{"id":2161350,"date":"2026-11-01T23:35:54","date_gmt":"2026-11-01T22:35:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/?page_id=2161350"},"modified":"2026-11-04T19:39:43","modified_gmt":"2026-11-04T18:39:43","slug":"road-transport-lawyer-paris","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/road-transport-lawyer-paris\/","title":{"rendered":"Road transport lawyer Paris: consignment note, CMR, damage and unpaid freight"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"2161350\" class=\"elementor elementor-2161350 elementor-2160719\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-v5bd59a e-con-full e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"v5bd59a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-v5bd59aw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"v5bd59aw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"kcv\" id=\"kci-root\" data-refresh-marker=\"expertise-fr-avocat-transport-routier-paris-20261101\">\n<section class=\"kcv-hero\" aria-labelledby=\"kch-h1\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-in\">\n    <div class=\"kcv-head\">\n      <p class=\"kk\">Consignment note, CMR Convention, damage and unpaid carriage charges<\/p>\n      <h1 id=\"kch-h1\"><em>Road transport lawyer<\/em> Paris:<span class=\"kcv-tail\"> consignment note, CMR, damage and unpaid freight.<\/span><\/h1>\n      <p class=\"kcv-sub\">A lorry delivered with a crushed pallet, a load stolen at a rest area, badly worded reservations, an international carriage governed by the CMR Convention, a freight invoice left unpaid: every road haulage dispute turns on a document, a time limit and a liability cap, and a road transport lawyer in Paris identifies them before you write to the carrier or the customer.<\/p>\n      <div class=\"kcv-btns\">\n        <a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a>\n        <a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kch-form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a>\n      <\/div>\n      <p class=\"kcv-urg\">In domestic carriage, damage noticed on receipt is lost if, within three days, public holidays excluded, neither a reasoned protest nor a request for an expert assessment has been made. Under the CMR, a written claim suspends the one-year limitation period, and it is better to quantify it, even provisionally.<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcv-stagewrap\"><div class=\"kcv-stageshadow\"><div class=\"kcv-stage\">\n      <link rel=\"preload\" as=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kohen-v3-expertises\/kohen-fr-litige-agence-immobiliere-paysage-20261025.webp\" media=\"(min-width:761px)\" fetchpriority=\"high\">\n      <link rel=\"preload\" as=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kohen-v3-expertises\/kohen-fr-litige-agence-immobiliere-paysage-1080-20261025.webp\" media=\"(max-width:760px)\" fetchpriority=\"high\">\n      <div class=\"kcv-media\" aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"--kcv-img:url('https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kohen-v3-expertises\/kohen-fr-litige-agence-immobiliere-paysage-20261025.webp');--kcv-img-m:url('https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kohen-v3-expertises\/kohen-fr-litige-agence-immobiliere-paysage-1080-20261025.webp')\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"kcv-panel kcv-glass\" id=\"kch-form\">\n        <div class=\"kcv-panel-head\">\n          <div>\n            <p class=\"kcv-panel-k\">Road transport \u00b7 Paris<\/p>\n            <h2 class=\"kcv-panel-t\">Get a <em>first analysis<\/em><\/h2>\n            <p class=\"kcv-panel-l\">Send the consignment note or the signed delivery note, the transport order, the reservations, the photographs and the invoices: the firm identifies the applicable regime, the time limits still open and the person who is liable.<\/p>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"kcv-chip kcv-glass\"><p class=\"kcv-chip-n\">24 \u00e0 48 h<\/p><p class=\"kcv-chip-x\">first legal<br>review<\/p><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"kcf-wrap\">\n<form id=\"kcf-2form\" data-kcf data-api-url=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-json\/kohen-form\/v1\/submit\" data-vps-url=\"https:\/\/upload-fr.46-224-152-225.sslip.io\/submit\" data-max-size=\"1073741824\" data-max-files=\"500\" novalidate enctype=\"multipart\/form-data\">\n  <input type=\"hidden\" name=\"rendered_at\" value=\"1776847557\">\n  <div class=\"kcf-hp\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><label for=\"kcf-2website\">Do not fill in<\/label><input id=\"kcf-2website\" name=\"website\" type=\"text\" tabindex=\"-1\" autocomplete=\"off\"><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcf-price\">\n    <span class=\"kcf-price-amount\">\u20ac80<small>incl. VAT<\/small><\/span>\n    <div class=\"kcf-price-body\">\n      <p class=\"kcf-price-text\"><strong>Preliminary review of your case.<\/strong> Examination of your documents and a first written analysis by Reda Kohen, within 24 to 48 business hours. Payment is made online after this form is sent.<\/p>\n      <ul class=\"kcf-price-meta\">\n        <li>Up to 1 GB of documents, folders and subfolders accepted<\/li>\n        <li>Secure payment, no banking data stored<\/li>\n        <li><a href=\"\/conditions-etude-prealable\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Terms and fee agreement<\/a><\/li>\n      <\/ul>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcf-row\">\n    <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n      <label class=\"kcf-label\" for=\"kcf-2name\">Full name<\/label>\n      <input class=\"kcf-input\" type=\"text\" id=\"kcf-2name\" name=\"name\" placeholder=\"Your name\" required autocomplete=\"name\" aria-describedby=\"kcf-2name-err\">\n      <p class=\"kcf-field-error\" id=\"kcf-2name-err\" role=\"alert\"><\/p>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n      <label class=\"kcf-label\" for=\"kcf-2phone\">Telephone <span class=\"kcf-optional\">(optional)<\/span><\/label>\n      <input class=\"kcf-input\" type=\"tel\" inputmode=\"tel\" id=\"kcf-2phone\" name=\"phone\" placeholder=\"06 00 00 00 00\" autocomplete=\"tel\" aria-describedby=\"kcf-2phone-err\">\n      <p class=\"kcf-field-error\" id=\"kcf-2phone-err\" role=\"alert\"><\/p>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n    <label class=\"kcf-label\" for=\"kcf-2email\">Email address<\/label>\n    <input class=\"kcf-input\" type=\"email\" id=\"kcf-2email\" name=\"email\" placeholder=\"your@email.com\" required autocomplete=\"email\" spellcheck=\"false\" autocapitalize=\"off\" aria-describedby=\"kcf-2email-err\">\n    <p class=\"kcf-field-error\" id=\"kcf-2email-err\" role=\"alert\"><\/p>\n  <\/div>\n  \n  <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n    <label class=\"kcf-label\" for=\"kcf-2message\">Message<\/label>\n    <textarea class=\"kcf-textarea\" id=\"kcf-2message\" name=\"message\" placeholder=\"Briefly describe your situation...\" required aria-describedby=\"kcf-2message-err\"><\/textarea>\n    <p class=\"kcf-field-error\" id=\"kcf-2message-err\" role=\"alert\"><\/p>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n    <label class=\"kcf-label\">Attachments <span class=\"kcf-optional\">(optional, 500 files max, 1 GB)<\/span><\/label>\n    <div class=\"kcf-dropzone\" id=\"kcf-2dropzone\">\n      <svg class=\"kcf-dropzone-icon\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M21 15v4a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-4\"\/><polyline points=\"17 8 12 3 7 8\"\/><line x1=\"12\" y1=\"3\" x2=\"12\" y2=\"15\"\/><\/svg>\n      <p class=\"kcf-dropzone-text\"><strong>Click<\/strong> or drag your files here<br>All formats accepted (PDF, Word, images, etc.)<\/p>\n      <input type=\"file\" name=\"attachments\" id=\"kcf-2files\" multiple>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcf-file-list\" id=\"kcf-2filelist\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcf-progress\" id=\"kcf-2progress\">\n      <div class=\"kcf-progress-bar\"><div class=\"kcf-progress-fill\" id=\"kcf-2progressfill\"><\/div><\/div>\n      <p class=\"kcf-progress-text\" id=\"kcf-2progresstext\">Sending...<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n  <button type=\"submit\" class=\"kcf-btn\">\n    <span class=\"kcf-spinner\"><\/span>\n    <span class=\"kcf-btn-text\">Pay \u20ac80 and send my case<\/span>\n  <\/button>\n  <div class=\"kcf-msg\" role=\"status\" aria-live=\"polite\" aria-atomic=\"true\" tabindex=\"-1\"><\/div>\n  <p class=\"kcf-note\">Payment constitutes a request for immediate performance of your analysis. 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l'\u00c9tat.\",\"auteur\":\"data.gouv.fr\",\"paraphrase\":true,\"libelle\":\"Voir la fiche sur data.gouv.fr\"},{\"titre\":\"Commentaires des d\u00e9cisions de justice par l'IA g\u00e9n\u00e9rative\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.data.gouv.fr\/reuses\/commentaires-des-decisions-de-justice-par-lia-generative\",\"citation\":\"R\u00e9utilisation des donn\u00e9es publiques de justice publi\u00e9e par Kohen Avocats et r\u00e9f\u00e9renc\u00e9e sur data.gouv.fr.\",\"auteur\":\"data.gouv.fr\",\"paraphrase\":true,\"libelle\":\"Voir la r\u00e9utilisation sur data.gouv.fr\"}]},\"awwwards\":{\"nom\":\"Awwwards\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Kohen Avocats, site nomm\u00e9 aux Awwwards\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.awwwards.com\/sites\/kohen-avocats\",\"citation\":\"Le site du cabinet figure parmi les sites nomm\u00e9s (\u00ab Nominee \u00bb) par Awwwards, r\u00e9f\u00e9rence internationale du design web.\",\"auteur\":\"Awwwards\",\"paraphrase\":true,\"libelle\":\"Voir la fiche sur 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\u00e0 la location ?\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.leboncoin.fr\/guide\/immobilier\/bouilloires-thermiques-bientot-interdites-a-la-location-hfpj70o6.html\",\"citation\":\"Le guide immobilier cite une analyse de kohenavocats.fr parmi ses sources.\",\"auteur\":\"Leboncoin\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"femme-actuelle\":{\"nom\":\"Femme Actuelle\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"S\u00e9paration ou divorce : quelle banque et quel cr\u00e9dit pour repartir sur de bonnes bases ?\",\"date\":\"2026-09-30\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.femmeactuelle.fr\/vie-pratique\/news-vie-pratique\/separation-ou-divorce-quelle-banque-et-quel-credit-pour-repartir-sur-de-bonnes-bases-2211980\",\"citation\":\"L'article cite une analyse de kohenavocats.com parmi ses sources.\",\"auteur\":\"Femme Actuelle\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"economie-matin\":{\"nom\":\"\u00c9conomie Matin\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Nouveau bail 2026 : ce que les propri\u00e9taires doivent anticiper d\u00e8s 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l\u2019obligation de d\u00e9livrer un logement d\u00e9cent pendant toute la dur\u00e9e du bail et l\u2019ordonnance du tribunal judiciaire de B\u00e9ziers du 31 mars 2026 sur une climatisation install\u00e9e sans autorisation.\",\"auteur\":\"Science \\u0026 Vie\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"frandroid\":{\"nom\":\"Frandroid\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Fin de Rakuten France : comment r\u00e9cup\u00e9rer vos factures, vos garanties et vos points Club R\",\"date\":\"2026-09-30\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.frandroid.com\/culture-tech\/web\/3266559_fin-de-rakuten-france-comment-recuperer-vos-factures-vos-garanties-et-vos-points-club-r\",\"citation\":\"Le cabinet Kohen Avocats leur conseille de retirer cet argent et de t\u00e9l\u00e9charger tout leur historique avant le 10 novembre.\",\"auteur\":\"Frandroid\",\"paraphrase\":true},{\"titre\":\"Goutte-\u00e0-goutte et inondation : que faire quand la climatisation du voisin ruine votre terrasse 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Voil\u00e0 pourquoi\",\"date\":\"2026-10-25\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.magicmaman.com\/vous-vivez-en-immeuble-et-vous-n-avez-toujours-pas-de-chauffage-cet-automne-voila-pourquoi,3787269.asp\",\"citation\":\"Cette date nationale n\u2019existe pas. La loi ne fixe pas un calendrier d\u2019allumage commun \u00e0 tous les immeubles.\",\"auteur\":\"Cabinet Kohen Avocats\"}]},\"next\":{\"nom\":\"Next\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Fin de Bloctel, interdiction du d\u00e9marchage d\u00e8s le 11 ao\u00fbt : on fait le point\",\"date\":\"2026-08-04\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/next.ink\/249950\/fin-de-bloctel-interdiction-du-demarchage-des-le-11-aout-on-fait-le-point\/\",\"citation\":\"Selon le cabinet Kohen Avocats, les jurisprudences dans ce secteur devraient \u00ab \u00e9clairer la port\u00e9e du futur r\u00e9gime \u00bb.