{"id":2161343,"date":"2026-11-01T23:35:54","date_gmt":"2026-11-01T22:35:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/?page_id=2161343"},"modified":"2026-11-04T19:41:04","modified_gmt":"2026-11-04T18:41:04","slug":"state-liability-lawyer-paris","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/state-liability-lawyer-paris\/","title":{"rendered":"State liability lawyer in Paris: prior claim and compensation action"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"2161343\" class=\"elementor elementor-2161343 elementor-2160711\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-v5bd59a e-con-full e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"v5bd59a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-v5bd59aw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"v5bd59aw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"kcv\" id=\"kci-root\" data-refresh-marker=\"expertise-fr-avocat-responsabilite-etat-paris-20261101\">\n<section class=\"kcv-hero\" aria-labelledby=\"kch-h1\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-in\">\n    <div class=\"kcv-head\">\n      <p class=\"kk\">Prior claim, fault, loss and time limits against the State, a municipality or a public hospital<\/p>\n      <h1 id=\"kch-h1\"><em>State liability<\/em> lawyer in Paris:<span class=\"kcv-tail\"> prior claim and compensation action.<\/span><\/h1>\n      <p class=\"kcv-sub\">For a state liability lawyer in Paris, obtaining compensation from a public body after an unlawful decision, a service's failure to act, an annulled sanction or a refusal of priority housing requires a complete claim, a basis of liability, with or without fault, directly linked to a quantified loss, and then a compensation action brought within the time limits before the administrative court (tribunal administratif).<\/p>\n      <div class=\"kcv-btns\">\n        <a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a>\n        <a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kch-form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a>\n      <\/div>\n      <p class=\"kcv-urg\">The four-year limitation period keeps running even when the time limit for challenge cannot be relied on against you. Date the originating event, keep proof that your claim was received, and do not let 31 December of the fourth year go by.<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcv-stagewrap\"><div class=\"kcv-stageshadow\"><div class=\"kcv-stage\">\n      <link rel=\"preload\" as=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kohen-v3-expertises\/kohen-fr-trouble-de-voisinage-paysage-20261025.webp\" media=\"(min-width:761px)\" fetchpriority=\"high\">\n      <link rel=\"preload\" as=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kohen-v3-expertises\/kohen-fr-trouble-de-voisinage-paysage-1080-20261025.webp\" media=\"(max-width:760px)\" fetchpriority=\"high\">\n      <div class=\"kcv-media\" aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"--kcv-img:url('https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kohen-v3-expertises\/kohen-fr-trouble-de-voisinage-paysage-20261025.webp');--kcv-img-m:url('https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kohen-v3-expertises\/kohen-fr-trouble-de-voisinage-paysage-1080-20261025.webp')\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"kcv-panel kcv-glass\" id=\"kch-form\">\n        <div class=\"kcv-panel-head\">\n          <div>\n            <p class=\"kcv-panel-k\">State liability \u00b7 Paris<\/p>\n            <h2 class=\"kcv-panel-t\">Get a <em>first analysis<\/em><\/h2>\n            <p class=\"kcv-panel-l\">Send the decision at issue, the judgment that may have annulled it, your claim and proof of its receipt, together with the supporting documents for each loss: the firm examines the fault, the causal link and the time limits still open.<\/p>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"kcv-chip kcv-glass\"><p class=\"kcv-chip-n\">24 \u00e0 48 h<\/p><p class=\"kcv-chip-x\">first legal<br>review<\/p><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"kcf-wrap\">\n<form id=\"kcf-2form\" data-kcf data-api-url=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-json\/kohen-form\/v1\/submit\" data-vps-url=\"https:\/\/upload-fr.46-224-152-225.sslip.io\/submit\" data-max-size=\"1073741824\" data-max-files=\"500\" novalidate enctype=\"multipart\/form-data\">\n  <input type=\"hidden\" name=\"rendered_at\" value=\"1776847557\">\n  <div class=\"kcf-hp\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><label for=\"kcf-2website\">Do not fill in<\/label><input id=\"kcf-2website\" name=\"website\" type=\"text\" tabindex=\"-1\" autocomplete=\"off\"><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcf-price\">\n    <span class=\"kcf-price-amount\">\u20ac80<small>incl. VAT<\/small><\/span>\n    <div class=\"kcf-price-body\">\n      <p class=\"kcf-price-text\"><strong>Preliminary review of your case.<\/strong> Examination of your documents and a first written analysis by Reda Kohen, within 24 to 48 business hours. Payment is made online after this form is sent.<\/p>\n      <ul class=\"kcf-price-meta\">\n        <li>Up to 1 GB of documents, folders and subfolders accepted<\/li>\n        <li>Secure payment, no banking data stored<\/li>\n        <li><a href=\"\/conditions-etude-prealable\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Terms and fee agreement<\/a><\/li>\n      <\/ul>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcf-row\">\n    <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n      <label class=\"kcf-label\" for=\"kcf-2name\">Full name<\/label>\n      <input class=\"kcf-input\" type=\"text\" id=\"kcf-2name\" name=\"name\" placeholder=\"Your name\" required autocomplete=\"name\" aria-describedby=\"kcf-2name-err\">\n      <p class=\"kcf-field-error\" id=\"kcf-2name-err\" role=\"alert\"><\/p>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n      <label class=\"kcf-label\" for=\"kcf-2phone\">Telephone <span class=\"kcf-optional\">(optional)<\/span><\/label>\n      <input class=\"kcf-input\" type=\"tel\" inputmode=\"tel\" id=\"kcf-2phone\" name=\"phone\" placeholder=\"06 00 00 00 00\" autocomplete=\"tel\" aria-describedby=\"kcf-2phone-err\">\n      <p class=\"kcf-field-error\" id=\"kcf-2phone-err\" role=\"alert\"><\/p>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n    <label class=\"kcf-label\" for=\"kcf-2email\">Email address<\/label>\n    <input class=\"kcf-input\" type=\"email\" id=\"kcf-2email\" name=\"email\" placeholder=\"your@email.com\" required autocomplete=\"email\" spellcheck=\"false\" autocapitalize=\"off\" aria-describedby=\"kcf-2email-err\">\n    <p class=\"kcf-field-error\" id=\"kcf-2email-err\" role=\"alert\"><\/p>\n  <\/div>\n  \n  <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n    <label class=\"kcf-label\" for=\"kcf-2message\">Message<\/label>\n    <textarea class=\"kcf-textarea\" id=\"kcf-2message\" name=\"message\" placeholder=\"Briefly describe your situation...\" required aria-describedby=\"kcf-2message-err\"><\/textarea>\n    <p class=\"kcf-field-error\" id=\"kcf-2message-err\" role=\"alert\"><\/p>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n    <label class=\"kcf-label\">Attachments <span class=\"kcf-optional\">(optional, 500 files max, 1 GB)<\/span><\/label>\n    <div class=\"kcf-dropzone\" id=\"kcf-2dropzone\">\n      <svg class=\"kcf-dropzone-icon\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M21 15v4a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-4\"\/><polyline points=\"17 8 12 3 7 8\"\/><line x1=\"12\" y1=\"3\" x2=\"12\" y2=\"15\"\/><\/svg>\n      <p class=\"kcf-dropzone-text\"><strong>Click<\/strong> or drag your files here<br>All formats accepted (PDF, Word, images, etc.)<\/p>\n      <input type=\"file\" name=\"attachments\" id=\"kcf-2files\" multiple>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcf-file-list\" id=\"kcf-2filelist\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcf-progress\" id=\"kcf-2progress\">\n      <div class=\"kcf-progress-bar\"><div class=\"kcf-progress-fill\" id=\"kcf-2progressfill\"><\/div><\/div>\n      <p class=\"kcf-progress-text\" id=\"kcf-2progresstext\">Sending...<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n  <button type=\"submit\" class=\"kcf-btn\">\n    <span class=\"kcf-spinner\"><\/span>\n    <span class=\"kcf-btn-text\">Pay \u20ac80 and send my case<\/span>\n  <\/button>\n  <div class=\"kcf-msg\" role=\"status\" aria-live=\"polite\" aria-atomic=\"true\" tabindex=\"-1\"><\/div>\n  <p class=\"kcf-note\">Payment constitutes a request for immediate performance of your analysis. 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l'\u00c9tat.\",\"auteur\":\"data.gouv.fr\",\"paraphrase\":true,\"libelle\":\"Voir la fiche sur data.gouv.fr\"},{\"titre\":\"Commentaires des d\u00e9cisions de justice par l'IA g\u00e9n\u00e9rative\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.data.gouv.fr\/reuses\/commentaires-des-decisions-de-justice-par-lia-generative\",\"citation\":\"R\u00e9utilisation des donn\u00e9es publiques de justice publi\u00e9e par Kohen Avocats et r\u00e9f\u00e9renc\u00e9e sur data.gouv.fr.\",\"auteur\":\"data.gouv.fr\",\"paraphrase\":true,\"libelle\":\"Voir la r\u00e9utilisation sur data.gouv.fr\"}]},\"awwwards\":{\"nom\":\"Awwwards\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Kohen Avocats, site nomm\u00e9 aux Awwwards\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.awwwards.com\/sites\/kohen-avocats\",\"citation\":\"Le site du cabinet figure parmi les sites nomm\u00e9s (\u00ab Nominee \u00bb) par Awwwards, r\u00e9f\u00e9rence internationale du design web.\",\"auteur\":\"Awwwards\",\"paraphrase\":true,\"libelle\":\"Voir la fiche sur Awwwards\"}]},\"pappers\":{\"nom\":\"Pappers\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Divorce du dirigeant : ce que le r\u00e9gime matrimonial change pour votre soci\u00e9t\u00e9\",\"date\":\"2026-09-04\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.pappers.fr\/gestion-entreprise\/divorce-dirigeant-regime-matrimonial\",\"citation\":\"Le dirigeant a int\u00e9r\u00eat \u00e0 faire travailler ensemble son expert-comptable, son notaire et un avocat sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 en droit de la famille \u00e0 Paris.\",\"auteur\":\"Pappers\",\"paraphrase\":true},{\"titre\":\"Ma\u00eetre KOHEN Reda, avocat \u00e0 Paris\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/justice.pappers.fr\/avocat\/kohen-reda-75017\",\"citation\":\"Fiche de Me Reda Kohen sur Pappers Justice, avec les d\u00e9cisions de justice publi\u00e9es o\u00f9 il est intervenu.\",\"auteur\":\"Pappers Justice\",\"paraphrase\":true,\"libelle\":\"Voir la fiche sur Pappers Justice\"}]},\"leboncoin\":{\"nom\":\"Leboncoin\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Bouilloires thermiques : bient\u00f4t interdites \u00e0 la location ?\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.leboncoin.fr\/guide\/immobilier\/bouilloires-thermiques-bientot-interdites-a-la-location-hfpj70o6.html\",\"citation\":\"Le guide immobilier cite une analyse de kohenavocats.fr parmi ses sources.\",\"auteur\":\"Leboncoin\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"femme-actuelle\":{\"nom\":\"Femme Actuelle\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"S\u00e9paration ou divorce : quelle banque et quel cr\u00e9dit pour repartir sur de bonnes bases ?\",\"date\":\"2026-09-30\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.femmeactuelle.fr\/vie-pratique\/news-vie-pratique\/separation-ou-divorce-quelle-banque-et-quel-credit-pour-repartir-sur-de-bonnes-bases-2211980\",\"citation\":\"L'article cite une analyse de kohenavocats.com parmi ses sources.\",\"auteur\":\"Femme Actuelle\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"economie-matin\":{\"nom\":\"\u00c9conomie Matin\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Nouveau bail 2026 : ce que les propri\u00e9taires doivent anticiper d\u00e8s maintenant\",\"date\":\"2026-09-10\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.economiematin.fr\/bail-nouveau-2026-proprietaires-anticiper\",\"citation\":\"Sur le d\u00e9cret n\u00b0 2026-596 du 7 juillet 2026, l'article renvoie \u00e0 l'analyse publi\u00e9e par le cabinet.\",\"auteur\":\"\u00c9conomie Matin\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"la-voix-du-nord\":{\"nom\":\"La Voix du Nord\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Que risquent les personnes qui ach\u00e8tent des objets vol\u00e9s le 17 octobre ?\",\"date\":\"2026-10-19\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.lavoixdunord.fr\/1747700\/article\/2026-10-19\/que-risquent-les-personnes-qui-achetent-des-objets-voles-le-17-octobre\",\"citation\":\"L\u2019infraction suppose la connaissance de l\u2019origine : savoir que l\u2019objet provient d\u2019un vol.\",\"auteur\":\"Me Hassan Kohen\"}]},\"sortir-a-paris\":{\"nom\":\"Sortir \u00e0 Paris\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Manifestation du 24 octobre \u00e0 Paris : parcours, nouvelles stations ferm\u00e9es, les 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l\u2019obligation de d\u00e9livrer un logement d\u00e9cent pendant toute la dur\u00e9e du bail et l\u2019ordonnance du tribunal judiciaire de B\u00e9ziers du 31 mars 2026 sur une climatisation install\u00e9e sans autorisation.