{"id":2161313,"date":"2026-11-01T23:11:41","date_gmt":"2026-11-01T22:11:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/?page_id=2161313"},"modified":"2026-11-04T19:45:53","modified_gmt":"2026-11-04T18:45:53","slug":"ad-hoc-mandate-lawyer-paris","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/ad-hoc-mandate-lawyer-paris\/","title":{"rendered":"Ad hoc mandate lawyer in Paris: negotiating with your creditors before cessation of payments"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"2161313\" class=\"elementor elementor-2161313 elementor-2160700\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-v5bd59a e-con-full e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"v5bd59a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-v5bd59aw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"v5bd59aw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"kcv\" id=\"kci-root\" data-refresh-marker=\"expertise-fr-avocat-mandat-ad-hoc-paris-20261101\">\n<section class=\"kcv-hero\" aria-labelledby=\"kch-h1\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-in\">\n    <div class=\"kcv-head\">\n      <p class=\"kk\">Bank, tax or supplier debts: negotiating under the court's supervision, in complete confidentiality<\/p>\n      <h1 id=\"kch-h1\"><em>Ad hoc mandate lawyer<\/em> in Paris:<span class=\"kcv-tail\"> negotiating with your creditors before cessation of payments.<\/span><\/h1>\n      <p class=\"kcv-sub\">An ad hoc mandate lawyer in Paris helps a company director use an ad hoc mandate (mandat ad hoc) or a conciliation to reopen discussions with banks, landlords, suppliers or public creditors, under the supervision of a third party appointed by the president of the court. The choice between the two procedures depends mainly on the date of cessation of payments and on the strength the agreement needs to have.<\/p>\n      <div class=\"kcv-btns\">\n        <a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a>\n        <a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kch-form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a>\n      <\/div>\n      <p class=\"kcv-urg\">Conciliation is no longer available to a company that has been in cessation of payments for more than forty-five days. Check that date before any application, and gather the statement of debts and the repayment schedule now.<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcv-stagewrap\"><div class=\"kcv-stageshadow\"><div class=\"kcv-stage\">\n      <link rel=\"preload\" as=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kohen-v3-expertises\/kohen-fr-droit-bancaire-paysage-20261025.webp\" media=\"(min-width:761px)\" fetchpriority=\"high\">\n      <link rel=\"preload\" as=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kohen-v3-expertises\/kohen-fr-droit-bancaire-paysage-1080-20261025.webp\" media=\"(max-width:760px)\" fetchpriority=\"high\">\n      <div class=\"kcv-media\" aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"--kcv-img:url('https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kohen-v3-expertises\/kohen-fr-droit-bancaire-paysage-20261025.webp');--kcv-img-m:url('https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kohen-v3-expertises\/kohen-fr-droit-bancaire-paysage-1080-20261025.webp')\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"kcv-panel kcv-glass\" id=\"kch-form\">\n        <div class=\"kcv-panel-head\">\n          <div>\n            <p class=\"kcv-panel-k\">Ad hoc mandate \u00b7 Paris<\/p>\n            <h2 class=\"kcv-panel-t\">Get a <em>first analysis<\/em><\/h2>\n            <p class=\"kcv-panel-l\">Send the latest annual accounts, the cash position, the list of main creditors and the formal notices received: the firm will review the appropriate procedure and the relevant date for acting.<\/p>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"kcv-chip kcv-glass\"><p class=\"kcv-chip-n\">24 \u00e0 48 h<\/p><p class=\"kcv-chip-x\">first legal<br>review<\/p><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"kcf-wrap\">\n<form id=\"kcf-2form\" data-kcf data-api-url=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-json\/kohen-form\/v1\/submit\" data-vps-url=\"https:\/\/upload-fr.46-224-152-225.sslip.io\/submit\" data-max-size=\"1073741824\" data-max-files=\"500\" novalidate enctype=\"multipart\/form-data\">\n  <input type=\"hidden\" name=\"rendered_at\" value=\"1776847557\">\n  <div class=\"kcf-hp\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><label for=\"kcf-2website\">Do not fill in<\/label><input id=\"kcf-2website\" name=\"website\" type=\"text\" tabindex=\"-1\" autocomplete=\"off\"><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcf-price\">\n    <span class=\"kcf-price-amount\">\u20ac80<small>incl. VAT<\/small><\/span>\n    <div class=\"kcf-price-body\">\n      <p class=\"kcf-price-text\"><strong>Preliminary review of your case.<\/strong> Examination of your documents and a first written analysis by Reda Kohen, within 24 to 48 business hours. Payment is made online after this form is sent.