{"id":2161387,"date":"2026-11-01T23:36:03","date_gmt":"2026-11-01T22:36:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/?page_id=2161387"},"modified":"2026-11-04T19:39:28","modified_gmt":"2026-11-04T18:39:28","slug":"maritime-law-lawyer-paris","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/maritime-law-lawyer-paris\/","title":{"rendered":"Maritime law lawyer in Paris"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"2161387\" class=\"elementor elementor-2161387 elementor-2160732\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7fd52a0 e-con-full e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7fd52a0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-89b0043 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"89b0043\" data-element_type=\"widget\" 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.chess-knight{top:295px;height:340px}\n.chess-hero{height:820px;margin-bottom:28px}\n}\n\n@media(min-width:651px){.chess-field{clip-path:none;border-radius:0;mask-image:url(\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%201000%20650%22%20preserveAspectRatio%3D%22none%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22white%22%20d%3D%22M38%2052H710Q740%2052%20740%2026Q740%200%20778%200H962Q1000%200%201000%2038V612Q1000%20650%20962%20650H38Q0%20650%200%20612V90Q0%2052%2038%2052Z%22\/%3E%3C\/svg%3E\");mask-size:100% 100%;mask-repeat:no-repeat}}\n\n\/* Groupes de pi\u00e8ces : cadrage large, texte d\u00e9gag\u00e9. *\/\n.chess-group .chess-preview .chess-knight{width:54%;right:0;height:580px;bottom:30px}\n@media(max-width:1000px) and (min-width:651px){.chess-group .chess-preview .chess-knight{width:52%;height:510px}}\n@media(max-width:650px){.chess-group .chess-preview .chess-knight{width:100%;right:0;top:310px;bottom:auto;height:320px}}\n\/* D\u00e9coupe initiale 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.chess-intro::before,.chess-intro::after{\n  width:32px;height:32px;\n  background:radial-gradient(circle at 100% 0,transparent 31.5px,#f7f8f8 32px);\n }\n .chess-intro::before{top:-32px;left:0}\n .chess-intro::after{right:-32px;bottom:0}\n}\n\/* Raccord progressif entre la landing et les domaines d\u2019intervention. *\/\nbody:has(.chess-preview) .elementor-754 > .elementor-element-4fdc5e4{\n background:linear-gradient(180deg,#f7f8f8 0px,rgba(247,248,248,.85) 45px,rgba(247,248,248,0) 190px) !important;\n}\n\n\/* Transition du blanc du menu vers le gris de la landing. *\/\n.chess-preview{background:linear-gradient(180deg,#fff 0px,#f7f8f8 120px)!important}\n\n\/* Proposition B \u2014 composition d\u00e9cal\u00e9e. Header et charte partag\u00e9s inchang\u00e9s. *\/\n@media (max-width:650px) {\n  .mobile-study-b .chess-hero {\n    height:650px;\n    margin-bottom:12px;\n    overflow:visible;\n  }\n  .mobile-study-b .chess-heading {\n    inset:0 auto auto 8px;\n    width:calc(100% - 16px);\n    max-width:none;\n  }\n  .mobile-study-b .chess-heading h1 {\n    font-family:Lato,Arial,sans-serif!important;\n    font-weight:900!important;\n    font-size:clamp(43px,13.4vw,56px)!important;\n    line-height:.97!important;\n    letter-spacing:-.045em!important;\n  }\n  .mobile-study-b .chess-title-paris {\n    margin-top:0;\n    font-size:1em;\n    letter-spacing:-.045em;\n  }\n  .mobile-study-b .chess-motto {\n    width:115px;\n    margin:37px 0 0;\n    font-size:14px;\n    line-height:1.9;\n    letter-spacing:.015em;\n  }\n  \/* Un seul fond : la d\u00e9coupe porte sur son alpha, jamais sur le d\u00e9grad\u00e9. *\/\n  .mobile-study-b .chess-field {\n    inset:229px 0 155px 0;\n    border-radius:0;\n    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mask-repeat:no-repeat;\n  }\n  .mobile-study-b .chess-field::before,\n  .mobile-study-b .chess-field::after {\n    content:none;\n    display:none;\n  }\n  .mobile-study-b .chess-knight {\n    top:193px;\n    bottom:auto;\n    right:-7px;\n    width:66%;\n    height:302px;\n    object-fit:contain;\n    object-position:center bottom;\n    filter:drop-shadow(7px 16px 13px #243d6225);\n  }\n  .mobile-study-b .chess-intro {\n    top:511px;\n    bottom:auto;\n    left:8px;\n    width:calc(100% - 16px);\n    max-width:none;\n    padding:0;\n    border-radius:0;\n    background:transparent;\n  }\n  .mobile-study-b .chess-intro::before,\n  .mobile-study-b .chess-intro::after { display:none; }\n  .mobile-study-b .chess-intro-label {\n    font-size:9px;\n    letter-spacing:.15em;\n  }\n  .mobile-study-b .chess-intro p {\n    max-width:320px;\n    margin:9px 0 19px;\n    font-size:13px;\n    line-height:1.5;\n  }\n}\n@media (min-width:480px) and (max-width:650px) {\n  .mobile-study-b .chess-motto { margin-top:25px; }\n  .mobile-study-b .chess-knight { width:60%;height:300px;top:195px; }\n}\n@media (max-width:360px) {\n  .mobile-study-b .chess-motto { width:100px;font-size:12px;line-height:2.1; }\n  .mobile-study-b .chess-knight { width:64%; }\n}\n\n\/* Trois placements locaux : typo, image, contours et CTA de B conserv\u00e9s. *\/\n@media(max-width:650px){\n .mobile-study-b1{--title-shift:12px;--motto-top:238px}\n .mobile-study-b2{--title-shift:20px;--motto-top:258px}\n .mobile-study-b3{--title-shift:28px;--motto-top:278px}\n .mobile-study-b1 .chess-heading,.mobile-study-b2 .chess-heading,.mobile-study-b3 .chess-heading{top:var(--title-shift)}\n .mobile-study-b1 .chess-motto,.mobile-study-b2 .chess-motto,.mobile-study-b3 .chess-motto{position:absolute;top:calc(var(--motto-top) - var(--title-shift));left:0;margin:0}\n}\n\/* B2 valid\u00e9e : r\u00e9server toute la hauteur du CTA et de son halo. *\/\n@media(max-width:650px){\n .mobile-study-b2 .chess-hero{height:700px}\n .mobile-study-b2 .chess-field{bottom:auto;height:266px}\n}\n\n\/* \u00c9tudes mobiles uniquement ; menu et logo natifs, disposition plus compacte. *\/\n@media(max-width:650px){\n body:has(.fr-chess) .elementor-location-header{height:110px!important;min-height:110px!important}\n body:has(.fr-chess) .navo{position:relative!important;top:auto!important;left:auto!important;width:100%!important;height:110px!important;min-height:110px!important;padding:0 20px!important;margin:0!important;display:grid!important;grid-template-columns:1fr auto!important;grid-template-rows:72px 32px!important;gap:0!important;align-items:center!important;background:linear-gradient(#fff,#f7f8f8)!important;backdrop-filter:none!important}\n body:has(.fr-chess) .navo .elementor-element-26e7aca4{display:flex!important;visibility:visible!important;grid-area:1\/1;min-height:0!important;width:110px!important;padding:0!important;margin:0!important}\n body:has(.fr-chess) .navo .elementor-element-5176e41b{width:105px!important;margin:0!important;padding:0!important}\n body:has(.fr-chess) .navo .elementor-element-5176e41b img{width:105px!important;height:62px!important;object-fit:contain!important}\n body:has(.fr-chess) .navo .elementor-element-7f9425b9{display:contents!important}\n body:has(.fr-chess) .navo .elementor-element-68cc9a0{grid-area:2\/1\/3\/3;width:100%!important;margin:0!important;padding:0!important}\n body:has(.fr-chess) .navo .wpml-ls{width:100%!important;padding:0!important}\n body:has(.fr-chess) .navo .wpml-ls ul{display:flex!important;justify-content:center!important;gap:11px!important;align-items:center!important;padding:0!important;margin:0!important}\n body:has(.fr-chess) .navo .wpml-ls li{padding:0!important;margin:0!important}\n body:has(.fr-chess) .navo .wpml-ls a{padding:4px!important}\n body:has(.fr-chess) .navo .wpml-ls img{width:16px!important;height:11px!important}\n body:has(.fr-chess) .navo .elementor-element-2b355485{grid-area:1\/2;width:auto!important;margin:0!important;padding:0!important}\n body:has(.fr-chess) .navo .elementor-element-2b355485 a{display:grid!important;place-items:center!important;width:43px!important;height:43px!important;padding:0!important;border-radius:14px!important}\n body:has(.fr-chess) .navo .elementor-element-2b355485 svg{width:22px!important;height:22px!important}\n .chess-preview.mobile-study{padding:28px 16px 0!important;background:#f7f8f8!important;display:flow-root}\n .mobile-study .chess-knight{max-width:none}\n .mobile-study .chess-cta{max-width:calc(100vw - 64px)!important}\n .mobile-study .chess-intro-label{color:#6b747c}\n .mobile-study .chess-intro p{color:#40464a}\n}\n@media(max-width:650px){body:has(.fr-chess) .navo.elementor-sticky__spacer{display:none!important}}\n\nbody:has(.fr-chess) .navo{visibility:visible!important;opacity:1!important;animation:none!important;transform:none!important}\nbody:has(.fr-chess) .fr-hero-wrapper,body:has(.fr-chess) .fr-hero-widget{padding:0!important;margin:0!important;width:100%!important;max-width:none!important;gap:0!important}\nbody:has(.fr-chess) .fr-hero-widget>.elementor-widget-container{margin:0!important;padding:0!important}\nbody:has(.fr-chess) .fr-chess{display:flow-root}\nbody:has(.fr-chess) .fr-chess .chess-heading h1{font-size:clamp(45px,5.2vw,80px)!important;line-height:1!important}\nbody:has(.fr-chess) .fr-chess .chess-heading{top:112px;max-width:54%}\nbody:has(.fr-chess) .fr-chess .chess-knight{width:48%;height:640px;right:3%;bottom:0;top:auto;object-fit:contain}\nbody:has(.fr-chess) .fr-chess .chess-motto{font-size:clamp(16px,1.6vw,25px)}\nbody:has(.fr-chess) #fr-contact-form{scroll-margin-top:110px}\n@media(max-width:650px){\n body:has(.fr-chess) [data-elementor-type=\"header\"]{height:110px!important;min-height:110px!important}\n body:has(.fr-chess) .fr-chess .chess-heading{top:20px;max-width:none}\n body:has(.fr-chess) .fr-chess .chess-heading h1{font-size:clamp(37px,11.9vw,50px)!important;line-height:.97!important}\n body:has(.fr-chess) .fr-chess .chess-knight{top:193px;bottom:auto;right:-7px;width:66%;height:302px}\n body:has(.fr-chess) .fr-chess .chess-motto{font-size:12px;width:120px;line-height:2.1;top:238px}\n body:has(.fr-chess) .fr-chess .chess-intro{max-width:none}\n}\n@media(min-width:651px){\nbody:has(.fr-chess) [data-elementor-type=\"header\"]{height:80px!important;min-height:80px!important}\nbody:has(.fr-chess) .navo{height:80px!important;padding:0 32px!important;background:linear-gradient(#fff,#f7f8f8)!important}\nbody:has(.fr-chess) .navo .elementor-element-26e7aca4{width:125px!important;min-width:125px!important}\nbody:has(.fr-chess) .navo .elementor-element-5176e41b{width:110px!important}\nbody:has(.fr-chess) .navo .elementor-element-5176e41b img{width:110px!important;height:65px!important;object-fit:contain!important}\nbody:has(.fr-chess) .fr-chess{padding-top:30px}\n}\n\/* Le header natif FR est hors flux : r\u00e9server sa hauteur dans chaque copie. *\/\n@media(max-width:650px){body:has(.fr-chess) .chess-preview.mobile-study{padding-top:138px!important}}\n@media(min-width:651px){body:has(.fr-chess) .fr-chess{padding-top:80px!important}}\nbody:has(.fr-chess) .navo .elementor-invisible{visibility:visible!important;opacity:1!important;animation:none!important}\n\n@media(max-width:650px){body:has(.fr-chess):not(.home) .chess-preview.mobile-study{padding-top:28px!important}}\n@media(min-width:651px){body:has(.fr-chess):not(.home) .fr-chess{padding-top:0!important}}\n\/* Contenir les carrousels et le footer copi\u00e9s dans la largeur de pr\u00e9visualisation. *\/\n\n@media(max-width:650px){body:has(.fr-chess) .kcf-hero-inner{min-width:0!important;max-width:100%!important}body:has(.fr-chess) .kcf-wrap{min-width:0!important;max-width:100%!important}}\n\/* Raccord menu blanc vers fond gris, sans bande de couleur \u00e0 la jonction. *\/\n@media(max-width:650px){body:has(.fr-chess) .kcf-hero-text,body:has(.fr-chess) .kcf-hero-form{min-width:0!important;width:100%!important;max-width:100%!important}body:has(.fr-chess) .kcf-hero-title,body:has(.fr-chess) .kcf-hero-title-main{white-space:normal!important;overflow-wrap:anywhere}}@media(max-width:650px){body:has(.fr-chess) .hk-footer-avocat{max-width:100%!important}body:has(.fr-chess) .hk-footer-avocat img{max-width:100%!important}}body:has(.fr-chess) .elementor-element-7817ac8,body:has(.fr-chess) .elementor-element-7f97ff5,body:has(.fr-chess) .elementor-element-62048c2{background-image:linear-gradient(180deg,#f7f8f8 0px,rgba(247,248,248,.85) 45px,rgba(247,248,248,0) 200px)!important}body:has(.fr-chess) .elementor-element-da753e9{background-image:linear-gradient(180deg,#f7f8f8 0px,rgba(247,248,248,.85) 45px,rgba(247,248,248,0) 200px),linear-gradient(180deg,#f5f4f8 0%,#e4eef9 100%)!important}body:has(.fr-chess) .navo{background:#fff!important}\nbody:has(.fr-chess) .fr-chess{background:linear-gradient(180deg,#fff 0px,#f7f8f8 130px)!important}\n\nbody:has(.fr-chess) .elementor-element-b8c5a8a,body:has(.fr-chess) .elementor-element-5abe9b0,body:has(.fr-chess) .elementor-element-6667b04,body:has(.fr-chess) .elementor-element-b003989,body:has(.fr-chess) .elementor-element-990a523,body:has(.fr-chess) .elementor-element-c9f42ee,body:has(.fr-chess) .elementor-element-263bc05,body:has(.fr-chess) .elementor-element-6cc331c{padding:0!important;margin:0!important;width:100%!important;max-width:none!important;gap:0!important}\nbody:has(.fr-chess) .navo{background:#fff!important}body:has(.fr-chess) .fr-chess{background:linear-gradient(180deg,#fff 0px,#f7f8f8 130px)!important}\n@media(max-width:650px){body.home:has(.fr-chess) #content{padding-top:0!important}body.home:has(.fr-chess) .chess-preview.mobile-study{padding-top:138px!important}body:not(.home):has(.fr-chess) .chess-preview.mobile-study{padding-top:28px!important}}\nbody:has(.fr-chess) .chess-preview.mobile-study{background:linear-gradient(180deg,#fff 0px,#fff 110px,#f7f8f8 230px)!important}\n@media(max-width:650px){body.fr-hero-visible .kohen-avis-floating{visibility:hidden!important;pointer-events:none!important}}\n\nbody:has(.fr-chess) .elementor-element-7fd52a0,body:has(.fr-chess) .elementor-element-89b0043{padding:0!important;margin:0!important;width:100%!important;max-width:none!important;gap:0!important}\nbody:has(.fr-chess) .elementor-element-dd1953d{background-image:linear-gradient(180deg,#f7f8f8 0px,rgba(247,248,248,.85) 45px,rgba(247,248,248,0) 200px)!important}\nbody.page-id-1915254 .fr-chess .chess-heading h1{font-size:clamp(42px,4.8vw,74px)!important}\nbody.page-id-1915254 .fr-chess .chess-knight{width:53%;height:530px;bottom:30px;right:0;object-fit:contain}\n@media(max-width:650px){body.page-id-1915254 .fr-chess .chess-heading h1{font-size:clamp(35px,10.8vw,47px)!important}body.page-id-1915254 .fr-chess .chess-knight{top:265px;height:230px;width:85%;right:0;bottom:auto}}\n<\/style><div class=\"chess-preview fr-chess mobile-study mobile-study-b mobile-study-b2\">\n<section aria-labelledby=\"chess-title\" class=\"chess-hero\">\n<div aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"chess-field\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"chess-heading\"><h1 id=\"chess-title\"><span class=\"chess-title-front\">Maritime<\/span>\n<span class=\"chess-title-front\">law<\/span>\n<span class=\"chess-title-back\">lawyer<\/span>\n<span class=\"chess-title-paris\">Paris<\/span>\n<\/h1><p class=\"chess-motto\">Load. <span>Prove.<\/span> Claim.<\/p><\/div>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Chess knight opening onto black pieces, an image of strategy against the sea carrier\" class=\"chess-knight\" fetchpriority=\"high\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/kohen-fr-affaires-hero.webp\"\/>\n<div class=\"chess-intro\"><span class=\"chess-intro-label\">YOUR CARGO.<\/span><p>Bill of lading, reservations, damage report: walk our maritime law lawyer in Paris through the shipment as it actually happened.<\/p><a class=\"chess-cta\" href=\"#kcf-1form\"><span class=\"chess-cta-icon\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\"><rect height=\"14\" rx=\"2\" width=\"18\" x=\"3\" y=\"5\"><\/rect><path d=\"m3 6 9 7 9-7\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"chess-cta-text\">Go to the form<\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div><script id=\"fr-hero-widgets-20260920\">(()=>{const h=document.querySelector('.fr-chess');if(!h||!('IntersectionObserver' in window))return;const mq=matchMedia('(max-width:650px)');let inside=true;const sync=()=>document.body.classList.toggle('fr-hero-visible',mq.matches&&inside);new IntersectionObserver(e=>{inside=e[0].isIntersecting;sync()},{threshold:0}).observe(h);mq.addEventListener('change',sync);sync()})();<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a5f3c09 e-con-full e-ecs-flex e-flex 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100%);color:#1F4FA8;font-family:inherit;font-size:14px;font-weight:600;letter-spacing:.01em;line-height:1.2;text-decoration:none;transition:border-color .2s ease,box-shadow .2s ease,transform .2s ease}.knp a.knp__videos svg{flex:0 0 auto;display:block}.knp a.knp__videos:hover{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#FFFFFF 0%,#DCEAFB 100%);border-color:#1F4FA8;color:#1F4FA8;box-shadow:0 6px 18px rgba(31,79,168,.14);transform:translateY(-1px)}.knp a.knp__videos:focus-visible{outline:2px solid #1F4FA8;outline-offset:3px}.kcv-press.knp{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;justify-content:center;align-items:center;column-gap:14px}.kcv-press.knp>.kcv-press-t,.kcv-press.knp>.knp__watchlink{flex:0 0 auto}.kcv-press.knp>.knp__piste{flex:0 0 100%}.kcv-press.knp p.knp__watchlink{margin:0 0 2px;padding:0;line-height:17px}.kcv-press.knp a.knp__videos{gap:5px;padding:0;border:0;border-radius:0;background:none;box-shadow:none;font-size:11.5px;letter-spacing:.02em;line-height:17px;transform:none}.kcv-press.knp a.knp__videos:hover{background:none;box-shadow:none;transform:none}.kcv-press.knp a.knp__videos:hover span{text-decoration:underline;text-underline-offset:3px}.kcv-press.knp a.knp__videos svg{width:13px;height:13px}.knp .knp__vc{display:none}@media (max-width:900px){.kcv-press.knp .knp__vl{display:none}.kcv-press.knp .knp__vc{display:inline}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){.knp a.knp__videos{transition:none}.knp a.knp__videos:hover{transform:none}}<\/style><p class=\"knp__watchlink\"><a class=\"knp__videos\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/media\/\" aria-label=\"View the videos and their transcripts\"><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><circle cx=\"10\" cy=\"10\" r=\"9\" fill=\"#1F4FA8\"\/><path d=\"M8.3 6.4v7.2l5.6-3.6z\" fill=\"#fff\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"knp__vl\">View the videos and their transcripts<\/span><span class=\"knp__vc\">Videos<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"knp__piste\">\n<ul class=\"knp__ruban\" role=\"list\">\n<li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"france-2\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"France 2: watch the report featuring Hassan Kohen\"><img class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/france-2.svg\" alt=\"France 