\",\"auteur\":\"Science \\u0026 Vie\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"frandroid\":{\"nom\":\"Frandroid\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Fin de Rakuten France : comment r\u00e9cup\u00e9rer vos factures, vos garanties et vos points Club R\",\"date\":\"2026-09-30\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.frandroid.com\/culture-tech\/web\/3266559_fin-de-rakuten-france-comment-recuperer-vos-factures-vos-garanties-et-vos-points-club-r\",\"citation\":\"Le cabinet Kohen Avocats leur conseille de retirer cet argent et de t\u00e9l\u00e9charger tout leur historique avant le 10 novembre.\",\"auteur\":\"Frandroid\",\"paraphrase\":true},{\"titre\":\"Goutte-\u00e0-goutte et inondation : que faire quand la climatisation du voisin ruine votre terrasse 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Voil\u00e0 pourquoi\",\"date\":\"2026-10-25\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.magicmaman.com\/vous-vivez-en-immeuble-et-vous-n-avez-toujours-pas-de-chauffage-cet-automne-voila-pourquoi,3787269.asp\",\"citation\":\"Cette date nationale n\u2019existe pas. La loi ne fixe pas un calendrier d\u2019allumage commun \u00e0 tous les immeubles.\",\"auteur\":\"Cabinet Kohen Avocats\"}]},\"next\":{\"nom\":\"Next\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Fin de Bloctel, interdiction du d\u00e9marchage d\u00e8s le 11 ao\u00fbt : on fait le point\",\"date\":\"2026-08-04\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/next.ink\/249950\/fin-de-bloctel-interdiction-du-demarchage-des-le-11-aout-on-fait-le-point\/\",\"citation\":\"Selon le cabinet Kohen Avocats, les jurisprudences dans ce secteur devraient \u00ab \u00e9clairer la port\u00e9e du futur r\u00e9gime \u00bb.\",\"auteur\":\"Next\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"actu-juridique\":{\"nom\":\"Actu-Juridique\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Magistrature et franc-ma\u00e7onnerie : que dit le droit ?\",\"date\":\"2026-09-22\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.actu-juridique.fr\/professions\/magistrats\/magistrature-et-franc-maconnerie-stupeur-et-evitements\/\",\"citation\":\"L\u2019article cite en r\u00e9f\u00e9rence l\u2019analyse de Ma\u00eetre Hassan Kohen, avocat en droit p\u00e9nal \u00e0 Paris, sur l\u2019avis du Coll\u00e8ge de d\u00e9ontologie du 9 juin 2026.\",\"auteur\":\"Actu-Juridique\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"batiweb\":{\"nom\":\"Batiweb\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Mayotte : Lecornu veut un \u00ab choc de mises en chantier \u00bb\",\"date\":\"2026-08-27\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.batiweb.com\/actualites\/urbanisme\/reconstruction-mayotte-lecornu-choc-mises-chantier-49208\",\"citation\":\"Sur les autorisations d\u2019urbanisme n\u00e9cessaires \u00e0 la reconstruction de Mayotte, l\u2019article cite les explications de Me Reda Kohen.\",\"auteur\":\"Batiweb\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"berliner-zeitung\":{\"nom\":\"Berliner Zeitung\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Null Euro Miete, daf\u00fcr Quizabende mit Rentnern: Wie eine 18-J\u00e4hrige ins Seniorenheim zog\",\"date\":\"2026-09-21\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.berliner-zeitung.de\/article\/null-euro-miete-dafuer-quizabende-mit-rentnern-wie-eine-18-jaehrige-ins-seniorenheim-zog-10414380\",\"citation\":\"Der Pariser Anwalt Reda Kohen ordnet das Modell als Gebrauchsleihe ein: Die Wohnung wird \u00fcberlassen, nicht vermietet.\",\"auteur\":\"Berliner Zeitung\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"startupitalia\":{\"nom\":\"StartupItalia\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Quasi 13 miliardi di dollari di Nvidia per la sconosciuta Hugging Face. 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aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The rules<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p2\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p2\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Your documents<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p3\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p3\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The method<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p4\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p4\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The timetable<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p5\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p5\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The checks<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-synthese\" aria-controls=\"kcv-synthese\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Summary<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-faq\" aria-controls=\"kcv-faq\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Questions<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-textes\" aria-controls=\"kcv-textes\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Legal texts<\/button><\/div><\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcv-track\"><div class=\"kcv-slide kcv-on\" id=\"kcv-avocat\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-avocat\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<div class=\"kcv-pro\">\n  <figure class=\"kcv-pro-photo\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" src=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/kohen-footer\/portrait-reda-20260920-lignes-orange.jpg\" alt=\"Reda Kohen, lawyer at the Paris Bar\" width=\"1122\" height=\"1402\" loading=\"eager\" decoding=\"async\">\n    <figcaption class=\"kcv-pro-cap kcv-glass\"><span class=\"kcv-pro-capn\">Reda Kohen<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pro-capr\">Lawyer at the Paris Bar<\/span><\/figcaption>\n  <\/figure>\n  <div class=\"kcv-pro-body\">\n    <p class=\"kk\">Public law \u00b7 Paris 17th arrondissement<\/p>\n    <h2>What a <em>state liability lawyer<\/em> in Paris does<\/h2>\n    <ul class=\"kcv-pro-tags\"><li>Paris Bar<\/li><li>Public law<\/li><li>Compensation action<\/li><\/ul>\n    <p class=\"kcv-p\">Reda Kohen, lawyer at the Paris Bar, acts in public law on claims for compensation against the State, local authorities and public bodies.<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-p\">An action for state liability is often won or lost before the hearing. The prior claim fixes the facts and the losses the judge may examine, the time limit for challenge depends on the information stated in each letter, and the four-year limitation period follows its own rules: only a written claim or a challenge relating to the same originating event interrupts it. The firm checks these three points before discussing the merits.<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-p\">On the merits, the reasoning always follows the same order: an act attributable to the public body, a fault or a no-fault regime, a certain loss, and a direct link between the two. The administrative judge rejects compensation where the same decision could lawfully have been taken and would in fact have been taken, or where the claimant's own conduct explains the damage. The claim must anticipate these objections.<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-p\">Send what you have, even if incomplete: the firm will prioritise and complete the file with you. In an emergency, call <a href=\"tel:+33646605822\">06 46 60 58 22<\/a>.<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-pro-meta\"><a href=\"https:\/\/consultation.avocat.fr\/avocat-paris\/reda-kohen-54670.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Official profile in the directory of French lawyers (CNB)<\/a><span>Firm at 11 rue Margueritte, 75017 Paris<\/span><\/p>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-cards\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-card\"><h3>A claim that binds the proceedings<\/h3><p>The letter sent to the administration identifies each originating event and quantifies the known losses. Damage arising from an event the letter does not mention will be declared inadmissible before the court.<\/p><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-card\"><h3>Causation that is proved<\/h3><p>Unlawfulness is not enough. It must be shown that, without it, the situation would have been different, document by document and period by period.<\/p><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-card\"><h3>Two time limits to distinguish<\/h3><p>The two-month time limit for challenge depends on the information notified. The four-year limitation period, by contrast, applies even where no information has been given.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p1\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The rules<\/p>\n<h2>Claim, fault, causation, time limits: <em>the rules of the compensation action<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">Five rules govern the admissibility and success of a claim for compensation against a public body.<\/p>\n<ol class=\"kcv-conds\">\n  <li>Where the action seeks payment of a sum of money, the administrative judge can be seised only after the administration has ruled on a claim made to it (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039807005\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039807005\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article R. 421-1 of the Code of Administrative Justice (code de justice administrative)<\/a>). The letter must claim compensation in an identifiable way: a letter that challenges a decision without asking for money does not bind the proceedings, and the judge may raise this defect of their own motion (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000049861414\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000049861414\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">CAA Paris, 28 June 2024, No. 23PA02177<\/a>).<\/li>\n  <li>Every unlawful act is a fault, but it gives a right to compensation only if it caused direct and certain damage. Thus the Paris Administrative Court of Appeal (cour administrative d'appel) held unlawful an assignment decision, withdrawn a month later for lack of a security clearance, and awarded compensation for the disruption linked to the loss of housing, while rejecting the unsubstantiated heads of loss (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000046549250\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000046549250\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">CAA Paris, 10 Nov. 2022, No. 21PA01464<\/a>). The judge examines whether the same decision could lawfully have been taken and would have been taken in the circumstances of the case: if so, causation disappears (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000043246416\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000043246416\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">CE, 11 March 2021, No. 437138<\/a>).<\/li>\n  <li>The victim's own conduct reduces or removes compensation. For a public official who has been sanctioned, the judge compares the unlawfulness with the official's own faults (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000036753591\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000036753591\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">CE, 28 March 2018, No. 398851<\/a>); the judge may refuse any compensation for lost salary if a sanction with identical effects would have been lawful (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000048206393\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000048206393\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">CE, 13 Oct. 2023, No. 462580<\/a>, a decision unfavourable to the official).<\/li>\n  <li>An implied refusal of a financial claim arises after two months (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367619\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367619\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 231-4, 3\u00b0, of the Code of Relations between the Public and the Administration (code des relations entre le public et l'administration)<\/a>), and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039807000\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039807000\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article R. 421-2 of the Code of Administrative Justice<\/a> then allows two months to bring the matter before the judge. That time limit can be relied on only if it appears in the notification or in the acknowledgement of receipt (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006449946\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006449946\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article R. 421-5 of the Code of Administrative Justice<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367340\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367340\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 112-6 of the Code of Relations between the Public and the Administration<\/a>, whose application between the administration and its staff is excluded by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367336\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367336\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 112-2<\/a>). The one-year limit created by case law does not apply to liability actions (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000038633869\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000038633869\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">CE, 17 June 2019, No. 413097, Centre hospitalier de Vichy<\/a>).