<\/p>\n      <ul class=\"kcf-price-meta\">\n        <li>Up to 1 GB of documents, folders and subfolders accepted<\/li>\n        <li>Secure payment, no banking data stored<\/li>\n        <li><a href=\"\/conditions-etude-prealable\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Terms and fee agreement<\/a><\/li>\n      <\/ul>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcf-row\">\n    <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n      <label class=\"kcf-label\" for=\"kcf-2name\">Full name<\/label>\n      <input class=\"kcf-input\" type=\"text\" id=\"kcf-2name\" name=\"name\" placeholder=\"Your name\" required autocomplete=\"name\" aria-describedby=\"kcf-2name-err\">\n      <p class=\"kcf-field-error\" id=\"kcf-2name-err\" role=\"alert\"><\/p>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n      <label class=\"kcf-label\" for=\"kcf-2phone\">Telephone <span class=\"kcf-optional\">(optional)<\/span><\/label>\n      <input class=\"kcf-input\" type=\"tel\" inputmode=\"tel\" id=\"kcf-2phone\" name=\"phone\" placeholder=\"06 00 00 00 00\" autocomplete=\"tel\" aria-describedby=\"kcf-2phone-err\">\n      <p class=\"kcf-field-error\" id=\"kcf-2phone-err\" role=\"alert\"><\/p>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n    <label class=\"kcf-label\" for=\"kcf-2email\">Email address<\/label>\n    <input class=\"kcf-input\" type=\"email\" id=\"kcf-2email\" name=\"email\" placeholder=\"your@email.com\" required autocomplete=\"email\" spellcheck=\"false\" autocapitalize=\"off\" aria-describedby=\"kcf-2email-err\">\n    <p class=\"kcf-field-error\" id=\"kcf-2email-err\" role=\"alert\"><\/p>\n  <\/div>\n  \n  <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n    <label class=\"kcf-label\" for=\"kcf-2message\">Message<\/label>\n    <textarea class=\"kcf-textarea\" id=\"kcf-2message\" name=\"message\" placeholder=\"Briefly describe your situation...\" required aria-describedby=\"kcf-2message-err\"><\/textarea>\n    <p class=\"kcf-field-error\" id=\"kcf-2message-err\" role=\"alert\"><\/p>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n    <label class=\"kcf-label\">Attachments <span class=\"kcf-optional\">(optional, 500 files max, 1 GB)<\/span><\/label>\n    <div class=\"kcf-dropzone\" id=\"kcf-2dropzone\">\n      <svg class=\"kcf-dropzone-icon\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M21 15v4a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-4\"\/><polyline points=\"17 8 12 3 7 8\"\/><line x1=\"12\" y1=\"3\" x2=\"12\" y2=\"15\"\/><\/svg>\n      <p class=\"kcf-dropzone-text\"><strong>Click<\/strong> or drag your files here<br>All formats accepted (PDF, Word, images, etc.)<\/p>\n      <input type=\"file\" name=\"attachments\" id=\"kcf-2files\" multiple>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcf-file-list\" id=\"kcf-2filelist\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcf-progress\" id=\"kcf-2progress\">\n      <div class=\"kcf-progress-bar\"><div class=\"kcf-progress-fill\" id=\"kcf-2progressfill\"><\/div><\/div>\n      <p class=\"kcf-progress-text\" id=\"kcf-2progresstext\">Sending...<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n  <button type=\"submit\" class=\"kcf-btn\">\n    <span class=\"kcf-spinner\"><\/span>\n    <span class=\"kcf-btn-text\">Pay \u20ac80 and send my case<\/span>\n  <\/button>\n  <div class=\"kcf-msg\" role=\"status\" aria-live=\"polite\" aria-atomic=\"true\" tabindex=\"-1\"><\/div>\n  <p class=\"kcf-note\">Payment constitutes a request for immediate performance of your analysis. 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p.knp__watchlink{margin:0 0 2px;padding:0;line-height:17px}.kcv-press.knp a.knp__videos{gap:5px;padding:0;border:0;border-radius:0;background:none;box-shadow:none;font-size:11.5px;letter-spacing:.02em;line-height:17px;transform:none}.kcv-press.knp a.knp__videos:hover{background:none;box-shadow:none;transform:none}.kcv-press.knp a.knp__videos:hover span{text-decoration:underline;text-underline-offset:3px}.kcv-press.knp a.knp__videos svg{width:13px;height:13px}.knp .knp__vc{display:none}@media (max-width:900px){.kcv-press.knp .knp__vl{display:none}.kcv-press.knp .knp__vc{display:inline}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){.knp a.knp__videos{transition:none}.knp a.knp__videos:hover{transform:none}}<\/style><p class=\"knp__watchlink\"><a class=\"knp__videos\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/media\/\" aria-label=\"Watch the videos and their transcripts\"><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><circle cx=\"10\" cy=\"10\" 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l'\u00c9tat.\",\"auteur\":\"data.gouv.fr\",\"paraphrase\":true,\"libelle\":\"Voir la fiche sur data.gouv.fr\"},{\"titre\":\"Commentaires des d\u00e9cisions de justice par l'IA g\u00e9n\u00e9rative\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.data.gouv.fr\/reuses\/commentaires-des-decisions-de-justice-par-lia-generative\",\"citation\":\"R\u00e9utilisation des donn\u00e9es publiques de justice publi\u00e9e par Kohen Avocats et r\u00e9f\u00e9renc\u00e9e sur data.gouv.fr.