\",\"auteur\":\"Next\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"actu-juridique\":{\"nom\":\"Actu-Juridique\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Magistrature et franc-ma\u00e7onnerie : que dit le droit ?\",\"date\":\"2026-09-22\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.actu-juridique.fr\/professions\/magistrats\/magistrature-et-franc-maconnerie-stupeur-et-evitements\/\",\"citation\":\"L\u2019article cite en r\u00e9f\u00e9rence l\u2019analyse de Ma\u00eetre Hassan Kohen, avocat en droit p\u00e9nal \u00e0 Paris, sur l\u2019avis du Coll\u00e8ge de d\u00e9ontologie du 9 juin 2026.\",\"auteur\":\"Actu-Juridique\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"batiweb\":{\"nom\":\"Batiweb\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Mayotte : Lecornu veut un \u00ab choc de mises en chantier \u00bb\",\"date\":\"2026-08-27\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.batiweb.com\/actualites\/urbanisme\/reconstruction-mayotte-lecornu-choc-mises-chantier-49208\",\"citation\":\"Sur les autorisations d\u2019urbanisme n\u00e9cessaires \u00e0 la reconstruction de Mayotte, l\u2019article cite les explications de Me Reda Kohen.\",\"auteur\":\"Batiweb\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"berliner-zeitung\":{\"nom\":\"Berliner Zeitung\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Null Euro Miete, daf\u00fcr Quizabende mit Rentnern: Wie eine 18-J\u00e4hrige ins Seniorenheim zog\",\"date\":\"2026-09-21\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.berliner-zeitung.de\/article\/null-euro-miete-dafuer-quizabende-mit-rentnern-wie-eine-18-jaehrige-ins-seniorenheim-zog-10414380\",\"citation\":\"Der Pariser Anwalt Reda Kohen ordnet das Modell als Gebrauchsleihe ein: Die Wohnung wird \u00fcberlassen, nicht vermietet.\",\"auteur\":\"Berliner Zeitung\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"startupitalia\":{\"nom\":\"StartupItalia\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Quasi 13 miliardi di dollari di Nvidia per la sconosciuta Hugging Face. 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if(e.key==='ArrowLeft'&&actuel>0){e.preventDefault();aller(actuel-1);}});\ns.querySelectorAll('button.knp__logo').forEach(function(b){b.addEventListener('click',function(e){ouvrir(b,e.detail===0&&b.tabIndex>=0);});});\n}\ndocument.querySelectorAll('.knp').forEach(lier);\n})();\n<\/script>\n<\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"kcv-tabs\" id=\"kcv-cabinet\" aria-label=\"Road transport lawyer in Paris\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-in\">\n    <div class=\"kcv-tabs-head\">\n      <p class=\"kk\">Kohen Avocats, Paris 17<\/p>\n      <h2>Road transport: <em>the document, the time limit, the cap<\/em><\/h2>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcv-bar\"><div class=\"kcv-chips\" role=\"tablist\" aria-label=\"Case sections\"><button class=\"kcv-chip-t on\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-avocat\" aria-controls=\"kcv-avocat\" aria-selected=\"true\" tabindex=\"0\">The lawyer<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p1\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p1\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The rules<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p2\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p2\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Your documents<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p3\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p3\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The method<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p4\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p4\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The timetable<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p5\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p5\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The checks<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-synthese\" aria-controls=\"kcv-synthese\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Summary<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-faq\" aria-controls=\"kcv-faq\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Questions<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-textes\" aria-controls=\"kcv-textes\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Legal texts<\/button><\/div><\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcv-track\"><div class=\"kcv-slide kcv-on\" id=\"kcv-avocat\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-avocat\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<div class=\"kcv-pro\">\n  <figure class=\"kcv-pro-photo\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" src=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/kohen-footer\/portrait-reda-20260920-lignes-orange.jpg\" alt=\"Reda Kohen, lawyer at the Paris Bar\" width=\"1122\" height=\"1402\" loading=\"eager\" decoding=\"async\">\n    <figcaption class=\"kcv-pro-cap kcv-glass\"><span class=\"kcv-pro-capn\">Reda Kohen<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pro-capr\">Lawyer at the Paris Bar<\/span><\/figcaption>\n  <\/figure>\n  <div class=\"kcv-pro-body\">\n    <p class=\"kk\">Transport law \u00b7 Paris 17th<\/p>\n    <h2>What a <em>road transport lawyer<\/em> in Paris does<\/h2>\n    <ul class=\"kcv-pro-tags\"><li>Paris Bar<\/li><li>Transport law<\/li><li>Road carriage of goods<\/li><\/ul>\n    <p class=\"kcv-p\">Reda Kohen, lawyer at the Paris Bar, acts for shippers, consignees, road hauliers and their subcontractors in disputes arising from the carriage of goods by lorry.<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-p\">A road transport file is read on paper first. The consignment note, the signed delivery note or the transport order identify the parties, describe the goods at departure and show, or do not show, the reservations made on arrival.<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-p\">The firm then checks three points that the client often does not know: the applicable regime, domestic or international; the time limit already running since delivery; and the liability cap that will limit compensation, save for inexcusable fault or a declaration of value.<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-p\">Send what you have, even if incomplete: the firm will prioritise and complete the file with you. In an emergency, call <a href=\"tel:+33646605822\">06 46 60 58 22<\/a>.<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-pro-meta\"><a href=\"https:\/\/consultation.avocat.fr\/avocat-paris\/reda-kohen-54670.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Official profile in the directory of French lawyers (CNB)<\/a><span>Firm at 11 rue Margueritte, 75017 Paris<\/span><\/p>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-cards\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-card\"><h3>The consignment note as the pivot<\/h3><p>The document binds the sender, the carrier and the consignee, and gives the carrier an action for payment against both the sender and the consignee (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006220236\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006220236\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 132-8 of the French Commercial Code<\/a>).<\/p><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-card\"><h3>Two regimes to tell apart<\/h3><p>A carriage whose taking over and delivery take place in two different countries, at least one of which is a contracting state, is governed by the <a href=\"https:\/\/unece.org\/DAM\/trans\/conventn\/cmr_f.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CMR Convention<\/a> on the international carriage of goods by road (Article 1).<\/p><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-card\"><h3>Short time limits<\/h3><p>One year to bring an action, under domestic law as under the CMR, and, in domestic carriage, one month to bring a recourse action from the date of the action brought against oneself (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000017853204\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000017853204\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 133-6 of the Commercial Code<\/a>).<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p1\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The rules<\/p>\n<h2>Consignment note, CMR, damage: <em>the applicable rules<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">Five rules guide almost every lorry dispute, from departure at the factory to payment of the freight.<\/p>\n<ol class=\"kcv-conds\">\n  <li>The consignment note records the contract, but its absence does not nullify it. In international carriage, the absence, irregularity or loss of the document leaves the contract valid and subject to the Convention (<a href=\"https:\/\/unece.org\/DAM\/trans\/conventn\/cmr_f.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Article 4 of the CMR<\/a>). Under domestic law, the Court of Cassation reiterates that \"the consignment note is evidence of the existence and conditions of the carriage only until proof to the contrary\" (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/68f871430274fc2d1f4a136d\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 22 October 2025, No. 24-10.669<\/a>).<\/li>\n  <li>The carrier is liable as of right for loss and damage occurring between taking over and delivery (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006220288\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006220288\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 133-1 of the Commercial Code<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/unece.org\/DAM\/trans\/conventn\/cmr_f.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Article 17 of the CMR<\/a>). It is relieved of liability by force majeure, the inherent defect of the goods, the fault of the person entitled to the goods or, under the CMR, special risks such as loading carried out by the sender.<\/li>\n  <li>Reservations follow two timetables. Under the domestic regime, the consignee must notify its reasoned protest by bailiff's deed (commissaire de justice) or by registered letter within three days of receipt, public holidays excluded (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000021486442\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000021486442\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 133-3 of the Commercial Code<\/a>). Under the CMR, apparent damage is reported at delivery and hidden damage in writing within seven days (<a href=\"https:\/\/unece.org\/DAM\/trans\/conventn\/cmr_f.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Article 30<\/a>).<\/li>\n  <li>Compensation is capped. In domestic carriage, where there is no written stipulation on compensation and no specific standard contract, the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000043864485\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000043864485\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">general standard contract<\/a> caps compensation for loss and damage by reference to the gross weight of the goods affected: \u20ac33 per kilogram, up to \u20ac1,000 per package for consignments under three tonnes, \u20ac20 per kilogram from three tonnes, with a maximum of \u20ac3,200 per tonne of the consignment (Article 22.1). Under the CMR, the <a href=\"https:\/\/treaties.un.org\/doc\/Treaties\/1978\/07\/19780705%2007-38%20PM\/CTC_XI-B-11-a.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Protocol of 5 July 1978<\/a>, published in France by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/loda\/id\/JORFTEXT000000507655\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/loda\/id\/JORFTEXT000000507655\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Decree No. 82-655 of 15 July 1982<\/a>, sets the cap at 8.33 units of account, that is, special drawing rights, per kilogram of gross weight short.<\/li>\n  <li>The price of carriage is protected. The carrier may claim it from the sender as well as from the consignee (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006220236\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006220236\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 132-8 of the Commercial Code<\/a>), it has a privilege over the value of the goods (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006220340\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006220340\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 133-7 of the Commercial Code<\/a>) and the customer cannot unilaterally set off against the invoice the amount of a loss it alleges (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000043864485\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000043864485\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">general standard contract<\/a>, Article 19.2).