<\/li>\n  <li>The claim is extinguished at the end of four years counted from 1 January following the year in which the rights arose (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/loda\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006528553\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/loda\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006528553\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1 of Law No. 68-1250 of 31 December 1968<\/a>); for personal injury, the reference year is the year of consolidation (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000042545476\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000042545476\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">CE, 20 Nov. 2020, No. 434018<\/a>). A written claim and a challenge by a third party relating to the same originating event interrupt this period (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/loda\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006528554\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/loda\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006528554\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 2 of that law<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000054036695\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000054036695\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">CAA Lyon, 29 Apr. 2026, No. 24LY00963<\/a>), and the administration must raise the limitation defence before the first-instance judges rule on the merits (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/loda\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006528561\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/loda\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006528561\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 7 of the same law<\/a>).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"kcv-callout\"><span class=\"kcv-callout-i\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M9.6 6C6.5 7.4 4.5 10 4.5 13.4V18h6v-6H7.6c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L9.6 6zm9 0c-3.1 1.4-5.1 4-5.1 7.4V18h6v-6h-2.9c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L18.6 6z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><p>An annulment obtained before the judge hearing a challenge for abuse of power (exc\u00e8s de pouvoir) is not an order to pay. Compensation requires a separate claim, followed by a full-jurisdiction action in which causation and the amount are argued afresh.<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p2\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Your documents<\/p>\n<h2>The documents to gather according to <em>the state of your case<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">The chronology of the letters and the substantiation of each head of loss decide both admissibility and the amount.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-duel\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-opt kcv-opt-a\"><p class=\"kcv-opt-k\">Situation A<\/p><p class=\"kcv-opt-t\">You are preparing your claim<\/p><ul><li>The decision at issue, its notification and, if there is one, the judgment that annulled it<\/li><li>Dated chronology of the facts, the exchanges and the steps taken with the service<\/li><li>Supporting documents for each loss: payslips, invoices, lease, tax assessment notices, medical certificates<\/li><li>Documents establishing the consolidation or worsening of a personal injury<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-or\" aria-hidden=\"true\">or<\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-opt kcv-opt-b\"><p class=\"kcv-opt-k\">Situation B<\/p><p class=\"kcv-opt-t\">Your claim was rejected or ignored<\/p><ul><li>Copy of the claim and proof of the date it was received<\/li><li>Acknowledgement of receipt, or a record that none was received<\/li><li>Express rejection decision with its statement of time limits and means of redress<\/li><li>Any letter from the administration relying on limitation or disputing the amount<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-callout\"><span class=\"kcv-callout-i\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M9.6 6C6.5 7.4 4.5 10 4.5 13.4V18h6v-6H7.6c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L9.6 6zm9 0c-3.1 1.4-5.1 4-5.1 7.4V18h6v-6h-2.9c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L18.6 6z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><p>Keep proof of posting for every letter sent to the administration. The date of receipt starts the running of interest, interrupts the limitation period and must be established in support of the application.<\/p><\/div>\n<p class=\"kcv-p\">The firm also handles:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"kcv-pro-tags\"><li>Administrative court<\/li><li>Civil service<\/li><li>Administrative law<\/li><li>Local authorities<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p3\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The method<\/p>\n<h2>How the firm <em>handles the claim<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">Date, characterise, quantify, then bring the matter before the judge at the right time.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-rows\">\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 1<\/p><h3>Reconstructing the chronology<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">The firm dates the originating event, the point at which the damage became known, each letter and each reply, in order to calculate the limitation period and to know whether a time limit for challenge can already be relied on.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 2<\/p><h3>Characterising the fault and causation<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">Unlawfulness, failure to act, delay or no-fault regime: the basis is chosen in light of the decisions already given and of whether the same decision could lawfully have been taken and would have been taken.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 3<\/p><h3>Drafting the quantified claim<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">Each originating event and each head of loss is set out with its supporting documents, interest at the statutory rate and its capitalisation are requested, and proof of receipt is kept.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 4<\/p><h3>Bringing the case before the administrative court<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">After rejection, express or implied, the full-jurisdiction application is in principle submitted through a lawyer, as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000033340889\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000033340889\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article R. 431-2 of the Code of Administrative Justice<\/a> requires for monetary claims. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000050760054\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000050760054\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article R. 431-3 of the same code<\/a> exempts in particular individual disputes of public officials and those directed against a local authority, a public body that depends on it or a public health establishment. An interim payment may be requested by urgent application if the obligation is not seriously open to challenge (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006450031\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006450031\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article R. 541-1 of the Code of Administrative Justice<\/a>).<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-callout\"><span class=\"kcv-callout-i\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M9.6 6C6.5 7.4 4.5 10 4.5 13.4V18h6v-6H7.6c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L9.6 6zm9 0c-3.1 1.4-5.1 4-5.1 7.4V18h6v-6h-2.9c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L18.6 6z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><p>Where several events follow one another, each is treated as a separate period of liability. This division prevents a loss from being rejected because it was not linked to the right event.<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p4\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The timetable<\/p>\n<h2>The time limits <em>of a compensation claim<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">From the originating event to the judgment, each step has its relevant date.<\/p>\n<ol class=\"kcv-hs\"><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Originating event<\/p><p><strong>Year N.<\/strong> Unlawful decision, failure to act or consolidation of the personal injury: this is the year used as the basis for calculating the limitation period.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Start of the limitation period<\/p><p><strong>1 January of year N+1.<\/strong> The four-year period under the Law of 31 December 1968 begins, unless it was impossible to act or legitimate ignorance is shown.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Prior claim<\/p><p><strong>Before 31 December of year N+4.<\/strong> The written claim interrupts the limitation period and starts the running of interest from the date of its receipt.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Silence of the administration<\/p><p><strong>Two months after receipt.<\/strong> An implied refusal arises on the financial claim. Only an express rejection duly notified before that date opens the time limit; an express rejection issued within two months after the implied refusal starts it running again.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Application to the court<\/p><p><strong>Two months after the rejection, if the time limit was notified.<\/strong> Without a compliant acknowledgement of receipt, the time limit cannot in principle be relied on, except for an express rejection duly notified before the implied refusal and except for public officials in their dealings with their own administration. The limitation period must still be monitored.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Judgment and appeal<\/p><p><strong>After the written procedure.<\/strong> The court sets the compensation; on appeal, the amount claimed at first instance can be exceeded only if the damage worsened or became fully apparent after the judgment.<\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p5\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The checks<\/p>\n<h2>What the firm checks <em>before writing<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">A claim for compensation rests on dates and documents, not on a sense of injustice.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-split\">\n  <ul class=\"kcv-check\"><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Responsible public body: the State, a municipality, a d\u00e9partement, a hospital or a public establishment, and the public service that made the decision.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Dated originating event and exact ground of unlawfulness: defect of form or procedure, error of law, error of assessment.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Causation: could the same decision lawfully have been taken, and would it have been taken, and did the claimant's conduct contribute to the damage.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Time limits: date the claim was received, acknowledgement of receipt and its contents, limitation period and grounds of interruption.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Provable losses: loss of income, expenses incurred, disruption to living conditions, moral loss, each linked to a period.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n  <aside class=\"kcv-act\">\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-k\">Case documents<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-t\">Send what you have, even if incomplete<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-p\">Submit your documents through the confidential form at the top of the page: the firm will prioritise and complete the file with you.<\/p>\n    <div class=\"kcv-act-b\"><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kch-form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n  <\/aside>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-synthese\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-synthese\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Summary<\/p>\n<h2>Situation, evidence, <em>response<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">The most frequent situations and the first priority in the case.