\",\"auteur\":\"data.gouv.fr\",\"paraphrase\":true,\"libelle\":\"Voir la r\u00e9utilisation sur data.gouv.fr\"}]},\"awwwards\":{\"nom\":\"Awwwards\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Kohen Avocats, site nomm\u00e9 aux Awwwards\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.awwwards.com\/sites\/kohen-avocats\",\"citation\":\"Le site du cabinet figure parmi les sites nomm\u00e9s (\u00ab Nominee \u00bb) par Awwwards, r\u00e9f\u00e9rence internationale du design web.\",\"auteur\":\"Awwwards\",\"paraphrase\":true,\"libelle\":\"Voir la fiche sur 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\u00e0 la location ?\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.leboncoin.fr\/guide\/immobilier\/bouilloires-thermiques-bientot-interdites-a-la-location-hfpj70o6.html\",\"citation\":\"Le guide immobilier cite une analyse de kohenavocats.fr parmi ses sources.\",\"auteur\":\"Leboncoin\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"femme-actuelle\":{\"nom\":\"Femme Actuelle\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"S\u00e9paration ou divorce : quelle banque et quel cr\u00e9dit pour repartir sur de bonnes bases ?\",\"date\":\"2026-09-30\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.femmeactuelle.fr\/vie-pratique\/news-vie-pratique\/separation-ou-divorce-quelle-banque-et-quel-credit-pour-repartir-sur-de-bonnes-bases-2211980\",\"citation\":\"L'article cite une analyse de kohenavocats.com parmi ses sources.\",\"auteur\":\"Femme Actuelle\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"economie-matin\":{\"nom\":\"\u00c9conomie Matin\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Nouveau bail 2026 : ce que les propri\u00e9taires doivent anticiper d\u00e8s maintenant\",\"date\":\"2026-09-10\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.economiematin.fr\/bail-nouveau-2026-proprietaires-anticiper\",\"citation\":\"Sur le d\u00e9cret n\u00b0 2026-596 du 7 juillet 2026, l'article renvoie \u00e0 l'analyse publi\u00e9e par le cabinet.\",\"auteur\":\"\u00c9conomie Matin\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"la-voix-du-nord\":{\"nom\":\"La Voix du Nord\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Que risquent les personnes qui ach\u00e8tent des objets vol\u00e9s le 17 octobre ?\",\"date\":\"2026-10-19\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.lavoixdunord.fr\/1747700\/article\/2026-10-19\/que-risquent-les-personnes-qui-achetent-des-objets-voles-le-17-octobre\",\"citation\":\"L\u2019infraction suppose la connaissance de l\u2019origine : savoir que l\u2019objet provient d\u2019un vol.\",\"auteur\":\"Me Hassan Kohen\"}]},\"sortir-a-paris\":{\"nom\":\"Sortir \u00e0 Paris\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Manifestation du 24 octobre \u00e0 Paris : parcours, nouvelles stations ferm\u00e9es, les 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l\u2019obligation de d\u00e9livrer un logement d\u00e9cent pendant toute la dur\u00e9e du bail et l\u2019ordonnance du tribunal judiciaire de B\u00e9ziers du 31 mars 2026 sur une climatisation install\u00e9e sans autorisation.\",\"auteur\":\"Science \\u0026 Vie\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"frandroid\":{\"nom\":\"Frandroid\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Fin de Rakuten France : comment r\u00e9cup\u00e9rer vos factures, vos garanties et vos points Club R\",\"date\":\"2026-09-30\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.frandroid.com\/culture-tech\/web\/3266559_fin-de-rakuten-france-comment-recuperer-vos-factures-vos-garanties-et-vos-points-club-r\",\"citation\":\"Le cabinet Kohen Avocats leur conseille de retirer cet argent et de t\u00e9l\u00e9charger tout leur historique avant le 10 novembre.\",\"auteur\":\"Frandroid\",\"paraphrase\":true},{\"titre\":\"Goutte-\u00e0-goutte et inondation : que faire quand la climatisation du voisin ruine votre terrasse 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Voil\u00e0 pourquoi\",\"date\":\"2026-10-25\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.magicmaman.com\/vous-vivez-en-immeuble-et-vous-n-avez-toujours-pas-de-chauffage-cet-automne-voila-pourquoi,3787269.asp\",\"citation\":\"Cette date nationale n\u2019existe pas. La loi ne fixe pas un calendrier d\u2019allumage commun \u00e0 tous les immeubles.\",\"auteur\":\"Cabinet Kohen Avocats\"}]},\"next\":{\"nom\":\"Next\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Fin de Bloctel, interdiction du d\u00e9marchage d\u00e8s le 11 ao\u00fbt : on fait le point\",\"date\":\"2026-08-04\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/next.ink\/249950\/fin-de-bloctel-interdiction-du-demarchage-des-le-11-aout-on-fait-le-point\/\",\"citation\":\"Selon le cabinet Kohen Avocats, les jurisprudences dans ce secteur devraient \u00ab \u00e9clairer la port\u00e9e du futur r\u00e9gime \u00bb.