2\" style=\"--h:30px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li>\n<li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"tf1\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"TF1: watch the news excerpt featuring Hassan Kohen\"><img class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/tf1.svg\" alt=\"TF1\" style=\"--h:36px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li>\n<li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"france-tv\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"France T\u00e9l\u00e9visions: watch the excerpt featuring Reda Kohen\"><img class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/france-tv.svg\" alt=\"France T\u00e9l\u00e9visions\" style=\"--h:28px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li>\n<li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"bfm\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"BFMTV: watch the excerpt featuring Reda Kohen\"><img class=\"skip-lazy knp--fixe\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/bfm.svg\" alt=\"BFMTV\" style=\"--h:30px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li>\n<li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"le-point\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"Le Point: see the 2 publications\"><img class=\"skip-lazy knp--fixe\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/le-point.svg\" alt=\"Le Point\" style=\"--h:24px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li>\n<li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"le-figaro\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"Le Figaro Immobilier: see the 3 publications\"><img class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/le-figaro.svg\" alt=\"Le Figaro\" style=\"--h:19px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li>\n<li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"liberation\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"Lib\u00e9ration: see the publication\"><img class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/liberation.svg\" alt=\"Lib\u00e9ration\" style=\"--h:28px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li>\n<li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"les-echos\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"Les Echos: see the publication\"><img class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/les-echos.svg\" alt=\"Les Echos\" style=\"--h:23px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li>\n<li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"20-minutes\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"20 Minutes: see the 12 publications\"><img class=\"skip-lazy knp--fixe\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/20-minutes.svg\" alt=\"20 Minutes\" style=\"--h:24px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li>\n<li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"ouest-france\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"Ouest-France: see the 2 publications\"><img class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/ouest-france.svg\" alt=\"Ouest-France\" style=\"--h:28px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li>\n<li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"franceinfo\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"franceinfo: see the 2 publications\"><img class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/franceinfo.svg\" alt=\"franceinfo\" style=\"--h:19px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li>\n<li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"actu-fr\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"actu.fr: see the 3 publications\"><img class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/actu-fr.svg\" alt=\"actu.fr\" style=\"--h:26px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li>\n<li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"marie-claire\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"Marie Claire: see the publication\"><img class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/marie-claire.svg\" alt=\"Marie Claire\" style=\"--h:19px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li>\n<li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"femme-actuelle\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"Femme Actuelle: see the publication\"><img class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/femme-actuelle.svg\" alt=\"Femme Actuelle\" style=\"--h:21px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li>\n<li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"psychologies\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"Psychologies: see the publication\"><img class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/psychologies.svg\" alt=\"Psychologies\" style=\"--h:21px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li>\n<li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"wikipedia\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"Wikipedia: view the 4 publications\"><img class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/wikipedia.svg\" alt=\"Wikipedia\" style=\"--h:21px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li>\n<li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"data-gouv\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"data.gouv.fr: view the 2 publications\"><img class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/data-gouv.svg\" alt=\"data.gouv.fr\" style=\"--h:26px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li>\n<li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"leboncoin\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"Leboncoin: view the publication\"><img class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/leboncoin.svg\" alt=\"Leboncoin\" style=\"--h:24px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li>\n<li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"pappers\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"Pappers: view the 2 publications\"><img class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/pappers.svg\" alt=\"Pappers\" style=\"--h:25px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li>\n<li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"laforet\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"Lafor\u00eat Montesson: view the publication\"><img class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/laforet.svg\" alt=\"Lafor\u00eat\" style=\"--h:24px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li>\n<li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"economie-matin\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"\u00c9conomie Matin: see the publication\"><img class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/economie-matin.jpg\" alt=\"\u00c9conomie Matin\" style=\"--h:24px;mix-blend-mode:multiply\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li>\n<li class=\"knp__item\"><img class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/lexbase.png\" alt=\"Lexbase\" style=\"--h:20px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/li>\n<li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"awwwards\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"Awwwards: view the publication\"><img class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/awwwards.svg\" alt=\"Awwwards\" style=\"--h:20px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li>\n<li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"la-voix-du-nord\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"La Voix du Nord: see the publication\"><img class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/la-voix-du-nord.svg\" alt=\"La Voix du Nord\" style=\"--h:17px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li><li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"sortir-a-paris\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"Sortir \u00e0 Paris: see the publication\"><img class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/sortir-a-paris.png\" alt=\"Sortir \u00e0 Paris\" style=\"--h:40px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li><li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" 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d\u00e9noncent le \u00ab pi\u00e8ge de l'indivision \u00bb qui se referme sur les victimes de divorces tr\u00e8s conflictuels\",\"date\":\"2026-07-28\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/immobilier.lefigaro.fr\/article\/elles-denoncent-le-piege-de-l-indivision-qui-se-referme-sur-les-victimes-de-divorces-tres-conflictuels-20260728\",\"citation\":\"Tant que le pr\u00eat n'est pas rembours\u00e9, ren\u00e9goci\u00e9 ou d\u00e9solidaris\u00e9 avec l'accord de la banque, l'engagement bancaire continue.\",\"auteur\":\"Me Hassan Kohen\"},{\"titre\":\"Sa maison est fissur\u00e9e \u00e0 cause de la s\u00e9cheresse, la justice le rend responsable\",\"date\":\"2026-06-18\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/immobilier.lefigaro.fr\/article\/sa-maison-est-fissuree-a-cause-de-la-secheresse-la-justice-le-rend-responsable-20260618\",\"citation\":\"C'est \u00e0 l'assur\u00e9, demandeur \u00e0 l'indemnisation, de rapporter la preuve qu'il a satisfait \u00e0 cette obligation ou que de telles mesures \u00e9taient 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conseille sur son site Internet de proc\u00e9der avec m\u00e9thode en l'absence de mesures suffisantes face \u00e0 une forte chaleur.\",\"auteur\":\"Les Echos\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"ouest-france\":{\"nom\":\"Ouest-France\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Elle a laiss\u00e9 son fils b\u00e2tir sa maison au fond de son terrain, sans rien signer chez le notaire : 20 ans plus tard, \u00e0 la succession, la maison n'\u00e9tait pas \u00e0 lui\",\"date\":\"2026-10-06\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/pause-maison.ouest-france.fr\/elle-a-laisse-son-fils-batir-sa-maison-au-fond-de-son-terrain-sans-rien-signer-chez-le-notaire-20-ans-plus-tard-a-la-succession-la-maison-n-etait-pas-a-lui\",\"citation\":\"Selon le cabinet Kohen Avocats, cinq informations doivent \u00eatre r\u00e9unies avant toute analyse.\",\"auteur\":\"Pause Maison, Ouest-France\",\"paraphrase\":true},{\"titre\":\"Auchan devient Lidl : ce que change (ou pas) votre cr\u00e9dit Oney en 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Kohen\"},{\"titre\":\"\u00ab Pour renouer le dialogue c'est rat\u00e9 \u00bb : le sermon du pr\u00e9fet des Hauts-de-Seine aux parents d'\u00e9l\u00e8ves casseurs ne passe pas\",\"date\":\"2026-10-06\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/actu.fr\/ile-de-france\/nanterre_92050\/pour-renouer-le-dialogue-c-est-rate-le-sermon-du-prefet-des-hauts-de-seine-aux-parents-d-eleves-casseurs-ne-passe-pas_64886890.html\",\"citation\":\"Aucun texte ne donne au pr\u00e9fet le pouvoir de convoquer les parents d'un mineur.\",\"auteur\":\"Me Reda Kohen\"},{\"titre\":\"C\u00e9dric Jubillar surpris en plein acte sexuel au parloir : que dit vraiment la loi et ce qu'il risque\",\"date\":\"2026-09-27\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/actu.fr\/societe\/cedric-jubillar-surpris-en-plein-acte-sexuel-au-parloir-que-dit-vraiment-la-loi-et-ce-qu-il-risque_64844675.html\",\"citation\":\"Un confinement ou une mise en cellule disciplinaire de plusieurs jours, parfois assortie du sursis.\",\"auteur\":\"Me Hassan Kohen\"}]},\"marie-claire\":{\"nom\":\"Marie Claire\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Des plafonds de 31 et 62 jours : tout comprendre \u00e0 la nouvelle r\u00e9forme des arr\u00eats de travail\",\"date\":\"2026-09-01\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.marieclaire.fr\/reforme-arret-de-travail-septembre-2026-plafonds-droits-salaries,1519083.asp\",\"citation\":\"Pour une pathologie longue, l'arr\u00eat initial sera suivi de prolongations successives, chacune r\u00e9\u00e9valu\u00e9e par le praticien.\",\"auteur\":\"Me Hassan Kohen\"}]},\"psychologies\":{\"nom\":\"Psychologies\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Ce changement dans la loi sur le consentement pourrait tout changer pour les victimes de viol, et voici pourquoi\",\"date\":\"2025-06-18\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.psychologies.com\/actualites\/societe\/changement-loi-consentement-pourrait-tout-changer-victimes-viol-604168\",\"citation\":\"[\u2026] la charge de la preuve incombe \u00e0 l'accusation, et le doute doit syst\u00e9matiquement profiter 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fra\u00eechement isol\u00e9s juste pour y faire entrer la lumi\u00e8re : un an plus tard, c\u2019est la mairie qui a tout recompt\u00e9\",\"date\":\"2026-10-07\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/maison.20minutes.fr\/mm151832-jai-fait-percer-le-toit-de-mes-combles-fraichement-isoles-juste-pour-y-faire-entrer-la-lumiere-un-an-plus-tard-cest-la-mairie-qui-a-tout-recompte\",\"citation\":\"L'article cite une analyse de kohenavocats.fr parmi ses sources.\",\"auteur\":\"20 Minutes\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"wikipedia\":{\"nom\":\"Wikip\u00e9dia\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Rupture conventionnelle du contrat de travail\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rupture_conventionnelle_du_contrat_de_travail\",\"citation\":\"Le cabinet y est cit\u00e9 en r\u00e9f\u00e9rence : \u00ab La rupture conventionnelle \u00e0 l'\u00e9preuve de la loi du 11 juin 2026 : l'inflexion d'un dispositif entre libert\u00e9 contractuelle et ma\u00eetrise des deniers publics 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l'\u00c9tat.\",\"auteur\":\"data.gouv.fr\",\"paraphrase\":true,\"libelle\":\"Voir la fiche sur data.gouv.fr\"},{\"titre\":\"Commentaires des d\u00e9cisions de justice par l'IA g\u00e9n\u00e9rative\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.data.gouv.fr\/reuses\/commentaires-des-decisions-de-justice-par-lia-generative\",\"citation\":\"R\u00e9utilisation des donn\u00e9es publiques de justice publi\u00e9e par Kohen Avocats et r\u00e9f\u00e9renc\u00e9e sur data.gouv.fr.\",\"auteur\":\"data.gouv.fr\",\"paraphrase\":true,\"libelle\":\"Voir la r\u00e9utilisation sur data.gouv.fr\"}]},\"awwwards\":{\"nom\":\"Awwwards\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Kohen Avocats, site nomm\u00e9 aux Awwwards\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.awwwards.com\/sites\/kohen-avocats\",\"citation\":\"Le site du cabinet figure parmi les sites nomm\u00e9s (\u00ab Nominee \u00bb) par Awwwards, r\u00e9f\u00e9rence internationale du design web.\",\"auteur\":\"Awwwards\",\"paraphrase\":true,\"libelle\":\"Voir la fiche sur 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\u00e0 la location ?\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.leboncoin.fr\/guide\/immobilier\/bouilloires-thermiques-bientot-interdites-a-la-location-hfpj70o6.html\",\"citation\":\"Le guide immobilier cite une analyse de kohenavocats.fr parmi ses sources.\",\"auteur\":\"Leboncoin\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"femme-actuelle\":{\"nom\":\"Femme Actuelle\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"S\u00e9paration ou divorce : quelle banque et quel cr\u00e9dit pour repartir sur de bonnes bases ?\",\"date\":\"2026-09-30\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.femmeactuelle.fr\/vie-pratique\/news-vie-pratique\/separation-ou-divorce-quelle-banque-et-quel-credit-pour-repartir-sur-de-bonnes-bases-2211980\",\"citation\":\"L'article cite une analyse de kohenavocats.com parmi ses sources.\",\"auteur\":\"Femme Actuelle\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"economie-matin\":{\"nom\":\"\u00c9conomie Matin\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Nouveau bail 2026 : ce que les propri\u00e9taires doivent anticiper d\u00e8s maintenant\",\"date\":\"2026-09-10\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.economiematin.fr\/bail-nouveau-2026-proprietaires-anticiper\",\"citation\":\"Sur le d\u00e9cret n\u00b0 2026-596 du 7 juillet 2026, l'article renvoie \u00e0 l'analyse publi\u00e9e par le cabinet.\",\"auteur\":\"\u00c9conomie Matin\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"la-voix-du-nord\":{\"nom\":\"La Voix du Nord\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Que risquent les personnes qui ach\u00e8tent des objets vol\u00e9s le 17 octobre ?\",\"date\":\"2026-10-19\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.lavoixdunord.fr\/1747700\/article\/2026-10-19\/que-risquent-les-personnes-qui-achetent-des-objets-voles-le-17-octobre\",\"citation\":\"L\u2019infraction suppose la connaissance de l\u2019origine : savoir que l\u2019objet provient d\u2019un vol.\",\"auteur\":\"Me Hassan Kohen\"}]},\"sortir-a-paris\":{\"nom\":\"Sortir \u00e0 Paris\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Manifestation du 24 octobre \u00e0 Paris : parcours, nouvelles stations ferm\u00e9es, les infos\",\"date\":\"2026-10-20\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.sortiraparis.com\/actualites\/a-paris\/articles\/355171-manifestation-du-24-octobre-a-paris-parcours-nouvelles-stations-fermees-les-infos\",\"citation\":\"Sur le d\u00e9lai de d\u00e9claration d\u2019une manifestation \u00e0 Paris, l\u2019article renvoie \u00e0 l\u2019analyse du cabinet, pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 comme \u00ab un avocat p\u00e9naliste parisien \u00bb.\",\"auteur\":\"Sortir \u00e0 Paris\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"science-et-vie\":{\"nom\":\"Science \\u0026 Vie\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Canicule : sans climatisation, ces quelques gestes simples permettraient de faire chuter la temp\u00e9rature de votre logement\",\"date\":\"2026-07-07\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.science-et-vie.com\/nature-et-environnement\/climat\/canicule-sans-climatisation-quelques-gestes-simples-permettraient-de-faire-chuter-la-temperature-de-votre-logement-247975.html\",\"citation\":\"L\u2019article renvoie \u00e0 deux analyses du cabinet : l\u2019obligation de d\u00e9livrer un logement d\u00e9cent pendant toute la dur\u00e9e du bail et l\u2019ordonnance du tribunal judiciaire de B\u00e9ziers du 31 mars 2026 sur une climatisation install\u00e9e sans autorisation.\",\"auteur\":\"Science \\u0026 Vie\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"frandroid\":{\"nom\":\"Frandroid\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Fin de Rakuten France : comment r\u00e9cup\u00e9rer vos factures, vos garanties et vos points Club R\",\"date\":\"2026-09-30\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.frandroid.com\/culture-tech\/web\/3266559_fin-de-rakuten-france-comment-recuperer-vos-factures-vos-garanties-et-vos-points-club-r\",\"citation\":\"Le cabinet Kohen Avocats leur conseille de retirer cet argent et de t\u00e9l\u00e9charger tout leur historique avant le 10 novembre.