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-rows\">\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Unlawful decision already annulled by the judge<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Annulment judgment, ground upheld, documents showing what would lawfully have been decided.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time limit:<\/strong> The limitation period runs from 1 January following the year in which the rights arose, not from the annulment judgment; the challenge to the decision did, however, interrupt it.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful step:<\/strong> A quantified compensation claim, then a compensation action before the administrative court.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Public official sanctioned or removed from post<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Sanction order, judgment, payslips before and after, bonuses received.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time limit:<\/strong> Between the administration and its staff, the absence of an acknowledgement of receipt does not protect in the same way.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful step:<\/strong> Quantify the period of removal and discuss the sanction that could lawfully have been imposed.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Personal injury caused by a public service<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Medical file, expert report, date of consolidation, supporting documents for healthcare expenses.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time limit:<\/strong> For damage linked to medical care, the Public Health Code (Code de la sant\u00e9 publique) provides its own time limit; elsewhere, consolidation fixes the starting year.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful step:<\/strong> Claim after consolidation or an interim payment, then an application on the merits.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Claim left unanswered<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Dated copy of the claim, proof of receipt, acknowledgement of receipt or its absence.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time limit:<\/strong> Implied refusal after two months; the time limit for challenge can be relied on if the acknowledgement of receipt was complete, or if an express rejection was duly notified beforehand, and it can always be relied on against a public official.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful step:<\/strong> Bring the case before the court without waiting for the limitation period to expire.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Loss that arose after the claim<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Dated documents showing the worsening or the new head of loss.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time limit:<\/strong> A separate originating event calls for a new claim.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful step:<\/strong> Supplement the claim, or increase it on appeal if the damage worsened or became fully apparent after the judgment.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Old claim met with a limitation defence<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Earlier challenges relating to the same decision, letters from the administration, proof of legitimate ignorance.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time limit:<\/strong> Four years from 1 January following the year in which the rights arose, unless interrupted by a claim or a challenge relating to the same event.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful step:<\/strong> Look for grounds of interruption before giving up the claim.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-faq\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-faq\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Frequently asked questions<\/p>\n<h2>Your questions: <em>state liability<\/em><\/h2>\n<div class=\"kcv-faqgrid\">\n  <aside class=\"kcv-act kcv-act-sticky\">\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-k\">13 questions<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-t\">A situation not listed here?<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-p\">Every case has its own features. The firm reads your documents before answering you.<\/p>\n    <div class=\"kcv-act-b\"><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kch-form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n  <\/aside>\n  <div class=\"kcv-faq\"><details><summary>What must a prior compensation claim contain for the court to be validly seised?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Where an application seeks a sum of money, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039807005\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039807005\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article R. 421-1 of the Code of Administrative Justice<\/a> makes it subject to a decision taken by the administration on a claim first addressed to it. This letter is therefore not a courtesy formality: it sets the framework of the future proceedings. It identifies the public body concerned (State, municipality, d\u00e9partement, hospital, public establishment), describes the act complained of with its dates, explains why that act is a fault or falls under a no-fault regime, and then lists each head of loss with an amount and the documents that support it. The quantification may be provisional, provided that this is stated and that the items still awaited, such as an expert report or medical consolidation, are indicated.<\/p><p>Two points matter in practice. The letter must claim compensation explicitly: the Paris Administrative Court of Appeal declared inadmissible the claim of a police officer whose earlier letter contained no request for money (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000049861414\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000049861414\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">CAA Paris, 28 June 2024, No. 23PA02177<\/a>). Next, the date of receipt must be capable of proof, because <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039807000\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039807000\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article R. 421-2 of the Code of Administrative Justice<\/a> requires the date of filing to be established in support of the application. The firm drafts this claim with the pleading it will later have to submit to the administrative court already in mind.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can an informal administrative appeal against the decision that harmed me serve as a compensation claim?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Not necessarily, and this is a frequent source of inadmissibility. An informal administrative appeal (recours gracieux) asks the administration to withdraw or amend its decision; a compensation claim asks it to pay. Both steps may appear in the same letter, but the judge checks that the letter does contain an identifiable request for compensation. In the case decided by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000049861414\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000049861414\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">CAA Paris, 28 June 2024, No. 23PA02177<\/a>, the official relied on an earlier informal administrative appeal; the court noted that this letter requested no sum and upheld the inadmissibility of the compensation claims. It also recalls that the judge may raise this defect even if the administration, in its defence, merely argued the merits.<\/p><p>Caution therefore calls for sending a separate claim, or at the very least a self-contained paragraph, claiming an amount for each loss. Where the application has already been filed without a claim, it remains possible to send one and to follow the reply, but regularisation is not automatic and depends on the stage of the proceedings. The firm reviews the correspondence already exchanged before choosing between a supplementary claim and a new one.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can I claim before the court a loss that I did not mention in my prior claim?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Everything depends on the originating event. A new head of loss can in principle be added if it flows from the same event as the one put to the administration. By contrast, damage that stems from a different event was not submitted to the public body and the rejection decision does not cover it. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000047054989\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000047054989\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">CAA Douai, 19 Jan. 2023, No. 22DA00552<\/a> gives an unfavourable illustration: a local authority official had claimed compensation for the refusal to pay them an index-point bonus (bonification indiciaire), then asked the judge for compensation for reprisals they attributed to that refusal. The court held that these reprisals were a separate originating event and that the corresponding claims were inadmissible, as they had not been put forward in the claim.<\/p><p>The same decision recalls the opposite, more favourable rule: the claimant may detail on appeal the consequences of the event already relied on, and add heads of loss connected to it, as long as the total remains within the amount quantified at first instance, increased where applicable by items that arose after the judgment. Hence the value of describing every event complained of in the claim itself, even those whose quantification remains uncertain.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>My damage worsened after the first-instance judgment: can I claim more on appeal?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Yes, on one precise condition. The Council of State (Conseil d'\u00c9tat) accepts that the victim may increase the claims on appeal where the damage worsened, or became fully apparent, after the judgment under appeal; otherwise, the appeal judge awards compensation within the limit of the total amount claimed before the first-instance judges (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000042828483\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000042828483\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">CE, 29 Dec. 2020, No. 432775<\/a>). In that case, the administrative court of appeal had refused to examine two losses relied on for the first time on appeal, without answering the specific medical evidence describing a deterioration after the judgment. Its decision was annulled on that point, and the Council of State, settling the case itself, awarded additional compensation of \u20ac60,000 with interest and its capitalisation.<\/p><p>For this rule to apply, the worsening must be documented and dated: medical reports, a new expert report, later invoices, evidence of a change in professional situation. A mere upward reassessment of a loss already known is not enough. If the worsening is significant and the appeal proceedings are closed, a new claim based on this new damage may also be considered, subject to the limitation period specific to that worsening.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>My claim received neither a reply nor an acknowledgement of receipt: am I still in time to go to court?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Very probably, but three points must be checked. First, a financial claim left without a reply for two months gives rise to an implied refusal (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367619\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367619\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 231-4, 3\u00b0, of the Code of Relations between the Public and the Administration<\/a>), against which <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039807000\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039807000\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article R. 421-2 of the Code of Administrative Justice<\/a> opens a two-month time limit for challenge. Second, that time limit can be relied on against you only if the administration sent you the acknowledgement of receipt provided for by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367338\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367338\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 112-3 of the Code of Relations between the Public and the Administration<\/a>, containing the required information, including the means of redress and time limits (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031369981\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031369981\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article R. 112-5 of the same code<\/a>). Failing that, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367340\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367340\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 112-6 of the same code<\/a> rules out reliance on the time limit, unless an express decision was duly notified to you before the implied refusal arose.