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"kcv-callout\"><span class=\"kcv-callout-i\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M9.6 6C6.5 7.4 4.5 10 4.5 13.4V18h6v-6H7.6c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L9.6 6zm9 0c-3.1 1.4-5.1 4-5.1 7.4V18h6v-6h-2.9c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L18.6 6z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><p>Before any letter, three questions: was the carriage international, were the goods delivered and on what date, and was a written reservation made.<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p2\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Your documents<\/p>\n<h2>What to send, depending on <em>your position<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">The judge rules on the transport documents: their date, their signatory and their wording often decide the outcome.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-duel\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-opt kcv-opt-a\"><p class=\"kcv-opt-k\">Position A<\/p><p class=\"kcv-opt-t\">You are a shipper or a consignee<\/p><ul><li>Consignment note or signed delivery note, with the reservations entered on arrival<\/li><li>Transport order, order confirmation and the carrier's general terms<\/li><li>Dated photographs, expert report and purchase or repair invoice for the goods<\/li><li>Written protest or claim, proof that it was sent and the reply from the carrier or its insurer<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-or\" aria-hidden=\"true\">or<\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-opt kcv-opt-b\"><p class=\"kcv-opt-k\">Position B<\/p><p class=\"kcv-opt-t\">You are a carrier or a subcontractor<\/p><ul><li>Unpaid freight invoices, signed delivery notes and round tracking records<\/li><li>Contract or accepted commercial proposal, rate card and diesel indexation<\/li><li>Reservations made at loading, instructions received and the driver's report<\/li><li>Criminal complaint in case of theft, geolocation reports and evidence of the parking location<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-callout\"><span class=\"kcv-callout-i\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M9.6 6C6.5 7.4 4.5 10 4.5 13.4V18h6v-6H7.6c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L9.6 6zm9 0c-3.1 1.4-5.1 4-5.1 7.4V18h6v-6h-2.9c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L18.6 6z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><p>Note the exact date on which the goods were delivered or tendered: in domestic carriage, it starts the one-year period, whatever the due date of the invoices, whereas the CMR uses other starting points for total loss and for the action for payment.<\/p><\/div>\n<p class=\"kcv-p\">The firm also handles:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"kcv-pro-tags\"><li>Freight forwarder<\/li><li>Logistics and warehousing<\/li><li>Customs law<\/li><li>Recovery of commercial debts<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p3\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The method<\/p>\n<h2>How the firm <em>supports you<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">Characterise the carriage, save the time limits, quantify, then act against the person who is liable.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-rows\">\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 1<\/p><h3>Reading the transport documents<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">The firm reconstructs the chain: who ordered, who loaded, who drove, who received. The capacity of each party determines the action available and who must pay.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 2<\/p><h3>Fixing the regime and the time limits<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">Domestic carriage or CMR, total loss or damage, reservations made or not: the firm calculates the starting point of the one-year period and checks whether it has been suspended (<a href=\"https:\/\/unece.org\/DAM\/trans\/conventn\/cmr_f.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Article 32 of the CMR<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000017853204\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000017853204\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 133-6 of the Commercial Code<\/a>).<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 3<\/p><h3>Quantifying the compensation or the debt<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">Value of the goods, applicable cap, ancillary costs and interest: the quantification belongs in the claim, because a letter without an amount may suspend nothing. For an unpaid carrier, interest depends on the debtor: the principal bound by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000043864485\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000043864485\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">general standard contract<\/a> owes the interest under its Article 19.3, whereas the consignee pursued by the direct action guarantees only the price (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/63ca42f49066fd7c90fc26f3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CA Paris, pole 5 ch. 5, 19 January 2023, No. 20\/14522<\/a>).<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 4<\/p><h3>Taking action and calling in a guarantor<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">Formal notice, expert assessment on application (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039280832\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039280832\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 133-4 of the Commercial Code<\/a>), writ of summons before the commercial court, then, in domestic carriage, a recourse action against the substitute carrier within the month following the action brought against the party seeking the guarantee.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-callout\"><span class=\"kcv-callout-i\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M9.6 6C6.5 7.4 4.5 10 4.5 13.4V18h6v-6H7.6c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L9.6 6zm9 0c-3.1 1.4-5.1 4-5.1 7.4V18h6v-6h-2.9c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L18.6 6z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><p>An expert assessment requested from the judge within three days of receipt amounts to a protest in domestic carriage (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000021486442\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000021486442\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 133-3 of the Commercial Code<\/a>): it protects the recourse when the extent of the damage is not yet known.<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p4\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The timetable<\/p>\n<h2>The timeline <em>of a road transport dispute<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">From loading to judgment, the time limits follow one another quickly.<\/p>\n<ol class=\"kcv-hs\"><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Loading<\/p><p><strong>At departure.<\/strong> The carrier examines the load and enters its reservations on the transport document; failing that, the goods are presumed to have left in good apparent condition.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Delivery<\/p><p><strong>The same day.<\/strong> The consignee describes the visible damage on the consignment note or the delivery note, precisely, before signing.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Protest or written reservations<\/p><p><strong>Three days domestically, seven days under the CMR.<\/strong> Reasoned registered letter in domestic carriage; written reservations under the CMR for non-apparent damage, and twenty-one days for delay.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Written claim<\/p><p>Under the CMR, a written claim to the carrier suspends the limitation period until its written rejection with return of the documents attached; a later claim on the same subject no longer suspends it. It is better to state an amount in it, even a provisional one.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Writ of summons<\/p><p><strong>Within the year.<\/strong> In domestic carriage, the period runs from delivery, or from the day on which delivery should have taken place in case of total loss. Under the CMR, it runs from delivery for damage, from the thirtieth day after the agreed time limit for total loss, and becomes three years in case of fault equivalent to wilful misconduct.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Recourse against a guarantor<\/p><p><strong>Within the month.<\/strong> In domestic carriage, the carrier or freight forwarder sued has one month, from the action brought against it, to call in its substitute.<\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p5\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The checks<\/p>\n<h2>What the firm checks <em>before acting<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">An action that is admissible on the merits can be lost on a date or a capacity.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-split\">\n  <ul class=\"kcv-check\"><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Applicable regime: place of taking over and place of delivery stated in the contract, in one country or in two.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Capacity of the parties: sender, actual consignee, actual carrier, freight forwarder, subcontractor, subrogated insurer.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Reservations and protest: content, form, date of receipt and proof of dispatch.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Limitation period: applicable regime, date of delivery or scheduled delivery, written claim and its quantification, carrier's written rejection and return of the documents.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Cap: gross weight of the consignment, number of packages, declaration of value or of special interest in delivery.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Inexcusable fault: instructions given, declared value, route, parking place and conditions.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n  <aside class=\"kcv-act\">\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-k\">Case documents<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-t\">Send what you have, even if incomplete<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-p\">Submit your documents through the confidential form at the top of the page: the firm will prioritise and complete the file with you.<\/p>\n    <div class=\"kcv-act-b\"><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kch-form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n  <\/aside>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-synthese\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-synthese\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Summary<\/p>\n<h2>Situation, evidence, <em>first decision<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">Five common situations in road transport and the priority in each.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-rows\">\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Pallets delivered damaged in France<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Annotated consignment note, photographs, registered protest.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time limit:<\/strong> Three days to protest, one year to bring an action.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Notify the reasoned protest or apply for an expert assessment, then quantify.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Machine damaged in carriage from Italy<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> CMR consignment note, written reservations, expert report, purchase invoice.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time limit:<\/strong> Written reservations within seven days for hidden damage; one year to bring an action.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Send the carrier a written claim stating an amount, to suspend the limitation period.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Load stolen during a stop<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Criminal complaint, driver's report, security instructions, description of the parking place.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time limit:<\/strong> One year, or three years under the CMR if fault equivalent to wilful misconduct is established.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Gather the facts that characterise deliberate fault, as opposed to mere negligence.