\",\"auteur\":\"Frandroid\",\"paraphrase\":true},{\"titre\":\"Goutte-\u00e0-goutte et inondation : que faire quand la climatisation du voisin ruine votre terrasse ?\",\"date\":\"2026-07-28\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.frandroid.com\/produits-android\/maison-connectee\/climatiseur\/3196305_goutte-a-goutte-et-inondation-que-faire-quand-la-climatisation-du-voisin-ruine-votre-terrasse\",\"citation\":\"L\u2019article renvoie \u00e0 la grille de lecture juridique publi\u00e9e par le cabinet sur les condensats de climatisation en copropri\u00e9t\u00e9.\",\"auteur\":\"Frandroid\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"magicmaman\":{\"nom\":\"Magicmaman\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Vous vivez en immeuble et vous n\u2019avez toujours pas de chauffage cet automne ? Voil\u00e0 pourquoi\",\"date\":\"2026-10-25\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.magicmaman.com\/vous-vivez-en-immeuble-et-vous-n-avez-toujours-pas-de-chauffage-cet-automne-voila-pourquoi,3787269.asp\",\"citation\":\"Cette date nationale n\u2019existe pas. La loi ne fixe pas un calendrier d\u2019allumage commun \u00e0 tous les immeubles.\",\"auteur\":\"Cabinet Kohen Avocats\"}]},\"selectra\":{\"nom\":\"Selectra\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Reflet des panneaux solaires du voisin : l\u2019argument qui a d\u00e9j\u00e0 fait condamner un propri\u00e9taire \u00e0 les retirer\",\"date\":\"2026-09-24\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/selectra.info\/energie\/actualites\/marche\/panneaux-solaires-voisin-eblouissement\",\"citation\":\"Sur l\u2019arr\u00eat de la cour d\u2019appel de N\u00eemes du 3 avril 2025 (n\u00b0 22\/02456), l\u2019article renvoie \u00e0 l\u2019analyse publi\u00e9e par le cabinet.\",\"auteur\":\"Selectra\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"next\":{\"nom\":\"Next\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Fin de Bloctel, interdiction du d\u00e9marchage d\u00e8s le 11 ao\u00fbt : on fait le point\",\"date\":\"2026-08-04\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/next.ink\/249950\/fin-de-bloctel-interdiction-du-demarchage-des-le-11-aout-on-fait-le-point\/\",\"citation\":\"Selon le cabinet Kohen Avocats, les jurisprudences dans ce secteur devraient \u00ab \u00e9clairer la port\u00e9e du futur r\u00e9gime \u00bb.\",\"auteur\":\"Next\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"actu-juridique\":{\"nom\":\"Actu-Juridique\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Magistrature et franc-ma\u00e7onnerie : que dit le droit ?\",\"date\":\"2026-09-22\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.actu-juridique.fr\/professions\/magistrats\/magistrature-et-franc-maconnerie-stupeur-et-evitements\/\",\"citation\":\"L\u2019article cite en r\u00e9f\u00e9rence l\u2019analyse de Ma\u00eetre Hassan Kohen, avocat en droit p\u00e9nal \u00e0 Paris, sur l\u2019avis du Coll\u00e8ge de d\u00e9ontologie du 9 juin 2026.\",\"auteur\":\"Actu-Juridique\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"batiweb\":{\"nom\":\"Batiweb\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Mayotte : Lecornu veut un \u00ab choc de mises en chantier \u00bb\",\"date\":\"2026-08-27\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.batiweb.com\/actualites\/urbanisme\/reconstruction-mayotte-lecornu-choc-mises-chantier-49208\",\"citation\":\"Sur les autorisations d\u2019urbanisme n\u00e9cessaires \u00e0 la reconstruction de Mayotte, l\u2019article cite les explications de Me Reda Kohen.\",\"auteur\":\"Batiweb\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"berliner-zeitung\":{\"nom\":\"Berliner Zeitung\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Null Euro Miete, daf\u00fcr Quizabende mit Rentnern: Wie eine 18-J\u00e4hrige ins Seniorenheim zog\",\"date\":\"2026-09-21\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.berliner-zeitung.de\/article\/null-euro-miete-dafuer-quizabende-mit-rentnern-wie-eine-18-jaehrige-ins-seniorenheim-zog-10414380\",\"citation\":\"Der Pariser Anwalt Reda Kohen ordnet das Modell als Gebrauchsleihe ein: Die Wohnung wird \u00fcberlassen, nicht vermietet.\",\"auteur\":\"Berliner Zeitung\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"startupitalia\":{\"nom\":\"StartupItalia\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Quasi 13 miliardi di dollari di Nvidia per la sconosciuta Hugging Face. Chi vende picconi decide di comprare la miniera\",\"date\":\"2026-09-04\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/startupitalia.eu\/tech\/tredici-miliardi-per-unazienda-sconosciuta-ecco-su-cosa-si-basa-la-scommessa-di-nvidia-con-hugging-face\/\",\"citation\":\"Come ha ricostruito l\u2019avvocato parigino Reda Kohen, la competenza di Bruxelles non dipende dal prezzo ma dai fatturati delle parti.\",\"auteur\":\"StartupItalia\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"beincrypto\":{\"nom\":\"BeInCrypto\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"France Wants to Tax Crypto Holders Before They Sell\",\"date\":\"2026-10-11\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/beincrypto.com\/france-crypto-exit-tax-unsold-gains\/\",\"citation\":\"Left-wing deputy Nicolas Sansu filed it with 16 co-signers, and the National Assembly\u2019s finance committee adopted it on October 8, according to a Paris law firm.\",\"auteur\":\"BeInCrypto\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"kucoin\":{\"nom\":\"KuCoin\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"France Proposes Exit Tax on Crypto Holders with Over \u20ac800,000 in Unrealized Gains\",\"date\":\"2026-10-11\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.kucoin.com\/news\/flash\/france-proposes-exit-tax-on-crypto-holders-with-over-800-000-in-unrealized-gains\",\"citation\":\"Left-wing deputy Nicolas Sansu filed it with 16 co-signers, and the National Assembly\u2019s finance committee adopted it on October 8, according to a Paris law firm.\",\"auteur\":\"KuCoin\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"finst\":{\"nom\":\"Finst\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"France Wants to Tax Crypto Before You Sell\",\"date\":\"2026-10-11\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/news.finst.com\/en\/articles\/france-wants-to-tax-crypto-before-sale\",\"citation\":\"According to a Paris law firm, the National Assembly's finance committee approved the plan on October 8.\",\"auteur\":\"Finst\",\"paraphrase\":true}]}}<\/script>\n<script nowprocket data-no-optimize=\"1\" data-no-defer=\"1\">\n(function(){\nvar EN=!\/^fr\/i.test(document.documentElement.lang||'fr');\nvar 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style=\"object-fit:cover;object-position:50% 50%;\">\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"opt-card-content\">\n                <span class=\"opt-top\">Lawyer<\/span>\n                <h3 class=\"opt-title\">RIVER LAW<\/h3>\n                <span class=\"opt-bottom\">Paris<\/span>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/road-transport-lawyer-paris\/\" class=\"opt-card\">\n            <div class=\"opt-card-bg\">\n                <img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/echecs-cartes-plein-cadre-20261011\/echecs-plein-44-800.webp\" srcset=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/echecs-cartes-plein-cadre-20261011\/echecs-plein-44-400.webp 400w, https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/echecs-cartes-plein-cadre-20261011\/echecs-plein-44-800.webp 800w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width:767px) 280px,320px\" width=\"800\" height=\"1219\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Road transport lawyer Paris\" style=\"object-fit:cover;object-position:50% 50%;\">\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"opt-card-content\">\n                <span class=\"opt-top\">Lawyer<\/span>\n                <h3 class=\"opt-title\">ROAD TRANSPORT<\/h3>\n                <span class=\"opt-bottom\">Paris<\/span>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/logistics-lawyer-paris\/\" class=\"opt-card\">\n            <div class=\"opt-card-bg\">\n                <img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/echecs-cartes-plein-cadre-20261011\/echecs-plein-46-800.webp\" srcset=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/echecs-cartes-plein-cadre-20261011\/echecs-plein-46-400.webp 400w, https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/echecs-cartes-plein-cadre-20261011\/echecs-plein-46-800.webp 800w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width:767px) 280px,320px\" width=\"800\" height=\"1200\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Logistics lawyer Paris\" style=\"object-fit:cover;object-position:50% 50%;\">\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"opt-card-content\">\n                <span class=\"opt-top\">Lawyer<\/span>\n                <h3 class=\"opt-title\">LOGISTICS<\/h3>\n                <span class=\"opt-bottom\">Paris<\/span>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/customs-law-lawyer-paris\/\" class=\"opt-card\">\n            <div class=\"opt-card-bg\">\n                <img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/echecs-cartes-plein-cadre-20261011\/echecs-plein-48-800.webp\" srcset=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/echecs-cartes-plein-cadre-20261011\/echecs-plein-48-400.webp 400w, https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/echecs-cartes-plein-cadre-20261011\/echecs-plein-48-800.webp 800w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width:767px) 280px,320px\" width=\"800\" height=\"854\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Customs law lawyer Paris\" style=\"object-fit:cover;object-position:50% 50%;\">\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"opt-card-content\">\n                <span class=\"opt-top\">Lawyer<\/span>\n                <h3 class=\"opt-title\">CUSTOMS LAW<\/h3>\n                <span class=\"opt-bottom\">Paris<\/span>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/international-contract-lawyer-paris\/\" class=\"opt-card\">\n            <div class=\"opt-card-bg\">\n                <img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/echecs-cartes-plein-cadre-20261011\/echecs-plein-56-800.webp\" srcset=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/echecs-cartes-plein-cadre-20261011\/echecs-plein-56-400.webp 400w, https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/echecs-cartes-plein-cadre-20261011\/echecs-plein-56-800.webp 800w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width:767px) 280px,320px\" width=\"800\" height=\"967\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"International contract lawyer Paris\" style=\"object-fit:cover;object-position:50% 50%;\">\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"opt-card-content\">\n                <span class=\"opt-top\">Lawyer<\/span>\n                <h3 class=\"opt-title\">INTERNATIONAL CONTRACTS<\/h3>\n                <span class=\"opt-bottom\">Paris<\/span>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/arbitration-lawyer-paris\/\" class=\"opt-card\">\n            <div class=\"opt-card-bg\">\n                <img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/echecs-cartes-plein-cadre-20261011\/echecs-plein-60-800.webp\" srcset=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/echecs-cartes-plein-cadre-20261011\/echecs-plein-60-400.webp 400w, https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/echecs-cartes-plein-cadre-20261011\/echecs-plein-60-800.webp 800w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width:767px) 280px,320px\" width=\"800\" height=\"1428\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Arbitration lawyer Paris\" style=\"object-fit:cover;object-position:50% 50%;\">\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"opt-card-content\">\n                <span class=\"opt-top\">Lawyer<\/span>\n                <h3 class=\"opt-title\">ARBITRATION<\/h3>\n                <span class=\"opt-bottom\">Paris<\/span>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/exequatur-lawyer-paris\/\" class=\"opt-card\">\n            <div class=\"opt-card-bg\">\n                <img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/echecs-cartes-plein-cadre-20261011\/echecs-plein-66-800.webp\" srcset=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/echecs-cartes-plein-cadre-20261011\/echecs-plein-66-400.webp 400w, https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/echecs-cartes-plein-cadre-20261011\/echecs-plein-66-800.webp 800w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width:767px) 280px,320px\" width=\"800\" height=\"1131\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Exequatur lawyer Paris\" style=\"object-fit:cover;object-position:50% 50%;\">\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"opt-card-content\">\n                <span class=\"opt-top\">Lawyer<\/span>\n                <h3 class=\"opt-title\">EXEQUATUR<\/h3>\n                <span class=\"opt-bottom\">Paris<\/span>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<style>\n#slider-contentieux-seo {\n    position: relative;\n    width: 100%;\n    max-width: 100%;\n    margin: 0 auto;\n    padding-bottom: 20px;\n    background: transparent;\n    font-family: 'Lato', sans-serif !important;\n    box-sizing: border-box;\n}\n\n#slider-contentieux-seo * {\n    box-sizing: border-box;\n}\n\n#slider-contentieux-seo .opt-section-header {\n    text-align: center;\n    padding: 30px 20px 40px 20px;\n}\n\n#slider-contentieux-seo .opt-section-header h2 {\n    font-family: 'Lato', sans-serif !important;\n    font-weight: 400 !important;\n    font-size: clamp(20px, 2vw, 30px) !important;\n    color: #212121 !important;\n    margin: 0 !important;\n    line-height: 1.2 !important;\n}\n\n#slider-contentieux-seo .highlight {\n    color: #E09019 !important;\n    font-style: italic;\n    font-weight: 700;\n}\n\n#slider-contentieux-seo .custom-slider-scroll {\n    display: flex;\n    overflow-x: auto;\n    gap: 15px;\n    padding: 20px 40px 60px 40px;\n    scroll-snap-type: x mandatory;\n    -webkit-overflow-scrolling: touch;\n    scroll-behavior: smooth;\n    scrollbar-width: none;\n    -ms-overflow-style: none;\n}\n\n#slider-contentieux-seo .custom-slider-scroll::-webkit-scrollbar {\n    display: none;\n}\n\n#slider-contentieux-seo .slider-arrow {\n    position: absolute;\n    top: 55%;\n    transform: translateY(-50%);\n    background: transparent !important;\n    border: none !important;\n    outline: none !important;\n    box-shadow: none !important;\n    padding: 0 !important;\n    margin: 0 !important;\n    cursor: pointer;\n    z-index: 20;\n    transition: transform 0.2s ease;\n    display: block !important;\n}\n\n#slider-contentieux-seo .arrow-left {\n    left: 15px;\n}\n\n#slider-contentieux-seo .arrow-right {\n    right: 15px;\n}\n\n#slider-contentieux-seo .slider-arrow:hover {\n    transform: translateY(-50%) scale(1.05);\n}\n\n#slider-contentieux-seo .slider-arrow:active {\n    transform: translateY(-50%) scale(0.95);\n}\n\n#slider-contentieux-seo .opt-card {\n    position: relative;\n    flex: 0 0 auto;\n    width: 320px !important;\n    height: 462px !important;\n    border-radius: 50px !important;\n    overflow: hidden;\n    text-decoration: none !important;\n    scroll-snap-align: start;\n    background-color: #f0f0f0;\n    box-shadow: 0 4px 44px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);\n    transition: box-shadow 0.3s ease;\n    border: none !important;\n    margin: 0 !important;\n}\n\n@media (min-width: 1025px) {\n    #slider-contentieux-seo .opt-card:hover {\n        box-shadow: 0 4px 25px rgba(0,0,0,0.2);\n    }\n}\n\n#slider-contentieux-seo .opt-card-bg {\n    position: absolute;\n    inset: 0;\n    z-index: 0;\n}\n\n#slider-contentieux-seo .opt-card-bg img {\n    width: 100%;\n    height: 100%;\n    object-fit: cover;\n    transition: transform 0.5s ease;\n    border-radius: 50px !important;\n    margin: 0 !important;\n    padding: 0 !important;\n    display: block !important;\n}\n\n@media (min-width: 1025px) {\n    #slider-contentieux-seo .opt-card:hover .opt-card-bg img {\n        transform: scale(1.05);\n    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elementor-element-ba20d0d e-con-full e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"ba20d0d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0c54797 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"0c54797\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<!