fr\"},{\"titre\":\"Commentaires des d\u00e9cisions de justice par l'IA g\u00e9n\u00e9rative\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.data.gouv.fr\/reuses\/commentaires-des-decisions-de-justice-par-lia-generative\",\"citation\":\"R\u00e9utilisation des donn\u00e9es publiques de justice publi\u00e9e par Kohen Avocats et r\u00e9f\u00e9renc\u00e9e sur data.gouv.fr.\",\"auteur\":\"data.gouv.fr\",\"paraphrase\":true,\"libelle\":\"Voir la r\u00e9utilisation sur data.gouv.fr\"}]},\"awwwards\":{\"nom\":\"Awwwards\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Kohen Avocats, site nomm\u00e9 aux Awwwards\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.awwwards.com\/sites\/kohen-avocats\",\"citation\":\"Le site du cabinet figure parmi les sites nomm\u00e9s (\u00ab Nominee \u00bb) par Awwwards, r\u00e9f\u00e9rence internationale du design web.\",\"auteur\":\"Awwwards\",\"paraphrase\":true,\"libelle\":\"Voir la fiche sur 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\u00e0 la location ?\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.leboncoin.fr\/guide\/immobilier\/bouilloires-thermiques-bientot-interdites-a-la-location-hfpj70o6.html\",\"citation\":\"Le guide immobilier cite une analyse de kohenavocats.fr parmi ses sources.\",\"auteur\":\"Leboncoin\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"femme-actuelle\":{\"nom\":\"Femme Actuelle\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"S\u00e9paration ou divorce : quelle banque et quel cr\u00e9dit pour repartir sur de bonnes bases ?\",\"date\":\"2026-09-30\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.femmeactuelle.fr\/vie-pratique\/news-vie-pratique\/separation-ou-divorce-quelle-banque-et-quel-credit-pour-repartir-sur-de-bonnes-bases-2211980\",\"citation\":\"L'article cite une analyse de kohenavocats.com parmi ses sources.\",\"auteur\":\"Femme Actuelle\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"economie-matin\":{\"nom\":\"\u00c9conomie Matin\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Nouveau bail 2026 : ce que les propri\u00e9taires doivent anticiper d\u00e8s maintenant\",\"date\":\"2026-09-10\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.economiematin.fr\/bail-nouveau-2026-proprietaires-anticiper\",\"citation\":\"Sur le d\u00e9cret n\u00b0 2026-596 du 7 juillet 2026, l'article renvoie \u00e0 l'analyse publi\u00e9e par le cabinet.\",\"auteur\":\"\u00c9conomie Matin\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"la-voix-du-nord\":{\"nom\":\"La Voix du Nord\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Que risquent les personnes qui ach\u00e8tent des objets vol\u00e9s le 17 octobre ?\",\"date\":\"2026-10-19\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.lavoixdunord.fr\/1747700\/article\/2026-10-19\/que-risquent-les-personnes-qui-achetent-des-objets-voles-le-17-octobre\",\"citation\":\"L\u2019infraction suppose la connaissance de l\u2019origine : savoir que l\u2019objet provient d\u2019un vol.\",\"auteur\":\"Me Hassan Kohen\"}]},\"sortir-a-paris\":{\"nom\":\"Sortir \u00e0 Paris\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Manifestation du 24 octobre \u00e0 Paris : parcours, nouvelles stations ferm\u00e9es, les infos\",\"date\":\"2026-10-20\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.sortiraparis.com\/actualites\/a-paris\/articles\/355171-manifestation-du-24-octobre-a-paris-parcours-nouvelles-stations-fermees-les-infos\",\"citation\":\"Sur le d\u00e9lai de d\u00e9claration d\u2019une manifestation \u00e0 Paris, l\u2019article renvoie \u00e0 l\u2019analyse du cabinet, pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 comme \u00ab un avocat p\u00e9naliste parisien \u00bb.\",\"auteur\":\"Sortir \u00e0 Paris\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"science-et-vie\":{\"nom\":\"Science \\u0026 Vie\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Canicule : sans climatisation, ces quelques gestes simples permettraient de faire chuter la temp\u00e9rature de votre logement\",\"date\":\"2026-07-07\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.science-et-vie.com\/nature-et-environnement\/climat\/canicule-sans-climatisation-quelques-gestes-simples-permettraient-de-faire-chuter-la-temperature-de-votre-logement-247975.html\",\"citation\":\"L\u2019article renvoie \u00e0 deux analyses du cabinet : l\u2019obligation de d\u00e9livrer un logement d\u00e9cent pendant toute la dur\u00e9e du bail et l\u2019ordonnance du tribunal judiciaire de B\u00e9ziers du 31 mars 2026 sur une climatisation install\u00e9e sans autorisation.\",\"auteur\":\"Science \\u0026 Vie\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"frandroid\":{\"nom\":\"Frandroid\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Fin de Rakuten France : comment r\u00e9cup\u00e9rer vos factures, vos garanties et vos points Club R\",\"date\":\"2026-09-30\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.frandroid.com\/culture-tech\/web\/3266559_fin-de-rakuten-france-comment-recuperer-vos-factures-vos-garanties-et-vos-points-club-r\",\"citation\":\"Le cabinet Kohen Avocats leur conseille de retirer cet argent et de t\u00e9l\u00e9charger tout leur historique avant le 10 novembre.\",\"auteur\":\"Frandroid\",\"paraphrase\":true},{\"titre\":\"Goutte-\u00e0-goutte et inondation : que faire quand la climatisation du voisin ruine votre terrasse ?\",\"date\":\"2026-07-28\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.frandroid.com\/produits-android\/maison-connectee\/climatiseur\/3196305_goutte-a-goutte-et-inondation-que-faire-quand-la-climatisation-du-voisin-ruine-votre-terrasse\",\"citation\":\"L\u2019article renvoie \u00e0 la grille de lecture juridique publi\u00e9e par le cabinet sur les condensats de climatisation en copropri\u00e9t\u00e9.\",\"auteur\":\"Frandroid\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"magicmaman\":{\"nom\":\"Magicmaman\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Vous vivez en immeuble et vous n\u2019avez toujours pas de chauffage cet automne ? Voil\u00e0 pourquoi\",\"date\":\"2026-10-25\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.magicmaman.com\/vous-vivez-en-immeuble-et-vous-n-avez-toujours-pas-de-chauffage-cet-automne-voila-pourquoi,3787269.asp\",\"citation\":\"Cette date nationale n\u2019existe pas. La loi ne fixe pas un calendrier d\u2019allumage commun \u00e0 tous les immeubles.\",\"auteur\":\"Cabinet Kohen Avocats\"}]},\"selectra\":{\"nom\":\"Selectra\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Reflet des panneaux solaires du voisin : l\u2019argument qui a d\u00e9j\u00e0 fait condamner un propri\u00e9taire \u00e0 les retirer\",\"date\":\"2026-09-24\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/selectra.info\/energie\/actualites\/marche\/panneaux-solaires-voisin-eblouissement\",\"citation\":\"Sur l\u2019arr\u00eat de la cour d\u2019appel de N\u00eemes du 3 avril 2025 (n\u00b0 22\/02456), l\u2019article renvoie \u00e0 l\u2019analyse publi\u00e9e par le cabinet.\",\"auteur\":\"Selectra\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"next\":{\"nom\":\"Next\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Fin de Bloctel, interdiction du d\u00e9marchage d\u00e8s le 11 ao\u00fbt : on fait le point\",\"date\":\"2026-08-04\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/next.ink\/249950\/fin-de-bloctel-interdiction-du-demarchage-des-le-11-aout-on-fait-le-point\/\",\"citation\":\"Selon le cabinet Kohen Avocats, les jurisprudences dans ce secteur devraient \u00ab \u00e9clairer la port\u00e9e du futur r\u00e9gime \u00bb.\",\"auteur\":\"Next\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"actu-juridique\":{\"nom\":\"Actu-Juridique\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Magistrature et franc-ma\u00e7onnerie : que dit le droit ?\",\"date\":\"2026-09-22\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.actu-juridique.fr\/professions\/magistrats\/magistrature-et-franc-maconnerie-stupeur-et-evitements\/\",\"citation\":\"L\u2019article cite en r\u00e9f\u00e9rence l\u2019analyse de Ma\u00eetre Hassan Kohen, avocat en droit p\u00e9nal \u00e0 Paris, sur l\u2019avis du Coll\u00e8ge de d\u00e9ontologie du 9 juin 2026.\",\"auteur\":\"Actu-Juridique\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"batiweb\":{\"nom\":\"Batiweb\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Mayotte : Lecornu veut un \u00ab choc de mises en chantier \u00bb\",\"date\":\"2026-08-27\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.batiweb.com\/actualites\/urbanisme\/reconstruction-mayotte-lecornu-choc-mises-chantier-49208\",\"citation\":\"Sur les autorisations d\u2019urbanisme n\u00e9cessaires \u00e0 la reconstruction de Mayotte, l\u2019article cite les explications de Me Reda Kohen.\",\"auteur\":\"Batiweb\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"berliner-zeitung\":{\"nom\":\"Berliner Zeitung\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Null Euro Miete, daf\u00fcr Quizabende mit Rentnern: Wie eine 18-J\u00e4hrige ins Seniorenheim zog\",\"date\":\"2026-09-21\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.berliner-zeitung.de\/article\/null-euro-miete-dafuer-quizabende-mit-rentnern-wie-eine-18-jaehrige-ins-seniorenheim-zog-10414380\",\"citation\":\"Der Pariser Anwalt Reda Kohen ordnet das Modell als Gebrauchsleihe ein: Die Wohnung wird \u00fcberlassen, nicht vermietet.\",\"auteur\":\"Berliner Zeitung\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"startupitalia\":{\"nom\":\"StartupItalia\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Quasi 13 miliardi di dollari di Nvidia per la sconosciuta Hugging Face. Chi vende picconi decide di comprare la miniera\",\"date\":\"2026-09-04\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/startupitalia.eu\/tech\/tredici-miliardi-per-unazienda-sconosciuta-ecco-su-cosa-si-basa-la-scommessa-di-nvidia-con-hugging-face\/\",\"citation\":\"Come ha ricostruito l\u2019avvocato parigino Reda Kohen, la competenza di Bruxelles non dipende dal prezzo ma dai fatturati delle parti.\",\"auteur\":\"StartupItalia\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"beincrypto\":{\"nom\":\"BeInCrypto\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"France Wants to Tax Crypto Holders Before They Sell\",\"date\":\"2026-10-11\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/beincrypto.com\/france-crypto-exit-tax-unsold-gains\/\",\"citation\":\"Left-wing deputy Nicolas Sansu filed it with 16 co-signers, and the National Assembly\u2019s finance committee adopted it on October 8, according to a Paris law firm.\",\"auteur\":\"BeInCrypto\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"kucoin\":{\"nom\":\"KuCoin\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"France Proposes Exit Tax on Crypto Holders with Over \u20ac800,000 in Unrealized Gains\",\"date\":\"2026-10-11\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.kucoin.com\/news\/flash\/france-proposes-exit-tax-on-crypto-holders-with-over-800-000-in-unrealized-gains\",\"citation\":\"Left-wing deputy Nicolas Sansu filed it with 16 co-signers, and the National Assembly\u2019s finance committee adopted it on October 8, according to a Paris law firm.\",\"auteur\":\"KuCoin\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"finst\":{\"nom\":\"Finst\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"France Wants to Tax Crypto Before You Sell\",\"date\":\"2026-10-11\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/news.finst.com\/en\/articles\/france-wants-to-tax-crypto-before-sale\",\"citation\":\"According to a Paris law firm, the National Assembly's finance committee approved the plan on October 8.\",\"auteur\":\"Finst\",\"paraphrase\":true}]}}<\/script>\n<script nowprocket data-no-optimize=\"1\" data-no-defer=\"1\">\n(function(){\nvar EN=!\/^fr\/i.test(document.documentElement.lang||'fr');\nvar 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Paris\" style=\"object-fit:cover;object-position:50% 50%;\">\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"opt-card-content\">\n                <span class=\"opt-top\">Lawyer<\/span>\n                <h3 class=\"opt-title\">INTERNATIONAL CONTRACTS<\/h3>\n                <span class=\"opt-bottom\">Paris<\/span>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/exequatur-lawyer-paris\/\" class=\"opt-card\">\n            <div class=\"opt-card-bg\">\n                <img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/echecs-cartes-plein-cadre-20261011\/echecs-plein-66-800.webp\" srcset=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/echecs-cartes-plein-cadre-20261011\/echecs-plein-66-400.webp 400w, https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/echecs-cartes-plein-cadre-20261011\/echecs-plein-66-800.webp 800w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width:767px) 280px,320px\" width=\"800\" height=\"1131\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Exequatur lawyer Paris\" style=\"object-fit:cover;object-position:50% 50%;\">\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"opt-card-content\">\n                <span class=\"opt-top\">Lawyer<\/span>\n                <h3 class=\"opt-title\">EXEQUATUR<\/h3>\n                <span class=\"opt-bottom\">Paris<\/span>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/arbitration-lawyer-paris\/\" class=\"opt-card\">\n            <div class=\"opt-card-bg\">\n                <img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/echecs-cartes-plein-cadre-20261011\/echecs-plein-67-800.webp\" srcset=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/echecs-cartes-plein-cadre-20261011\/echecs-plein-67-400.webp 400w, https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/echecs-cartes-plein-cadre-20261011\/echecs-plein-67-800.webp 800w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width:767px) 280px,320px\" width=\"800\" height=\"1400\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Arbitration lawyer Paris\" style=\"object-fit:cover;object-position:50% 50%;\">\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"opt-card-content\">\n                <span class=\"opt-top\">Lawyer<\/span>\n                <h3 class=\"opt-title\">ARBITRATION<\/h3>\n                <span class=\"opt-bottom\">Paris<\/span>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/company-law-lawyer-paris\/\" class=\"opt-card\">\n            <div class=\"opt-card-bg\">\n                <img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/echecs-cartes-plein-cadre-20261011\/echecs-plein-70-800.webp\" srcset=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/echecs-cartes-plein-cadre-20261011\/echecs-plein-70-400.webp 400w, https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/echecs-cartes-plein-cadre-20261011\/echecs-plein-70-800.webp 800w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width:767px) 280px,320px\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Company law lawyer Paris\" style=\"object-fit:cover;object-position:50% 50%;\">\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"opt-card-content\">\n                <span class=\"opt-top\">Lawyer<\/span>\n                <h3 class=\"opt-title\">COMPANY LAW<\/h3>\n                <span class=\"opt-bottom\">Paris<\/span>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/business-law-attorneys-paris-75017\/\" class=\"opt-card\">\n            <div class=\"opt-card-bg\">\n                <img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/echecs-cartes-plein-cadre-20261011\/echecs-plein-76-800.webp\" srcset=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/echecs-cartes-plein-cadre-20261011\/echecs-plein-76-400.webp 400w, https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/echecs-cartes-plein-cadre-20261011\/echecs-plein-76-800.webp 800w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width:767px) 280px,320px\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Business law lawyer Paris\" style=\"object-fit:cover;object-position:50% 50%;\">\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"opt-card-content\">\n                <span