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Freight left unpaid by a defaulting principal<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Signed delivery notes, invoices, contract or accepted proposal.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time limit:<\/strong> In domestic carriage, one year from each delivery.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Bring the direct action against the sender or the consignee, and file the claim if insolvency proceedings have been opened.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Customer deducting an alleged loss from the invoice<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Invoice, claim emails, absence of a regular protest.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time limit:<\/strong> Payment no later than thirty days after the invoice is issued; one year to bring an action for payment.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Point out the prohibition of unilateral set-off and send a formal notice.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-faq\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-faq\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Frequently asked questions<\/p>\n<h2>Your questions: <em>road transport<\/em><\/h2>\n<div class=\"kcv-faqgrid\">\n  <aside class=\"kcv-act kcv-act-sticky\">\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-k\">14 questions<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-t\">A situation not listed here?<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-p\">Every case has its own features. The firm reads your documents before answering you.<\/p>\n    <div class=\"kcv-act-b\"><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kch-form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n  <\/aside>\n  <div class=\"kcv-faq\"><details><summary>Is a consignment note needed to prove a road carriage?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>No, but it greatly simplifies proof. In international carriage, the <a href=\"https:\/\/unece.org\/DAM\/trans\/conventn\/cmr_f.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CMR Convention<\/a> provides that the contract is evidenced by a consignment note made out in three copies, while specifying that its absence, irregularity or loss affects neither the existence nor the validity of the contract (Articles 4 and 5). The document is evidence of the conditions of the contract and of the carrier's receipt of the goods, until proof to the contrary (Article 9).<\/p><p>In domestic carriage, the consignment note forms the contract between the parties involved (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006220236\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006220236\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 132-8 of the Commercial Code<\/a>), but other documents can stand in for it. The Paris Court of Appeal held that \"proof of delivery may be provided by a consignment note or by any other document such as a delivery note on which the carrier's name appears\" (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/63ca42f49066fd7c90fc26f3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CA Paris, pole 5 ch. 5, 19 January 2023, No. 20\/14522<\/a>). In another case, it accepted extracts from the software shared between the companies to establish each journey (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/6662a3813b9bf20008ba360e\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CA Paris, pole 5 ch. 5, 6 June 2024, No. 21\/08672<\/a>).<\/p><p>The firm therefore gathers the signed notes, tracking records, order emails and invoices, then checks that they correctly identify the carrier that is claiming or being sued.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>How can I tell whether my carriage falls under the CMR or the Commercial Code?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The test is the route provided for in the contract. The Convention applies to any carriage of goods by road for reward in vehicles, where the place of taking over and the place of delivery stated are in two different countries, at least one of which is a contracting state, whatever the domicile and nationality of the parties (<a href=\"https:\/\/unece.org\/DAM\/trans\/conventn\/cmr_f.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Article 1 of the CMR<\/a>). France published it by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/jorf\/id\/JORFTEXT000000877942\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/jorf\/id\/JORFTEXT000000877942\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Decree No. 61-725 of 5 July 1961<\/a>.<\/p><p>A journey from Lyon to Lille, by contrast, falls under Articles L. 133-1 et seq. of the Commercial Code and the standard contracts of the Transport Code (Code des transports). The distinction changes the reservations, the starting point of the limitation period, the caps and the competent court, since the Convention limits the courts in which the claimant may sue (<a href=\"https:\/\/unece.org\/DAM\/trans\/conventn\/cmr_f.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Article 31<\/a>).<\/p><p>The mixed case is common: a freight forwarder organises a carriage from abroad end to end and entrusts part of the journey to a French carrier. The Rouen Court of Appeal thus applied the Convention between the consignee and the organiser of a carriage that started in Italy (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/6a483b9193c619cd1f497f0a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CA Rouen, civil and commercial ch., 18 June 2026, No. 25\/01508<\/a>). The same court also notes that the Convention concerns freight forwarders only if they also act as carriers. The firm therefore examines the initial transport order, each contract in the chain and the capacity of each party, without extending the Convention to every relationship merely because the overall operation is international.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>What reservations should be entered on delivery of a lorry coming from abroad?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Precise, dated and signed reservations that describe the general nature of the damage. For apparent loss or damage, they are made at the latest at the time of delivery; for non-apparent damage, they must be sent in writing to the carrier within seven days, Sundays and public holidays excluded (<a href=\"https:\/\/unece.org\/DAM\/trans\/conventn\/cmr_f.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Article 30 of the CMR<\/a>). Delay gives rise to compensation only if a written reservation is sent within twenty-one days of the goods being placed at the consignee's disposal.<\/p><p>For loss or damage, the absence of reservations is not fatal. The Court of Cassation holds that the provision \"merely establishes a rebuttable presumption of conforming delivery, which the consignee may rebut by proof to the contrary, and not a bar to its action\" (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/5fd93c79edc660221ede56d7\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 22 March 2016, No. 14-12.335<\/a>). The consignee therefore keeps the possibility of proving that the damage existed at delivery, but will do so with more difficulty.<\/p><p>The firm advises refusing vague wording, such as \"subject to unpacking\", which describes nothing. It then follows up with a letter to the carrier and, if necessary, a joint report with its representative.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Is a protest sent by email enough in domestic carriage?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The text does not provide for it. Where the consignee has received the goods, any action for damage or partial loss is extinguished if it has not notified the carrier of a reasoned protest, by extrajudicial deed or by registered letter, within three days following receipt, public holidays excluded (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000021486442\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000021486442\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 133-3 of the Commercial Code<\/a>). An email, however prompt, exposes the consignee to a dispute over its form and over the date of receipt.<\/p><p>The protest must state reasons: it describes the damage, the packages affected and the circumstances known. Reservations entered on the delivery note do not, on their own, satisfy the form required by this provision. If the condition of the goods is disputed, a request for an expert assessment submitted to the president of the court within the same time limit amounts to a protest (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039280832\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039280832\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 133-4 of the Commercial Code<\/a>).<\/p><p>The rule is a mandatory rule of public policy for domestic carriage: a clause excluding it is null, but that nullity does not apply to international carriage. The firm drafts the protest as soon as it receives the photographs, sends it by registered post the same day and keeps proof of posting.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>How can the one-year limitation period be suspended in CMR carriage?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>By a written claim sent to the carrier. Under <a href=\"https:\/\/unece.org\/DAM\/trans\/conventn\/cmr_f.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Article 32 of the CMR<\/a>, actions are time-barred after one year, or three years in case of wilful misconduct or fault regarded as equivalent under the law of the court seised. The Court of Cassation reiterates that \"a written claim suspends the limitation period until the day on which the carrier rejects the claim in writing and returns the documents attached to it\" (our translation); it approved a court of appeal that had held that emails announcing the transmission of the file to the insurer \"did not constitute a rejection of the claim within the meaning of Article 32-2 of the CMR\" (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/63e34cc6500dc805de37cd95\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 8 February 2023, No. 20-22.496<\/a>).<\/p><p>The claim must nevertheless enable the carrier to take a position. The Rouen Court of Appeal held that \"the claim capable of suspending the limitation period is one that contains a request for compensation enabling the recipient to take a position, so that it must contain a quantification, even a provisional one, if only the price of the lost goods\" (our translation); for want of an amount, the consignee's letter had suspended nothing and its action was declared inadmissible (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/6a483b9193c619cd1f497f0a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CA Rouen, civil and commercial ch., 18 June 2026, No. 25\/01508<\/a>). This is a decision unfavourable to the consignee, rendered on the facts of the case.<\/p><p>For the rest, suspension is governed by the law of the forum: the Court of Cassation applied <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000019017345\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000019017345\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 2234 of the French Civil Code (Code civil)<\/a> to a claimant who had legitimately been unaware that its right had arisen. The firm therefore sends a quantified claim, even a provisional one, with the supporting documents, and monitors the carrier's written reply.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Who is liable for badly secured goods?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>It depends on the weight of the consignment and on who loaded. Under the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000043864485\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000043864485\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">general standard contract<\/a>, the carrier itself carries out the loading, wedging and securing of consignments of less than three tonnes (Article 7.1). From three tonnes, these operations fall to the sender, under its responsibility, the carrier having to check that they do not compromise road safety and to make reservations in case of apparent defect (Article 7.2.1).<\/p><p>The Court of Cassation reiterates that in this case \"it is relieved of liability for loss of or damage to the goods during carriage if it establishes that the damage results from a non-apparent defect in the loading, wedging and securing or from an apparent defect for which it would have made reservations\" (our translation). It approved a court of appeal according to which \"the judgment finds that it is not established that the damage resulted from a non-apparent defect in the loading, wedging and securing, and that the mere breaking of the straps was not sufficient to establish it\" (our translation), which left the carrier, which supplied the straps, liable (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/673d85bf1d67c8becde12d9b\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 20 November 2024, No. 23-18.165<\/a>).