-- kccm-reprise-2246-20261019 -->\n<style id=\"kccm-20261019\">\n@keyframes knp-defile{from{transform:translateX(0)}to{transform:translateX(-50%)}}\n.kccm .kcv{ font-family:'Lato',sans-serif; color:#1D1D1F; width:100%; overflow-x:clip; -webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased; }\n.kccm .kcv *{ box-sizing:border-box; }\n.kccm .kcv a{ color:#1F4FA8; }\n.kccm .kcv-in{ max-width:1240px; margin:0 auto; padding:0 20px; }\n.kccm .kcv .kk{ font-size:12px; font-weight:700; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:.14em; color:#E09019; margin:0 0 14px; }\n.kccm 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font-family:'Lato',sans-serif; font-size:16px; font-weight:700; line-height:1.15; text-align:left;\n  background:conic-gradient(from 280deg,#F5F7FA 0deg,#CCD7E4 40deg,#FFFFFF 80deg,#F6DFB3 85deg,#D4E8FC 92deg,#E0E5ED 150deg,#BACDDE 185deg,#FFFFFF 202deg,#F3E6C8 206deg,#CCEBF1 211deg,#EDF2F8 270deg,#C2D5E7 320deg,#FFFFFF 338deg,#F5F7FA 360deg);\n  box-shadow:0 2px 2px rgba(255,255,255,.53), inset 0 0 0 1px rgba(190,196,211,.4), 0 12px 18px -5px rgba(24,35,57,.27); transition:transform .3s ease, box-shadow .3s ease; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-fb::before{ content:\"\"; position:absolute; inset:-7px; border-radius:inherit; border:1px solid rgba(136,141,148,.18); box-shadow:inset 0 1px 1px rgba(255,255,255,.6), inset 0 -2px 1px rgba(255,255,255,.47), 0 1px 2px rgba(61,66,67,.17); background:transparent; z-index:-2; pointer-events:none; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-fb::after{ content:\"\"; position:absolute; inset:2.7px; border-radius:inherit; z-index:-1; background:radial-gradient(at 35% 0%, 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saturate(170%); backdrop-filter:blur(18px) saturate(170%); border:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.8); box-shadow:inset 0 1px 0 rgba(255,255,255,.95), inset 0 -1px 0 rgba(255,255,255,.35), 0 24px 60px rgba(16,32,64,.16); }\n@supports not ((backdrop-filter:blur(2px)) or (-webkit-backdrop-filter:blur(2px))){.kccm .kcv-glass{ background:rgba(255,255,255,.95); }}\n.kccm .kcv-chip{ border-radius:20px; padding:14px 18px; display:flex; align-items:center; gap:12px; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-chip p{ margin:0; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-chip-n{ font-size:30px; font-weight:900; letter-spacing:-.03em; line-height:1; color:#1D1D1F; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-chip-x{ font-size:12.5px; line-height:1.35; color:#3A4A5E; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-press-t{ margin:0 0 2px; text-align:center; font-size:11.5px; font-weight:700; letter-spacing:.16em; text-transform:uppercase; color:#5a6275; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-press-t em{ font-style:normal; color:#E09019; }\n.kccm .kcv-tabs{ padding:96px 0 56px; background:\n  radial-gradient(900px 420px at 88% 10%, rgba(46,107,216,.08), transparent 65%),\n  radial-gradient(800px 420px at 8% 60%, rgba(224,144,25,.06), transparent 65%),\n  linear-gradient(180deg,#EEF3FA 0%,#F5F8FC 48%,#FFFFFF 100%); }\n.kccm .kcv-tabs-head{ text-align:center; max-width:900px; margin:0 auto; }\n.kccm .kcv h2{ font-family:'Lato',sans-serif; font-weight:400; font-size:36px; line-height:1.14; letter-spacing:-.022em; color:#1D1D1F; margin:0 0 14px; }\n.kccm .kcv-bar{ display:flex; justify-content:center; margin:30px 0 26px; }\n.kccm .kcv-chips{ display:inline-flex; gap:4px; padding:6px; max-width:100%; overflow-x:auto; scrollbar-width:none; background:rgba(255,255,255,.6); border:1px solid #DCE6F2; border-radius:999px; -webkit-backdrop-filter:blur(10px); backdrop-filter:blur(10px); box-shadow:inset 0 1px 0 #FFFFFF; }\n.kccm .kcv-chips::-webkit-scrollbar{ display:none; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-chip-t{ flex:none; font-family:'Lato',sans-serif; font-size:15px; font-weight:600; line-height:1; color:#5a6275 !important; background:transparent !important; border:0 !important; border-radius:999px !important; padding:13px 20px !important; min-height:0; white-space:nowrap; cursor:pointer; box-shadow:none; transition:background .25s ease, color .25s ease, box-shadow .25s ease; text-transform:none; letter-spacing:0; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-chip-t:hover{ color:#1D1D1F !important; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-chip-t.on{ background:#FFFFFF !important; color:#1D1D1F !important; box-shadow:0 6px 16px rgba(16,32,64,.10) !important; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-chip-t:focus-visible{ outline:2px solid #2E6BD8; outline-offset:2px; }\n.kccm .kcv-slide{ background:rgba(255,255,255,.86); border:1px solid #DCE6F2; border-radius:30px; padding:52px 64px; box-shadow:0 24px 60px rgba(16,32,64,.07); scroll-margin-top:110px; }\n.kccm .kcv-slide + .kcv-slide{ margin-top:24px; }\n.kccm .kcv.js .kcv-slide + .kcv-slide{ margin-top:0; }\n.kccm .kcv-slide[hidden]{ display:none !important; }\n.kccm .kcv-slide > .kk,.kccm .kcv-slide > h2,.kccm .kcv-slide > .kcv-lead{ text-align:center; }\n.kccm .kcv-slide > h2{ margin-bottom:16px; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-lead{ font-size:18px; line-height:1.7; color:#3A4A5E; max-width:780px; margin:0 auto 30px; }\n.kccm .kcv h3{ font-family:'Lato',sans-serif; font-size:20px; font-weight:700; line-height:1.3; color:#1D1D1F; margin:30px 0 10px; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-p{ font-size:17px; line-height:1.75; color:#1D1D1F; margin:0 0 16px; }\n.kccm .kcv-pro{ display:grid; grid-template-columns:420px minmax(0,1fr); gap:56px; align-items:start; }\n.kccm .kcv-pro-photo{ position:relative; margin:0; border-radius:26px; overflow:hidden; box-shadow:0 30px 60px rgba(16,32,64,.16); background:#EEF3FA; }\n.kccm .kcv-pro-photo img{ display:block; width:100%; height:auto; aspect-ratio:1122\/1402; object-fit:cover; border-radius:0; }\n.kccm .kcv-pro-cap{ font-style:normal; position:absolute; left:16px; right:16px; bottom:16px; border-radius:18px; padding:14px 18px; display:flex; flex-direction:column; gap:2px; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-pro-capn{ font-size:17px; font-weight:700; color:#1D1D1F; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-pro-capr{ font-size:13.5px; color:#3A4A5E; }\n.kccm .kcv-pro-body{ padding-top:10px; }\n.kccm .kcv-pro-body > h2{ font-size:38px; margin-bottom:18px; }\n.kccm .kcv-pro-tags{ list-style:none; margin:0 0 24px; padding:0; display:flex; flex-wrap:wrap; gap:8px; }\n.kccm .kcv-pro-tags li{ margin:0; padding:8px 14px; border-radius:999px; background:#FFFFFF; border:1px solid #DCE6F2; font-size:13.5px; font-weight:600; color:#3A4A5E; box-shadow:inset 0 1px 0 #FFFFFF, 0 4px 10px rgba(16,32,64,.05); }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-pro-meta{ margin:20px 0 0; padding-top:18px; border-top:1px solid #DCE6F2; display:flex; flex-wrap:wrap; gap:6px 18px; font-size:14.5px; color:#5a6275; }\n.kccm .kcv-pro + .kcv-cards{ margin-top:40px; }\n.kccm .kcv-profile{ display:grid; grid-template-columns:150px minmax(0,1fr); gap:34px; align-items:center; }\n.kccm .kcv-photo img{ width:150px; height:auto; aspect-ratio:1122\/1402; object-fit:cover; border-radius:18px; display:block; }\n.kccm .kcv-profile h2{ font-size:32px; margin-bottom:10px; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-nm{ font-size:18px; font-weight:700; margin:0 0 4px; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-mt{ font-size:14.5px; color:#5a6275; margin:0; }\n.kccm .kcv-rule{ height:1px; background:linear-gradient(90deg,#CFDEF0 0%,rgba(207,222,240,0) 100%); margin:28px 0; }\n.kccm .kcv-cards{ display:grid; grid-template-columns:repeat(3,minmax(0,1fr)); gap:18px; margin-top:24px; }\n.kccm .kcv-card{ background:linear-gradient(135deg,#FFFFFF 0%,#F6FAFF 100%); border:1px solid #DCE6F2; border-radius:18px; padding:24px 24px 26px; }\n.kccm .kcv-card h3{ margin:0 0 8px; font-size:17.5px; }\n.kccm .kcv-card p{ margin:0; font-size:15px; line-height:1.62; color:#3A4A5E; }\n.kccm .kcv-conds{ counter-reset:c; list-style:none; margin:14px 0 22px; padding:0; display:grid; grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr; gap:12px; }\n.kccm .kcv-conds li{ counter-increment:c; position:relative; padding:16px 18px 16px 58px; background:#FFFFFF; border:1px solid #DCE6F2; border-radius:16px; font-size:15.5px; line-height:1.55; color:#3A4A5E; }\n.kccm .kcv-conds li strong{ color:#1D1D1F; }\n.kccm .kcv-conds li::before{ content:counter(c); position:absolute; left:16px; top:15px; width:28px; height:28px; border-radius:50%; background:linear-gradient(135deg,#1F4FA8,#2E6BD8); color:#FFF; font-weight:700; font-size:14px; display:flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; }\n.kccm .kcv-vs{ display:grid; grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr; gap:18px; margin:4px 0 18px; }\n.kccm .kcv-vs-col{ background:#FFFFFF; border:1px solid #DCE6F2; border-radius:18px; padding:22px 24px; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-vs-t{ font-weight:700; font-size:17px; margin:0 0 10px; color:#1D1D1F; }\n.kccm .kcv-vs ul{ margin:0; padding-left:18px; }\n.kccm .kcv-vs li{ font-size:15.5px; line-height:1.6; color:#3A4A5E; margin:0 0 8px; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-note{ margin:0 0 6px; padding:16px 20px; border-radius:14px; background:#FFF8EC; border-left:3px solid #E09019; font-size:15.5px; line-height:1.6; color:#3A4A5E; }\n.kccm .kcv-tl{ list-style:none; margin:10px 0 26px; padding:0 0 0 30px; position:relative; }\n.kccm .kcv-tl::before{ content:\"\"; position:absolute; left:9px; top:6px; bottom:6px; width:2px; background:linear-gradient(180deg,#2E6BD8,#CFDEF0); }\n.kccm .kcv-tl li{ position:relative; margin:0 0 18px; }\n.kccm .kcv-tl li::before{ content:\"\"; position:absolute; left:-27px; top:4px; width:14px; height:14px; border-radius:50%; background:#FFF; border:3px solid #1F4FA8; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-tl-t{ font-weight:700; margin:0 0 3px; font-size:16.5px; }\n.kccm .kcv-tl li p{ margin:0; font-size:15.5px; line-height:1.6; color:#3A4A5E; }\n.kccm .kcv-check{ list-style:none; margin:0 0 24px; padding:0; display:grid; grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr; gap:10px; }\n.kccm .kcv-check li{ display:flex; gap:10px; align-items:flex-start; background:#FFF; border:1px solid #DCE6F2; border-radius:14px; padding:13px 15px; font-size:15px; line-height:1.5; }\n.kccm .kcv-check svg{ flex:none; margin-top:2px; }\n.kccm .kcv-faq details{ background:#FFFFFF; border:1px solid #DCE6F2; border-radius:16px; padding:17px 20px; margin:10px 0; transition:border-color .2s ease; }\n.kccm .kcv-faq details:hover,.kccm .kcv-faq details[open]{ border-color:#9fc0e8; }\n.kccm .kcv-faq summary{ cursor:pointer; font-weight:700; font-size:16.5px; list-style:none; display:flex; justify-content:space-between; gap:14px; color:#1D1D1F; }\n.kccm .kcv-faq summary::-webkit-details-marker{ display:none; }\n.kccm .kcv-faq summary::after{ content:\"+\"; color:#E09019; font-weight:600; font-size:22px; line-height:1; flex:none; transition:transform .25s ease; }\n.kccm .kcv-faq details[open] summary::after{ transform:rotate(45deg); }\n.kccm .kcv-faq .a{ margin-top:12px; }\n.kccm .kcv-faq .a p{ font-size:15.5px; line-height:1.7; color:#3A4A5E; margin:0 0 10px; }\n.kccm .kcv-src{ display:grid; grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr; gap:18px; }\n.kccm .kcv-links{ margin:0 0 12px; padding-left:18px; }\n.kccm .kcv-links li{ margin:0 0 6px; font-size:15px; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-small{ font-size:13.5px; color:#5a6275; margin:10px 0 0; }\n.kccm .kcv-chips-l,.kccm .kcv-src .kcv-chips{ display:flex; flex-wrap:wrap; gap:8px; margin-top:6px; padding:0; background:none; border:0; box-shadow:none; -webkit-backdrop-filter:none; backdrop-filter:none; overflow:visible; }\n.kccm .kcv-src .kcv-chips a{ display:inline-block; background:linear-gradient(135deg,#FFFFFF 0%,#E6EEF8 100%); border:1px solid #CFDEF0; color:#1F4FA8; border-radius:999px; padding:9px 15px; font-size:14px; font-weight:600; text-decoration:none; }\n.kccm .kcv-src .kcv-chips a:hover{ border-color:#1F4FA8; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-center{ text-align:center; }\n.kccm .kcv-stats{ display:grid; grid-template-columns:repeat(4,minmax(0,1fr)); gap:14px; margin:6px 0 40px; }\n.kccm .kcv-stat{ position:relative; overflow:hidden; padding:22px 22px 20px; border-radius:20px; background:linear-gradient(150deg,#FFFFFF 0%,#F4F8FE 60%,#EAF1FB 100%); border:1px solid #DCE6F2; box-shadow:inset 0 1px 0 #FFFFFF, 0 10px 24px rgba(16,32,64,.05); }\n.kccm .kcv-stat::after{ content:\"\"; position:absolute; right:-30px; top:-30px; width:90px; height:90px; border-radius:50%; background:radial-gradient(circle, rgba(46,107,216,.12), transparent 70%); }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-stat-n{ margin:0 0 6px; font-size:30px; line-height:1; font-weight:900; letter-spacing:-.03em; color:#1F4FA8; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-stat-n sup{ font-size:.5em; vertical-align:top; position:relative; top:.1em; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-stat-t{ margin:0; font-size:14px; line-height:1.45; color:#3A4A5E; }\n.kccm .kcv-rows{ display:flex; flex-direction:column; }\n.kccm .kcv-row{ display:grid; grid-template-columns:260px minmax(0,1fr); gap:44px; padding:30px 0; border-top:1px solid #E3EAF4; }\n.kccm .kcv-row:first-child{ border-top:0; padding-top:6px; }\n.kccm .kcv-row-h{ position:sticky; top:110px; align-self:start; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-row-k{ margin:0 0 8px; font-size:11.5px; font-weight:700; letter-spacing:.14em; text-transform:uppercase; color:#E09019; }\n.kccm .kcv-row-h h3{ margin:0; font-size:21px; line-height:1.3; }\n.kccm .kcv-row-b .kcv-p:last-child{ margin-bottom:0; }\n.kccm .kcv-row-b .kcv-conds{ margin-top:0; }\n.kccm .kcv-duel{ display:grid; grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr) 54px minmax(0,1fr); align-items:stretch; margin:6px 0 26px; }\n.kccm .kcv-opt{ position:relative; border-radius:24px; padding:30px 30px 26px; border:1px solid #DCE6F2; background:#FFFFFF; box-shadow:0 14px 34px rgba(16,32,64,.06); }\n.kccm .kcv-opt-a{ background:linear-gradient(160deg,#FFFFFF 0%,#F2F7FF 100%); }\n.kccm .kcv-opt-b{ background:linear-gradient(160deg,#FFFFFF 0%,#FFF7EA 100%); }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-opt-k{ margin:0 0 6px; font-size:11.5px; font-weight:700; letter-spacing:.14em; text-transform:uppercase; color:#1F4FA8; }\n.kccm .kcv-opt-b .kcv-opt-k{ color:#B07314; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-opt-t{ margin:0 0 12px; font-size:23px; line-height:1.2; font-weight:700; color:#1D1D1F; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-opt-n{ display:inline-block; margin:0 0 18px; padding:7px 13px; border-radius:999px; font-size:13.5px; font-weight:700; background:#E8F0FD; color:#1F4FA8; }\n.kccm .kcv-opt-b .kcv-opt-n{ background:#FCEFD8; color:#8A5A0E; }\n.kccm .kcv-opt ul{ margin:0; padding:0; list-style:none; }\n.kccm .kcv-opt li{ position:relative; margin:0 0 10px; padding-left:26px; font-size:15.5px; line-height:1.6; color:#3A4A5E; }\n.kccm .kcv-opt li::before{ content:\"\"; position:absolute; left:0; top:7px; width:14px; height:14px; border-radius:50%; background:linear-gradient(135deg,#1F4FA8,#2E6BD8); box-shadow:0 0 0 3px #E8F0FD; }\n.kccm .kcv-opt-b li::before{ background:linear-gradient(135deg,#E09019,#F0B04A); box-shadow:0 0 0 3px #FCEFD8; }\n.kccm .kcv-or{ align-self:center; justify-self:center; width:46px; height:46px; border-radius:50%; display:grid; place-items:center; font-size:14px; font-weight:700; font-style:italic; color:#5a6275; background:#FFFFFF; border:1px solid #DCE6F2; box-shadow:0 8px 18px rgba(16,32,64,.08); position:relative; z-index:1; margin:0 -8px; }\n.kccm .kcv-callout{ display:flex; gap:16px; align-items:flex-start; margin:8px 0 30px; padding:22px 26px; border-radius:20px; background:linear-gradient(135deg,#FFF9EF 0%,#FFFFFF 100%); border:1px solid #F3E2C4; }\n.kccm .kcv-callout p{ margin:0; font-size:16px; line-height:1.7; color:#3A4A5E; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-callout-i{ flex:none; width:40px; height:40px; border-radius:12px; display:grid; place-items:center; color:#E09019; background:#FFFFFF; border:1px solid #F3E2C4; }\n.kccm .kcv-phases{ display:grid; grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr; gap:18px; margin:4px 0 18px; }\n.kccm .kcv-phase,.kccm .kcv-wide{ border-radius:24px; padding:28px 30px 24px; background:#FFFFFF; border:1px solid #DCE6F2; box-shadow:0 14px 34px rgba(16,32,64,.06); }\n.kccm .kcv-phase h3,.kccm .kcv-wide h3{ margin:0 0 12px; font-size:22px; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-phase-k{ margin:0 0 8px; font-size:11.5px; font-weight:700; letter-spacing:.12em; text-transform:uppercase; color:#1F4FA8; }\n.kccm .kcv-phase .kcv-p,.kccm .kcv-wide .kcv-p{ font-size:16px; }\n.kccm .kcv-quote{ margin:4px 0 16px; padding:16px 20px; border-radius:16px; background:linear-gradient(135deg,#F2F7FF,#FFFFFF); border-left:3px solid #2E6BD8; }\n.kccm .kcv-quote p{ margin:0 0 6px; font-size:16.5px; line-height:1.55; font-style:italic; color:#1D1D1F; }\n.kccm .kcv-quote cite{ font-style:normal; font-size:13.5px; }\n.kccm .kcv-wide{ display:grid; grid-template-columns:300px minmax(0,1fr); gap:36px; align-items:start; background:linear-gradient(160deg,#FFFFFF 0%,#F4F8FE 100%); }\n.kccm .kcv-mini-stats{ display:grid; gap:10px; margin-top:16px; }\n.kccm .kcv-mini-stats > div{ padding:14px 16px; border-radius:16px; background:#FFFFFF; border:1px solid #DCE6F2; }\n.kccm .kcv-mini-stats .kcv-stat-n{ font-size:24px; margin-bottom:4px; }\n.kccm .kcv-hs{ list-style:none; margin:10px 0 30px; padding:0; display:grid; grid-template-columns:repeat(6,minmax(0,1fr)); gap:14px; position:relative; }\n.kccm .kcv-hs::before{ content:\"\"; position:absolute; left:8%; right:8%; top:13px; height:2px; background:linear-gradient(90deg,#2E6BD8,#9FC0E8 60%,#E09019); }\n.kccm .kcv-hs li{ position:relative; padding:44px 16px 18px; border-radius:18px; background:#FFFFFF; border:1px solid #DCE6F2; box-shadow:0 10px 24px rgba(16,32,64,.05); text-align:left; }\n.kccm .kcv-hs-dot{ position:absolute; left:16px; top:4px; width:20px; height:20px; border-radius:50%; background:#FFFFFF; border:4px solid #1F4FA8; box-shadow:0 0 0 4px #EEF3FA; }\n.kccm .kcv-hs li:last-child .kcv-hs-dot{ border-color:#E09019; }\n.kccm .kcv-hs .kcv-tl-t{ margin:0 0 6px; font-size:15.5px; font-weight:700; line-height:1.3; }\n.kccm .kcv-hs li p{ margin:0; font-size:14px; line-height:1.55; color:#3A4A5E; }\n.kccm .kcv-split{ display:grid; grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr) 360px; gap:22px; align-items:start; margin-bottom:24px; }\n.kccm .kcv-split .kcv-check{ grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr; margin:0; }\n.kccm .kcv-split .kcv-check li{ padding:16px 16px; font-size:15px; border-radius:16px; box-shadow:0 6px 16px rgba(16,32,64,.04); }\n.kccm .kcv-act{ border-radius:24px; padding:26px 24px 22px; background:radial-gradient(420px 220px at 100% 0%, rgba(46,107,216,.14), transparent 60%), linear-gradient(160deg,#FFFFFF 0%,#EEF4FD 100%); border:1px solid #D4E2F4; box-shadow:0 18px 40px rgba(16,32,64,.08); }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-act-k{ margin:0 0 6px; font-size:11.5px; font-weight:700; letter-spacing:.14em; text-transform:uppercase; color:#E09019; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-act-t{ margin:0 0 10px; font-size:21px; line-height:1.25; font-weight:700; color:#1D1D1F; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-act-p{ margin:0 0 18px; font-size:15px; line-height:1.6; color:#3A4A5E; }\n.kccm .kcv-act-b{ display:flex; flex-direction:column; gap:16px; align-items:stretch; padding:6px; }\n.kccm .kcv-act-b .kcv-fb{ width:100%; 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}\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-art,.kccm .kcv .kcv-pg{ position:relative; display:flex; flex-direction:column; gap:4px; padding:18px 18px 16px; border-radius:18px; background:#FFFFFF; border:1px solid #DCE6F2; text-decoration:none !important; color:#1D1D1F; box-shadow:0 6px 16px rgba(16,32,64,.04); transition:transform .25s ease, box-shadow .25s ease, border-color .25s ease; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-art:hover,.kccm .kcv .kcv-pg:hover{ transform:translateY(-2px); border-color:#9FC0E8; box-shadow:0 14px 28px rgba(16,32,64,.09); }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-art-n{ font-size:19px; font-weight:900; letter-spacing:-.02em; color:#1F4FA8; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-art-t,.kccm .kcv .kcv-pg-s{ font-size:13.5px; line-height:1.4; color:#5a6275; padding-right:20px; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-art-a{ position:absolute; right:14px; top:16px; color:#9FB3CC; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-art:hover .kcv-art-a,.kccm .kcv .kcv-pg:hover .kcv-art-a{ color:#1F4FA8; }\n.kccm .kcv h3.kcv-center{ margin:34px 0 16px; }\n.kccm .kcv-pgs{ display:grid; 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justify-content:flex-start; margin:22px -20px 18px; padding:0 20px; }.kccm .kcv-slide{ padding:30px 22px; border-radius:22px; }.kccm .kcv-pro{ grid-template-columns:1fr; gap:28px; }.kccm .kcv-pro-photo{ max-width:340px; width:100%; margin:0 auto; }.kccm .kcv-pro-body > h2{ font-size:28px; }.kccm .kcv-profile{ grid-template-columns:96px minmax(0,1fr); gap:18px; }.kccm .kcv-photo img{ width:96px; }.kccm .kcv-profile h2{ font-size:24px; }.kccm .kcv-cards,.kccm .kcv-conds,.kccm .kcv-vs,.kccm .kcv-check,.kccm .kcv-src{ grid-template-columns:1fr; }}\n@media (max-width:480px){.kccm .kcv-btns .kcv-fb{ width:100%; }.kccm .kcv h1{ font-size:34px; }.kccm .kcv .kcv-sub{ font-size:16.5px; }.kccm .kcv .kcv-chip-t{ font-size:14px; padding:11px 15px !important; }.kccm .kcv .kcv-p{ font-size:16px; }}\n@media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){.kccm .kcv .kcv-btn,.kccm .kcv .kcv-orb,.kccm .kcv .kcv-chip-t{ transition:none; }}\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-faqgrid > *{min-width:0}\n.kccm{width:100%}\n<\/style>\n<div class=\"kccm\"><div class=\"kcv\">\n<section class=\"kcv-tabs\" id=\"kcv-cabinet\" aria-label=\"Maritime law lawyer Paris\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-in\">\n    <div class=\"kcv-tabs-head\">\n      <p class=\"kk\">Kohen Avocats, Paris 17<\/p>\n      <h2>Maritime law: <em>the cargo, the ship and the shipper<\/em><\/h2>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcv-bar\"><div class=\"kcv-chips\" role=\"tablist\" aria-label=\"Case sections\"><button class=\"kcv-chip-t on\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-avocat\" aria-controls=\"kcv-avocat\" aria-selected=\"true\" tabindex=\"0\">The lawyer<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p1\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p1\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Key levers<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p2\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p2\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Your documents<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p3\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p3\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The method<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p4\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p4\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The timetable<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p5\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p5\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The checks<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-synthese\" aria-controls=\"kcv-synthese\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Summary<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-faq\" aria-controls=\"kcv-faq\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Questions<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-textes\" aria-controls=\"kcv-textes\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Legal texts<\/button><\/div><\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcv-track\"><div class=\"kcv-slide kcv-on\" id=\"kcv-avocat\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-avocat\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<div class=\"kcv-pro\">\n  <figure class=\"kcv-pro-photo\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" src=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/kohen-footer\/portrait-reda-20260920-lignes-orange.jpg\" alt=\"Reda Kohen, lawyer at the Paris Bar\" width=\"1122\" height=\"1402\" loading=\"eager\" decoding=\"async\">\n    <figcaption class=\"kcv-pro-cap kcv-glass\"><span class=\"kcv-pro-capn\">Reda Kohen<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pro-capr\">Lawyer at the Paris Bar<\/span><\/figcaption>\n  <\/figure>\n  <div class=\"kcv-pro-body\">\n    <p class=\"kk\">Shippers, consignees, insurers \u00b7 Paris 17th arrondissement<\/p>\n    <h2>What a <em>maritime law lawyer<\/em> in Paris does<\/h2>\n    <ul class=\"kcv-pro-tags\"><li>Paris Bar<\/li><li>Maritime law<\/li><li>Firm in Paris 17th<\/li><\/ul>\n    <p class=\"kcv-p\">Lawyer at the Paris Bar: contract of carriage by sea, bill of lading, reservations, compensation cap, claims against the carrier, the stevedore or the freight forwarder.<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-p\">Under a contract of carriage by sea, the shipper pays freight and the carrier undertakes to convey specified goods from one port to another (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023080118\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023080118\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 5422-1 of the French Transport Code<\/a>). The carrier is liable for loss and damage occurring from taking charge of the goods until delivery, unless it proves one of the excepted cases listed by law, including fault by the shipper in packing or marking (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023080087\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023080087\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 5422-12<\/a>). Its liability remains capped, per package or per kilogram, unless a declaration of value has been entered in the bill of lading (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023080081\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023080081\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 5422-14<\/a>). The firm therefore starts from the transport documents: who contracted, what the bill of lading describes, and on what date and in what condition the goods were handed over.<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-p\">Send the bill of lading, the reservations and the damage report you have, even if incomplete: the firm sorts them and tells you what is missing, on <a href=\"tel:+33646605822\">06 46 60 58 22<\/a>.<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-pro-meta\"><a href=\"https:\/\/consultation.avocat.fr\/avocat-paris\/reda-kohen-54670.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Official profile in the directory of French lawyers (CNB)<\/a><span>Firm at 11 rue Margueritte, 75017 Paris<\/span><\/p>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-cards\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-card\"><h3>Load: describe and declare<\/h3><p>The shipper guarantees the accuracy of the particulars it has entered in the bill of lading (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023080107\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023080107\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 5422-4<\/a>); a declaration of value accepted by the carrier removes the statutory cap (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023080081\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023080081\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 5422-14<\/a>).<\/p><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-card\"><h3>Prove: reserve in writing<\/h3><p>Written reservations must be sent no later than delivery, or within three days for non-apparent damage; failing that, the goods are presumed to have been received as described in the bill of lading (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000033744401\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000033744401\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article R. 5422-24<\/a>).<\/p><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-card\"><h3>Claim: act within the year<\/h3><p>An action for liability against the carrier for loss or damage must be brought within one year (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023080072\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023080072\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 5422-18<\/a>), counted from the day the goods are handed over or tendered to the consignee (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000033744405\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000033744405\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article R. 5422-26<\/a>).<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p1\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Key levers<\/p>\n<h2>Prove, reserve, <em>quantify, act<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">Four rules decide the fate of a claim concerning goods carried by sea.<\/p>\n<ol class=\"kcv-conds\">\n  <li><strong>Delivery is a physical handover, not a formality<\/strong>: according to the Court of Cassation, \"Delivery, which ends performance of the contract of carriage, means the physical operation by which the carrier hands the goods over to the person entitled, who is able to take possession of them and check their condition\" (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/646daae6682126d0f8fac940\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 24 May 2023, No. 21-15.151<\/a>) (our translation). It adds that, unless otherwise agreed, \"the mere handing over of the goods by the sea carrier to a port undertaking holding a monopoly on cargo handling does not, in itself, amount to delivery\" (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/646daae6682126d0f8fac940\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">same judgment<\/a>) (our translation), so that the carrier remained presumed liable for the pallets found missing when the container was opened.<\/li>\n  <li><strong>The consignee can bring a claim without being named in the bill of lading<\/strong>: the particulars in the document do not restrict party status to the persons it names, and \"the contractual action may be open to the consignee who claims to have suffered loss as a result of the carriage\" (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/63997c19b7ec7f05d42d80df\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 14 December 2022, No. 20-17.768<\/a>) (our translation).<\/li>\n  <li><strong>The cap is calculated on the packages listed in the bill of lading<\/strong>: the Court of Cassation quashed a judgment that had counted eleven packages where \"the bill of lading stated the loading of 387 cases grouped into 10 pallets, so that the limitation of liability had to be calculated on that basis\" (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/646daae2682126d0f8fac93c\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 24 May 2023, No. 21-19.835<\/a>) (our translation). In another case, governed by the convention in its original version, it dismissed the appeal of the cargo insurers, noting that \"It is in the exercise of its sovereign power to assess the particulars in the bill of lading that the court of appeal held that the parties to the contract of carriage had, in this case, designated the container as the freight unit\" (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/682d68f416fd466a1ce900c8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 21 May 2025, No. 24-11.519<\/a>) (our translation), a result unfavourable to the persons entitled, the container serving as the unit for the cap.<\/li>\n  <li><strong>The one-year period also applies without a bill of lading<\/strong>: a simple booking document was enough to subject a shipper's claim to the one-year limitation period, the Court approving the judges for stating that \"the absence of a bill of lading may be made up for by any similar document\" (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/5ffc5d0f1bd6c2384f58cd10\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 6 January 2021, No. 18-15.228<\/a>) (our translation), to the detriment of that shipper.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"kcv-callout\"><span class=\"kcv-callout-i\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M9.6 6C6.5 7.4 4.5 10 4.5 13.4V18h6v-6H7.6c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L9.6 6zm9 0c-3.1 1.4-5.1 4-5.1 7.4V18h6v-6h-2.9c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L18.6 6z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><p>An unpaid shipowner cannot detain just any cargo: the Court of Cassation holds that \"the contractual right of retention that the shipowner derives from the charterparty may be exercised only over the property of its contracting party\" (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/64895b116926a605db238d66\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 14 June 2023, No. 20-19.948<\/a>) (our translation), unless there is a connection between its claim and a third party's goods.<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p2\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Your documents<\/p>\n<h2>What to gather to <em>reconstruct the shipment<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">Proof turns on the documents issued at departure and the findings made on arrival.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-duel\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-opt kcv-opt-a\"><p class=\"kcv-opt-k\">Position A<\/p><p class=\"kcv-opt-t\">Shipper or seller<\/p><ul><li>Bill of lading, sea waybill or booking, front and back<\/li><li>Commercial invoice, packing list, any declaration of value<\/li><li>Stuffing instructions, photographs of the loading, seal numbers<\/li><li>Sale contract, Incoterm rule chosen, instruction given to the freight forwarder<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-or\" aria-hidden=\"true\">or<\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-opt kcv-opt-b\"><p class=\"kcv-opt-k\">Position B<\/p><p class=\"kcv-opt-t\">Consignee or cargo insurer<\/p><ul><li>Written reservations sent to the carrier, with their date<\/li><li>Joint survey report and the notices of attendance sent<\/li><li>Arrival notice, delivery order, container temperature records<\/li><li>Receipt for the indemnity and deed of subrogation, dated<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-callout\"><span class=\"kcv-callout-i\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M9.6 6C6.5 7.4 4.5 10 4.5 13.4V18h6v-6H7.6c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L9.6 6zm9 0c-3.1 1.4-5.1 4-5.1 7.4V18h6v-6h-2.9c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L18.6 6z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><p>Frequent mistakes: collecting the goods without a written reservation; letting the year run during an amicable discussion; ignoring the jurisdiction clause printed on the back; paying the insurance indemnity without dating the subrogation.<\/p><\/div>\n<p class=\"kcv-p\">Depending on the case, the following may also be involved:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"kcv-pro-tags\"><li>Marine surveyor<\/li><li>Average adjuster<\/li><li>Cargo insurer<\/li><li>Freight forwarder<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p3\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The method<\/p>\n<h2>How the firm <em>supports you<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">The order does not change: protect the time limits, establish the damage, identify the right debtor, then quantify.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-rows\">\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 1<\/p><h3>Time limits and reservations<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">Immediate check of the delivery date, the reservations sent and the one-year period; extension negotiated in writing where useful.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 2<\/p><h3>Contractual chain<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">Identification of the actual carrier, the freight forwarder, the stevedore and the documents that bind them, front and back.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 3<\/p><h3>Evidence of the damage<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">Joint survey, notice to the parties involved, findings on the condition of the goods and their packaging.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 4<\/p><h3>Quantification and action<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">Calculation of the cap per package or per kilogram, written claim, search for a settlement, then referral to the competent court.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-callout\"><span class=\"kcv-callout-i\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M9.6 6C6.5 7.4 4.5 10 4.5 13.4V18h6v-6H7.6c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L9.6 6zm9 0c-3.1 1.4-5.1 4-5.1 7.4V18h6v-6h-2.9c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L18.6 6z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><p>Key points: reservations no later than delivery, three days for non-apparent damage (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000033744401\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000033744401\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article R. 5422-24<\/a>); action against the carrier within the year (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023080072\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023080072\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 5422-18<\/a>); action between the insured and its marine insurer within two years (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000024376832\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000024376832\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 172-31 of the French Insurance Code<\/a>).<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p4\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The timetable<\/p>\n<h2>The stages of a <em>cargo claim<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">From the ship's arrival to court proceedings, indicative timescales depending on the case.<\/p>\n<ol class=\"kcv-hs\"><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Delivery<\/p><p><strong>Day of delivery.<\/strong> Written reservations to the carrier or its representative at the port of discharge.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Concealed damage<\/p><p><strong>Three days.<\/strong> Written notification of non-apparent damage, public holidays excluded (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000033744401\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000033744401\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article R. 5422-24<\/a>).<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Survey<\/p><p><strong>Weeks 1-4.<\/strong> Joint survey, notice to the carrier, the stevedore and the freight forwarder.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Claim<\/p><p><strong>Months 1-3.