class=\"opt-top\">Lawyer<\/span>\n                <h3 class=\"opt-title\">BUSINESS LAW<\/h3>\n                <span class=\"opt-bottom\">Paris<\/span>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<style>\n#slider-contentieux-seo {\n    position: relative;\n    width: 100%;\n    max-width: 100%;\n    margin: 0 auto;\n    padding-bottom: 20px;\n    background: transparent;\n    font-family: 'Lato', sans-serif !important;\n    box-sizing: border-box;\n}\n\n#slider-contentieux-seo * {\n    box-sizing: border-box;\n}\n\n#slider-contentieux-seo .opt-section-header {\n    text-align: center;\n    padding: 30px 20px 40px 20px;\n}\n\n#slider-contentieux-seo .opt-section-header h2 {\n    font-family: 'Lato', sans-serif !important;\n    font-weight: 400 !important;\n    font-size: clamp(20px, 2vw, 30px) !important;\n    color: #212121 !important;\n    margin: 0 !important;\n    line-height: 1.2 !important;\n}\n\n#slider-contentieux-seo .highlight {\n    color: #E09019 !important;\n    font-style: italic;\n    font-weight: 700;\n}\n\n#slider-contentieux-seo .custom-slider-scroll {\n    display: flex;\n    overflow-x: auto;\n    gap: 15px;\n    padding: 20px 40px 60px 40px;\n    scroll-snap-type: x mandatory;\n    -webkit-overflow-scrolling: touch;\n    scroll-behavior: smooth;\n    scrollbar-width: none;\n    -ms-overflow-style: none;\n}\n\n#slider-contentieux-seo .custom-slider-scroll::-webkit-scrollbar {\n    display: none;\n}\n\n#slider-contentieux-seo .slider-arrow {\n    position: absolute;\n    top: 55%;\n    transform: translateY(-50%);\n    background: transparent !important;\n    border: none !important;\n    outline: none !important;\n    box-shadow: none !important;\n    padding: 0 !important;\n    margin: 0 !important;\n    cursor: pointer;\n    z-index: 20;\n    transition: transform 0.2s ease;\n    display: block !important;\n}\n\n#slider-contentieux-seo .arrow-left {\n    left: 15px;\n}\n\n#slider-contentieux-seo .arrow-right {\n    right: 15px;\n}\n\n#slider-contentieux-seo .slider-arrow:hover {\n    transform: translateY(-50%) scale(1.05);\n}\n\n#slider-contentieux-seo .slider-arrow:active {\n    transform: translateY(-50%) scale(0.95);\n}\n\n#slider-contentieux-seo .opt-card {\n    position: relative;\n    flex: 0 0 auto;\n    width: 320px !important;\n    height: 462px !important;\n    border-radius: 50px !important;\n    overflow: hidden;\n    text-decoration: none !important;\n    scroll-snap-align: start;\n    background-color: #f0f0f0;\n    box-shadow: 0 4px 44px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);\n    transition: box-shadow 0.3s ease;\n    border: none !important;\n    margin: 0 !important;\n}\n\n@media (min-width: 1025px) {\n    #slider-contentieux-seo .opt-card:hover {\n        box-shadow: 0 4px 25px rgba(0,0,0,0.2);\n    }\n}\n\n#slider-contentieux-seo .opt-card-bg {\n    position: absolute;\n    inset: 0;\n    z-index: 0;\n}\n\n#slider-contentieux-seo .opt-card-bg img {\n    width: 100%;\n    height: 100%;\n    object-fit: cover;\n    transition: transform 0.5s ease;\n    border-radius: 50px !important;\n    margin: 0 !important;\n    padding: 0 !important;\n    display: block !important;\n}\n\n@media (min-width: 1025px) {\n    #slider-contentieux-seo .opt-card:hover .opt-card-bg img {\n        transform: scale(1.05);\n    }\n}\n\n#slider-contentieux-seo .opt-card-content {\n    position: relative;\n    z-index: 2;\n    width: 100%;\n    height: 100%;\n    padding: 30px 20px;\n    display: flex;\n    flex-direction: column;\n    justify-content: space-between;\n    align-items: center;\n    text-align: center;\n}\n\n#slider-contentieux-seo .opt-top,\n#slider-contentieux-seo .opt-bottom {\n    font-family: 'Lato', sans-serif !important;\n    font-size: 12px !important;\n    font-weight: 300 !important;\n    text-transform: uppercase !important;\n    letter-spacing: 0.44em !important;\n    color: #000000 !important;\n    line-height: 1 !important;\n}\n\n#slider-contentieux-seo .opt-title {\n    font-family: 'Lato', sans-serif !important;\n    font-size: 13px !important;\n    font-weight: 700 !important;\n    text-transform: uppercase !important;\n    color: #000000 !important;\n    margin: 0 !important;\n    padding: 0 !important;\n    line-height: 1.7 !important;\n    letter-spacing: 0.44em !important;\n    white-space: normal !important;\n    text-shadow: none !important;\n}\n\n@media (max-width: 767px) {\n    #slider-contentieux-seo .slider-arrow {\n        display: none !important;\n    }\n\n    #slider-contentieux-seo .custom-slider-scroll {\n        padding: 20px 20px 40px 20px;\n        gap: 15px;\n    }\n\n    #slider-contentieux-seo .opt-card {\n        width: 280px !important;\n        height: 378px !important;\n    }\n}\n<\/style>\n\n<script>\ndocument.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function() {\n    const wrapper = document.getElementById('slider-contentieux-seo');\n    if (!wrapper) return;\n\n    const container = wrapper.querySelector('.custom-slider-scroll');\n    const leftBtn = wrapper.querySelector('.arrow-left');\n    const rightBtn = wrapper.querySelector('.arrow-right');\n\n    if (!container || !leftBtn || !rightBtn) return;\n\n    const scrollAmount = 335;\n\n    rightBtn.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n        e.preventDefault();\n        container.scrollBy({ left: scrollAmount, behavior: 'smooth' });\n    });\n\n    leftBtn.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n        e.preventDefault();\n        container.scrollBy({ left: -scrollAmount, behavior: 'smooth' });\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\n<style id=\"kohen-affaires-labels-20260920\">\n\/* kohen-affaires-labels-20260920: lisibilit\u00e9 des titres *\/\n.elementor #slider-contentieux-seo .opt-card .opt-title{position:relative;z-index:2;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:100%;padding:13px 15px!important;border-radius:24px;background:rgba(255,255,255,.78);backdrop-filter:blur(8px);-webkit-backdrop-filter:blur(8px);box-shadow:0 1px 10px rgba(45,69,99,.035);color:#1d1d1f!important;letter-spacing:.27em!important;line-height:1.7!important;overflow-wrap:anywhere}\n@media(hover:hover){.elementor #slider-contentieux-seo .opt-card:hover .opt-title{background:rgba(255,255,255,.9)}}\n<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ba20d0d e-con-full e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"ba20d0d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0c54797 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"0c54797\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<!-- kccm-reprise-2246-20261019 -->\n<style id=\"kccm-20261019\">\n@keyframes knp-defile{from{transform:translateX(0)}to{transform:translateX(-50%)}}\n.kccm .kcv{ font-family:'Lato',sans-serif; color:#1D1D1F; width:100%; overflow-x:clip; -webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased; }\n.kccm .kcv *{ box-sizing:border-box; }\n.kccm .kcv a{ color:#1F4FA8; }\n.kccm .kcv-in{ max-width:1240px; margin:0 auto; padding:0 20px; }\n.kccm .kcv .kk{ font-size:12px; font-weight:700; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:.14em; color:#E09019; margin:0 0 14px; }\n.kccm .kcv h1 em,.kccm .kcv h2 em{ font-style:italic; font-weight:600; color:#E09019; }\n.kccm .kcv-head{ text-align:center; max-width:920px; margin:0 auto; }\n.kccm .kcv h1{ font-family:'Lato',sans-serif; font-weight:900; font-size:clamp(34px,5.4vw,66px); line-height:1.03; letter-spacing:-.034em; margin:0 auto 18px; color:#1D1D1F; text-wrap:balance; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-tail{ display:block; font-weight:300; font-size:.44em; letter-spacing:-.01em; line-height:1.3; color:#3A4A5E; margin-top:14px; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-sub{ font-size:18px; line-height:1.65; color:#3A4A5E; max-width:720px; margin:0 auto 28px; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-urg{ font-size:14px; color:#5a6275; margin:18px auto 0; }\n.kccm .kcv-btns{ display:flex; flex-wrap:wrap; gap:18px; justify-content:center; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-fb{ position:relative; isolation:isolate; display:inline-flex; align-items:center; gap:14px; height:64px; padding:7px 26px 7px 8px; border-radius:999px; text-decoration:none !important; color:#16191E !important; font-family:'Lato',sans-serif; font-size:16px; font-weight:700; line-height:1.15; text-align:left;\n  background:conic-gradient(from 280deg,#F5F7FA 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pointer-events:none; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-fb:hover{ transform:translateY(-1px); box-shadow:0 2px 2px rgba(255,255,255,.53), 0 15px 22px -6px rgba(24,35,57,.33); }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-fb-orb{ position:relative; isolation:isolate; display:grid; place-items:center; flex:0 0 48px; width:48px; height:48px; border-radius:50%; color:#FFFFFF; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-fb-orb svg{ position:relative; z-index:3; width:24px; height:24px; filter:drop-shadow(0 1px 1px rgba(0,30,60,.55)); }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-fb-orb::before{ content:\"\"; position:absolute; inset:0; border-radius:50%; z-index:0; opacity:.22; pointer-events:none; animation:kcv-flow 11s linear infinite; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-fb-orb::after{ content:\"\"; position:absolute; inset:-2px; border-radius:50%; z-index:-1; pointer-events:none; animation:kcv-wave 3.5s ease-out infinite; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-fb-tel .kcv-fb-orb{ background:radial-gradient(at 30% 15%, rgba(206,255,223,.4), transparent 45%), linear-gradient(145deg,#25D366,#128C4A); border:1px solid #A5EDBE; box-shadow:inset 0 1px 3px #DDFFE8, 0 0 16px rgba(37,211,102,.47); }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-fb-tel .kcv-fb-orb::before{ background:repeating-conic-gradient(from 35deg, transparent 0deg, #79F5A5 18deg, transparent 29deg, transparent 80deg, #BAFBD1 92deg, transparent 106deg); }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-fb-tel .kcv-fb-orb::after{ border:1px solid #25D366; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-fb-mail .kcv-fb-orb{ background:radial-gradient(at 30% 15%, rgba(214,232,255,.45), transparent 45%), linear-gradient(145deg,#3D86F5,#1F4FA8); border:1px solid #A9C8F5; box-shadow:inset 0 1px 3px #DDEBFF, 0 0 16px rgba(46,107,216,.45); }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-fb-mail .kcv-fb-orb::before{ background:repeating-conic-gradient(from 35deg, transparent 0deg, #8EB8FF 18deg, transparent 29deg, transparent 80deg, #C9DEFF 92deg, transparent 106deg); }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-fb-mail .kcv-fb-orb::after{ border:1px solid #2E6BD8; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-fb-txt{ display:flex; flex-direction:column; gap:3px; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-fb-n{ font-size:12.5px; font-weight:400; color:#4A5568; letter-spacing:.01em; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-fb:active .kcv-fb-orb{ transform:scale(.96); }\n@keyframes kcv-flow{ to { transform:rotate(360deg); } }\n@keyframes kcv-wave{ 0% { transform:scale(1); opacity:.7; } 80%,100% { transform:scale(1.45); opacity:0; } }\n.kccm .kcv-media{ position:absolute; inset:0; z-index:-1; display:block; background:#DCEAFB var(--kcv-img) 100% 60% \/ cover no-repeat; }\n@media (max-width:760px){.kccm .kcv-media{ background-image:var(--kcv-img-m); background-position:80% 60%; bottom:auto; height:170px; }}\n.kccm .kcv-media img{ width:100%; height:100%; object-fit:cover; object-position:100% 60%; display:block; border-radius:0; }\n.kccm .kcv-glass{ background:linear-gradient(145deg,rgba(255,255,255,.70) 0%,rgba(255,255,255,.48) 100%); -webkit-backdrop-filter:blur(18px) saturate(170%); backdrop-filter:blur(18px) saturate(170%); border:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.8); box-shadow:inset 0 1px 0 rgba(255,255,255,.95), inset 0 -1px 0 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linear-gradient(180deg,#EEF3FA 0%,#F5F8FC 48%,#FFFFFF 100%); }\n.kccm .kcv-tabs-head{ text-align:center; max-width:900px; margin:0 auto; }\n.kccm .kcv h2{ font-family:'Lato',sans-serif; font-weight:400; font-size:36px; line-height:1.14; letter-spacing:-.022em; color:#1D1D1F; margin:0 0 14px; }\n.kccm .kcv-bar{ display:flex; justify-content:center; margin:30px 0 26px; }\n.kccm .kcv-chips{ display:inline-flex; gap:4px; padding:6px; max-width:100%; overflow-x:auto; scrollbar-width:none; background:rgba(255,255,255,.6); border:1px solid #DCE6F2; border-radius:999px; -webkit-backdrop-filter:blur(10px); backdrop-filter:blur(10px); box-shadow:inset 0 1px 0 #FFFFFF; }\n.kccm .kcv-chips::-webkit-scrollbar{ display:none; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-chip-t{ flex:none; font-family:'Lato',sans-serif; font-size:15px; font-weight:600; line-height:1; color:#5a6275 !important; background:transparent !important; border:0 !important; border-radius:999px !important; padding:13px 20px !important; min-height:0; white-space:nowrap; cursor:pointer; box-shadow:none; transition:background .25s ease, color .25s ease, box-shadow .25s ease; text-transform:none; letter-spacing:0; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-chip-t:hover{ color:#1D1D1F !important; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-chip-t.on{ background:#FFFFFF !important; color:#1D1D1F !important; box-shadow:0 6px 16px rgba(16,32,64,.10) !important; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-chip-t:focus-visible{ outline:2px solid #2E6BD8; outline-offset:2px; }\n.kccm .kcv-slide{ background:rgba(255,255,255,.86); border:1px solid #DCE6F2; border-radius:30px; padding:52px 64px; box-shadow:0 24px 60px rgba(16,32,64,.07); scroll-margin-top:110px; }\n.kccm .kcv-slide + .kcv-slide{ margin-top:24px; }\n.kccm .kcv.js .kcv-slide + .kcv-slide{ margin-top:0; }\n.kccm .kcv-slide[hidden]{ display:none !important; }\n.kccm .kcv-slide > .kk,.kccm .kcv-slide > h2,.kccm .kcv-slide > .kcv-lead{ text-align:center; }\n.kccm .kcv-slide > h2{ margin-bottom:16px; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-lead{ font-size:18px; line-height:1.7; color:#3A4A5E; max-width:780px; margin:0 auto 30px; }\n.kccm .kcv h3{ font-family:'Lato',sans-serif; font-size:20px; font-weight:700; line-height:1.3; color:#1D1D1F; margin:30px 0 10px; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-p{ font-size:17px; line-height:1.75; color:#1D1D1F; margin:0 0 16px; }\n.kccm .kcv-pro{ display:grid; grid-template-columns:420px minmax(0,1fr); gap:56px; align-items:start; }\n.kccm .kcv-pro-photo{ position:relative; margin:0; border-radius:26px; overflow:hidden; box-shadow:0 30px 60px rgba(16,32,64,.16); background:#EEF3FA; }\n.kccm .kcv-pro-photo img{ display:block; width:100%; height:auto; aspect-ratio:1122\/1402; object-fit:cover; border-radius:0; }\n.kccm .kcv-pro-cap{ font-style:normal; position:absolute; left:16px; right:16px; bottom:16px; border-radius:18px; padding:14px 18px; display:flex; flex-direction:column; gap:2px; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-pro-capn{ font-size:17px; font-weight:700; color:#1D1D1F; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-pro-capr{ font-size:13.5px; color:#3A4A5E; }\n.kccm .kcv-pro-body{ padding-top:10px; }\n.kccm .kcv-pro-body > h2{ font-size:38px; margin-bottom:18px; }\n.kccm .kcv-pro-tags{ list-style:none; margin:0 0 24px; padding:0; display:flex; flex-wrap:wrap; gap:8px; }\n.kccm .kcv-pro-tags li{ margin:0; padding:8px 14px; border-radius:999px; background:#FFFFFF; border:1px solid #DCE6F2; font-size:13.5px; font-weight:600; color:#3A4A5E; box-shadow:inset 0 1px 0 #FFFFFF, 0 4px 10px rgba(16,32,64,.05); }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-pro-meta{ margin:20px 0 0; padding-top:18px; border-top:1px solid #DCE6F2; display:flex; flex-wrap:wrap; gap:6px 18px; font-size:14.5px; color:#5a6275; }\n.kccm .kcv-pro + .kcv-cards{ margin-top:40px; }\n.kccm .kcv-profile{ display:grid; grid-template-columns:150px minmax(0,1fr); gap:34px; align-items:center; }\n.kccm .kcv-photo img{ width:150px; height:auto; aspect-ratio:1122\/1402; object-fit:cover; border-radius:18px; display:block; }\n.kccm .kcv-profile h2{ font-size:32px; margin-bottom:10px; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-nm{ font-size:18px; font-weight:700; margin:0 0 4px; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-mt{ font-size:14.5px; color:#5a6275; margin:0; }\n.kccm .kcv-rule{ height:1px; background:linear-gradient(90deg,#CFDEF0 0%,rgba(207,222,240,0) 100%); margin:28px 0; }\n.kccm .kcv-cards{ display:grid; grid-template-columns:repeat(3,minmax(0,1fr)); gap:18px; margin-top:24px; }\n.kccm .kcv-card{ background:linear-gradient(135deg,#FFFFFF 0%,#F6FAFF 100%); border:1px solid #DCE6F2; border-radius:18px; padding:24px 24px 26px; }\n.kccm .kcv-card h3{ margin:0 0 8px; font-size:17.5px; }\n.kccm .kcv-card p{ margin:0; font-size:15px; line-height:1.62; color:#3A4A5E; }\n.kccm .kcv-conds{ counter-reset:c; list-style:none; margin:14px 0 22px; padding:0; display:grid; grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr; gap:12px; }\n.kccm .kcv-conds li{ counter-increment:c; position:relative; padding:16px 18px 16px 58px; background:#FFFFFF; border:1px solid #DCE6F2; border-radius:16px; font-size:15.5px; line-height:1.55; color:#3A4A5E; }\n.kccm .kcv-conds li strong{ color:#1D1D1F; }\n.kccm .kcv-conds li::before{ content:counter(c); position:absolute; left:16px; top:15px; width:28px; height:28px; border-radius:50%; background:linear-gradient(135deg,#1F4FA8,#2E6BD8); color:#FFF; font-weight:700; font-size:14px; display:flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; }\n.kccm .kcv-vs{ display:grid; grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr; gap:18px; margin:4px 0 18px; }\n.kccm .kcv-vs-col{ background:#FFFFFF; border:1px solid #DCE6F2; border-radius:18px; padding:22px 24px; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-vs-t{ font-weight:700; font-size:17px; margin:0 0 10px; color:#1D1D1F; }\n.kccm .kcv-vs ul{ margin:0; padding-left:18px; }\n.kccm .kcv-vs li{ font-size:15.5px; line-height:1.6; color:#3A4A5E; margin:0 0 8px; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-note{ margin:0 0 6px; padding:16px 20px; border-radius:14px; background:#FFF8EC; border-left:3px solid #E09019; font-size:15.5px; line-height:1.6; color:#3A4A5E; }\n.kccm .kcv-tl{ list-style:none; margin:10px 0 26px; padding:0 0 0 30px; position:relative; }\n.kccm .kcv-tl::before{ content:\"\"; position:absolute; left:9px; top:6px; bottom:6px; width:2px; background:linear-gradient(180deg,#2E6BD8,#CFDEF0); }\n.kccm .kcv-tl li{ position:relative; margin:0 0 18px; }\n.kccm .kcv-tl li::before{ content:\"\"; position:absolute; left:-27px; top:4px; width:14px; height:14px; border-radius:50%; background:#FFF; border:3px solid #1F4FA8; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-tl-t{ font-weight:700; margin:0 0 3px; font-size:16.5px; }\n.kccm .kcv-tl li p{ margin:0; font-size:15.5px; line-height:1.6; color:#3A4A5E; }\n.kccm .kcv-check{ list-style:none; margin:0 0 24px; padding:0; display:grid; grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr; gap:10px; }\n.kccm .kcv-check li{ display:flex; gap:10px; align-items:flex-start; background:#FFF; border:1px solid #DCE6F2; border-radius:14px; padding:13px 15px; font-size:15px; line-height:1.5; }\n.kccm .kcv-check svg{ flex:none; margin-top:2px; }\n.kccm .kcv-faq details{ background:#FFFFFF; border:1px solid #DCE6F2; border-radius:16px; padding:17px 20px; margin:10px 0; transition:border-color .2s ease; }\n.kccm .kcv-faq details:hover,.kccm .kcv-faq details[open]{ border-color:#9fc0e8; }\n.kccm .kcv-faq summary{ cursor:pointer; font-weight:700; font-size:16.5px; list-style:none; display:flex; justify-content:space-between; gap:14px; color:#1D1D1F; }\n.kccm .kcv-faq summary::-webkit-details-marker{ display:none; }\n.kccm .kcv-faq summary::after{ content:\"+\"; color:#E09019; font-weight:600; font-size:22px; line-height:1; flex:none; transition:transform .25s ease; }\n.kccm .kcv-faq details[open] summary::after{ transform:rotate(45deg); }\n.kccm .kcv-faq .a{ margin-top:12px; }\n.kccm .kcv-faq .a p{ font-size:15.5px; line-height:1.7; color:#3A4A5E; margin:0 0 10px; }\n.kccm .kcv-src{ display:grid; grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr; gap:18px; }\n.kccm .kcv-links{ margin:0 0 12px; padding-left:18px; }\n.kccm .kcv-links li{ margin:0 0 6px; font-size:15px; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-small{ font-size:13.5px; color:#5a6275; margin:10px 0 0; }\n.kccm .kcv-chips-l,.kccm .kcv-src .kcv-chips{ display:flex; flex-wrap:wrap; gap:8px; margin-top:6px; padding:0; background:none; border:0; box-shadow:none; -webkit-backdrop-filter:none; backdrop-filter:none; overflow:visible; }\n.kccm .kcv-src .kcv-chips a{ display:inline-block; background:linear-gradient(135deg,#FFFFFF 0%,#E6EEF8 100%); border:1px solid #CFDEF0; color:#1F4FA8; border-radius:999px; padding:9px 15px; font-size:14px; font-weight:600; text-decoration:none; }\n.kccm .kcv-src .kcv-chips a:hover{ border-color:#1F4FA8; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-center{ text-align:center; }\n.kccm .kcv-stats{ display:grid; grid-template-columns:repeat(4,minmax(0,1fr)); gap:14px; margin:6px 0 40px; }\n.kccm .kcv-stat{ position:relative; overflow:hidden; padding:22px 22px 20px; border-radius:20px; background:linear-gradient(150deg,#FFFFFF 0%,#F4F8FE 60%,#EAF1FB 100%); border:1px solid #DCE6F2; box-shadow:inset 0 1px 0 #FFFFFF, 0 10px 24px rgba(16,32,64,.05); }\n.kccm .kcv-stat::after{ content:\"\"; position:absolute; right:-30px; top:-30px; width:90px; height:90px; border-radius:50%; background:radial-gradient(circle, rgba(46,107,216,.12), transparent 70%); }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-stat-n{ margin:0 0 6px; font-size:30px; line-height:1; font-weight:900; letter-spacing:-.03em; color:#1F4FA8; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-stat-n sup{ font-size:.5em; vertical-align:top; position:relative; top:.1em; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-stat-t{ margin:0; font-size:14px; line-height:1.45; color:#3A4A5E; }\n.kccm .kcv-rows{ display:flex; flex-direction:column; }\n.kccm .kcv-row{ display:grid; grid-template-columns:260px minmax(0,1fr); gap:44px; padding:30px 0; border-top:1px solid #E3EAF4; }\n.kccm .kcv-row:first-child{ border-top:0; padding-top:6px; }\n.kccm .kcv-row-h{ position:sticky; top:110px; align-self:start; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-row-k{ margin:0 0 8px; font-size:11.5px; font-weight:700; letter-spacing:.14em; text-transform:uppercase; color:#E09019; }\n.kccm .kcv-row-h h3{ margin:0; font-size:21px; line-height:1.3; }\n.kccm .kcv-row-b .kcv-p:last-child{ margin-bottom:0; }\n.kccm .kcv-row-b .kcv-conds{ margin-top:0; }\n.kccm .kcv-duel{ display:grid; grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr) 54px minmax(0,1fr); align-items:stretch; margin:6px 0 26px; }\n.kccm .kcv-opt{ position:relative; border-radius:24px; padding:30px 30px 26px; border:1px solid #DCE6F2; background:#FFFFFF; box-shadow:0 14px 34px rgba(16,32,64,.06); }\n.kccm .kcv-opt-a{ background:linear-gradient(160deg,#FFFFFF 0%,#F2F7FF 100%); }\n.kccm .kcv-opt-b{ background:linear-gradient(160deg,#FFFFFF 0%,#FFF7EA 100%); }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-opt-k{ margin:0 0 6px; font-size:11.5px; font-weight:700; letter-spacing:.14em; text-transform:uppercase; color:#1F4FA8; }\n.kccm .kcv-opt-b .kcv-opt-k{ color:#B07314; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-opt-t{ margin:0 0 12px; font-size:23px; line-height:1.2; font-weight:700; color:#1D1D1F; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-opt-n{ display:inline-block; margin:0 0 18px; padding:7px 13px; border-radius:999px; font-size:13.5px; font-weight:700; background:#E8F0FD; color:#1F4FA8; }\n.kccm .kcv-opt-b .kcv-opt-n{ background:#FCEFD8; color:#8A5A0E; }\n.kccm .kcv-opt ul{ margin:0; padding:0; list-style:none; }\n.kccm .kcv-opt li{ position:relative; margin:0 0 10px; padding-left:26px; font-size:15.5px; line-height:1.6; color:#3A4A5E; }\n.kccm .kcv-opt li::before{ content:\"\"; position:absolute; left:0; top:7px; width:14px; height:14px; border-radius:50%; background:linear-gradient(135deg,#1F4FA8,#2E6BD8); box-shadow:0 0 0 3px #E8F0FD; }\n.kccm .kcv-opt-b li::before{ background:linear-gradient(135deg,#E09019,#F0B04A); box-shadow:0 0 0 3px #FCEFD8; }\n.kccm .kcv-or{ align-self:center; justify-self:center; width:46px; height:46px; border-radius:50%; display:grid; place-items:center; font-size:14px; font-weight:700; font-style:italic; color:#5a6275; background:#FFFFFF; border:1px solid #DCE6F2; box-shadow:0 8px 18px rgba(16,32,64,.08); position:relative; z-index:1; margin:0 -8px; }\n.kccm .kcv-callout{ display:flex; gap:16px; align-items:flex-start; margin:8px 0 30px; padding:22px 26px; border-radius:20px; background:linear-gradient(135deg,#FFF9EF 0%,#FFFFFF 100%); border:1px solid #F3E2C4; }\n.kccm .kcv-callout p{ margin:0; font-size:16px; line-height:1.7; color:#3A4A5E; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-callout-i{ flex:none; width:40px; height:40px; border-radius:12px; display:grid; place-items:center; color:#E09019; background:#FFFFFF; border:1px solid #F3E2C4; }\n.kccm .kcv-phases{ display:grid; grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr; gap:18px; margin:4px 0 18px; }\n.kccm .kcv-phase,.kccm .kcv-wide{ border-radius:24px; padding:28px 30px 24px; background:#FFFFFF; border:1px solid #DCE6F2; box-shadow:0 14px 34px rgba(16,32,64,.06); }\n.kccm .kcv-phase h3,.kccm .kcv-wide h3{ margin:0 0 12px; font-size:22px; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-phase-k{ margin:0 0 8px; font-size:11.5px; font-weight:700; letter-spacing:.12em; text-transform:uppercase; color:#1F4FA8; }\n.kccm .kcv-phase .kcv-p,.kccm .kcv-wide .kcv-p{ font-size:16px; }\n.kccm .kcv-quote{ margin:4px 0 16px; padding:16px 20px; border-radius:16px; background:linear-gradient(135deg,#F2F7FF,#FFFFFF); border-left:3px solid #2E6BD8; }\n.kccm .kcv-quote p{ margin:0 0 6px; font-size:16.5px; line-height:1.55; font-style:italic; color:#1D1D1F; }\n.kccm .kcv-quote cite{ font-style:normal; font-size:13.5px; }\n.kccm .kcv-wide{ display:grid; grid-template-columns:300px minmax(0,1fr); gap:36px; align-items:start; background:linear-gradient(160deg,#FFFFFF 0%,#F4F8FE 100%); }\n.kccm .kcv-mini-stats{ display:grid; gap:10px; margin-top:16px; }\n.kccm .kcv-mini-stats > div{ padding:14px 16px; border-radius:16px; background:#FFFFFF; border:1px solid #DCE6F2; }\n.kccm .kcv-mini-stats .kcv-stat-n{ font-size:24px; margin-bottom:4px; }\n.kccm .kcv-hs{ list-style:none; margin:10px 0 30px; padding:0; display:grid; grid-template-columns:repeat(6,minmax(0,1fr)); gap:14px; position:relative; }\n.kccm .kcv-hs::before{ content:\"\"; position:absolute; left:8%; right:8%; top:13px; height:2px; background:linear-gradient(90deg,#2E6BD8,#9FC0E8 60%,#E09019); }\n.kccm .kcv-hs li{ position:relative; padding:44px 16px 18px; border-radius:18px; background:#FFFFFF; border:1px solid #DCE6F2; box-shadow:0 10px 24px rgba(16,32,64,.05); text-align:left; }\n.kccm .kcv-hs-dot{ position:absolute; left:16px; top:4px; width:20px; height:20px; border-radius:50%; background:#FFFFFF; border:4px solid #1F4FA8; box-shadow:0 0 0 4px #EEF3FA; }\n.kccm .kcv-hs li:last-child .kcv-hs-dot{ border-color:#E09019; }\n.kccm .kcv-hs .kcv-tl-t{ margin:0 0 6px; font-size:15.5px; font-weight:700; line-height:1.3; }\n.kccm .kcv-hs li p{ margin:0; font-size:14px; line-height:1.55; color:#3A4A5E; }\n.kccm .kcv-split{ display:grid; grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr) 360px; gap:22px; align-items:start; margin-bottom:24px; }\n.kccm .kcv-split .kcv-check{ grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr; margin:0; }\n.kccm .kcv-split .kcv-check li{ padding:16px 16px; font-size:15px; border-radius:16px; box-shadow:0 6px 16px rgba(16,32,64,.04); }\n.kccm .kcv-act{ border-radius:24px; padding:26px 24px 22px; background:radial-gradient(420px 220px at 100% 0%, rgba(46,107,216,.14), transparent 60%), linear-gradient(160deg,#FFFFFF 0%,#EEF4FD 100%); border:1px solid #D4E2F4; box-shadow:0 18px 40px rgba(16,32,64,.08); }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-act-k{ margin:0 0 6px; font-size:11.5px; font-weight:700; letter-spacing:.14em; text-transform:uppercase; color:#E09019; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-act-t{ margin:0 0 10px; font-size:21px; line-height:1.25; font-weight:700; color:#1D1D1F; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-act-p{ margin:0 0 18px; font-size:15px; line-height:1.6; color:#3A4A5E; }\n.kccm .kcv-act-b{ display:flex; flex-direction:column; gap:16px; align-items:stretch; padding:6px; }\n.kccm .kcv-act-b .kcv-fb{ width:100%; }\n.kccm .kcv-faqgrid{ display:grid; grid-template-columns:320px minmax(0,1fr); gap:28px; align-items:start; }\n.kccm .kcv-act-sticky{ position:sticky; top:110px; }\n.kccm .kcv-faq details{ padding:0; border-radius:18px; overflow:hidden; margin:0 0 10px; box-shadow:0 4px 12px rgba(16,32,64,.03); }\n.kccm .kcv-faq summary{ padding:19px 22px; font-size:16.5px; align-items:center; }\n.kccm .kcv-faq summary::after{ width:30px; height:30px; flex:none; border-radius:50%; display:grid; place-items:center; background:#F2F6FC; font-size:20px; }\n.kccm .kcv-faq details[open]{ border-color:#BFD4EE; background:linear-gradient(160deg,#FFFFFF 0%,#F6F9FE 100%); box-shadow:0 14px 30px rgba(16,32,64,.07); }\n.kccm .kcv-faq details[open] summary{ color:#1F4FA8; }\n.kccm .kcv-faq details[open] summary::after{ background:#1F4FA8; color:#FFFFFF; }\n.kccm .kcv-faq .a{ margin:0; padding:0 22px 16px; }\n.kccm .kcv-arts{ display:grid; grid-template-columns:repeat(6,minmax(0,1fr)); gap:12px; margin:6px 0 16px; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-art,.kccm .kcv .kcv-pg{ position:relative; display:flex; flex-direction:column; gap:4px; padding:18px 18px 16px; border-radius:18px; background:#FFFFFF; border:1px solid #DCE6F2; text-decoration:none !important; color:#1D1D1F; box-shadow:0 6px 16px rgba(16,32,64,.04); transition:transform .25s ease, box-shadow .25s ease, border-color .25s ease; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-art:hover,.kccm .kcv .kcv-pg:hover{ transform:translateY(-2px); border-color:#9FC0E8; box-shadow:0 14px 28px rgba(16,32,64,.09); }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-art-n{ font-size:19px; font-weight:900; letter-spacing:-.02em; color:#1F4FA8; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-art-t,.kccm .kcv .kcv-pg-s{ font-size:13.5px; line-height:1.4; color:#5a6275; padding-right:20px; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-art-a{ position:absolute; right:14px; top:16px; color:#9FB3CC; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-art:hover .kcv-art-a,.kccm .kcv .kcv-pg:hover .kcv-art-a{ color:#1F4FA8; }\n.kccm .kcv h3.kcv-center{ margin:34px 0 16px; }\n.kccm .kcv-pgs{ display:grid; grid-template-columns:repeat(5,minmax(0,1fr)); gap:12px; margin-bottom:14px; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-pg{ background:linear-gradient(160deg,#FFFFFF 0%,#F4F8FE 100%); }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-pg-t{ font-size:16px; font-weight:700; padding-right:20px; }\n@media (max-width:1100px){.kccm .kcv-stats{ grid-template-columns:repeat(2,minmax(0,1fr)); }.kccm .kcv-hs{ grid-template-columns:repeat(3,minmax(0,1fr)); row-gap:18px; }.kccm .kcv-hs::before{ display:none; }.kccm .kcv-arts,.kccm .kcv-pgs{ grid-template-columns:repeat(3,minmax(0,1fr)); }.kccm .kcv-split{ grid-template-columns:1fr; }.kccm .kcv-faqgrid{ grid-template-columns:1fr; }.kccm .kcv-act-sticky{ position:static; }.kccm .kcv-wide{ grid-template-columns:1fr; gap:10px; }}\n@media (max-width:900px){.kccm .kcv-row{ grid-template-columns:1fr; gap:12px; padding:24px 0; }.kccm .kcv-row-h{ position:static; }.kccm .kcv-duel{ grid-template-columns:1fr; }.kccm .kcv-or{ margin:-8px auto; }.kccm .kcv-phases{ grid-template-columns:1fr; }.kccm .kcv-hs{ grid-template-columns:1fr; gap:10px; }.kccm .kcv-split .kcv-check{ grid-template-columns:1fr; }.kccm .kcv-arts,.kccm .kcv-pgs{ grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr; }.kccm .kcv-callout{ padding:18px; }.kccm .kcv-opt,.kccm .kcv-phase,.kccm .kcv-wide{ padding:22px 20px; }}\n@media (max-width:480px){.kccm .kcv-stats{ grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr; gap:10px; }.kccm .kcv .kcv-stat-n{ font-size:24px; }.kccm .kcv-stat{ padding:16px 14px; }.kccm .kcv-arts,.kccm .kcv-pgs{ grid-template-columns:1fr; }}\n.kccm .kcv-news-band{ margin:72px 0 -10px; padding:84px 20px 26px; text-align:center; background:linear-gradient(180deg,#FFFFFF 0%,#F7F9FC 100%); }\n.kccm .kcv-news-band h2{ margin:0; }\n@media (max-width:1100px){.kccm .kcv-pro{ grid-template-columns:340px minmax(0,1fr); gap:36px; }.kccm .kcv-slide{ padding:42px 40px; }}\n@media (max-width:900px){.kccm .kcv-media img{ object-position:80% 60%; }.kccm .kcv-tabs{ padding:70px 0 40px; }.kccm .kcv h2{ font-size:29px; }.kccm .kcv-bar{ justify-content:flex-start; margin:22px -20px 18px; padding:0 20px; }.kccm .kcv-slide{ padding:30px 22px; border-radius:22px; }.kccm .kcv-pro{ grid-template-columns:1fr; gap:28px; }.kccm .kcv-pro-photo{ max-width:340px; width:100%; margin:0 auto; }.kccm .kcv-pro-body > h2{ font-size:28px; }.kccm .kcv-profile{ grid-template-columns:96px minmax(0,1fr); gap:18px; }.kccm .kcv-photo img{ width:96px; }.kccm .kcv-profile h2{ font-size:24px; }.kccm .kcv-cards,.kccm .kcv-conds,.kccm .kcv-vs,.kccm .kcv-check,.kccm .kcv-src{ grid-template-columns:1fr; }}\n@media (max-width:480px){.kccm .kcv-btns .kcv-fb{ width:100%; }.kccm .kcv h1{ font-size:34px; }.kccm .kcv .kcv-sub{ font-size:16.5px; }.kccm .kcv .kcv-chip-t{ font-size:14px; padding:11px 15px !important; }.kccm .kcv .kcv-p{ font-size:16px; }}\n@media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){.kccm .kcv .kcv-btn,.kccm .kcv .kcv-orb,.kccm .kcv .kcv-chip-t{ transition:none; }}\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-faqgrid > *{min-width:0}\n.kccm{width:100%}\n<\/style>\n<div class=\"kccm\"><div class=\"kcv\">\n<section class=\"kcv-tabs\" id=\"kcv-cabinet\" aria-label=\"International business law lawyer Paris\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-in\">\n    <div class=\"kcv-tabs-head\">\n      <p class=\"kk\">Kohen Avocats, Paris 17<\/p>\n      <h2>International business law: <em>exporting, investing, going to court<\/em><\/h2>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcv-bar\"><div class=\"kcv-chips\" role=\"tablist\" aria-label=\"Case sections\"><button class=\"kcv-chip-t on\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-avocat\" aria-controls=\"kcv-avocat\" aria-selected=\"true\" tabindex=\"0\">The lawyer<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p1\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p1\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Key levers<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p2\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p2\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Your documents<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p3\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p3\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The method<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p4\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p4\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The timetable<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p5\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p5\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The checks<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-synthese\" aria-controls=\"kcv-synthese\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Summary<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-faq\" aria-controls=\"kcv-faq\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Questions<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-textes\" aria-controls=\"kcv-textes\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Legal texts<\/button><\/div><\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcv-track\"><div class=\"kcv-slide kcv-on\" id=\"kcv-avocat\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-avocat\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<div class=\"kcv-pro\">\n  <figure class=\"kcv-pro-photo\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" src=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/kohen-footer\/portrait-reda-20260920-lignes-orange.jpg\" alt=\"Reda Kohen, lawyer at the Paris Bar\" width=\"1122\" height=\"1402\" loading=\"eager\" decoding=\"async\">\n    <figcaption class=\"kcv-pro-cap kcv-glass\"><span class=\"kcv-pro-capn\">Reda Kohen<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pro-capr\">Lawyer at the Paris Bar<\/span><\/figcaption>\n  <\/figure>\n  <div class=\"kcv-pro-body\">\n    <p class=\"kk\">Export, investment, disputes \u00b7 Paris 17th arrondissement<\/p>\n    <h2>What a <em>lawyer does for your international transactions<\/em> in Paris<\/h2>\n    <ul class=\"kcv-pro-tags\"><li>Paris Bar<\/li><li>Export and investment<\/li><li>Firm in Paris (17th arrondissement)<\/li><\/ul>\n    <p class=\"kcv-p\">Lawyer at the Paris Bar: contracts concluded with foreign parties, establishing a presence in France, the competent court, enforcement of decisions.<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-p\">Three questions decide the outcome of a transaction with a foreign party: which law governs it, which court will hear it, and which assets the decision can be enforced against. Absent a specific rule, the international jurisdiction of the French court is modelled on domestic territorial jurisdiction (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006410145\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006410145\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 46 of the French Code of Civil Procedure<\/a>). A foreign judgment has enforceable effect in France only in the manner and in the cases provided by law (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006410785\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006410785\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Code of Civil Procedure, Art. 509<\/a>), after being declared enforceable, except where the matter is governed by European Union law (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000053936502\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000053936502\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 111-3 of the Code of Civil Enforcement Procedures<\/a>). For the investor, a public law question is added: certain takeovers of a French company cannot be carried out without the prior approval of the minister responsible for the economy (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000038589686\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000038589686\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Monetary and Financial Code, Art. L. 151-3<\/a>). The firm examines these points before signing, in order to draft the relevant clauses, identify the required authorisations and assess the prospects of enforcement.<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-p\">Send the contract, the exchanges with the partner and the invoices, even if incomplete: the firm will read them and tell you what is missing, on <a href=\"tel:+33646605822\">06 46 60 58 22<\/a>.<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-pro-meta\"><a href=\"https:\/\/consultation.avocat.fr\/avocat-paris\/reda-kohen-54670.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Official profile in the directory of French lawyers (CNB)<\/a><span>Firm at 11 rue Margueritte, 75017 Paris<\/span><\/p>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-cards\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-card\"><h3>Exporting: choosing the law and the court<\/h3><p>Before the court, the law the parties choose is a national law: the Court of Cassation denies that status to the Unidroit Principles (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/63748df540f124dcd102fbe2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 16 November 2022, No. 21-17.338<\/a>). In international arbitration, the arbitral tribunal decides in accordance with the rules of law chosen by the parties (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023450571\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023450571\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1511 of the Code of Civil Procedure<\/a>).<\/p><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-card\"><h3>Investing: checking the authorisation<\/h3><p>An investment made without the required authorisation exposes the investor to orders backed by a daily penalty and to the suspension of voting rights (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000038525141\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000038525141\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Monetary and Financial Code, Art. L. 151-3-1<\/a>).<\/p><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-card\"><h3>Enforcing: targeting the right assets<\/h3><p>A protective measure may be requested from the court as soon as the claim appears well founded in principle and its payment is at risk (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000025026104\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000025026104\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 511-1 of the Code of Civil Enforcement Procedures<\/a>).<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p1\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Key levers<\/p>\n<h2>Law, court, group, <em>payment<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">Four rulings of the Court of Cassation bear on any transaction between a French company and a foreign partner.<\/p>\n<ol class=\"kcv-conds\">\n  <li><strong>Before the court, the contract is tied to a law, not to principles<\/strong>: the Court of Cassation holds that \"the general principles applicable to international contracts, such as those developed by the International Institute for the Unification of Private Law (Unidroit), do not constitute a law that can be chosen by the parties within the meaning of that provision\" (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/63748df540f124dcd102fbe2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 16 November 2022, No. 21-17.338<\/a>). In the absence of a valid choice, the commercial cooperation contract was governed by French law, because \"the characteristic performance was to be provided by the distributor, whose registered office was in France, and the contract had no closer connection with any other country\" (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/63748df540f124dcd102fbe2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 16 November 2022, No. 21-17.338<\/a>). The ruling was unfavourable to the party relying on those principles.<\/li>\n  <li><strong>A supplier established outside the Union may be sued in France<\/strong>: outside any convention or regulation, \"in contractual matters, the claimant may bring proceedings, at its choice, before the court of the place where the defendant resides, the court of the place of actual delivery of the goods or the court of the place where the service is performed\" (our translation); the Court approved a court of appeal for holding that \"the contract concerned a service and the place of its performance was in France, so that the French courts had jurisdiction\" (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/6437a1b69477fe04f5cc68b2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. 1re civ., 13 April 2023, No. 22-15.689<\/a>), in favour of a French distributor that complained of wrongful termination by its Israeli supplier.<\/li>\n  <li><strong>A parent company does not automatically pay its subsidiary's debts<\/strong>: the Court of Cassation states \"that a company is liable for the debt of a subsidiary only if its interference in the subsidiary's contractual relations was such as to create, for the subsidiary's counterparty, a misleading appearance allowing it to believe legitimately that it was also contracting with the parent company\" (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/636b6d2467b11ddcd1c423c8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 9 November 2022, No. 20-22.063<\/a>). A partial payment by the parent \"cannot, on its own, amount to interference by that company such as to create\" such an appearance (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/636b6d2467b11ddcd1c423c8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 9 November 2022, No. 20-22.063<\/a>), and the judgment against the parent is quashed, the case being sent back to another court of appeal.<\/li>\n  <li><strong>Withholding the price requires a new risk<\/strong>: under the Vienna Convention, the court of appeal recalled \"that a seller or a buyer is entitled to suspend performance of its obligations under the sale contract if it is unlikely that it will receive an essential part of the counter-performance promised by the other party\", then held that \"these alleged lack-of-conformity defects cannot justify a suspension of the obligation to pay for separate goods\" (our translation); the Court of Cassation dismissed the French buyer's appeal (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/683fe2fb669ab94590960992\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 4 June 2025, No. 23-23.866<\/a>).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"kcv-callout\"><span class=\"kcv-callout-i\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M9.6 6C6.5 7.4 4.5 10 4.5 13.4V18h6v-6H7.6c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L9.6 6zm9 0c-3.1 1.4-5.1 4-5.1 7.4V18h6v-6h-2.9c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L18.6 6z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><p>Investing abroad is also protected by treaty: the Court of Cassation holds that \"the State's consent to arbitration derives from the standing offer of arbitration made in a treaty, addressed to a category of investors that the treaty defines for the settlement of disputes concerning the investments it defines\" (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/63903c7f0f8a5205d45d7c87\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. 1re civ., 7 December 2022, No. 21-15.390<\/a>), and the annulment judge verifies the arbitrators' jurisdiction (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023427702\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023427702\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1520 of the Code of Civil Procedure<\/a>).<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p2\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Your documents<\/p>\n<h2>What to gather <em>before starting the transaction<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">The documents are not the same for a company selling abroad and for an investor setting up in France.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-duel\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-opt kcv-opt-a\"><p class=\"kcv-opt-k\">Position A<\/p><p class=\"kcv-opt-t\">SME exporting or importing<\/p><ul><li>Contract, purchase orders, general terms of both parties<\/li><li>Negotiation correspondence and order confirmations<\/li><li>Invoices, transport documents, reservations noted on delivery<\/li><li>Guarantees received and status of payments by delivery<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-or\" aria-hidden=\"true\">or<\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-opt kcv-opt-b\"><p class=\"kcv-opt-k\">Position B<\/p><p class=\"kcv-opt-t\">Foreign investor<\/p><ul><li>Group organisation chart and the investor's chain of control<\/li><li>Exact activity of the target and any public contracts it holds<\/li><li>Draft acquisition agreement and the percentage of voting rights targeted<\/li><li>Articles of association, Kbis extract, and the registered office and actual headquarters of the entities<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-callout\"><span class=\"kcv-callout-i\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M9.6 6C6.5 7.4 4.5 10 4.5 13.4V18h6v-6H7.6c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L9.6 6zm9 0c-3.1 1.4-5.1 4-5.1 7.4V18h6v-6h-2.9c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L18.6 6z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><p>Frequent mistakes: signing without a governing-law or jurisdiction clause; assuming that the parent company is liable for its subsidiary without a written guarantee; acquiring control of a French company without checking whether the activity falls under foreign investment control.