<\/p><p>A seller who loads the goods itself may also be liable. Despite an ex-works sale, a party that signed the consignment note as sender-consignor and \"itself carries out the loading, wedging and securing of the goods sold, assumes responsibility for it\" (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/64a50a8fb8594705dbfcc842\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 5 July 2023, No. 21-21.115<\/a>). The firm therefore establishes who physically loaded, who supplied the securing equipment and what reservations appear on the document.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>How is the liability cap calculated in domestic carriage?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The calculation starts from the weight and the notion of consignment. For a consignment of less than three tonnes, the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000043864485\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000043864485\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">general standard contract<\/a> applies \u20ac33 per kilogram of gross weight of goods missing or damaged, without exceeding \u20ac1,000 per package; for three tonnes and over, \u20ac20 per kilogram, up to a limit of \u20ac3,200 multiplied by the gross weight of the consignment in tonnes (Article 22.1).<\/p><p>The second limit is calculated on the whole consignment, not on the damaged item alone. Ruling on the former version of the standard contract, the Court of Cassation held that \"the cap on the compensation payable by the carrier must be calculated on the gross weight of the entire load and not on the gross weight of the damaged goods alone\" (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/64a50a8fb8594705dbfcc842\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 5 July 2023, No. 21-21.115<\/a>). For a 5.3-tonne mould delivered with a steel coil to the same consignee, the error in the basis of calculation had reduced the compensation.<\/p><p>The principal may set these figures aside by a declaration of value, which replaces the cap with the declared amount if it is made in writing or electronically no later than the conclusion of the contract and if the price agreed for it is paid (Article 22.2). The firm therefore checks the weights shown on the transport order and the consignment note before any quantification.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Does theft of the load allow the compensation cap to be set aside?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Not by itself. The cap falls away in case of inexcusable fault, defined as a deliberate fault implying awareness of the probability of the damage and its reckless acceptance without valid reason (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000021480210\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000021480210\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 133-8 of the Commercial Code<\/a>); under the CMR, the carrier loses the limitation in case of wilful misconduct or of fault that the law of the court seised regards as equivalent (<a href=\"https:\/\/unece.org\/DAM\/trans\/conventn\/cmr_f.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Article 29<\/a>).<\/p><p>Two recent judgments show how demanding this proof is, and both are unfavourable to the shipper. On 4 March 2026, the Court of Cassation approved the court of appeal for stating that \"inexcusable fault requires a deliberate fault, awareness of the probability of the damage and its reckless acceptance, without valid reason, and cannot consist of negligence, even gross negligence\" (our translation), in a theft at a site equipped with a gate, a control area and cameras (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/69a7e4a6cdc6046d4774386f\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 4 March 2026, No. 24-17.979<\/a>).<\/p><p>On 21 October 2026, it set aside a judgment that had found inexcusable fault by a driver who had got lost and left the rear door open, \"on grounds unsuited to establishing inexcusable fault on the part of the carrier, which does not result from a combination of serious acts of negligence\" (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/6ad888057a1020213707d457\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 21 October 2026, No. 23-20.116<\/a>). The same judgment, on the other hand, approves the court of appeal which, in view of those facts, \"was entitled to deduce that the circumstances of the theft were not unavoidable and to refuse to relieve the carrier of its liability\" (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/6ad888057a1020213707d457\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">same judgment<\/a>). The refusal of relief is therefore final, but inexcusable fault and the amount of compensation will be retried by the court of appeal to which the case is remitted. The firm looks for precise facts: instructions knowingly breached, declared value, risk flagged.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Does a signed transport contract set aside the standard contract?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Only on the points it covers. The contract for the public carriage of goods must specify the nature of the carriage, how it is to be performed, the obligations of each party and the price (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023085434\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023085434\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 1432-2 of the Transport Code<\/a>); failing a written agreement, the relations between the parties are governed by the standard contracts (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023630976\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023630976\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 1432-4 of the Transport Code<\/a>), of which the general contract appears in the annex to the Transport Code (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000033450107\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000033450107\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article D. 3222-1 of the Transport Code<\/a>).<\/p><p>The Court of Cassation has drawn a consequence from this that often surprises shippers: \"the existence of a written agreement does not by itself exclude the application of the general standard contract, since, if that agreement is silent on one or other of the matters mentioned in Article L. 1432-4 of the Transport Code, the clause of the standard contract applies as of right as a default rule\" (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/5fd8717a1a5fed8c660cf895\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 9 December 2020, No. 19-20.875<\/a>). In that case, a framework agreement fixed the rates and the insurer but said nothing on compensation; the regulatory cap therefore had to apply, to the shipper's detriment.<\/p><p>The firm therefore reads each clause of the agreement, matter by matter: compensation, time limits, loading, payment. A shipper who wants compensation above the cap must say so clearly, or declare the value of the consignment when placing the order.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Unpaid subcontractor: can the price be claimed from the sender or the consignee?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Yes, by the direct action. The carrier that performed the carriage may claim payment for its services from the sender and the consignee, who are bound to guarantee the price, and a clause to the contrary is deemed not written (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006220236\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006220236\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 132-8 of the Commercial Code<\/a>). The action is valuable where the principal, a freight forwarder or main carrier, is the subject of insolvency proceedings.<\/p><p>The Paris Court of Appeal specified that \"the carrier means the professional who personally performs the service of moving the goods\" and that \"the direct action provided for by Article L. 132-8 of the Commercial Code is not subject to approval of the subcontractor by the principal\" (our translation), while reserving the prohibition on substitution, where the party relying on it proves that the subcontractor knew or should have known of it (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/6662a3813b9bf20008ba360e\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CA Paris, pole 5 ch. 5, 6 June 2024, No. 21\/08672<\/a>). In domestic carriage, the time limit remains short: the same court held that \"claims for payment for deliveries made before 1 July 2018 must be declared time-barred, regardless of the due date of the invoices\" (our translation), the one-year period running from each delivery (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/6662a3813b9bf20008ba360e\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">same judgment<\/a>).<\/p><p>A carrier that has itself subcontracted loses this action for the journeys it did not make: the same chamber refused it for two deliveries made by another carrier (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/63ca42f49066fd7c90fc26f3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CA Paris, pole 5 ch. 5, 19 January 2023, No. 20\/14522<\/a>). The firm therefore sorts the invoices delivery by delivery, checks who drove and acts before the first anniversary of each handover.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Within what time must a customer pay a road transport invoice?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Thirty days at most. Article L. 441-11 of the Commercial Code, in II, 5\u00b0, sets the payment period for road carriage of goods, freight forwarding and the hire of vehicles with or without driver at thirty days after the date the invoice is issued; this period is maintained in the version of the text that comes into force on 1 January 2027. Failure to comply with this period exposes the debtor to an administrative fine (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000043750778\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000043750778\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 441-16 of the Commercial Code<\/a>).<\/p><p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000043864485\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000043864485\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">general standard contract<\/a> repeats this period, provides for late-payment interest equal to five times the legal interest rate and a fixed recovery indemnity of at least \u20ac40, and prohibits the customer from unilaterally setting off the price against a loss it alleges (Articles 19.1 to 19.3).<\/p><p>The price may also move with energy costs: it is revised as of right according to the variation in the cost of propulsion fuels and, failing a stipulation, by reference to the indices of the Comit\u00e9 national routier or, by default, to the diesel index (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000046194417\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000046194417\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 3222-1 of the Transport Code<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000046194412\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000046194412\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 3222-2 of the Transport Code<\/a>). The firm recalculates the debt on this basis before any formal notice.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can the carrier retain the goods to get paid?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>It has a privilege over the value of the goods and over the documents relating to them, for the price of carriage, ancillary services, immobilisation of the vehicle, costs incurred for the goods, customs duties and interest, including for earlier operations, if the owner of the goods was involved in them (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006220340\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006220340\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 133-7 of the Commercial Code<\/a>).<\/p><p>Exercising retention has a cost and a risk. In a carriage to Morocco, the subcontractor had paid storage costs during the retention ordered by the unpaid carrier; the Court of Cassation held that its action for reimbursement was subject to the CMR limitation period, and then that it was not time-barred in the circumstances (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/63e34cc6500dc805de37cd95\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 8 February 2023, No. 20-22.496<\/a>).