<\/strong> Quantification, applicable cap, written demand, exchanges with the cargo insurer.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Extension<\/p><p>An agreement concluded after the loss, to be formalised in writing, which extends the one-year period (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023080072\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023080072\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 5422-18<\/a>).<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Action<\/p><p><strong>Before the one-year period expires.<\/strong> Writ of summons before the competent court, then third-party claims for indemnity against the other parties involved.<\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p5\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The checks<\/p>\n<h2>What the firm checks <em>before acting<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">No claim is brought without first confirming these points.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-split\">\n  <ul class=\"kcv-check\"><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Date and place of actual delivery, physical handover to the person entitled.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Written reservations, to whom they were sent and their date.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Standing to sue: shipper, consignee, third-party holder, subrogated insurer.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Jurisdiction clause and governing law stated on the back of the transport document.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Packages or units listed in the bill of lading, declaration of value.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Role of each party involved: carrier, freight forwarder, stevedore.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n  <aside class=\"kcv-act\">\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-k\">Case documents<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-t\">Send what you have, even if incomplete<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-p\">Submit your documents through the confidential form at the top of the page: the firm will prioritise and complete the file with you.<\/p>\n    <div class=\"kcv-act-b\"><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kcf-1form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n  <\/aside>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-synthese\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-synthese\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Summary<\/p>\n<h2>Situation, risk, <em>act, decision<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">The most common choices for a shipper, a consignee or its insurer.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-rows\">\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Container opened at the terminal, pallets missing<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Main risk:<\/strong> Dispute over the moment of delivery.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Step to prioritise:<\/strong> Joint report on opening, seals recorded.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Recommended decision:<\/strong> Written reservations the same day.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Damage discovered after collection<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Main risk:<\/strong> Presumption that the goods were received in conformity.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Step to prioritise:<\/strong> Written notification within three days.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Recommended decision:<\/strong> Joint survey without delay.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Consignee not named in the bill of lading<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Main risk:<\/strong> Standing to sue challenged.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Step to prioritise:<\/strong> Evidence of the loss suffered as a result of the carriage.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Recommended decision:<\/strong> Act in its own name or through the subrogated insurer.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Foreign jurisdiction clause on the back<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Main risk:<\/strong> Dispute referred outside France.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Step to prioritise:<\/strong> Review of whether the clause was accepted and whether it is legible.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Recommended decision:<\/strong> If it cannot be enforced against the consignee, check that a jurisdiction rule allows the case to be brought before a French court.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>High-value cargo<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Main risk:<\/strong> Compensation capped per package or per kilogram.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Step to prioritise:<\/strong> Declaration of value entered in the bill of lading.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Recommended decision:<\/strong> Declare before loading.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Cargo detained by the shipowner<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Main risk:<\/strong> Cargo blocked over a debt of the charterer.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Step to prioritise:<\/strong> Challenge to the connection between the claim and the goods.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Recommended decision:<\/strong> Seek release through the courts.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-faq\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-faq\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Frequently asked questions<\/p>\n<h2>Your questions: <em>maritime transport of goods<\/em><\/h2>\n<div class=\"kcv-faqgrid\">\n  <aside class=\"kcv-act kcv-act-sticky\">\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-k\">12 questions<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-t\">A situation not listed here?<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-p\">Every case has its own features. The firm reads your documents before answering you.<\/p>\n    <div class=\"kcv-act-b\"><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kcf-1form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n  <\/aside>\n  <div class=\"kcv-faq\"><details><summary>Why consult a maritime law lawyer as soon as damaged goods arrive?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Because the essentials are decided within a few days. The consignee must send written reservations to the carrier or its representative at the port of discharge no later than delivery; otherwise the goods are presumed, in the absence of proof to the contrary, to have been received as described in the bill of lading (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000033744401\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000033744401\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article R. 5422-24<\/a>). For non-apparent damage, notification can still be sent within three days after delivery, public holidays excluded.<\/p><p>The action itself must be brought within one year (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023080072\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023080072\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 5422-18<\/a>), a period that runs from the day the goods are handed over or tendered to the consignee, or from the day they should have been in the event of total loss (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000033744405\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000033744405\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article R. 5422-26<\/a>). Mere talks with the carrier are not enough to preserve it: what is needed is an extension agreement concluded after the loss, to be formalised in writing to keep proof of it, or a ground for interrupting or suspending the limitation period, such as acknowledgement of the right by the debtor (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000019017366\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000019017366\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 2240 of the French Civil Code<\/a>) or a court claim (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000019017098\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000019017098\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 2241<\/a>).<\/p><p>The firm checks the reservations, arranges an joint survey, identifies the debtor and quantifies the claim while the time limits remain open. It also examines the back of the transport document, which often states the chosen law and the designated court.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>At what point are the goods legally delivered to the consignee?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The Court of Cassation defines delivery by a physical fact: \"Delivery, which ends performance of the contract of carriage, means the physical operation by which the carrier hands the goods over to the person entitled, who is able to take possession of them and check their condition\" (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/646daae6682126d0f8fac940\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 24 May 2023, No. 21-15.151<\/a>) (our translation). The test is therefore the concrete ability of the person entitled to take possession of the goods and check their condition.<\/p><p>In that case, the container had been handed over to a port body holding a monopoly. The Court holds that, unless otherwise agreed, \"the mere handing over of the goods by the sea carrier to a port undertaking holding a monopoly on cargo handling does not, in itself, amount to delivery\" (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/646daae6682126d0f8fac940\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">same judgment<\/a>) (our translation). The parties had, however, agreed by a clause of the bill of lading that delivery would take place on opening of the container; that opening, carried out in the carrier's presence, had revealed 23 pallets missing out of 44, and the Court approves the lower courts for holding that the carrier remained presumed liable for the shortfall.<\/p><p>The delivery date governs both the time for reservations and the start of the one-year limitation period (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000033744405\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000033744405\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article R. 5422-26<\/a>). The firm reconstructs it from arrival notices, terminal documents, seal numbers and the reports drawn up on opening.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can a consignee not named in the bill of lading bring an action against the carrier?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Yes, if it establishes a loss arising from the carriage. The Court of Cassation holds that the particulars in the bill of lading are not intended to restrict party status to the persons they name, so that \"the contractual action may be open to the consignee who claims to have suffered loss as a result of the carriage\" (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/63997c19b7ec7f05d42d80df\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 14 December 2022, No. 20-17.768<\/a>) (our translation).<\/p><p>That consignee is bound by the document only as regards the conditions of the carriage itself. The same decision draws a consequence for jurisdiction: \"Acceptance of this jurisdiction clause cannot be inferred from the existence of a usage in international transport, nor from the previous commercial relations between the parties alone\" (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/63997c19b7ec7f05d42d80df\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">same judgment<\/a>) (our translation). In that case, the clause designating a court in Seoul, printed in very small characters on the back, had been held illegible, and the jurisdiction of the French courts was not called into question.<\/p><p>The judgment was nevertheless quashed on other points, notably to the detriment of the cargo insurer. Under former Article 1250 of the French Civil Code, the Court recalls that \"the conventional subrogation of the insurer in the rights of the insured results from the express will of the latter, expressed at the same time as or before the payment received from the insurer\" (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/63997c19b7ec7f05d42d80df\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">same judgment<\/a>) (our translation), and criticises the judges for not having checked that concurrence. The firm therefore also checks the date of the receipt against the payment.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Is a foreign jurisdiction clause printed on the transport document binding on the consignee?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Not always. For a sea waybill, a non-negotiable document, the Court of Cassation held, on the basis of Article 25 of Regulation (EU) No. 1215\/2012, that the clause agreed between carrier and shipper has effect against the third-party holder only if the latter succeeded to the rights and obligations of the shipper under the applicable national law; failing that, its consent must be verified.<\/p><p>It above all specified that \"the actual consignee of the goods or its agent, who does not appear in any capacity on a sea waybill, cannot be regarded as a third-party holder of that document\" (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/616fb1c0a6422442c430223b\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 20 October 2021, No. 20-14.275<\/a>) (our translation). The clause that referred the dispute to the High Court in London therefore could not be enforced against the insurer subrogated to the rights of that consignee's agent, and the judgment that had declared the Le Havre commercial court lacking jurisdiction was quashed.<\/p><p>For a bill of lading, the rule is similar: the clause is enforceable against the consignee only if it specifically accepted it, or if the jurisdiction it establishes is imposed by virtue of a treaty or EU law (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/63997c19b7ec7f05d42d80df\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 14 December 2022, No. 20-17.768<\/a>). The firm examines the nature of the document issued, the position and legibility of the clause and the capacity of the person bringing the claim, before choosing the court in which to bring the case.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>How is the compensation cap calculated when the goods travel in a container?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The sea carrier benefits from a limitation set by Article 4(5) of the 1924 Brussels Convention, to which the Transport Code refers (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023080084\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023080084\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 5422-13<\/a>). In its version as amended by the 1968 and 1979 protocols, the convention applies the higher of two amounts: 666.67 units of account per package or unit, or 2 units of account per kilogram of gross weight, the higher limit being applicable (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/646daae2682126d0f8fac93c\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 24 May 2023, No. 21-19.835<\/a>).<\/p><p>The count of packages depends on the bill of lading. Where it lists packages grouped on a pallet or in a container, each counts. The Court of Cassation thus quashed a judgment that had counted eleven packages, where \"the bill of lading stated the loading of 387 cases grouped into 10 pallets, so that the limitation of liability had to be calculated on that basis\" (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/646daae2682126d0f8fac93c\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 24 May 2023, No. 21-19.835<\/a>) (our translation).<\/p><p>In another case, concerning containers of sweetcorn stuffed loose and governed by the convention in its original version, the Court dismissed the appeal of the cargo insurers, noting that \"It is in the exercise of its sovereign power to assess the particulars in the bill of lading that the court of appeal held that the parties to the contract of carriage had, in this case, designated the container as the freight unit\" (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/682d68f416fd466a1ce900c8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 21 May 2025, No. 24-11.519<\/a>) (our translation). The container was then the unit used for the cap, a result unfavourable to the persons entitled to the cargo. The wording of the bill of lading should therefore be prepared at the outset, with the packing list.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can the shipper obtain compensation above the statutory cap?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Two routes exist. The first is contractual: the shipper declares the nature and value of the goods; once entered in the bill of lading and accepted by the carrier, that declaration removes the limitation and is binding on the carrier, unless proved otherwise (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023080081\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023080081\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 5422-14<\/a>). The parties may also agree on a sum higher than the cap (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023080084\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023080084\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 5422-13<\/a>).<\/p><p>The second turns on fault: the carrier loses the limitation if it is proved that the damage resulted from its personal act or omission, committed with intent to cause it, or recklessly and with knowledge that it would probably result (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023080081\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023080081\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 5422-14<\/a>). The proof concerns the conduct of the carrier itself, and it is demanding.