<\/p><\/div>\n<p class=\"kcv-p\">The firm also draws on:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"kcv-pro-tags\"><li>Vienna Convention<\/li><li>European regulations<\/li><li>Investment treaties<\/li><li>Trade register<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p3\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The method<\/p>\n<h2>How the firm <em>supports you<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">The same discipline applies to a sale, to setting up in France and to a dispute: first establish the law, the court and the assets.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-rows\">\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 1<\/p><h3>Reading the transaction<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">Parties, countries, flows of goods or funds, contracts already signed, guarantees, timetable.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 2<\/p><h3>Law, court and authorisations<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">Applicable law, court or arbitration, foreign investment control, registration of a branch.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 3<\/p><h3>Drafting and negotiation<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">Governing-law, jurisdiction, payment and guarantee clauses; acquisition agreement; agreement with the partner.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 4<\/p><h3>Enforcement and disputes<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">Formal notice, protective measure, proceedings in France or abroad, exequatur, arbitration.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-callout\"><span class=\"kcv-callout-i\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M9.6 6C6.5 7.4 4.5 10 4.5 13.4V18h6v-6H7.6c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L9.6 6zm9 0c-3.1 1.4-5.1 4-5.1 7.4V18h6v-6h-2.9c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L18.6 6z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><p>Key points: award made in France in international matters, action for annulment within one month of notification (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000051869389\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000051869389\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1519 of the Code of Civil Procedure<\/a>); foreign judgment, enforcement in principle after a declaration of enforceability, subject to European regimes that dispense with it (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000053936502\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000053936502\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 111-3 of the Code of Civil Enforcement Procedures<\/a>).<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p4\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The timetable<\/p>\n<h2>The stages of an <em>international transaction<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">From first review to enforcement, indicative timeframes that depend on the country and the nature of the transaction.<\/p>\n<ol class=\"kcv-hs\"><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Analysis<\/p><p><strong>Week 1.<\/strong> Review of the documents, countries involved, applicable texts and conventions.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Checks<\/p><p><strong>Weeks 1-3.<\/strong> Partner, chain of control, need for prior authorisation.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Drafting<\/p><p><strong>Depending on the transaction.<\/strong> Contract, governing-law and jurisdiction clauses, payment guarantees.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Signing<\/p><p>Signatories' powers, language of the contract, annexes, registry formalities.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Monitoring<\/p><p><strong>During performance.<\/strong> Reservations on delivery, reminders, payment due dates.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Disputes<\/p><p><strong>If necessary.<\/strong> Competent court or arbitrators, then enforcement against the debtor's assets.<\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p5\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The checks<\/p>\n<h2>What the firm checks <em>before you sign<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">No sale, establishment or acquisition without having validated these points.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-split\">\n  <ul class=\"kcv-check\"><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Law designated by the contract: a national law before the court, the rules of law chosen in arbitration.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Court or arbitrators designated, and possible jurisdiction of the French court failing that.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Entity that is actually bound: subsidiary, parent or local branch.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Approval of the minister for the economy, required or not, for the investor.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Payment guarantees and attachable assets of the partner in France.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Actual headquarters of the companies concerned and registration of the branch.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n  <aside class=\"kcv-act\">\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-k\">Case documents<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-t\">Send what you have, even if incomplete<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-p\">Submit your documents through the confidential form at the top of the page: the firm will prioritise and complete the file with you.<\/p>\n    <div class=\"kcv-act-b\"><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kcf-1form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n  <\/aside>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-synthese\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-synthese\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Summary<\/p>\n<h2>Situation, risk, <em>act, decision<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">The most common trade-offs for a company dealing with foreign parties.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-rows\">\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Contract subject to the Unidroit Principles<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Main risk:<\/strong> Before the court, a choice with no effect as the law of the contract.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Preferred instrument:<\/strong> National law designated, Unidroit Principles incorporated into the contract.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Recommended decision:<\/strong> Choose the law before the first order.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Supplier established outside the Union<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Main risk:<\/strong> Proceedings brought before the supplier's court.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Preferred instrument:<\/strong> Jurisdiction clause or analysis of Article 46 of the Code of Civil Procedure.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Recommended decision:<\/strong> Sue in France if the service is performed there.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Contract signed with a group subsidiary<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Main risk:<\/strong> Insolvent subsidiary, parent out of reach.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Preferred instrument:<\/strong> Written guarantee from the parent company.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Recommended decision:<\/strong> Require the undertaking before delivering.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Foreign buyer withholding the price<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Main risk:<\/strong> Non-payment justified by earlier defects.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Preferred instrument:<\/strong> Formal notice, delivery by delivery.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Recommended decision:<\/strong> Sue for payment of the separate invoices.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Purchase of a French company<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Main risk:<\/strong> Investment made without authorisation.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Preferred instrument:<\/strong> Analysis of the activity and the chain of control.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Recommended decision:<\/strong> File the application before final signing.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>European payment order received<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Main risk:<\/strong> Attachment of accounts in France.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Preferred instrument:<\/strong> Challenge before the court of the State of origin.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Recommended decision:<\/strong> React as soon as the order is served.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-faq\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-faq\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Frequently asked questions<\/p>\n<h2>Your questions: <em>businesses and investors dealing with foreign parties<\/em><\/h2>\n<div class=\"kcv-faqgrid\">\n  <aside class=\"kcv-act kcv-act-sticky\">\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-k\">12 questions<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-t\">A situation not listed here?<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-p\">Every case has its own features. The firm reads your documents before answering you.<\/p>\n    <div class=\"kcv-act-b\"><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kcf-1form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n  <\/aside>\n  <div class=\"kcv-faq\"><details><summary>Why consult an international business law lawyer before signing with a foreign partner?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Because the governing law, the court and the attachable assets are decided at the time of signing. Once a dispute has arisen, each party looks for the court and the law that serve it, and the debate on jurisdiction can delay the debate on the merits. The court must itself identify the applicable law where one party claims a foreign law and the other disputes it: the Court of Cassation recalls \"that it is for the court, before which one party claims the application of a foreign law and the other disputes it, to restore the exact legal characterisation of the facts and to decide the dispute by applying the law applicable to it\" (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/6836a36991bdea24a84821d3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. 1re civ., 28 May 2025, No. 23-13.687<\/a>).<\/p><p>The firm acts upstream on three points. It checks that the governing-law clause designates a national law, or in arbitration the intended rules of law, and that the jurisdiction or arbitration clause covers foreseeable disputes. It identifies the entity that is actually bound: subsidiary, parent company or local branch. Finally, it identifies the administrative authorisations that the transaction requires, in particular for a foreign investor taking control of a French company. These checks make it possible to anticipate the risk and cost of a jurisdictional challenge.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can an export contract be made subject to the Unidroit Principles rather than a national law?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The parties may draw inspiration from them, but cannot make them the law of the contract within the meaning of the conflict-of-laws rules. The Court of Cassation holds that \"the general principles applicable to international contracts, such as those developed by the International Institute for the Unification of Private Law (Unidroit), do not constitute a law that can be chosen by the parties within the meaning of that provision\" (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/63748df540f124dcd102fbe2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 16 November 2022, No. 21-17.338<\/a>). The decision was made under the Rome Convention of 19 June 1980, which applied to the contracts concerned.<\/p><p>The practical consequence is direct. In the absence of a valid choice, the court determines the law according to the objective connecting factors. In that case, it applied French law to commercial cooperation contracts, because \"the characteristic performance was to be provided by the distributor, whose registered office was in France, and the contract had no closer connection with any other country\" (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/63748df540f124dcd102fbe2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 16 November 2022, No. 21-17.338<\/a>). The party that had counted on a neutral law found itself subject to the distributor's law.<\/p><p>Before a national court, the Unidroit Principles therefore do not replace the law designated by the conflict-of-laws rules, but they may be incorporated into the contract as terms. In international arbitration, the arbitral tribunal decides in accordance with the rules of law chosen by the parties (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023450571\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023450571\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1511 of the Code of Civil Procedure<\/a>); the text does not refer to a national law. The firm drafts the clause according to the dispute resolution method chosen.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can a supplier established outside the European Union be sued before a French court?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Yes, in several cases. Where neither an international convention nor a European regulation applies, the Court of Cassation holds that \"in contractual matters, the claimant may bring proceedings, at its choice, before the court of the place where the defendant resides, the court of the place of actual delivery of the goods or the court of the place where the service is performed\" (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/6437a1b69477fe04f5cc68b2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. 1re civ., 13 April 2023, No. 22-15.689<\/a>), applying <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006410145\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006410145\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 46 of the Code of Civil Procedure<\/a>. In that case, a French distributor had summoned its Israeli supplier in Paris: the framework contract imposed targets on it and granted it exclusivity, and the Court approved the judges for holding that \"the contract concerned a service and the place of its performance was in France, so that the French courts had jurisdiction\" (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/6437a1b69477fe04f5cc68b2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. 1re civ., 13 April 2023, No. 22-15.689<\/a>).<\/p><p>A second basis exists. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006419291\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006419291\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 14 of the French Civil Code (Code civil)<\/a> allows a foreigner who has contracted with a French national to be summoned before the French courts. The Court of Cassation specifies that, where the defendant is not domiciled in the Union, \"a French national, by virtue of nationality alone, has the right to bring a foreigner before a French court of their choice, where no ordinary criterion of territorial jurisdiction is met in France\", and that \"foreigners domiciled in the forum State may rely on it in the same way as nationals\" (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/62bbec6fcce2f878c0f394cd\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. 1re civ., 29 June 2022, No. 21-11.722<\/a>). The judgment was made in favour of an employee who is a refugee in France; its application to a foreign company established in Paris remains to be assessed case by case.<\/p><p>The firm first examines any jurisdiction clause that may have been signed, then these bases, before any summons is issued.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>A foreign customer refuses to pay, citing defects in earlier deliveries: is that permitted?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Not without conditions where the sale falls under the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, known as the Vienna Convention. Its Article 71 allows performance to be suspended in the face of a serious risk, the court of appeal having recalled \"that a seller or a buyer is entitled to suspend performance of its obligations under the sale contract if it is unlikely that it will receive an essential part of the counter-performance promised by the other party\" (our translation). It then held that \"these alleged lack-of-conformity defects cannot justify a suspension of the obligation to pay for separate goods\" (our translation), ordered with knowledge of the past difficulties.<\/p><p>The Court of Cassation dismissed the French buyer's appeal (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/683fe2fb669ab94590960992\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 4 June 2025, No. 23-23.866<\/a>). The ruling is unfavourable to the buyer who withholds the price: the judgment refusing it the suspension of payment has become final. A defect in one delivery is argued on that delivery, by a claim specific to it, and does not in itself justify blocking payment for the following ones.<\/p><p>For the French company, the lesson works both ways. As seller, it invoices delivery by delivery and answers reservations point by point. As buyer, it states its reservations on each receipt and documents the new risk that would justify a suspension.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can a downstream buyer sue the foreign manufacturer, and under which law?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The question often arises for an SME that buys equipment from a reseller, which acquired it from a manufacturer established in another country. In the event of a defect, the SME wants to sue the manufacturer directly.<\/p><p>The Court of Cassation transposes to the applicable law the characterisation as a non-contractual obligation that the Court of Justice adopts for jurisdiction, and therefore subjects the direct action of the sub-purchaser against the manufacturer to the Rome II Regulation. It draws a consequence for the clauses: \"A choice-of-law clause, stipulated in the initial contract concluded between the manufacturer and the first purchaser, to which the sub-purchaser is not a party and to which it did not consent, does not constitute a choice of the law applicable to the non-contractual obligation\" (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/6836a36991bdea24a84821d3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. 1re civ., 28 May 2025, No. 23-13.687<\/a>). The judgment of the court of appeal, which had applied French law without going through Article 4 of the Regulation, was quashed on that point.<\/p><p>In the absence of a valid choice, Article 4 of Rome II, which the judgment reproduces, designates in principle the law of the country where the damage occurs, subject in particular to the parties' common habitual residence and to manifestly closer connections with another country (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/6836a36991bdea24a84821d3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. 1re civ., 28 May 2025, No. 23-13.687<\/a>). Before acting, the firm therefore reconstructs the chain of sales, the place of the damage and the law that results from it.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>A French company receives a European payment order: how should it react?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>This procedure, created by Regulation (EC) No. 1896\/2006, aims \"to simplify, speed up and reduce the costs of settlement in cross-border litigation concerning uncontested pecuniary claims\" (our translation), as the Court of Cassation recalls (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/6a0ea05dcdc6046d47668fdc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. 2e civ., 21 May 2026, No. 22-19.530<\/a>). The creditor applies for it to the court with jurisdiction under the European rules, without prior debate with the debtor, and, once it has become enforceable, can have it enforced in France without exequatur. The debtor must therefore react as soon as it is served, within the time limit it indicates, before the court that issued it.<\/p><p>Once the order has been declared enforceable, the French court has little room to act. The Court of Cassation recalled having held that \"the enforcement judge, as a judge of the Member State of enforcement, has no jurisdiction to hear an application for nullity of an act of service of a European payment order declared enforceable by a court of the Member State of origin\" (our translation), and then referred to the Court of Justice of the European Union a question on the fate of enforcement measures where the debtor challenges, in the State of origin, the regularity of service (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/6a0ea05dcdc6046d47668fdc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. 2e civ., 21 May 2026, No. 22-19.530<\/a>). The Court did not decide whether that challenge allows or requires the suspension of an enforcement measure that has not yet produced all its effects: it stayed proceedings and adjourned the examination of the case to its hearing of 16 December 2026.<\/p><p>The firm checks the date and form of service, the nature of the claim and the court with jurisdiction in the State of origin, with a local colleague if necessary.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Is a foreign parent company liable for the debts of its French subsidiary?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>In principle, no. Each company in the group has its own legal personality, and the Court of Cassation states \"that a company is liable for the debt of a subsidiary only if its interference in the subsidiary's contractual relations was such as to create, for the subsidiary's counterparty, a misleading appearance allowing it to believe legitimately that it was also contracting with the parent company\" (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/636b6d2467b11ddcd1c423c8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 9 November 2022, No. 20-22.063<\/a>). The creditor must therefore establish an interference creating that misleading appearance; an isolated partial payment is not enough.<\/p><p>The judgment is demanding for the creditor. A parent company had paid part of an invoice of its subsidiary, which had received a formal notice; the Court holds that this partial payment \"cannot, on its own, amount to interference by that company such as to create\" a misleading appearance (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/636b6d2467b11ddcd1c423c8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 9 November 2022, No. 20-22.063<\/a>), and sets aside the judgment that had ordered the parent to pay. The judgment against the parent is quashed for lack of sufficient characterisation of the misleading appearance, and the supplier's claim must be heard again on referral before the Reims court of appeal.<\/p><p>For an SME contracting with the French subsidiary of a foreign group, protection comes through writing: parent company guarantee, bank guarantee, letter of credit or advance payment. For the foreign investor, the same rule protects its assets, provided that the parent does not interfere in its subsidiary's contracts to the point of creating such an appearance.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Does a foreign investor need authorisation before buying a French company?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Sometimes. The minister responsible for the economy must give approval, before the transaction, for foreign investments in an activity that takes part, even occasionally, in the exercise of public authority or falls within fields affecting public order, public security or national defence (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000038589686\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000038589686\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Monetary and Financial Code, Art. L. 151-3<\/a>). A decree adopted after consultation with the Council of State (Conseil d'\u00c9tat) specifies the activities concerned.<\/p><p>The notion of investor is broad. It covers the foreign individual, the French national not domiciled in France, the entity governed by foreign law and the French entity controlled by any of them, as well as the whole chain of control (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000041461626\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000041461626\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Monetary and Financial Code, Art. R. 151-1<\/a>). The cases covered include control of an entity governed by French law or of an establishment registered with the Trade and Companies Register in France, the acquisition of all or part of a business line of an entity governed by French law, and crossing the threshold of 25% of voting rights, or 10% for a French company whose shares are admitted to trading on a regulated market, these two thresholds not applying to certain European investors (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000054604038\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000054604038\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Monetary and Financial Code, Art. R. 151-2<\/a>).<\/p><p>A transaction carried out without authorisation exposes the investor to orders backed by a daily penalty, to the suspension of its voting rights and to a ban or limitation on dividends (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000038525141\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000038525141\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Monetary and Financial Code, Art. L. 151-3-1<\/a>). The firm characterises the target's activity and prepares the application before final signing.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can a company escape the French courts by moving its registered office outside the Union?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Not so simply. French law governs any company whose registered office is in France, and towards third parties the company cannot rely on the registered office stated in its articles of association where its actual seat is elsewhere (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006222350\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006222350\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 210-3 of the French Commercial Code (Code de commerce)<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006444080\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006444080\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1837 of the Civil Code<\/a>).<\/p><p>A company registered in Paris and placed in judicial liquidation argued on appeal that it had transferred its registered office to the United Kingdom. The Court of Cassation holds that it does not follow from Article 1844-7 of the Civil Code that the transfer of the registered office to a third State that has no legislation ensuring the continuation of legal personality, and with which France has concluded no convention on the point, \"automatically entails the disappearance of its legal personality and its replacement by the company governed by foreign law constituted in accordance with the formalities applicable in the foreign State\" (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/690af3f628bf9d42b6cccd18\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 5 November 2025, No. 24-13.298<\/a>). It infers that the French courts had jurisdiction to place the company in judicial liquidation: a ruling unfavourable to the company.<\/p><p>For an investor reorganising a group, a transfer of registered office must therefore be prepared country by country, checking that the host law recognises the continuity of the legal entity. For the creditor, the judgment opens the way to proceedings in France despite the announcement of a departure.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>How does an investment treaty protect a French company investing abroad?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Many bilateral treaties allow an investor of one State to bring the host State before an arbitral tribunal. The Court of Cassation holds that \"the State's consent to arbitration derives from the standing offer of arbitration made in a treaty, addressed to a category of investors that the treaty defines for the settlement of disputes concerning the investments it defines\" (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/63903c7f0f8a5205d45d7c87\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. 1re civ., 7 December 2022, No. 21-15.390<\/a>). The investor therefore does not need a clause signed with the State: it accepts the offer contained in the treaty.<\/p><p>Where the award is made in France in international matters, the action for annulment is brought before the Paris court of appeal (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000051869389\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000051869389\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1519 of the Code of Civil Procedure<\/a>), which checks in particular whether the arbitrators wrongly declared themselves to have jurisdiction (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023427702\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023427702\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1520 of the Code of Civil Procedure<\/a>). The court examines all the elements of law or fact that make it possible to assess the scope of the arbitration agreement, but \"this review excludes any re-examination of the merits of the award\" (our translation), the same judgment specifies (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/63903c7f0f8a5205d45d7c87\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. 1re civ., 7 December 2022, No. 21-15.390<\/a>).<\/p><p>Protection depends on the wording of the treaty and on how the States read it. In a case against Vietnam, the Court of Cassation held that \"account must be taken, together with the context, of any subsequent agreement between the parties regarding the interpretation of the treaty or the application of its provisions\" (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/69fad6c3cdc6046d47c072a1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. 