<\/p><p>Before any retention, the firm checks that the debt is indeed a carriage debt, that the owner of the goods is linked to the unpaid operations and that the storage costs can be recovered. Otherwise, the retention can backfire on the carrier.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can the owner of goods not named on the consignment note bring an action?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>It can, if it shows that it was in reality a party to the contract. The consignment note has only simple probative force: the Court of Cassation held that \"the consignment note is evidence of the existence and conditions of the carriage only until proof to the contrary\" (our translation), and it set aside the judgment that had declared inadmissible the insurer subrogated to the rights of an owner not named, without examining whether it \"had not organised the transport operation and physically received the cargo, so that it was to be regarded as the actual consignee of the goods\" (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/68f871430274fc2d1f4a136d\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 22 October 2025, No. 24-10.669<\/a>).<\/p><p>The question often arises where the goods belong to a group company, an end customer or a buyer who organised the collection. The name entered in the consignee box is not enough to close the debate.<\/p><p>The firm gathers the emails ordering the carriage, proof of physical receipt and purchase invoices to establish the status of actual consignee. It checks in parallel the insurer's subrogation, which requires that it has paid the insurance indemnity (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000051786012\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000051786012\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 121-12 of the Insurance Code<\/a>), before bringing the action within the one-year period.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Incorrect customs documents: who bears the consequences?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>In principle the sender, unless the carrier is at fault. The Court of Cassation points out that, under Article 11 of the CMR, the sender must supply the documents necessary for customs formalities and that \"the carrier is not bound to check whether these documents are accurate or sufficient, the sender being liable for all damage that may result from the insufficiency or irregularity of these documents, except fault on the part of the carrier\" (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/6603c4f101e3cc0008b6f4ef\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 27 March 2024, No. 22-22.586<\/a>).<\/p><p>The exception worked against the carrier in that case. Its driver, who held two consignment notes and knew that the information received was inaccurate, had drawn up a TIR carnet listing only part of the load, without waiting for the additional documents announced; the carrier's fault was upheld towards the freight forwarder.<\/p><p>The decision shows the value of keeping the exchanges between the driver, operations and the principal. The firm compares the entries in the consignment notes, the customs documents and the messages to determine who knew of the error and when. For duties and penalties claimed by the administration itself, the question also falls within customs law.<\/p><\/div><\/details><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-textes\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-textes\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Sources and related pages<\/p>\n<h2>Official texts and <em>related pages<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">The sources for this page and the firm's related areas of practice.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-arts\"><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006220236\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006220236\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 132-8 of the Commercial Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">consignment note and direct action for payment<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006220288\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006220288\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 133-1 of the Commercial Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">liability for loss and damage<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000021486442\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000021486442\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 133-3 of the Commercial Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">reasoned protest within three days<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039280832\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039280832\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 133-4 of the Commercial Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">expert assessment on application<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000017853204\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000017853204\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 133-6 of the Commercial Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">one-year limitation period and one-month recourse<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006220340\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006220340\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 133-7 of the Commercial Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">carrier's privilege<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000021480210\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000021480210\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 133-8 of the Commercial Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">inexcusable fault<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023630976\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023630976\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 1432-4 of the Transport Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">application of standard contracts<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000043864485\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000043864485\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Annex II to the Transport Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">general standard contract, caps and payment<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000046194417\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000046194417\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 3222-1 of the Transport Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">price revision according to fuel<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000051786012\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000051786012\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 121-12 of the Insurance Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">subrogation of the insurer that has paid<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art\" href=\"https:\/\/unece.org\/DAM\/trans\/conventn\/cmr_f.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">CMR Convention of 19 May 1956<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">French text published by UNECE<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/loda\/id\/JORFTEXT000000507655\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/loda\/id\/JORFTEXT000000507655\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Decree No. 82-655 of 15 July 1982<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">publication of the 1978 CMR protocol<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<h3 class=\"kcv-center\">Further reading<\/h3>\n<div class=\"kcv-pgs\"><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/transport-law-lawyer-paris\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Transport law<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">Practice area of the firm<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/logistics-lawyer-paris\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Logistics and warehousing<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">Practice area of the firm<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/customs-law-lawyer-paris\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Customs law<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">Practice area of the firm<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/business-law-attorneys-paris-75017\/debt-recovery-lawyer\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Commercial debt recovery<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">Practice area of the firm<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<p class=\"kcv-small kcv-center\">Page updated on 1 November 2026.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"kcv-cta\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-in\">\n    <div class=\"kcv-cta-card\">\n      <h2>Damaged goods, a theft or unpaid freight? <em>Take stock today<\/em>.<\/h2>\n      <p>Send the consignment note, the reservations, the invoices and the exchanges with the carrier or the customer: the firm checks the regime, the time limits still open and the person who is liable.<\/p>\n      <div class=\"kcv-btns\">\n        <a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a>\n        <a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kch-form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n<div class=\"kcv-news-band\"><h2>The latest <em>news.<\/em><\/h2><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\", \"@type\": \"FAQPage\", \"mainEntity\": [{\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Is a consignment note needed to prove a road carriage?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"No, but it greatly simplifies proof. In international carriage, the CMR Convention provides that the contract is evidenced by a consignment note made out in three copies, while specifying that its absence, irregularity or loss affects neither the existence nor the validity of the contract (Articles 4 and 5). The document is evidence of the conditions of the contract and of the carrier's receipt of the goods, until proof to the contrary (Article 9). In domestic carriage, the consignment note forms the contract between the parties involved (Article L. 132-8 of the Commercial Code), but other documents can stand in for it. The Paris Court of Appeal held that \\\"proof of delivery may be provided by a consignment note or by any other document such as a delivery note on which the carrier's name appears\\\" (our translation) (CA Paris, pole 5 ch. 5, 19 January 2023, No. 20\/14522). In another case, it accepted extracts from the software shared between the companies to establish each journey (CA Paris, pole 5 ch. 5, 6 June 2024, No. 21\/08672). The firm therefore gathers the signed notes, tracking records, order emails and invoices, then checks that they correctly identify the carrier that is claiming or being sued.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"How can I tell whether my carriage falls under the CMR or the Commercial Code?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The test is the route provided for in the contract. The Convention applies to any carriage of goods by road for reward in vehicles, where the place of taking over and the place of delivery stated are in two different countries, at least one of which is a contracting state, whatever the domicile and nationality of the parties (Article 1 of the CMR). France published it by Decree No. 61-725 of 5 July 1961. A journey from Lyon to Lille, by contrast, falls under Articles L. 133-1 et seq. of the Commercial Code and the standard contracts of the Transport Code (Code des transports). The distinction changes the reservations, the starting point of the limitation period, the caps and the competent court, since the Convention limits the courts in which the claimant may sue (Article 31). The mixed case is common: a freight forwarder organises a carriage from abroad end to end and entrusts part of the journey to a French carrier. The Rouen Court of Appeal thus applied the Convention between the consignee and the organiser of a carriage that started in Italy (CA Rouen, civil and commercial ch., 18 June 2026, No. 25\/01508). The same court recalls that the Convention concerns freight forwarders only if they also act as carriers. The firm therefore examines the initial transport order, each contract in the chain and the capacity of each party, without extending the Convention to every relationship merely because the overall operation is international.