<\/p><p>Finally, the Council of State, in its opinion of 30 January 2019, specified that the two-month rule applies to implied refusals in full-jurisdiction matters arising since 1 January 2017, and that it combines with the requirement of a complete acknowledgement of receipt, except in relations between the administration and its staff (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000038082721\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000038082721\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">CE, opinion, 30 Jan. 2019, No. 420797<\/a>). A public official therefore cannot rely on the absence of an acknowledgement of receipt in the same way. In every case, the absence of a time limit for challenge does not suspend the four-year limitation period, which keeps running.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Does the reasonable one-year period created by the Czabaj case law apply to a compensation action?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>No. For challenges directed against an individual decision notified without information on means of redress and time limits, the Council of State set a one-year limit in 2016, based on legal certainty. It then refused to extend it to liability actions (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000038633869\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000038633869\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">CE, 17 June 2019, No. 413097, Centre hospitalier de Vichy<\/a>). The reason lies in the purpose of the action: a compensation application does not seek to annul or reform the rejection of the claim, it seeks an order against the public body. Stability of situations is then ensured by the limitation rules of the Law of 31 December 1968 or, for personal injury linked to medical care, by the Public Health Code.<\/p><p>In that case, a patient had received the hospital's rejection of her claim in 2010, without being told that referral to the conciliation and compensation commission interrupts the time limit for challenge. She brought the matter before the administrative court only in 2013. The Council of State held that the two-month time limit could not be relied on against her and dismissed the establishment's appeal to the Council of State. This outcome protects the victim, but it never removes the need to monitor the limitation deadline, which remains the real limit.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>From when does the four-year limitation period run for personal injury attributable to a public body?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The Law of 31 December 1968 extinguishes any claim left unpaid at the end of four years, counted from 1 January following the year in which the rights arose (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/loda\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006528553\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/loda\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006528553\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1 of Law No. 68-1250 of 31 December 1968<\/a>). For personal injury, the Council of State takes as the reference year the one in which the impairments were consolidated, for all heads of loss, temporary or permanent (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000042545476\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000042545476\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">CE, 20 Nov. 2020, No. 434018<\/a>). Consolidation starts the period for all losses already certain on that date, including for the future. This four-year regime does not apply to damage caused by acts of prevention, diagnosis or care in a public hospital: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000033810165\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000033810165\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 1142-28 of the Public Health Code (Code de la sant\u00e9 publique)<\/a> subjects them to a ten-year limitation period from consolidation.<\/p><p>The same decision protects the victim when their condition worsens: the expiry of the period does not prevent compensation for new losses arising from a worsening after consolidation, and the limitation period for that worsening runs only from its own consolidation. In that case, an employee of the municipality of Pau, injured on duty in 2001, had been met with two distinct consolidation dates for disorders arising from the same accident. The appeal judgment was annulled for failing to examine whether the psychological disorders amounted to a worsening. The firm therefore reconstructs the medical chronology before quantifying, because it is the chronology that fixes the relevant date.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can a challenge brought by someone else interrupt the limitation period on my own claim?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Yes, where that challenge concerns the same originating event. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/loda\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006528554\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/loda\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006528554\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 2 of that law<\/a> provides for interruption by any judicial challenge relating to the originating event, to the existence, amount or payment of the claim, whoever brings it. The new four-year period then runs from 1 January following the year in which the decision became final; an appeal to the Court of Cassation or the Council of State lodged afterwards is a new challenge that interrupts the limitation period again.<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000054036695\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000054036695\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">CAA Lyon, 29 Apr. 2026, No. 24LY00963<\/a> draws concrete consequences from this. An orchard operator sought compensation for grubbing-up imposed by unlawful prefectoral orders made in 2003, 2008 and 2009. The court of first instance had held the claim barred by limitation. The court held that the challenge for abuse of power (exc\u00e8s de pouvoir) brought in 2004 by another company against the 2003 order, followed by its compensation actions and its appeal, had interrupted the limitation period in the operator's favour, since they concerned the same originating event. The State was ordered to pay \u20ac666,303. The same court nevertheless refused to postpone the starting point on the ground that the unlawfulness had been recognised by the judge only later: publication of the orders was enough to reveal the claim. A search for litigation brought by others on the same decision is therefore part of the analysis.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>I did not know I was entitled to compensation: can the limitation period be set aside?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/loda\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006528555\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/loda\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006528555\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 3 of the Law of 31 December 1968<\/a> suspends the limitation period against a creditor who cannot act, in particular by reason of force majeure, and against one who may legitimately be regarded as unaware of the existence of their claim. This ignorance must be proved and is assessed strictly. The Paris Court of Appeal, hearing an action against the State, held that \"it is for the person relying on the suspension of the limitation period under Article 3 of the Law of 31 December 1968 to establish that they remained legitimately unaware of the existence of their claim and that they had no means of knowing of the originating event within the limitation period\" (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/64895e4f6926a605db2390ed\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CA Paris, p\u00f4le 4 ch. 13, 13 June 2023, No. 20\/11158<\/a>). The action, brought more than twenty years after the originating event, was declared barred by limitation: the decision is unfavourable to the claimant.<\/p><p>The administrative judge reasons in the same way. In <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000054036695\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000054036695\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">CAA Lyon, 29 Apr. 2026, No. 24LY00963<\/a>, the late revelation of the unlawfulness by a judgment was not enough to postpone the starting point, because the published orders already made it possible to know of the claim. The argument of legitimate ignorance is therefore useful only if it rests on specific facts: information held only by the administration, damage that was not visible, a document revealed late. Otherwise, it is better to reason from the least favourable date and act before it.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Is the annulment of a decision for a procedural defect enough to obtain compensation?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>No. Unlawfulness is a fault, but the loss must be its direct and certain consequence. The judge examines whether the same decision could lawfully have been taken and would have been taken in the circumstances of the case; if so, the causal link is missing (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000043246416\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000043246416\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">CE, 11 March 2021, No. 437138<\/a>). In that case, a surveyor had been refused an approval because of a diploma requirement that no text imposed. The court had dismissed his claim on the ground that he had not proved he would have obtained the approval; the Council of State annulled that judgment, because it was for the judge to form a view on the basis of all the evidence produced.<\/p><p>A procedural defect is the hardest ground. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000041709520\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000041709520\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">CAA Nantes, 6 March 2020, No. 18NT03757<\/a> dismissed the appeal of an educator subject to a ban on practising, annulled for breach of the right to be heard, who claimed \u20ac177,500: only that irregularity remained, and nothing indicated that the prefect would have decided otherwise after a proper procedure. The \u20ac6,500 awarded at first instance stood, but no additional sum was granted: the decision is unfavourable to the appellant. Before starting an action, the exact ground of annulment must therefore be identified, and it must be checked whether a substantive ground, and not only one of form, makes the decision unjustifiable.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Public official sanctioned or removed unlawfully: what losses does the judge compensate?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>An official irregularly removed from post is entitled to full compensation for the loss actually suffered, but only for losses directly linked to the unlawfulness, taking into account the respective weight of that unlawfulness and of the official's own faults (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000036753591\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000036753591\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">CE, 28 March 2018, No. 398851<\/a>). In that case, the dismissal of a contract employee had been annulled as disproportionate; the court had nevertheless reduced the compensation because of their faulty conduct, and the Council of State dismissed their appeal.<\/p><p>The decision in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000048206393\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000048206393\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">CE, 13 Oct. 2023, No. 462580<\/a> goes further and remains unfavourable to the official. A teacher excluded for six months had obtained annulment of the sanction, held disproportionate. The judge considered that a sanction with the same effects on pay could lawfully have been imposed, given the seriousness of the remarks made in front of their pupils. The loss of salary during the exclusion was therefore not compensated, nor was the moral loss claimed. For an official, what is at stake in the prior claim is therefore twofold: to quantify the loss of pay and bonuses, and to show that the unlawfulness, rather than the facts complained of, is the source of those losses.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>How is the amount of compensation determined, and from when does interest run?