\",\"auteur\":\"Next\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"actu-juridique\":{\"nom\":\"Actu-Juridique\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Magistrature et franc-ma\u00e7onnerie : que dit le droit ?\",\"date\":\"2026-09-22\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.actu-juridique.fr\/professions\/magistrats\/magistrature-et-franc-maconnerie-stupeur-et-evitements\/\",\"citation\":\"L\u2019article cite en r\u00e9f\u00e9rence l\u2019analyse de Ma\u00eetre Hassan Kohen, avocat en droit p\u00e9nal \u00e0 Paris, sur l\u2019avis du Coll\u00e8ge de d\u00e9ontologie du 9 juin 2026.\",\"auteur\":\"Actu-Juridique\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"batiweb\":{\"nom\":\"Batiweb\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Mayotte : Lecornu veut un \u00ab choc de mises en chantier \u00bb\",\"date\":\"2026-08-27\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.batiweb.com\/actualites\/urbanisme\/reconstruction-mayotte-lecornu-choc-mises-chantier-49208\",\"citation\":\"Sur les autorisations d\u2019urbanisme n\u00e9cessaires \u00e0 la reconstruction de Mayotte, l\u2019article cite les explications de Me Reda Kohen.\",\"auteur\":\"Batiweb\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"berliner-zeitung\":{\"nom\":\"Berliner Zeitung\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Null Euro Miete, daf\u00fcr Quizabende mit Rentnern: Wie eine 18-J\u00e4hrige ins Seniorenheim zog\",\"date\":\"2026-09-21\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.berliner-zeitung.de\/article\/null-euro-miete-dafuer-quizabende-mit-rentnern-wie-eine-18-jaehrige-ins-seniorenheim-zog-10414380\",\"citation\":\"Der Pariser Anwalt Reda Kohen ordnet das Modell als Gebrauchsleihe ein: Die Wohnung wird \u00fcberlassen, nicht vermietet.\",\"auteur\":\"Berliner Zeitung\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"startupitalia\":{\"nom\":\"StartupItalia\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Quasi 13 miliardi di dollari di Nvidia per la sconosciuta Hugging Face. 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aria-controls=\"kcv-p1\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The rules<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p2\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p2\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Your documents<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p3\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p3\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The method<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p4\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p4\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The timetable<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p5\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p5\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The checks<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-synthese\" aria-controls=\"kcv-synthese\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Summary<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-faq\" aria-controls=\"kcv-faq\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Questions<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-textes\" aria-controls=\"kcv-textes\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Legal texts<\/button><\/div><\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcv-track\"><div class=\"kcv-slide kcv-on\" id=\"kcv-avocat\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-avocat\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<div class=\"kcv-pro\">\n  <figure class=\"kcv-pro-photo\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" src=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/kohen-footer\/portrait-reda-20260920-lignes-orange.jpg\" alt=\"Reda Kohen, lawyer at the Paris Bar\" width=\"1122\" height=\"1402\" loading=\"eager\" decoding=\"async\">\n    <figcaption class=\"kcv-pro-cap kcv-glass\"><span class=\"kcv-pro-capn\">Reda Kohen<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pro-capr\">Lawyer at the Paris Bar<\/span><\/figcaption>\n  <\/figure>\n  <div class=\"kcv-pro-body\">\n    <p class=\"kk\">Business law \u00b7 Paris 17th arrondissement<\/p>\n    <h2>What an <em>ad hoc mandate lawyer<\/em> in Paris does<\/h2>\n    <ul class=\"kcv-pro-tags\"><li>Paris Bar<\/li><li>Business law<\/li><li>Preventing difficulties<\/li><\/ul>\n    <p class=\"kcv-p\">Reda Kohen, lawyer at the Paris Bar, practises business law and assists company directors who want to deal with a financial difficulty through negotiation, before insolvency proceedings become unavoidable.<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-p\">The firm first examines the company's actual cash position, its debts that are due and the creditors on whom the continuation of the business depends. That assessment determines the choice between the ad hoc mandate, which is more flexible, and conciliation, which is more tightly limited in time.