1re civ., 6 May 2026, No. 24-10.445<\/a>), and quashed the judgment that had dismissed the State's challenge to the award on jurisdiction, made in particular in favour of an investor of American and Vietnamese nationality. The case is sent back to the Paris court of appeal, differently composed. For the investor, the nationality required by the treaty and the way the States parties read it must be checked before investing.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Must a foreign company opening a branch in Paris register in France?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Yes. A commercial company whose registered office is outside France and which has an establishment in a French d\u00e9partement is registered, on its declaration, in the Trade and Companies Register (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000049876790\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000049876790\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 123-1 of the Commercial Code<\/a>).<\/p><p>The choice between a simple branch and a subsidiary governed by French law depends on the liability sought, taxation, the duration of the project and the activity carried on. If that activity falls under foreign investment control, the acquisition of a business line of a French entity may itself require authorisation (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000054604038\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000054604038\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Monetary and Financial Code, Art. R. 151-2<\/a>).<\/p><p>The firm also checks the registered office and the actual seat, and whether they can be relied on against third parties, in order to determine the law applicable to the company (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006444080\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006444080\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1837 of the Civil Code<\/a>), and prepares the documents for the establishment: powers of the representative, lease, contracts with the first customers and suppliers.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>How can a claim against a foreign debtor with assets in France be protected?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>By a protective measure. Any person whose claim appears well founded in principle may ask the court for authorisation to carry out a protective attachment over the debtor's assets, without prior formal demand, if it shows circumstances likely to threaten payment (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000025026104\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000025026104\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 511-1 of the Code of Civil Enforcement Procedures<\/a>). Bank accounts held in France, claims on French customers, goods in warehouses: these are the usual targets.<\/p><p>The enforceable title comes next. An enforceable French judgment may be enforced against the debtor only after it has been served on them, except in the case of voluntary performance (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006410778\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006410778\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 503 of the Code of Civil Procedure<\/a>); a judgment or award made abroad must first be declared enforceable by a decision not subject to an appeal with suspensive effect, subject to European Union law (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000053936502\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000053936502\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 111-3 of the Code of Civil Enforcement Procedures<\/a>). The page on <a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/exequatur-lawyer-paris\/\">exequatur<\/a> details this step.<\/p><p>The firm identifies the debtor's assets in France, seeks the court's authorisation, then starts proceedings on the merits within one month of the execution of the measure, failing which the measure lapses (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000044929356\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000044929356\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article R. 511-7 of the Code of Civil Enforcement Procedures<\/a>).<\/p><\/div><\/details><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-textes\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-textes\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Sources and related pages<\/p>\n<h2>Official texts and <em>related pages<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">Texts cited on this page, checked on L\u00e9gifrance on 1 November 2026, followed by related pages of the firm.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-arts\"><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006410145\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006410145\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Code of Civil Procedure<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">Article 46, court of the place of delivery or performance<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006410778\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006410778\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Code of Civil Procedure<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">Article 503, service required before enforcement<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006419291\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006419291\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Civil Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">Article 14, foreigner summoned before the French courts<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000038589686\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000038589686\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Monetary and Financial Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">Article L. 151-3, investments subject to authorisation<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000038525141\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000038525141\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Monetary and Financial Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">Article L. 151-3-1, investment without authorisation<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000054604038\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000054604038\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Monetary and Financial Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">Article R. 151-2, notion of investment<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006222350\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006222350\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Commercial Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">Article L. 210-3, registered office and French law<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023450571\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023450571\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Code of Civil Procedure<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">Article 1511, rules of law applied by the arbitrators<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023427702\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023427702\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Code of Civil Procedure<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">Article 1520, action to annul the award<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000053936502\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000053936502\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Code of Civil Enforcement Procedures<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">Article L. 111-3, enforceable titles<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000025026104\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000025026104\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Code of Civil Enforcement Procedures<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">Article L. 511-1, protective measures<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000044929356\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000044929356\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Code of Civil Enforcement Procedures<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">Article R. 511-7, lapse of the protective measure<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<h3 class=\"kcv-center\">Further reading<\/h3>\n<div class=\"kcv-pgs\"><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/international-contract-lawyer-paris\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">International contracts<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">The firm's practice area<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/exequatur-lawyer-paris\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Exequatur<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">The firm's practice area<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/arbitration-lawyer-paris\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Arbitration<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">The firm's practice area<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/company-law-lawyer-paris\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Company law in Paris<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">A practice area of the firm<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/business-law-attorneys-paris-75017\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Business law in Paris<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">A practice area of the firm<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/contact\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Contact<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">Write to or meet the firm<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<p class=\"kcv-small kcv-center\">Page updated on 1 November 2026.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\", \"@type\": \"FAQPage\", \"mainEntity\": [{\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Why consult an international business law lawyer before signing with a foreign partner?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Because the governing law, the court and the attachable assets are decided at the time of signing. Once a dispute has arisen, each party looks for the court and the law that serve it, and the debate on jurisdiction can delay the debate on the merits. The court must itself identify the applicable law where one party claims a foreign law and the other disputes it: the Court of Cassation recalls \\\"that it is for the court, before which one party claims the application of a foreign law and the other disputes it, to restore the exact legal characterisation of the facts and to decide the dispute by applying the law applicable to it\\\" (our translation) (Cass. 1re civ., 28 May 2025, No. 23-13.687). The firm acts upstream on three points. It checks that the governing-law clause designates a national law, or in arbitration the intended rules of law, and that the jurisdiction or arbitration clause covers foreseeable disputes. It identifies the entity that is actually bound: subsidiary, parent company or local branch. Finally, it identifies the administrative authorisations that the transaction requires, in particular for a foreign investor taking control of a French company. These checks make it possible to anticipate the risk and cost of a jurisdictional challenge.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Can an export contract be made subject to the Unidroit Principles rather than a national law?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The parties may draw inspiration from them, but cannot make them the law of the contract within the meaning of the conflict-of-laws rules. The Court of Cassation holds that \\\"the general principles applicable to international contracts, such as those developed by the International Institute for the Unification of Private Law (Unidroit), do not constitute a law that can be chosen by the parties within the meaning of that provision\\\" (our translation) (Cass. com., 16 November 2022, No. 21-17.338). The decision was made under the Rome Convention of 19 June 1980, which applied to the contracts concerned. The practical consequence is direct. In the absence of a valid choice, the court determines the law according to the objective connecting factors. In that case, it applied French law to commercial cooperation contracts, because \\\"the characteristic performance was to be provided by the distributor, whose registered office was in France, and the contract had no closer connection with any other country\\\" (our translation) (Cass. com., 16 November 2022, No. 21-17.338). The party that had counted on a neutral law found itself subject to the distributor's law. Before a national court, the Unidroit Principles therefore do not replace the law designated by the conflict-of-laws rules, but they may be incorporated into the contract as terms. In international arbitration, the arbitral tribunal decides in accordance with the rules of law chosen by the parties (Article 1511 of the Code of Civil Procedure); the text does not refer to a national law. The firm drafts the clause according to the dispute resolution method chosen.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Can a supplier established outside the European Union be sued before a French court?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Yes, in several cases. Where neither an international convention nor a European regulation applies, the Court of Cassation holds that \\\"in contractual matters, the claimant may bring proceedings, at its choice, before the court of the place where the defendant resides, the court of the place of actual delivery of the goods or the court of the place where the service is performed\\\" (our translation) (Cass. 1re civ., 13 April 2023, No. 22-15.689), applying Article 46 of the Code of Civil Procedure. In that case, a French distributor had summoned its Israeli supplier in Paris: the framework contract imposed targets on it and granted it exclusivity, and the Court approved the judges for holding that \\\"the contract concerned a service and the place of its performance was in France, so that the French courts had jurisdiction\\\" (our translation) (Cass. 1re civ., 13 April 2023, No. 22-15.689). A second basis exists. Article 14 of the French Civil Code (Code civil) allows a foreigner who has contracted with a French national to be summoned before the French courts. The Court of Cassation specifies that, where the defendant is not domiciled in the Union, \\\"a French national, by virtue of nationality alone, has the right to bring a foreigner before a French court of their choice, where no ordinary criterion of territorial jurisdiction is met in France\\\", and that \\\"foreigners domiciled in the forum State may rely on it in the same way as nationals\\\" (our translation) (Cass. 1re civ., 29 June 2022, No. 21-11.722). The judgment was made in favour of an employee who is a refugee in France; its application to a foreign company established in Paris remains to be assessed case by case. The firm first examines any jurisdiction clause that may have been signed, then these bases, before any summons is issued.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"A foreign customer refuses to pay, citing defects in earlier deliveries: is that permitted?