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The judge rules head by head and on the documents. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000046549250\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000046549250\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">CAA Paris, 10 Nov. 2022, No. 21PA01464<\/a> shows this: after an assignment decision held unlawful and then withdrawn for lack of a security clearance, the court rejected the loss of pay, since the end of the previous contract predated the decision, and then the material loss linked to the sale of furniture, for lack of supporting documents. It did, however, compensate the disruption caused by the loss of the housing, terminated because of the decision, and raised the compensation from \u20ac3,500 to \u20ac7,500. Each amount claimed must therefore be tied to a document and a period.<\/p><p>Interest at the statutory rate may be claimed from the time of the claim. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000054036695\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000054036695\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">CAA Lyon, 29 Apr. 2026, No. 24LY00963<\/a> has it run from the date the prefect received the application, then grants capitalisation at each annual anniversary, the first falling one year after that starting point. The mechanism rests on <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032035261\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032035261\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1343-2 of the Civil Code (Code civil)<\/a>, under which interest due for a full year itself bears interest where a court decision so provides. Capitalisation must be requested; it may be requested at any time before the trial court. On an old claim, this interest often represents a significant part of the sum finally obtained.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>The Paris DALO mediation commission unlawfully refused my application: can I obtain compensation?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Yes, and this loss is distinct from the one arising from the delay in rehousing. In a case decided in Paris, the mediation commission had refused in June 2018 to recognise a family as a priority, although an eviction judgment was pending against it. The refusal was annulled, the family was recognised as a priority in 2019, and the administrative court then compensated only the failure to rehouse it after that second decision. The Council of State held that the unlawfulness of the first refusal caused separate disruption to living conditions, for the period running from the expiry of the six-month period following that refusal until the starting point of the other compensated period (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000050477640\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000050477640\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">CE, 7 Nov. 2024, No. 465886<\/a>). It awarded \u20ac1,000 under this head.<\/p><p>The example illustrates a method that is useful beyond housing: divide the chronology into periods of liability, link each to a specific decision or failure to act, then quantify the disruption suffered during each period according to the make-up of the household and living conditions. The prior claim must cover each originating event, failing which the judge can compensate only the one that was put to the administration.<\/p><\/div><\/details><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-textes\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-textes\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Sources and related pages<\/p>\n<h2>Official texts and <em>related pages<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">The sources for this page and the firm's related areas of practice.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-arts\"><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039807005\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039807005\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article R. 421-1 of the Code of Administrative Justice<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">prior decision required for any claim for money<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039807000\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039807000\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article R. 421-2 of the Code of Administrative Justice<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">time limit opened after an implied refusal, date of filing to be established<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000033340879\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000033340879\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article R. 421-3 of the Code of Administrative Justice<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">cases where only an express decision starts the time limit<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006449946\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006449946\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article R. 421-5 of the Code of Administrative Justice<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">time limit can be relied on only if it is stated<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000033340889\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000033340889\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article R. 431-2 of the Code of Administrative Justice<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">representation by a lawyer for monetary claims<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000050760054\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000050760054\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article R. 431-3 of the Code of Administrative Justice<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">exemptions from mandatory legal representation<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006450031\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006450031\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article R. 541-1 of the Code of Administrative Justice<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">interim payment awarded by the urgent applications judge<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367336\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367336\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 112-2 of the Code of Relations between the Public and the Administration<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">exclusion of relations between the administration and its staff<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367338\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367338\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 112-3 of the Code of Relations between the Public and the Administration<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">acknowledgement of receipt of any application<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031369981\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031369981\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article R. 112-5 of the Code of Relations between the Public and the Administration<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">mandatory contents of the acknowledgement of receipt<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367340\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367340\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 112-6 of the Code of Relations between the Public and the Administration<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">time limits cannot be relied on without a compliant acknowledgement of receipt<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367619\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367619\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 231-4 of the Code of Relations between the Public and the Administration<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">implied refusal of financial applications<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/loda\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006528553\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/loda\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006528553\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Law No. 68-1250 of 31 December 1968, Article 1<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">four-year limitation of public claims<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/loda\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006528554\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/loda\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006528554\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Law No. 68-1250 of 31 December 1968, Article 2<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">grounds of interruption of the limitation period<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/loda\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006528555\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/loda\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006528555\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Law No. 68-1250 of 31 December 1968, Article 3<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">suspension where action is impossible or ignorance is legitimate<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/loda\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006528561\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/loda\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006528561\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Law No. 68-1250 of 31 December 1968, Article 7<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">when the administration may raise the limitation defence<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032035261\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032035261\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article 1343-2 of the Civil Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">capitalisation of accrued interest<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000033810165\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000033810165\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 1142-28 of the Public Health Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">ten-year limitation for damage linked to medical care<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<h3 class=\"kcv-center\">Further reading<\/h3>\n<div class=\"kcv-pgs\"><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/public-law-lawyer-paris\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Public law<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">Firm's expertise<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/administrative-court-lawyer-paris\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Administrative court<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">Firm's expertise<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/administrative-law-lawyer-paris\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Administrative law<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">Firm's expertise<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" 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7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<p class=\"kcv-small kcv-center\">Page updated on 1 November 2026.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"kcv-cta\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-in\">\n    <div class=\"kcv-cta-card\">\n      <h2>A claim for compensation against the administration? Check <em>where you stand on time limits<\/em>.<\/h2>\n      <p>Send the decision at issue, your letters and the supporting documents already gathered: the firm checks the limitation period, the fault alleged and the quantification of each loss.<\/p>\n      <div class=\"kcv-btns\">\n        <a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a>\n        <a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kch-form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n<div class=\"kcv-news-band\"><h2>The latest <em>news.<\/em><\/h2><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\", \"@type\": \"FAQPage\", \"mainEntity\": [{\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What must a prior compensation claim contain for the court to be validly seised?