<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-p\">At the debtor's request, the president of the court appoints an ad hoc agent and sets the scope of the assignment (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000044052542\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000044052542\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 611-3 of the French Commercial Code<\/a>). Conciliation follows a more precise regime: a detailed application, a limited duration, the possibility of payment deferrals imposed on a creditor who is pursuing recovery, and then an agreement that is either recorded or approved by the court.<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-p\">Send what you have, even if incomplete: the firm will prioritise and complete the file with you. In an emergency, call <a href=\"tel:+33646605822\">06 46 60 58 22<\/a>.<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-pro-meta\"><a href=\"https:\/\/consultation.avocat.fr\/avocat-paris\/reda-kohen-54670.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Official profile in the directory of French lawyers (CNB)<\/a><span>Firm at 11 rue Margueritte, 75017 Paris<\/span><\/p>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-cards\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-card\"><h3>A supervised negotiation<\/h3><p>The ad hoc agent or conciliator brings together the relevant creditors and helps the director present a credible settlement plan, without the management being removed from its functions.<\/p><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-card\"><h3>Protected confidentiality<\/h3><p>Anyone called to take part in the procedure, or who knows of it through their duties, is bound by confidentiality, including as to the very existence of the conciliation.<\/p><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-card\"><h3>An agreement that can be strengthened<\/h3><p>The conciliation agreement can be recorded by the president or approved by the court, with different effects for creditors, guarantors and the date of cessation of payments.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p1\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The rules<\/p>\n<h2>Application, duration, confidentiality: <em>the applicable rules<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">Four sets of rules govern an amicable negotiation under the court's supervision.<\/p>\n<ol class=\"kcv-conds\">\n  <li>An ad hoc mandate is opened solely at the debtor's request; the debtor may propose the name of the agent and is not required to inform the social and economic committee (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000044052542\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000044052542\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 611-3 of the French Commercial Code<\/a>). The written request sets out its grounds and is filed with the court registry (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039345964\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039345964\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article R. 611-18 of the French Commercial Code<\/a>); the president ends the assignment without delay when the debtor so requests (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006268546\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006268546\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article R. 611-21 of the French Commercial Code<\/a>).<\/li>\n  <li>Conciliation is available to a debtor facing a legal, economic or financial difficulty, whether actual or foreseeable, and who has not been in cessation of payments for more than forty-five days (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023217170\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023217170\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 611-4 of the French Commercial Code<\/a>). The conciliator is appointed for four months at most, which may be extended by a reasoned decision at the conciliator's request, without exceeding five months in total; if the recording or approval of the agreement was requested before that deadline, the assignment and the procedure continue until the decision is given (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000044052540\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000044052540\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 611-6 of the French Commercial Code<\/a>).<\/li>\n  <li>Confidentiality binds anyone called to take part in the procedure or who knows of it through their duties (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006235342\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006235342\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 611-15 of the French Commercial Code<\/a>). The Court of Cassation states that it \"covers the decision to open that procedure, its existence and its content\" (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/6684e941a0de54ff609f7a9d\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 3 July 2024, No. 22-24.068<\/a>).