<\/p><p>There remains the letter of indemnity, by which the shipper promises to indemnify the carrier who issues a bill of lading without reservations: it is void as against third parties, and if the deliberately omitted reservation concerned a defect that the carrier knew or ought to have known about, the carrier can no longer rely on the limitation (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023080105\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023080105\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 5422-5<\/a>). The firm examines these mechanisms before loading where the value of the cargo justifies it.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Does using a freight forwarder change the shipper's remedies?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The freight forwarder organises and has the transport carried out in its own name, by the means of its choice, on behalf of its client (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023085479\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023085479\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 1411-1<\/a>). It is liable for damage and loss, unless otherwise stipulated or in cases of force majeure (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006220233\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006220233\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 132-5 of the French Commercial Code<\/a>), and for the acts of the intermediate forwarder to whom it sends the goods (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006220234\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006220234\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 132-6<\/a>).<\/p><p>That liability has its limits. For industrial equipment shipped by sea and then damaged during the final road leg, the Court of Cassation approved the judges for holding that \"the freight forwarder incurs liability for its own act only where that act is the origin of the damage or loss to the goods\" (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/6423d6d878684f04f5813f8b\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 29 March 2023, No. 21-10.017<\/a>) (our translation). Held liable as guarantor of its substitutes, the forwarder was so held only within the limits of the standard contract, a result unfavourable to the principals.<\/p><p>The capacity of freight forwarder must still be established for the shipment in question. In a case concerning a parcel shipment, outside maritime transport, the Court quashed a judgment based on grounds \"drawn from general documents, unsuited to establish the conclusion\" (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/6811bb2812a37cea68763ca0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 30 April 2025, No. 23-23.458<\/a>) of a forwarding contract for the goods in dispute (our translation). The firm therefore identifies, document by document, who contracted with whom.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Who is liable for damage occurring during port handling?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The stevedore carries out loading and discharge, including the operations under shed or on the quay that precede or follow them (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023080068\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023080068\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 5422-19<\/a>). It operates on behalf of the party that engaged it, which alone can bring an action against it (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023080066\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023080066\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 5422-20<\/a>), and it is liable for the damage attributable to it (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023080064\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023080064\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 5422-21<\/a>).<\/p><p>The Court of Cassation recalled this in 2026: \"the stevedore who carries out the operations of loading and discharging goods is liable for the damage attributable to it\" (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/69673d53cdc6046d473a01e3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 14 January 2026, No. 24-13.726<\/a>) (our translation). It quashed the judgment that had rejected the carrier's claim to be indemnified by the stevedore for the survey costs charged to it after a loss occurring during handling, and sent the case back to the court of appeal.<\/p><p>Its liability is capped like that of the carrier, unless a declaration of value has been notified to it (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023080060\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023080060\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 5422-23<\/a>), and that cap covers more than the goods: the Court approves the judges for stating that \"the limitation of liability of the port handling company applies not only to damage caused to the goods, but also to damage consequent on or ancillary to that principal loss\" (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/655f01263d9dff83188895e4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 22 November 2023, No. 22-17.843<\/a>) (our translation). Any clause that would exempt it or lower that cap is void as against the shipper and the consignee (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023080058\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023080058\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 5422-24<\/a>).<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can an unpaid shipowner or carrier detain the cargo?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The master may, with court authorisation, have part of the goods sold to pay the freight, unless the consignee prefers to provide a guarantee, and may have the surplus deposited (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000033744391\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000033744391\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article R. 5422-20<\/a>). The route is tightly regulated and goes through the judge.<\/p><p>A shipowner who holds a right of retention under a charterparty cannot assert it against every cargo owner. The Court of Cassation holds that \"the contractual right of retention that the shipowner derives from the charterparty may be exercised only over the property of its contracting party\" (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/64895b116926a605db238d66\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 14 June 2023, No. 20-19.948<\/a>) (our translation), without prejudice to a retention based on a physical or legal connection between the claim and a third party's goods. It quashed the judgment that had allowed retention of bauxite belonging to a third party without finding that connection.<\/p><p>For the owner of the goods, the question is therefore the link between the debt relied on and its cargo. The firm examines the chartering chain (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023080046\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023080046\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 5423-1<\/a>) and the transport documents, and can then seek release through the courts.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can a creditor shipper have the ship arrested?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The Transport Code allows a creditor whose claim appears well founded in principle to ask the judge for authorisation of a protective attachment of the ship (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023081667\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023081667\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 5114-22<\/a>). Where the Brussels Convention of 10 May 1952 applies, the holder of a maritime claim may arrest the ship to which it relates or, subject to the conditions and reservations of its Article 3, another ship.<\/p><p>Arrest soon reaches its limit where the debtor is not the owner. For a claim against a charterer, the Court of Cassation now holds that \"such an arrest is not possible where, at the date of the application, the ship has been redelivered, unless the maritime claim is accompanied by a privilege conferring a right to follow the ship\" (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/691d844802bad2f30af4095b\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 19 November 2025, No. 24-11.520<\/a>) (our translation). The judgment that had upheld the arrest was quashed, a result unfavourable to the arresting creditor.<\/p><p>Certain claims are privileged over the ship, the freight and their accessories (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000027723869\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000027723869\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 5114-8<\/a>). Before any application, the firm checks the real debtor, the nature of the claim, the date of any redelivery and the existence of a privilege carrying a right to follow the ship.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can the cargo insurer that has paid compensation pursue the carrier for recovery?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Yes. In marine insurance, the insurer that has paid the indemnity acquires, up to the amount of its payment, all the rights of the insured arising from the damage covered (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006794607\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006794607\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 172-29 of the French Insurance Code<\/a>). It then exercises those rights with their limits, including the compensation cap and the one-year period (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023080072\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023080072\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 5422-18<\/a>).<\/p><p>Actions arising from the insurance contract itself, between the insured and its insurer, are subject to a two-year limitation period (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000024376832\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000024376832\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 172-31<\/a>); this regime covers the contract insuring the risks of carriage of goods by sea (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000024376822\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000024376822\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 171-1<\/a>).<\/p><p>Where the insurer relies on a conventional subrogation, chronology matters: the Court of Cassation quashed a judgment that had not checked that payment was made at the same time as the subrogation, or after it (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/63997c19b7ec7f05d42d80df\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 14 December 2022, No. 20-17.768<\/a>). For subrogations governed by current law, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032035287\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032035287\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1346-1 of the French Civil Code<\/a> requires an express subrogation, granted at the same time as payment, unless an earlier instrument provided for it, concurrence being provable by any means. The firm therefore cross-checks the receipt, the deed of subrogation and the proof of payment before bringing the action.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Does the one-year period apply where there is no bill of lading?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>In principle, yes. The 1924 Brussels Convention treats any similar document forming title to the carriage of goods by sea as equivalent to a bill of lading. For a lorry damaged during a crossing between Spain and the United Kingdom, the parties had drawn up only a booking document; the Court of Cassation approved the judges for stating that \"the absence of a bill of lading may be made up for by any similar document\" (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/5ffc5d0f1bd6c2384f58cd10\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 6 January 2021, No. 18-15.228<\/a>) (our translation), and the shipper's claim, time-barred after one year, was dismissed. A result unfavourable to that shipper.<\/p><p>Against the carrier, the period runs from the day the goods are handed over or tendered to the consignee or, in the event of total loss, from the day they should have been delivered (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000033744405\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000033744405\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article R. 5422-26<\/a>). Actions brought against the shipper or the consignee run from the day set for delivery (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000033744395\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000033744395\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article R. 5422-22<\/a>).<\/p><p>Claims for indemnity have an additional period of three months, which starts from the day the indemnified party is itself sued or the day it settled the claim amicably (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023080072\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023080072\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 5422-18<\/a>). The firm draws up a calendar of these time limits as soon as the file is opened.<\/p><\/div><\/details><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-textes\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-textes\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Sources and related pages<\/p>\n<h2>Official texts and <em>related pages<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">The sources for this page, checked as at 1 November 2026, and the firm's related practice areas.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-arts\"><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023080118\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023080118\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Transport Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">Article L. 5422-1, contract of carriage by sea<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023080087\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023080087\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Transport Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">Article L. 5422-12, carrier's liability<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023080084\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023080084\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Transport Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">Article L. 5422-13, limitation of liability<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023080081\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023080081\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Transport Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">Article L. 5422-14, declaration of value and fault<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023080072\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023080072\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Transport Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">Article L. 5422-18, one-year limitation period<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023080064\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023080064\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Transport Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">Article L. 5422-21, stevedore<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000033744401\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000033744401\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Transport Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">Article R. 5422-24, reservations on delivery<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023081667\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023081667\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Transport Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">Article L. 5114-22, protective attachment of the ship<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006220233\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006220233\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Commercial Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">Article L. 132-5, freight forwarder's liability<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006794607\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006794607\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Insurance Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">Article L. 172-29, rights of the insurer that has paid<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<h3 class=\"kcv-center\">Further reading<\/h3>\n<div class=\"kcv-pgs\"><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/commercial-litigation-lawyer-paris\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Commercial litigation in Paris<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">The firm's practice area<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/business-law-attorneys-paris-75017\/commercial-contracts-lawyer\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Commercial contracts<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">The firm's practice<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/business-law-attorneys-paris-75017\/debt-recovery-lawyer\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Commercial debt recovery<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">The firm's practice<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/business-law-attorneys-paris-75017\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Business law in Paris<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">The firm's practice area<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/contact\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Contact<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">Write to or meet the firm<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<p class=\"kcv-small kcv-center\">Page updated on 1 November 2026.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\", \"@type\": \"FAQPage\", \"mainEntity\": [{\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Why consult a maritime law lawyer as soon as damaged goods arrive?