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What reservations should be entered on delivery of a lorry coming from abroad?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Precise, dated and signed reservations that describe the general nature of the damage. For apparent loss or damage, they are made at the latest at the time of delivery; for non-apparent damage, they must be sent in writing to the carrier within seven days, Sundays and public holidays excluded (Article 30 of the CMR). Delay gives rise to compensation only if a written reservation is sent within twenty-one days of the goods being placed at the consignee's disposal. For loss or damage, the absence of reservations is not fatal. The Court of Cassation holds that the provision \\\"merely establishes a rebuttable presumption of conforming delivery, which the consignee may rebut by proof to the contrary, and not a bar to its action\\\" (our translation) (Cass. com., 22 March 2016, No. 14-12.335). The consignee therefore keeps the possibility of proving that the damage existed at delivery, but will do so with more difficulty. The firm advises refusing vague wording, such as \\\"subject to unpacking\\\", which describes nothing. It then follows up with a letter to the carrier and, if necessary, a joint report with its representative.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Is a protest sent by email enough in domestic carriage?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The text does not provide for it. Where the consignee has received the goods, any action for damage or partial loss is extinguished if it has not notified the carrier of a reasoned protest, by extrajudicial deed or by registered letter, within three days following receipt, public holidays excluded (Article L. 133-3 of the Commercial Code). An email, however prompt, exposes the consignee to a dispute over its form and over the date of receipt. The protest must state reasons: it describes the damage, the packages affected and the circumstances known. Reservations entered on the delivery note do not, on their own, satisfy the form required by this provision. If the condition of the goods is disputed, a request for an expert assessment submitted to the president of the court within the same time limit amounts to a protest (Article L. 133-4 of the Commercial Code). The rule is a mandatory rule of public policy for domestic carriage: a clause excluding it is null, but that nullity does not apply to international carriage. The firm drafts the protest as soon as it receives the photographs, sends it by registered post the same day and keeps proof of posting.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"How can the one-year limitation period be suspended in CMR carriage?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"By a written claim sent to the carrier. Under Article 32 of the CMR, actions are time-barred after one year, or three years in case of wilful misconduct or fault regarded as equivalent under the law of the court seised. The Court of Cassation reiterates that \\\"a written claim suspends the limitation period until the day on which the carrier rejects the claim in writing and returns the documents attached to it\\\" (our translation); it approved a court of appeal that had held that emails announcing the transmission of the file to the insurer \\\"did not constitute a rejection of the claim within the meaning of Article 32-2 of the CMR\\\" (our translation) (Cass. com., 8 February 2023, No. 20-22.496). The claim must nevertheless enable the carrier to take a position. The Rouen Court of Appeal held that \\\"the claim capable of suspending the limitation period is one that contains a request for compensation enabling the recipient to take a position, so that it must contain a quantification, even a provisional one, if only the price of the lost goods\\\" (our translation); for want of an amount, the consignee's letter had suspended nothing and its action was declared inadmissible (CA Rouen, civil and commercial ch., 18 June 2026, No. 25\/01508). This is a decision unfavourable to the consignee, rendered on the facts of the case. For the rest, suspension is governed by the law of the forum: the Court of Cassation applied Article 2234 of the French Civil Code (Code civil) to a claimant who had legitimately been unaware that its right had arisen. The firm therefore sends a quantified claim, even a provisional one, with the supporting documents, and monitors the carrier's written reply.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Who is liable for badly secured goods?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"It depends on the weight of the consignment and on who loaded. Under the general standard contract, the carrier itself carries out the loading, wedging and securing of consignments of less than three tonnes (Article 7.1). From three tonnes, these operations fall to the sender, under its responsibility, the carrier having to check that they do not compromise road safety and to make reservations in case of apparent defect (Article 7.2.1). The Court of Cassation reiterates that in this case \\\"it is relieved of liability for loss of or damage to the goods during carriage if it establishes that the damage results from a non-apparent defect in the loading, wedging and securing or from an apparent defect for which it would have made reservations\\\" (our translation). It approved a court of appeal according to which \\\"the judgment finds that it is not established that the damage resulted from a non-apparent defect in the loading, wedging and securing, and that the mere breaking of the straps was not sufficient to establish it\\\" (our translation), which left the carrier, which supplied the straps, liable (Cass. com., 20 November 2024, No. 23-18.165). A seller who loads the goods itself may also be liable. Despite an ex-works sale, a party that signed the consignment note as sender-consignor and \\\"itself carries out the loading, wedging and securing of the goods sold, assumes responsibility for it\\\" (our translation) (Cass. com., 5 July 2023, No. 21-21.115). The firm therefore establishes who physically loaded, who supplied the securing equipment and what reservations appear on the document.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"How is the liability cap calculated in domestic carriage?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The calculation starts from the weight and the notion of consignment. For a consignment of less than three tonnes, the general standard contract applies \u20ac33 per kilogram of gross weight of goods missing or damaged, without exceeding \u20ac1,000 per package; for three tonnes and over, \u20ac20 per kilogram, up to a limit of \u20ac3,200 multiplied by the gross weight of the consignment in tonnes (Article 22.1). The second limit is calculated on the whole consignment, not on the damaged item alone. Ruling on the former version of the standard contract, the Court of Cassation held that \\\"the cap on the compensation payable by the carrier must be calculated on the gross weight of the entire load and not on the gross weight of the damaged goods alone\\\" (our translation) (Cass. com., 5 July 2023, No. 21-21.115). For a 5.3-tonne mould delivered with a steel coil to the same consignee, the error in the basis of calculation had reduced the compensation. The principal may set these figures aside by a declaration of value, which replaces the cap with the declared amount if it is made in writing or electronically no later than the conclusion of the contract and if the price agreed for it is paid (Article 22.2). The firm therefore checks the weights shown on the transport order and the consignment note before any quantification.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Does theft of the load allow the compensation cap to be set aside?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Not by itself. The cap falls away in case of inexcusable fault, defined as a deliberate fault implying awareness of the probability of the damage and its reckless acceptance without valid reason (Article L. 133-8 of the Commercial Code); under the CMR, the carrier loses the limitation in case of wilful misconduct or of fault that the law of the court seised regards as equivalent (Article 29). Two recent judgments show how demanding this proof is, and both are unfavourable to the shipper. On 4 March 2026, the Court of Cassation approved the court of appeal for stating that \\\"inexcusable fault requires a deliberate fault, awareness of the probability of the damage and its reckless acceptance, without valid reason, and cannot consist of negligence, even gross negligence\\\" (our translation), in a theft at a site equipped with a gate, a control area and cameras (Cass. com., 4 March 2026, No. 24-17.979). On 21 October 2026, it set aside a judgment that had found inexcusable fault by a driver who had got lost and left the rear door open, \\\"on grounds unsuited to establishing inexcusable fault on the part of the carrier, which does not result from a combination of serious acts of negligence\\\" (our translation) (Cass. com., 21 October 2026, No. 23-20.116). The same judgment, on the other hand, approves the court of appeal which, in view of those facts, \\\"was entitled to deduce that the circumstances of the theft were not unavoidable and to refuse to relieve the carrier of its liability\\\" (our translation) (same judgment). The refusal of relief is therefore final, but inexcusable fault and the amount of compensation will be retried by the court of appeal to which the case is remitted. The firm looks for precise facts: instructions knowingly breached, declared value, risk flagged.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Does a signed transport contract set aside the standard contract?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Only on the points it covers. The contract for the public carriage of goods must specify the nature of the carriage, how it is to be performed, the obligations of each party and the price (Article L. 1432-2 of the Transport Code); failing a written agreement, the relations between the parties are governed by the standard contracts (Article L. 1432-4 of the Transport Code), of which the general contract appears in the annex to the Transport Code (Article D. 3222-1 of the Transport Code). The Court of Cassation has drawn a consequence from this that often surprises shippers: \\\"the existence of a written agreement does not by itself exclude the application of the general standard contract, since, if that agreement is silent on one or other of the matters mentioned in Article L. 1432-4 of the Transport Code, the clause of the standard contract applies as of right as a default rule\\\" (our translation) (Cass. com., 9 December 2020, No. 19-20.875). In that case, a framework agreement fixed the rates and the insurer but said nothing on compensation; the regulatory cap therefore had to apply, to the shipper's detriment. The firm therefore reads each clause of the agreement, matter by matter: compensation, time limits, loading, payment. A shipper who wants compensation above the cap must say so clearly, or declare the value of the consignment when placing the order.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Unpaid subcontractor: can the price be claimed from the sender or the consignee?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Yes, by the direct action. The carrier that performed the carriage may claim payment for its services from the sender and the consignee, who are bound to guarantee the price, and a clause to the contrary is deemed not written (Article L. 132-8 of the Commercial Code). The action is valuable where the principal, a freight forwarder or main carrier, is the subject of insolvency proceedings. The Paris Court of Appeal specified that \\\"the carrier means the professional who personally performs the service of moving the goods\\\" and that \\\"the direct action provided for by Article L. 132-8 of the Commercial Code is not subject to approval of the subcontractor by the principal\\\" (our translation), while reserving the prohibition on substitution, where the party relying on it proves that the subcontractor knew or should have known of it (CA Paris, pole 5 ch. 5, 6 June 2024, No. 21\/08672). In domestic carriage, the time limit remains short: the same court held that \\\"claims for payment for deliveries made before 1 July 2018 must be declared time-barred, regardless of the due date of the invoices\\\" (our translation), the one-year period running from each delivery (same judgment). A carrier that has itself subcontracted loses this action for the journeys it did not make: the same chamber refused it for two deliveries made by another carrier (CA Paris, pole 5 ch. 5, 19 January 2023, No. 20\/14522). The firm therefore sorts the invoices delivery by delivery, checks who drove and acts before the first anniversary of each handover.