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Where an application seeks a sum of money, Article R. 421-1 of the Code of Administrative Justice makes it subject to a decision taken by the administration on a claim first addressed to it. This letter is therefore not a courtesy formality: it sets the framework of the future proceedings. It identifies the public body concerned (State, municipality, d\u00e9partement, hospital, public establishment), describes the act complained of with its dates, explains why that act is a fault or falls under a no-fault regime, and then lists each head of loss with an amount and the documents that support it. The quantification may be provisional, provided that this is stated and that the items still awaited, such as an expert report or medical consolidation, are indicated. Two points matter in practice. The letter must claim compensation explicitly: the Paris Administrative Court of Appeal declared inadmissible the claim of a police officer whose earlier letter contained no request for money (CAA Paris, 28 June 2024, No. 23PA02177). Next, the date of receipt must be capable of proof, because Article R. 421-2 of the Code of Administrative Justice requires the date of filing to be established in support of the application. The firm drafts this claim with the pleading it will later have to submit to the administrative court already in mind.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Can an informal administrative appeal against the decision that harmed me serve as a compensation claim?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Not necessarily, and this is a frequent source of inadmissibility. An informal administrative appeal (recours gracieux) asks the administration to withdraw or amend its decision; a compensation claim asks it to pay. Both steps may appear in the same letter, but the judge checks that the letter does contain an identifiable request for compensation. In the case decided by CAA Paris, 28 June 2024, No. 23PA02177, the official relied on an earlier informal administrative appeal; the court noted that this letter requested no sum and upheld the inadmissibility of the compensation claims. It also recalls that the judge may raise this defect even if the administration, in its defence, merely argued the merits. Caution therefore calls for sending a separate claim, or at the very least a self-contained paragraph, claiming an amount for each loss. Where the application has already been filed without a claim, it remains possible to send one and to follow the reply, but regularisation is not automatic and depends on the stage of the proceedings. The firm reviews the correspondence already exchanged before choosing between a supplementary claim and a new one.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Can I claim before the court a loss that I did not mention in my prior claim?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Everything depends on the originating event. A new head of loss can in principle be added if it flows from the same event as the one put to the administration. By contrast, damage that stems from a different event was not submitted to the public body and the rejection decision does not cover it. CAA Douai, 19 Jan. 2023, No. 22DA00552 gives an unfavourable illustration: a local authority official had claimed compensation for the refusal to pay them an index-point bonus (bonification indiciaire), then asked the judge for compensation for reprisals they attributed to that refusal. The court held that these reprisals were a separate originating event and that the corresponding claims were inadmissible, as they had not been put forward in the claim. The same decision recalls the opposite, more favourable rule: the claimant may detail on appeal the consequences of the event already relied on, and add heads of loss connected to it, as long as the total remains within the amount quantified at first instance, increased where applicable by items that arose after the judgment. Hence the value of describing every event complained of in the claim itself, even those whose quantification remains uncertain.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"My damage worsened after the first-instance judgment: can I claim more on appeal?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Yes, on one precise condition. The Council of State (Conseil d'\u00c9tat) accepts that the victim may increase the claims on appeal where the damage worsened, or became fully apparent, after the judgment under appeal; otherwise, the appeal judge awards compensation within the limit of the total amount claimed before the first-instance judges (CE, 29 Dec. 2020, No. 432775). In that case, the administrative court of appeal had refused to examine two losses relied on for the first time on appeal, without answering the specific medical evidence describing a deterioration after the judgment. Its decision was annulled on that point, and the Council of State, settling the case itself, awarded additional compensation of \u20ac60,000 with interest and its capitalisation. For this rule to apply, the worsening must be documented and dated: medical reports, a new expert report, later invoices, evidence of a change in professional situation. A mere upward reassessment of a loss already known is not enough. If the worsening is significant and the appeal proceedings are closed, a new claim based on this new damage may also be considered, subject to the limitation period specific to that worsening.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"My claim received neither a reply nor an acknowledgement of receipt: am I still in time to go to court?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Very probably, but three points must be checked. First, a financial claim left without a reply for two months gives rise to an implied refusal (Article L. 231-4, 3\u00b0, of the Code of Relations between the Public and the Administration), against which Article R. 421-2 of the Code of Administrative Justice opens a two-month time limit for challenge. Second, that time limit can be relied on against you only if the administration sent you the acknowledgement of receipt provided for by Article L. 112-3 of the Code of Relations between the Public and the Administration, containing the required information, including the means of redress and time limits (Article R. 112-5 of the same code). Failing that, Article L. 112-6 of the same code rules out reliance on the time limit, unless an express decision was duly notified to you before the implied refusal arose. Finally, the Council of State, in its opinion of 30 January 2019, specified that the two-month rule applies to implied refusals in full-jurisdiction matters arising since 1 January 2017, and that it combines with the requirement of a complete acknowledgement of receipt, except in relations between the administration and its staff (CE, opinion, 30 Jan. 2019, No. 420797). A public official therefore cannot rely on the absence of an acknowledgement of receipt in the same way. In every case, the absence of a time limit for challenge does not suspend the four-year limitation period, which keeps running.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Does the reasonable one-year period created by the Czabaj case law apply to a compensation action?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"No. For challenges directed against an individual decision notified without information on means of redress and time limits, the Council of State set a one-year limit in 2016, based on legal certainty. It then refused to extend it to liability actions (CE, 17 June 2019, No. 413097, Centre hospitalier de Vichy). The reason lies in the purpose of the action: a compensation application does not seek to annul or reform the rejection of the claim, it seeks an order against the public body. Stability of situations is then ensured by the limitation rules of the Law of 31 December 1968 or, for personal injury linked to medical care, by the Public Health Code. In that case, a patient had received the hospital's rejection of her claim in 2010, without being told that referral to the conciliation and compensation commission interrupts the time limit for challenge. She brought the matter before the administrative court only in 2013. The Council of State held that the two-month time limit could not be relied on against her and dismissed the establishment's appeal to the Council of State. This outcome protects the victim, but it never removes the need to monitor the limitation deadline, which remains the real limit.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"From when does the four-year limitation period run for personal injury attributable to a public body?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The Law of 31 December 1968 extinguishes any claim left unpaid at the end of four years, counted from 1 January following the year in which the rights arose (Article 1 of Law No. 68-1250 of 31 December 1968). For personal injury, the Council of State takes as the reference year the one in which the impairments were consolidated, for all heads of loss, temporary or permanent (CE, 20 Nov. 2020, No. 434018). Consolidation starts the period for all losses already certain on that date, including for the future. This four-year regime does not apply to damage caused by acts of prevention, diagnosis or care in a public hospital: Article L. 1142-28 of the Public Health Code (Code de la sant\u00e9 publique) subjects them to a ten-year limitation period from consolidation. The same decision protects the victim when their condition worsens: the expiry of the period does not prevent compensation for new losses arising from a worsening after consolidation, and the limitation period for that worsening runs only from its own consolidation. In that case, an employee of the municipality of Pau, injured on duty in 2001, had been met with two distinct consolidation dates for disorders arising from the same accident. The appeal judgment was annulled for failing to examine whether the psychological disorders amounted to a worsening. The firm therefore reconstructs the medical chronology before quantifying, because it is the chronology that fixes the relevant date.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Can a challenge brought by someone else interrupt the limitation period on my own claim?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Yes, where that challenge concerns the same originating event. Article 2 of that law provides for interruption by any judicial challenge relating to the originating event, to the existence, amount or payment of the claim, whoever brings it. The new four-year period then runs from 1 January following the year in which the decision became final; an appeal to the Court of Cassation or the Council of State lodged afterwards is a new challenge that interrupts the limitation period again. CAA Lyon, 29 Apr. 2026, No. 24LY00963 draws concrete consequences from this. An orchard operator sought compensation for grubbing-up imposed by unlawful prefectoral orders made in 2003, 2008 and 2009. The court of first instance had held the claim barred by limitation. The court held that the challenge for abuse of power (exc\u00e8s de pouvoir) brought in 2004 by another company against the 2003 order, followed by its compensation actions and its appeal, had interrupted the limitation period in the operator's favour, since they concerned the same originating event. The State was ordered to pay \u20ac666,303. The same court nevertheless refused to postpone the starting point on the ground that the unlawfulness had been recognised by the judge only later: publication of the orders was enough to reveal the claim. A search for litigation brought by others on the same decision is therefore part of the analysis.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"I did not know I was entitled to compensation: can the limitation period be set aside?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Article 3 of the Law of 31 December 1968 suspends the limitation period against a creditor who cannot act, in particular by reason of force majeure, and against one who may legitimately be regarded as unaware of the existence of their claim. This ignorance must be proved and is assessed strictly. The Paris Court of Appeal, hearing an action against the State, held that \\\"it is for the person relying on the suspension of the limitation period under Article 3 of the Law of 31 December 1968 to establish that they remained legitimately unaware of the existence of their claim and that they had no means of knowing of the originating event within the limitation period\\\" (our translation) (CA Paris, p\u00f4le 4 ch. 13, 13 June 2023, No. 20\/11158). The action, brought more than twenty years after the originating event, was declared barred by limitation: the decision is unfavourable to the claimant. The administrative judge reasons in the same way. In CAA Lyon, 29 Apr. 2026, No. 24LY00963, the late revelation of the unlawfulness by a judgment was not enough to postpone the starting point, because the published orders already made it possible to know of the claim. The argument of legitimate ignorance is therefore useful only if it rests on specific facts: information held only by the administration, damage that was not visible, a document revealed late. Otherwise, it is better to reason from the least favourable date and act before it.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Is the annulment of a decision for a procedural defect enough to obtain compensation?