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Not without conditions where the sale falls under the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, known as the Vienna Convention. Its Article 71 allows performance to be suspended in the face of a serious risk, the court of appeal having recalled \\\"that a seller or a buyer is entitled to suspend performance of its obligations under the sale contract if it is unlikely that it will receive an essential part of the counter-performance promised by the other party\\\" (our translation). It then held that \\\"these alleged lack-of-conformity defects cannot justify a suspension of the obligation to pay for separate goods\\\" (our translation), ordered with knowledge of the past difficulties. The Court of Cassation dismissed the French buyer's appeal (Cass. com., 4 June 2025, No. 23-23.866). The ruling is unfavourable to the buyer who withholds the price: the judgment refusing it the suspension of payment has become final. A defect in one delivery is argued on that delivery, by a claim specific to it, and does not in itself justify blocking payment for the following ones. For the French company, the lesson works both ways. As seller, it invoices delivery by delivery and answers reservations point by point. As buyer, it states its reservations on each receipt and documents the new risk that would justify a suspension.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Can a downstream buyer sue the foreign manufacturer, and under which law?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The question often arises for an SME that buys equipment from a reseller, which acquired it from a manufacturer established in another country. In the event of a defect, the SME wants to sue the manufacturer directly. The Court of Cassation transposes to the applicable law the characterisation as a non-contractual obligation that the Court of Justice adopts for jurisdiction, and therefore subjects the direct action of the sub-purchaser against the manufacturer to the Rome II Regulation. It draws a consequence for the clauses: \\\"A choice-of-law clause, stipulated in the initial contract concluded between the manufacturer and the first purchaser, to which the sub-purchaser is not a party and to which it did not consent, does not constitute a choice of the law applicable to the non-contractual obligation\\\" (our translation) (Cass. 1re civ., 28 May 2025, No. 23-13.687). The judgment of the court of appeal, which had applied French law without going through Article 4 of the Regulation, was quashed on that point. In the absence of a valid choice, Article 4 of Rome II, which the judgment reproduces, designates in principle the law of the country where the damage occurs, subject in particular to the parties' common habitual residence and to manifestly closer connections with another country (Cass. 1re civ., 28 May 2025, No. 23-13.687). Before acting, the firm therefore reconstructs the chain of sales, the place of the damage and the law that results from it.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"A French company receives a European payment order: how should it react?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"This procedure, created by Regulation (EC) No. 1896\/2006, aims \\\"to simplify, speed up and reduce the costs of settlement in cross-border litigation concerning uncontested pecuniary claims\\\" (our translation), as the Court of Cassation recalls (Cass. 2e civ., 21 May 2026, No. 22-19.530). The creditor applies for it to the court with jurisdiction under the European rules, without prior debate with the debtor, and, once it has become enforceable, can have it enforced in France without exequatur. The debtor must therefore react as soon as it is served, within the time limit it indicates, before the court that issued it. Once the order has been declared enforceable, the French court has little room to act. The Court of Cassation recalled having held that \\\"the enforcement judge, as a judge of the Member State of enforcement, has no jurisdiction to hear an application for nullity of an act of service of a European payment order declared enforceable by a court of the Member State of origin\\\" (our translation), and then referred to the Court of Justice of the European Union a question on the fate of enforcement measures where the debtor challenges, in the State of origin, the regularity of service (Cass. 2e civ., 21 May 2026, No. 22-19.530). The Court did not decide whether that challenge allows or requires the suspension of an enforcement measure that has not yet produced all its effects: it stayed proceedings and adjourned the examination of the case to its hearing of 16 December 2026. The firm checks the date and form of service, the nature of the claim and the court with jurisdiction in the State of origin, with a local colleague if necessary.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Is a foreign parent company liable for the debts of its French subsidiary?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"In principle, no. Each company in the group has its own legal personality, and the Court of Cassation states \\\"that a company is liable for the debt of a subsidiary only if its interference in the subsidiary's contractual relations was such as to create, for the subsidiary's counterparty, a misleading appearance allowing it to believe legitimately that it was also contracting with the parent company\\\" (our translation) (Cass. com., 9 November 2022, No. 20-22.063). The creditor must therefore establish an interference creating that misleading appearance; an isolated partial payment is not enough. The judgment is demanding for the creditor. A parent company had paid part of an invoice of its subsidiary, which had received a formal notice; the Court holds that this partial payment \\\"cannot, on its own, amount to interference by that company such as to create\\\" a misleading appearance (our translation) (Cass. com., 9 November 2022, No. 20-22.063), and sets aside the judgment that had ordered the parent to pay. The judgment against the parent is quashed for lack of sufficient characterisation of the misleading appearance, and the supplier's claim must be heard again on referral before the Reims court of appeal. For an SME contracting with the French subsidiary of a foreign group, protection comes through writing: parent company guarantee, bank guarantee, letter of credit or advance payment. For the foreign investor, the same rule protects its assets, provided that the parent does not interfere in its subsidiary's contracts to the point of creating such an appearance.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Does a foreign investor need authorisation before buying a French company?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Sometimes. The minister responsible for the economy must give approval, before the transaction, for foreign investments in an activity that takes part, even occasionally, in the exercise of public authority or falls within fields affecting public order, public security or national defence (Monetary and Financial Code, Art. L. 151-3). A decree adopted after consultation with the Council of State (Conseil d'\u00c9tat) specifies the activities concerned. The notion of investor is broad. It covers the foreign individual, the French national not domiciled in France, the entity governed by foreign law and the French entity controlled by any of them, as well as the whole chain of control (Monetary and Financial Code, Art. R. 151-1). The cases covered include control of an entity governed by French law or of an establishment registered with the Trade and Companies Register in France, the acquisition of all or part of a business line of an entity governed by French law, and crossing the threshold of 25% of voting rights, or 10% for a French company whose shares are admitted to trading on a regulated market, these two thresholds not applying to certain European investors (Monetary and Financial Code, Art. R. 151-2). A transaction carried out without authorisation exposes the investor to orders backed by a daily penalty, to the suspension of its voting rights and to a ban or limitation on dividends (Monetary and Financial Code, Art. L. 151-3-1). The firm characterises the target's activity and prepares the application before final signing.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Can a company escape the French courts by moving its registered office outside the Union?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Not so simply. French law governs any company whose registered office is in France, and towards third parties the company cannot rely on the registered office stated in its articles of association where its actual seat is elsewhere (Article L. 210-3 of the French Commercial Code (Code de commerce); Article 1837 of the Civil Code). A company registered in Paris and placed in judicial liquidation argued on appeal that it had transferred its registered office to the United Kingdom. The Court of Cassation holds that it does not follow from Article 1844-7 of the Civil Code that the transfer of the registered office to a third State that has no legislation ensuring the continuation of legal personality, and with which France has concluded no convention on the point, \\\"automatically entails the disappearance of its legal personality and its replacement by the company governed by foreign law constituted in accordance with the formalities applicable in the foreign State\\\" (our translation) (Cass. com., 5 November 2025, No. 24-13.298). It infers that the French courts had jurisdiction to place the company in judicial liquidation: a ruling unfavourable to the company. For an investor reorganising a group, a transfer of registered office must therefore be prepared country by country, checking that the host law recognises the continuity of the legal entity. For the creditor, the judgment opens the way to proceedings in France despite the announcement of a departure.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"How does an investment treaty protect a French company investing abroad?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Many bilateral treaties allow an investor of one State to bring the host State before an arbitral tribunal. The Court of Cassation holds that \\\"the State's consent to arbitration derives from the standing offer of arbitration made in a treaty, addressed to a category of investors that the treaty defines for the settlement of disputes concerning the investments it defines\\\" (our translation) (Cass. 1re civ., 7 December 2022, No. 21-15.390). The investor therefore does not need a clause signed with the State: it accepts the offer contained in the treaty. Where the award is made in France in international matters, the action for annulment is brought before the Paris court of appeal (Article 1519 of the Code of Civil Procedure), which checks in particular whether the arbitrators wrongly declared themselves to have jurisdiction (Article 1520 of the Code of Civil Procedure). The court examines all the elements of law or fact that make it possible to assess the scope of the arbitration agreement, but \\\"this review excludes any re-examination of the merits of the award\\\" (our translation), the same judgment specifies (Cass. 1re civ., 7 December 2022, No. 21-15.390). Protection depends on the wording of the treaty and on how the States read it. In a case against Vietnam, the Court of Cassation held that \\\"account must be taken, together with the context, of any subsequent agreement between the parties regarding the interpretation of the treaty or the application of its provisions\\\" (our translation) (Cass. 1re civ., 6 May 2026, No. 24-10.445), and quashed the judgment that had dismissed the State's challenge to the award on jurisdiction, made in particular in favour of an investor of American and Vietnamese nationality. The case is sent back to the Paris court of appeal, differently composed. For the investor, the nationality required by the treaty and the way the States parties read it must be checked before investing.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Must a foreign company opening a branch in Paris register in France?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Yes. A commercial company whose registered office is outside France and which has an establishment in a French d\u00e9partement is registered, on its declaration, in the Trade and Companies Register (Article L. 123-1 of the Commercial Code). The choice between a simple branch and a subsidiary governed by French law depends on the liability sought, taxation, the duration of the project and the activity carried on. If that activity falls under foreign investment control, the acquisition of a business line of a French entity may itself require authorisation (Monetary and Financial Code, Art. R. 151-2). The firm also checks the registered office and the actual seat, and whether they can be relied on against third parties, in order to determine the law applicable to the company (Article 1837 of the Civil Code), and prepares the documents for the establishment: powers of the representative, lease, contracts with the first customers and suppliers.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"How can a claim against a foreign debtor with assets in France be protected?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"By a protective measure. Any person whose claim appears well founded in principle may ask the court for authorisation to carry out a protective attachment over the debtor's assets, without prior formal demand, if it shows circumstances likely to threaten payment (Article L. 511-1 of the Code of Civil Enforcement Procedures). Bank accounts held in France, claims on French customers, goods in warehouses: these are the usual targets. The enforceable title comes next. An enforceable French judgment may be enforced against the debtor only after it has been served on them, except in the case of voluntary performance (Article 503 of the Code of Civil Procedure); a judgment or award made abroad must first be declared enforceable by a decision not subject to an appeal with suspensive effect, subject to European Union law (Article L. 111-3 of the Code of Civil Enforcement Procedures). The page on exequatur details this step. The firm identifies the debtor's assets in France, seeks the court's authorisation, then starts proceedings on the merits within one month of the execution of the measure, failing which the measure lapses (Article R. 511-7 of the Code of Civil Enforcement Procedures).\"}}]}<\/script>\n<script nowprocket data-no-optimize=\"1\" data-no-defer=\"1\">\n(function(){\n  var root = document.querySelector('.kccm .kcv'); if (!root) return;\n  var tabs = root.querySelector('#kcv-cabinet'); if (!tabs) return;\n  var ch = [].slice.call(tabs.querySelectorAll('.kcv-chip-t'));\n  var sl = [].slice.call(tabs.querySelectorAll('.kcv-slide'));\n  if (!ch.length || !sl.length) return;\n  root.classList.add('js');\n  function show(id, focus){\n    var c = ch.filter(function(x){ return x.getAttribute('aria-controls') === id; })[0]; if (!c) return false;\n    ch.forEach(function(x){ var on = x === c; x.classList.toggle('on', on); x.setAttribute('aria-selected', on ? 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Invest. Enforce. YOUR TRANSACTIONS. A sale abroad, the purchase of a French company, a dispute with a partner: describe the transaction to an international business law lawyer in Paris. Go to the form In the media View the videos and their transcriptsVideos Discover our know-how in international business law. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":251031307,"featured_media":1915146,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2161397","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.2 (Yoast SEO v28.2) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>International Business Law Lawyer Paris | Kohen Avocats<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"International business law lawyer in Paris: governing law, court, arbitration, investment control and enforcement. Call the firm about your transaction.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/international-business-law-lawyer-paris\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"International Business Law Lawyer Paris | Kohen Avocats\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"International business law lawyer in Paris: governing law, court, arbitration, investment control and enforcement. 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