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Because the essentials are decided within a few days. The consignee must send written reservations to the carrier or its representative at the port of discharge no later than delivery; otherwise the goods are presumed, in the absence of proof to the contrary, to have been received as described in the bill of lading (Article R. 5422-24). For non-apparent damage, notification can still be sent within three days after delivery, public holidays excluded. The action itself must be brought within one year (Article L. 5422-18), a period that runs from the day the goods are handed over or tendered to the consignee, or from the day they should have been in the event of total loss (Article R. 5422-26). Mere talks with the carrier are not enough to preserve it: what is needed is an extension agreement concluded after the loss, to be formalised in writing to keep proof of it, or a ground for interrupting or suspending the limitation period, such as acknowledgement of the right by the debtor (Article 2240 of the French Civil Code) or a court claim (Article 2241). The firm checks the reservations, arranges an joint survey, identifies the debtor and quantifies the claim while the time limits remain open. It also examines the back of the transport document, which often states the chosen law and the designated court.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"At what point are the goods legally delivered to the consignee?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The Court of Cassation defines delivery by a physical fact: \\\"Delivery, which ends performance of the contract of carriage, means the physical operation by which the carrier hands the goods over to the person entitled, who is able to take possession of them and check their condition\\\" (Cass. com., 24 May 2023, No. 21-15.151) (our translation). The test is therefore the concrete ability of the person entitled to take possession of the goods and check their condition. In that case, the container had been handed over to a port body holding a monopoly. The Court holds that, unless otherwise agreed, \\\"the mere handing over of the goods by the sea carrier to a port undertaking holding a monopoly on cargo handling does not, in itself, amount to delivery\\\" (same judgment) (our translation). The parties had, however, agreed by a clause of the bill of lading that delivery would take place on opening of the container; that opening, carried out in the carrier's presence, had revealed 23 pallets missing out of 44, and the Court approves the lower courts for holding that the carrier remained presumed liable for the shortfall. The delivery date governs both the time for reservations and the start of the one-year limitation period (Article R. 5422-26). The firm reconstructs it from arrival notices, terminal documents, seal numbers and the reports drawn up on opening.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Can a consignee not named in the bill of lading bring an action against the carrier?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Yes, if it establishes a loss arising from the carriage. The Court of Cassation holds that the particulars in the bill of lading are not intended to restrict party status to the persons they name, so that \\\"the contractual action may be open to the consignee who claims to have suffered loss as a result of the carriage\\\" (Cass. com., 14 December 2022, No. 20-17.768) (our translation). That consignee is bound by the document only as regards the conditions of the carriage itself. The same decision draws a consequence for jurisdiction: \\\"Acceptance of this jurisdiction clause cannot be inferred from the existence of a usage in international transport, nor from the previous commercial relations between the parties alone\\\" (same judgment) (our translation). In that case, the clause designating a court in Seoul, printed in very small characters on the back, had been held illegible, and the jurisdiction of the French courts was not called into question. The judgment was nevertheless quashed on other points, notably to the detriment of the cargo insurer. Under former Article 1250 of the French Civil Code, the Court recalls that \\\"the conventional subrogation of the insurer in the rights of the insured results from the express will of the latter, expressed at the same time as or before the payment received from the insurer\\\" (same judgment) (our translation), and criticises the judges for not having checked that concurrence. The firm therefore also checks the date of the receipt against the payment.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Is a foreign jurisdiction clause printed on the transport document binding on the consignee?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Not always. For a sea waybill, a non-negotiable document, the Court of Cassation held, on the basis of Article 25 of Regulation (EU) No. 1215\/2012, that the clause agreed between carrier and shipper has effect against the third-party holder only if the latter succeeded to the rights and obligations of the shipper under the applicable national law; failing that, its consent must be verified. It above all specified that \\\"the actual consignee of the goods or its agent, who does not appear in any capacity on a sea waybill, cannot be regarded as a third-party holder of that document\\\" (Cass. com., 20 October 2021, No. 20-14.275) (our translation). The clause that referred the dispute to the High Court in London therefore could not be enforced against the insurer subrogated to the rights of that consignee's agent, and the judgment that had declared the Le Havre commercial court lacking jurisdiction was quashed. For a bill of lading, the rule is similar: the clause is enforceable against the consignee only if it specifically accepted it, or if the jurisdiction it establishes is imposed by virtue of a treaty or EU law (Cass. com., 14 December 2022, No. 20-17.768). The firm examines the nature of the document issued, the position and legibility of the clause and the capacity of the person bringing the claim, before choosing the court in which to bring the case.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"How is the compensation cap calculated when the goods travel in a container?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The sea carrier benefits from a limitation set by Article 4(5) of the 1924 Brussels Convention, to which the Transport Code refers (Article L. 5422-13). In its version as amended by the 1968 and 1979 protocols, the convention applies the higher of two amounts: 666.67 units of account per package or unit, or 2 units of account per kilogram of gross weight, the higher limit being applicable (Cass. com., 24 May 2023, No. 21-19.835). The count of packages depends on the bill of lading. Where it lists packages grouped on a pallet or in a container, each counts. The Court of Cassation thus quashed a judgment that had counted eleven packages, where \\\"the bill of lading stated the loading of 387 cases grouped into 10 pallets, so that the limitation of liability had to be calculated on that basis\\\" (Cass. com., 24 May 2023, No. 21-19.835) (our translation). In another case, concerning containers of sweetcorn stuffed loose and governed by the convention in its original version, the Court dismissed the appeal of the cargo insurers, noting that \\\"It is in the exercise of its sovereign power to assess the particulars in the bill of lading that the court of appeal held that the parties to the contract of carriage had, in this case, designated the container as the freight unit\\\" (Cass. com., 21 May 2025, No. 24-11.519) (our translation). The container was then the unit used for the cap, a result unfavourable to the persons entitled to the cargo. The wording of the bill of lading should therefore be prepared at the outset, with the packing list.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Can the shipper obtain compensation above the statutory cap?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Two routes exist. The first is contractual: the shipper declares the nature and value of the goods; once entered in the bill of lading and accepted by the carrier, that declaration removes the limitation and is binding on the carrier, unless proved otherwise (Article L. 5422-14). The parties may also agree on a sum higher than the cap (Article L. 5422-13). The second turns on fault: the carrier loses the limitation if it is proved that the damage resulted from its personal act or omission, committed with intent to cause it, or recklessly and with knowledge that it would probably result (Article L. 5422-14). The proof concerns the conduct of the carrier itself, and it is demanding. There remains the letter of indemnity, by which the shipper promises to indemnify the carrier who issues a bill of lading without reservations: it is void as against third parties, and if the deliberately omitted reservation concerned a defect that the carrier knew or ought to have known about, the carrier can no longer rely on the limitation (Article L. 5422-5). The firm examines these mechanisms before loading where the value of the cargo justifies it.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Does using a freight forwarder change the shipper's remedies?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The freight forwarder organises and has the transport carried out in its own name, by the means of its choice, on behalf of its client (Article L. 1411-1). It is liable for damage and loss, unless otherwise stipulated or in cases of force majeure (Article L. 132-5 of the French Commercial Code), and for the acts of the intermediate forwarder to whom it sends the goods (Article L. 132-6). That liability has its limits. For industrial equipment shipped by sea and then damaged during the final road leg, the Court of Cassation approved the judges for holding that \\\"the freight forwarder incurs liability for its own act only where that act is the origin of the damage or loss to the goods\\\" (Cass. com., 29 March 2023, No. 21-10.017) (our translation). Held liable as guarantor of its substitutes, the forwarder was so held only within the limits of the standard contract, a result unfavourable to the principals. The capacity of freight forwarder must still be established for the shipment in question. In a case concerning a parcel shipment, outside maritime transport, the Court quashed a judgment based on grounds \\\"drawn from general documents, unsuited to establish the conclusion\\\" (Cass. com., 30 April 2025, No. 23-23.458) of a forwarding contract for the goods in dispute (our translation). The firm therefore identifies, document by document, who contracted with whom.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Who is liable for damage occurring during port handling?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The stevedore carries out loading and discharge, including the operations under shed or on the quay that precede or follow them (Article L. 5422-19). It operates on behalf of the party that engaged it, which alone can bring an action against it (Article L. 5422-20), and it is liable for the damage attributable to it (Article L. 5422-21). The Court of Cassation recalled this in 2026: \\\"the stevedore who carries out the operations of loading and discharging goods is liable for the damage attributable to it\\\" (Cass. com., 14 January 2026, No. 24-13.726) (our translation). It quashed the judgment that had rejected the carrier's claim to be indemnified by the stevedore for the survey costs charged to it after a loss occurring during handling, and sent the case back to the court of appeal. Its liability is capped like that of the carrier, unless a declaration of value has been notified to it (Article L. 5422-23), and that cap covers more than the goods: the Court approves the judges for stating that \\\"the limitation of liability of the port handling company applies not only to damage caused to the goods, but also to damage consequent on or ancillary to that principal loss\\\" (Cass. com., 22 November 2023, No. 22-17.843) (our translation). Any clause that would exempt it or lower that cap is void as against the shipper and the consignee (Article L. 5422-24).\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Can an unpaid shipowner or carrier detain the cargo?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The master may, with court authorisation, have part of the goods sold to pay the freight, unless the consignee prefers to provide a guarantee, and may have the surplus deposited (Article R. 5422-20). The route is tightly regulated and goes through the judge. A shipowner who holds a right of retention under a charterparty cannot assert it against every cargo owner. The Court of Cassation holds that \\\"the contractual right of retention that the shipowner derives from the charterparty may be exercised only over the property of its contracting party\\\" (Cass. com., 14 June 2023, No. 20-19.948) (our translation), without prejudice to a retention based on a physical or legal connection between the claim and a third party's goods. It quashed the judgment that had allowed retention of bauxite belonging to a third party without finding that connection. For the owner of the goods, the question is therefore the link between the debt relied on and its cargo. The firm examines the chartering chain (Article L. 5423-1) and the transport documents, and can then seek release through the courts.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Can a creditor shipper have the ship arrested?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The Transport Code allows a creditor whose claim appears well founded in principle to ask the judge for authorisation of a protective attachment of the ship (Article L. 5114-22). Where the Brussels Convention of 10 May 1952 applies, the holder of a maritime claim may arrest the ship to which it relates or, subject to the conditions and reservations of its Article 3, another ship. Arrest soon reaches its limit where the debtor is not the owner. For a claim against a charterer, the Court of Cassation now holds that \\\"such an arrest is not possible where, at the date of the application, the ship has been redelivered, unless the maritime claim is accompanied by a privilege conferring a right to follow the ship\\\" (Cass. com., 19 November 2025, No. 24-11.520) (our translation). The judgment that had upheld the arrest was quashed, a result unfavourable to the arresting creditor. Certain claims are privileged over the ship, the freight and their accessories (Article L. 5114-8). Before any application, the firm checks the real debtor, the nature of the claim, the date of any redelivery and the existence of a privilege carrying a right to follow the ship.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Can the cargo insurer that has paid compensation pursue the carrier for recovery?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Yes. In marine insurance, the insurer that has paid the indemnity acquires, up to the amount of its payment, all the rights of the insured arising from the damage covered (Article L. 172-29 of the French Insurance Code). It then exercises those rights with their limits, including the compensation cap and the one-year period (Article L. 5422-18). Actions arising from the insurance contract itself, between the insured and its insurer, are subject to a two-year limitation period (Article L. 172-31); this regime covers the contract insuring the risks of carriage of goods by sea (Article L. 171-1). Where the insurer relies on a conventional subrogation, chronology matters: the Court of Cassation quashed a judgment that had not checked that payment was made at the same time as the subrogation, or after it (Cass. com., 14 December 2022, No. 20-17.768). For subrogations governed by current law, Article 1346-1 of the French Civil Code requires an express subrogation, granted at the same time as payment, unless an earlier instrument provided for it, concurrence being provable by any means. The firm therefore cross-checks the receipt, the deed of subrogation and the proof of payment before bringing the action.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Does the one-year period apply where there is no bill of lading?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"In principle, yes. The 1924 Brussels Convention treats any similar document forming title to the carriage of goods by sea as equivalent to a bill of lading. For a lorry damaged during a crossing between Spain and the United Kingdom, the parties had drawn up only a booking document; the Court of Cassation approved the judges for stating that \\\"the absence of a bill of lading may be made up for by any similar document\\\" (Cass. com., 6 January 2021, No. 18-15.228) (our translation), and the shipper's claim, time-barred after one year, was dismissed. A result unfavourable to that shipper. Against the carrier, the period runs from the day the goods are handed over or tendered to the consignee or, in the event of total loss, from the day they should have been delivered (Article R. 5422-26). Actions brought against the shipper or the consignee run from the day set for delivery (Article R. 5422-22). Claims for indemnity have an additional period of three months, which starts from the day the indemnified party is itself sued or the day it settled the claim amicably (Article L. 5422-18). The firm draws up a calendar of these time limits as soon as the file is opened.\"}}]}<\/script>\n<script nowprocket data-no-optimize=\"1\" data-no-defer=\"1\">\n(function(){\n  var root = document.querySelector('.kccm .kcv'); if (!root) return;\n  var tabs = root.querySelector('#kcv-cabinet'); if (!tabs) return;\n  var ch = [].slice.call(tabs.querySelectorAll('.kcv-chip-t'));\n  var sl = [].slice.call(tabs.querySelectorAll('.kcv-slide'));\n  if (!ch.length || !sl.length) return;\n  root.classList.add('js');\n  function show(id, focus){\n    var c = ch.filter(function(x){ return x.getAttribute('aria-controls') === id; })[0]; if (!c) return false;\n    ch.forEach(function(x){ var on = x === c; x.classList.toggle('on', on); x.setAttribute('aria-selected', on ? 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Prove. Claim. YOUR CARGO. Bill of lading, reservations, damage report: walk our maritime law lawyer in Paris through the shipment as it actually happened. Go to the form In the media View the videos and their transcriptsVideos Discover our know-how in river law, transport and international trade. Lawyer RIVER LAW [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":251031307,"featured_media":1915146,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2161387","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.2 (Yoast SEO v28.2) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Maritime Law Lawyer Paris | Kohen Avocats<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Maritime law lawyer in Paris for shippers, consignees and insurers: reservations, bill of lading, one-year time bar. 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