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"No. Unlawfulness is a fault, but the loss must be its direct and certain consequence. The judge examines whether the same decision could lawfully have been taken and would have been taken in the circumstances of the case; if so, the causal link is missing (CE, 11 March 2021, No. 437138). In that case, a surveyor had been refused an approval because of a diploma requirement that no text imposed. The court had dismissed his claim on the ground that he had not proved he would have obtained the approval; the Council of State annulled that judgment, because it was for the judge to form a view on the basis of all the evidence produced. A procedural defect is the hardest ground. CAA Nantes, 6 March 2020, No. 18NT03757 dismissed the appeal of an educator subject to a ban on practising, annulled for breach of the right to be heard, who claimed \u20ac177,500: only that irregularity remained, and nothing indicated that the prefect would have decided otherwise after a proper procedure. The \u20ac6,500 awarded at first instance stood, but no additional sum was granted: the decision is unfavourable to the appellant. Before starting an action, the exact ground of annulment must therefore be identified, and it must be checked whether a substantive ground, and not only one of form, makes the decision unjustifiable.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Public official sanctioned or removed unlawfully: what losses does the judge compensate?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"An official irregularly removed from post is entitled to full compensation for the loss actually suffered, but only for losses directly linked to the unlawfulness, taking into account the respective weight of that unlawfulness and of the official's own faults (CE, 28 March 2018, No. 398851). In that case, the dismissal of a contract employee had been annulled as disproportionate; the court had nevertheless reduced the compensation because of their faulty conduct, and the Council of State dismissed their appeal. The decision in CE, 13 Oct. 2023, No. 462580 goes further and remains unfavourable to the official. A teacher excluded for six months had obtained annulment of the sanction, held disproportionate. The judge considered that a sanction with the same effects on pay could lawfully have been imposed, given the seriousness of the remarks made in front of their pupils. The loss of salary during the exclusion was therefore not compensated, nor was the moral loss claimed. For an official, what is at stake in the prior claim is therefore twofold: to quantify the loss of pay and bonuses, and to show that the unlawfulness, rather than the facts complained of, is the source of those losses.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"How is the amount of compensation determined, and from when does interest run?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The judge rules head by head and on the documents. CAA Paris, 10 Nov. 2022, No. 21PA01464 shows this: after an assignment decision held unlawful and then withdrawn for lack of a security clearance, the court rejected the loss of pay, since the end of the previous contract predated the decision, and then the material loss linked to the sale of furniture, for lack of supporting documents. It did, however, compensate the disruption caused by the loss of the housing, terminated because of the decision, and raised the compensation from \u20ac3,500 to \u20ac7,500. Each amount claimed must therefore be tied to a document and a period. Interest at the statutory rate may be claimed from the time of the claim. CAA Lyon, 29 Apr. 2026, No. 24LY00963 has it run from the date the prefect received the application, then grants capitalisation at each annual anniversary, the first falling one year after that starting point. The mechanism rests on Article 1343-2 of the Civil Code (Code civil), under which interest due for a full year itself bears interest where a court decision so provides. Capitalisation must be requested; it may be requested at any time before the trial court. On an old claim, this interest often represents a significant part of the sum finally obtained.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"The Paris DALO mediation commission unlawfully refused my application: can I obtain compensation?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Yes, and this loss is distinct from the one arising from the delay in rehousing. In a case decided in Paris, the mediation commission had refused in June 2018 to recognise a family as a priority, although an eviction judgment was pending against it. The refusal was annulled, the family was recognised as a priority in 2019, and the administrative court then compensated only the failure to rehouse it after that second decision. The Council of State held that the unlawfulness of the first refusal caused separate disruption to living conditions, for the period running from the expiry of the six-month period following that refusal until the starting point of the other compensated period (CE, 7 Nov. 2024, No. 465886). It awarded \u20ac1,000 under this head. The example illustrates a method that is useful beyond housing: divide the chronology into periods of liability, link each to a specific decision or failure to act, then quantify the disruption suffered during each period according to the make-up of the household and living conditions. The prior claim must cover each originating event, failing which the judge can compensate only the one that was put to the administration.\"}}]}<\/script><script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\", \"@type\": \"LegalService\", \"name\": \"State liability lawyer in Paris \u2014 Kohen Avocats\", \"url\": \"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/state-liability-lawyer-paris\/\", \"telephone\": \"+33646605822\", \"email\": \"contact@kohenavocats.fr\", \"address\": {\"@type\": \"PostalAddress\", \"streetAddress\": \"11 rue Margueritte\", \"postalCode\": \"75017\", \"addressLocality\": \"Paris\", \"addressCountry\": \"FR\"}, \"areaServed\": \"\u00cele-de-France\", \"founder\": {\"@type\": \"Person\", \"name\": \"Reda Kohen\", \"jobTitle\": \"Lawyer at the Paris Bar\", \"sameAs\": [\"https:\/\/consultation.avocat.fr\/avocat-paris\/reda-kohen-54670.html\"]}, \"openingHours\": \"Mo-Su 00:00-24:00\"}<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div 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class: .elementor-element-bcaeb6b *\/.elementor-1983483 .elementor-element.elementor-element-bcaeb6b {\n    position: absolute;\n    width: 0;\n    height: 0;\n    overflow: hidden;\n    opacity: 0;\n    pointer-events: none;\n  }\/* End custom CSS *\/\n\/* Start custom CSS for container, class: .elementor-element-5bca5836 *\/.elementor-1983483 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 {\n  position: relative;\n  box-shadow: 0 2px 4px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);\n  transition: all 1.2s cubic-bezier(0.25, 0.1, 0.25, 1);\n  \n  \/* Interlignage responsive pour le texte contenu *\/\n  line-height: clamp(1.5, 1.4 + 0.2vw, 1.8);\n  \n  \/* R\u00e9duction de la taille du texte normal *\/\n  font-size: 0.9em;\n}\n\/* Assurer que le contenu soit au-dessus des pseudo-\u00e9l\u00e9ments *\/\n.elementor-1983483 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > * {\n  position: relative;\n  z-index: 1;\n}\n\/* Interlignage + r\u00e9duction taille pour les titres *\/\n.elementor-1983483 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 h1,\n.elementor-1983483 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 h2,\n.elementor-1983483 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 h3,\n.elementor-1983483 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 h4,\n.elementor-1983483 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 h5,\n.elementor-1983483 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 h6,\n.elementor-1983483 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 .elementor-heading-title {\n  line-height: clamp(1.2, 1.15 + 0.1vw, 1.35) !important;\n  font-size: 0.85em !important;\n}\n\/* M\u00e9dia queries pour affiner l'interlignage des titres *\/\n@media (max-width: 768px) {\n  .elementor-1983483 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 {\n    font-size: 0.85em;\n  }\n  \n  .elementor-1983483 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 h1,\n  .elementor-1983483 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 h2,\n  .elementor-1983483 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 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\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n  .elementor-1983483 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 {\n    flex-shrink: 0 !important;\n    scroll-snap-align: start !important;\n    width: clamp(300px, 30vw, 400px) !important;\n    min-width: 300px !important;\n  }\n\n  @media (max-width: 767px) {\n    .elementor-1983483 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 {\n      width: 350px !important;\n      min-width: 350px !important;\n      max-width: 350px !important;\n    }\n  }\/* End custom CSS *\/<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2157105 post-2157105 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/25\/foreign-business-france-vat-registration-fiscal-representative-challenge-abroad\/\">Your Foreign Business Owes French VAT Without a French Company: Registration, Fiscal Representative and How to Challenge the Bill From Abroad<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" 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Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. 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Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2157013 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2157013 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/getty-images-p1ZW7qeVRyE-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2157013 post-2157013 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/25\/foreign-company-france-sas-pay-abroad-salary-dividends-management-fees\/\">Your French SAS Pays You While You Live Abroad: Salary, Dividends or Management Fees<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2156883 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2156883 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/getty-images-p1ZW7qeVRyE-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2156883 post-2156883 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/25\/foreign-company-france-sas-capital-increase-cash-call-filing-abroad\/\">Your French SAS Needs Cash From Abroad: Increase Capital, Call Up Unpaid Shares or Lend Instead \u2014 Filing and New Kbis Without Flying to Paris<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2156702 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2156702 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/pawel-czerwinski-mIT9kEQBC6Q-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2156702 post-2156702 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/24\/foreign-company-france-hire-first-employee-dpae-contract-trial-pay-abroad\/\">Hiring Your First French Employee While You Live Abroad: DPAE, Contract, Trial Period, Pay and Registration<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2156668 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2156668 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/alex-vasey-F5HtPjpBb9k-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2156668 post-2156668 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/24\/foreign-company-france-management-fees-transfer-pricing-file-defence-abroad\/\">Your French Subsidiary Pays Management Fees to Its Foreign Parent While You Live Abroad: Transfer Pricing File, Deduction and Reassessment Defence<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. 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Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2156579 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2156579 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/viktor-forgacs-5j8nd3QpRbo-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2156579 post-2156579 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/24\/foreign-company-france-close-dissolution-liquidation-tax-radiation-abroad\/\">Closing Your French Company From Abroad: Voluntary Dissolution, Friendly Liquidation, Tax Clearance and Striking Off<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2156527 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2156527 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/mohamed-nohassi-vGTXy8FS7b0-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2156527 post-2156527 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/24\/foreign-company-france-subsidiary-insolvent-director-liability-45-days-abroad\/\">Your French Subsidiary Goes Insolvent While You Live Abroad: 45-Day Filing, Director Liability and Sanctions Defence<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. 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Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. 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