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Within what time must a customer pay a road transport invoice?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Thirty days at most. Article L. 441-11 of the Commercial Code, in II, 5\u00b0, sets the payment period for road carriage of goods, freight forwarding and the hire of vehicles with or without driver at thirty days after the date the invoice is issued; this period is maintained in the version of the text that comes into force on 1 January 2027. Failure to comply with this period exposes the debtor to an administrative fine (Article L. 441-16 of the Commercial Code). The general standard contract repeats this period, provides for late-payment interest equal to five times the legal interest rate and a fixed recovery indemnity of at least \u20ac40, and prohibits the customer from unilaterally setting off the price against a loss it alleges (Articles 19.1 to 19.3). The price may also move with energy costs: it is revised as of right according to the variation in the cost of propulsion fuels and, failing a stipulation, by reference to the indices of the Comit\u00e9 national routier or, by default, to the diesel index (Article L. 3222-1 of the Transport Code; Article L. 3222-2 of the Transport Code). The firm recalculates the debt on this basis before any formal notice.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Can the carrier retain the goods to get paid?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"It has a privilege over the value of the goods and over the documents relating to them, for the price of carriage, ancillary services, immobilisation of the vehicle, costs incurred for the goods, customs duties and interest, including for earlier operations, if the owner of the goods was involved in them (Article L. 133-7 of the Commercial Code). Exercising retention has a cost and a risk. In a carriage to Morocco, the subcontractor had paid storage costs during the retention ordered by the unpaid carrier; the Court of Cassation held that its action for reimbursement was subject to the CMR limitation period, and then that it was not time-barred in the circumstances (Cass. com., 8 February 2023, No. 20-22.496). Before any retention, the firm checks that the debt is indeed a carriage debt, that the owner of the goods is linked to the unpaid operations and that the storage costs can be recovered. Otherwise, the retention can backfire on the carrier.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Can the owner of goods not named on the consignment note bring an action?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"It can, if it shows that it was in reality a party to the contract. The consignment note has only simple probative force: the Court of Cassation held that \\\"the consignment note is evidence of the existence and conditions of the carriage only until proof to the contrary\\\" (our translation), and it set aside the judgment that had declared inadmissible the insurer subrogated to the rights of an owner not named, without examining whether it \\\"had not organised the transport operation and physically received the cargo, so that it was to be regarded as the actual consignee of the goods\\\" (our translation) (Cass. com., 22 October 2025, No. 24-10.669). The question often arises where the goods belong to a group company, an end customer or a buyer who organised the collection. The name entered in the consignee box is not enough to close the debate. The firm gathers the emails ordering the carriage, proof of physical receipt and purchase invoices to establish the status of actual consignee. It checks in parallel the insurer's subrogation, which requires that it has paid the insurance indemnity (Article L. 121-12 of the Insurance Code), before bringing the action within the one-year period.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Incorrect customs documents: who bears the consequences?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"In principle the sender, unless the carrier is at fault. The Court of Cassation points out that, under Article 11 of the CMR, the sender must supply the documents necessary for customs formalities and that \\\"the carrier is not bound to check whether these documents are accurate or sufficient, the sender being liable for all damage that may result from the insufficiency or irregularity of these documents, except fault on the part of the carrier\\\" (our translation) (Cass. com., 27 March 2024, No. 22-22.586). The exception worked against the carrier in that case. Its driver, who held two consignment notes and knew that the information received was inaccurate, had drawn up a TIR carnet listing only part of the load, without waiting for the additional documents announced; the carrier's fault was upheld towards the freight forwarder. The decision shows the value of keeping the exchanges between the driver, operations and the principal. The firm compares the entries in the consignment notes, the customs documents and the messages to determine who knew of the error and when. 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.elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 {\n    line-height: 1.6;\n  }\n}\n@media (min-width: 769px) and (max-width: 1200px) {\n  .elementor-1983483 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 {\n    line-height: 1.65;\n  }\n}\n@media (min-width: 1201px) {\n  .elementor-1983483 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 {\n    line-height: 1.75;\n  }\n}\n\/* Filtre noir semi-transparent - \u00c9tat initial visible, maintenu au hover *\/\n\/* Z-INDEX 1 : au-dessus du flou mais en dessous du texte *\/\n.elementor-1983483 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836::before {\n  content: '';\n  position: absolute;\n  inset: 0;\n  background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6);\n  backdrop-filter: blur(0px);\n  opacity: 1;\n  pointer-events: none;\n  z-index: 1;\n  transition: backdrop-filter 1.2s cubic-bezier(0.25, 0.1, 0.25, 1);\n  will-change: backdrop-filter;\n}\n\/* Brillance + flou - \u00c9tat initial invisible *\/\n\/* Z-INDEX 0 : en dessous de la teinte noire *\/\n.elementor-1983483 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836::after {\n  content: '';\n  position: absolute;\n  inset: 0;\n  background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);\n  box-shadow: \n    inset 0.5px 0.5px 0.5px 0 rgba(255, 255, 255, 0),\n    inset -0.5px -0.5px 0.5px 0 rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);\n  opacity: 0;\n  pointer-events: none;\n  z-index: 0;\n  transition: all 1.2s cubic-bezier(0.25, 0.1, 0.25, 1);\n}\n\/* ACTIVATION AU HOVER *\/\n.elementor-1983483 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:hover {\n  box-shadow: 0 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2), 0 0 20px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);\n  transform: translateY(-2px);\n}\n.elementor-1983483 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:hover::before {\n  backdrop-filter: blur(8px);\n}\n.elementor-1983483 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:hover::after {\n  background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.25);\n  box-shadow: \n    inset 0.5px 0.5px 0.5px 0 rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15),\n    inset -0.5px -0.5px 0.5px 0 rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15);\n  opacity: 1;\n} \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n  .elementor-1983483 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 {\n    flex-shrink: 0 !important;\n    scroll-snap-align: start !important;\n    width: clamp(300px, 30vw, 400px) !important;\n    min-width: 300px !important;\n  }\n\n  @media (max-width: 767px) {\n    .elementor-1983483 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 {\n      width: 350px !important;\n      min-width: 350px !important;\n      max-width: 350px !important;\n    }\n  }\/* End custom CSS *\/<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2157105 post-2157105 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/25\/foreign-business-france-vat-registration-fiscal-representative-challenge-abroad\/\">Your Foreign Business Owes French VAT Without a French Company: Registration, Fiscal Representative and How to Challenge the Bill From Abroad<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2157083 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2157083 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/tim-schmidbauer-EnC5f7At4ac-unsplash-1-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2157083 post-2157083 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/25\/foreign-company-france-unpaid-invoice-penalties-injonction-payer-abroad\/\">Your French Client Has Not Paid: Late-Payment Penalties, the 40 Euro Fee and the Injunction-to-Pay While You Live Abroad<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2157055 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2157055 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/allison-saeng-Hpw4nI_QUWQ-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2157055 post-2157055 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/25\/foreign-company-france-corporate-bank-account-refusal-abroad\/\">Your French Bank Won&#8217;t Open a Corporate Account While You Live Abroad: Right to an Account, Banque de France Designation and the Anti-Money-Laundering Wall<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. 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Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2156702 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2156702 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/pawel-czerwinski-mIT9kEQBC6Q-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2156702 post-2156702 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/24\/foreign-company-france-hire-first-employee-dpae-contract-trial-pay-abroad\/\">Hiring Your First French Employee While You Live Abroad: DPAE, Contract, Trial Period, Pay and Registration<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2156668 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2156668 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/alex-vasey-F5HtPjpBb9k-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2156668 post-2156668 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/24\/foreign-company-france-management-fees-transfer-pricing-file-defence-abroad\/\">Your French Subsidiary Pays Management Fees to Its Foreign Parent While You Live Abroad: Transfer Pricing File, Deduction and Reassessment Defence<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. 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Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2156579 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2156579 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/viktor-forgacs-5j8nd3QpRbo-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2156579 post-2156579 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/24\/foreign-company-france-close-dissolution-liquidation-tax-radiation-abroad\/\">Closing Your French Company From Abroad: Voluntary Dissolution, Friendly Liquidation, Tax Clearance and Striking Off<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2156527 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2156527 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/mohamed-nohassi-vGTXy8FS7b0-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2156527 post-2156527 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/24\/foreign-company-france-subsidiary-insolvent-director-liability-45-days-abroad\/\">Your French Subsidiary Goes Insolvent While You Live Abroad: 45-Day Filing, Director Liability and Sanctions Defence<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. 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Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. 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A lorry delivered with a crushed pallet, a load stolen at a rest area, badly worded reservations, an international carriage governed by the CMR Convention, a freight invoice left unpaid: every road haulage dispute turns [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":251031307,"featured_media":2157161,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2161350","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.2 (Yoast SEO v28.2) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Road Transport Lawyer Paris | Kohen Avocats<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Road transport lawyer in Paris: consignment note, CMR, damage, theft and unpaid freight. Identify the regime and time limits. 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