<\/li>\n  <li>The agreement may be recorded by the president, who makes it enforceable, or approved by the court if the debtor is not in cessation of payments or if the agreement brings that situation to an end, if the agreement ensures the business's continuity and if it does not harm non-signatory creditors (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000028723879\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000028723879\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 611-8 of the French Commercial Code<\/a>). Only court approval opens access to the priority granted to new money (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000044052555\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000044052555\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 611-11 of the French Commercial Code<\/a>).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"kcv-callout\"><span class=\"kcv-callout-i\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M9.6 6C6.5 7.4 4.5 10 4.5 13.4V18h6v-6H7.6c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L9.6 6zm9 0c-3.1 1.4-5.1 4-5.1 7.4V18h6v-6h-2.9c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L18.6 6z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><p>An ad hoc mandate imposes nothing on creditors: it relies on their agreement. Conciliation adds judicial levers, within a period of five months at most, extended until the decision only if recording or approval was requested before it expires.<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p2\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Your documents<\/p>\n<h2>What to gather depending on <em>your position<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">The application and the negotiation rest on verifiable figures and on the exact list of the creditors concerned.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-duel\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-opt kcv-opt-a\"><p class=\"kcv-opt-k\">Position A<\/p><p class=\"kcv-opt-t\">You run the company in difficulty<\/p><ul><li>Annual accounts for the last three financial years, cash position and forecast over six to twelve months<\/li><li>Statement of receivables and debts with a repayment schedule, list of main creditors and of security granted<\/li><li>Formal notices, payment demands, registrations of liens and recent exchanges with the bank or the authorities<\/li><li>Loan agreements, commercial lease and key contracts containing acceleration or termination clauses<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-or\" aria-hidden=\"true\">or<\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-opt kcv-opt-b\"><p class=\"kcv-opt-k\">Position B<\/p><p class=\"kcv-opt-t\">You are a creditor or a guarantor<\/p><ul><li>Summons from the ad hoc agent or conciliator and proposals received<\/li><li>Evidence of the debt, an up-to-date statement of account and the security you hold<\/li><li>Guarantee deed, any new commitment requested and the draft agreement submitted for signature<\/li><li>Order granting the debtor time to pay, if you have started enforcement proceedings<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-callout\"><span class=\"kcv-callout-i\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M9.6 6C6.5 7.4 4.5 10 4.5 13.4V18h6v-6H7.6c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L9.6 6zm9 0c-3.1 1.4-5.1 4-5.1 7.4V18h6v-6h-2.9c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L18.6 6z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><p>Information received in the procedure remains confidential, including for a creditor or a shareholder: do not pass it to a third party without first checking the applicable framework.<\/p><\/div>\n<p class=\"kcv-p\">The firm also handles:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"kcv-pro-tags\"><li>Companies in difficulty<\/li><li>Insolvency proceedings<\/li><li>Sale of the business<\/li><li>Director's liability<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p3\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The method<\/p>\n<h2>How the firm <em>supports you<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">Measure the difficulty, choose the procedure, then give the agreement the strength it needs.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-rows\">\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 1<\/p><h3>Measuring the cash position<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">The firm compares available assets with liabilities that are due, looks for any date of cessation of payments and identifies the creditors whose agreement is essential.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 2<\/p><h3>Choosing between an ad hoc mandate and conciliation<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">The flexibility of an ad hoc mandate suits a targeted negotiation; conciliation is needed where judicial payment deferrals, court approval or a prepared sale are contemplated.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 3<\/p><h3>Preparing the application and the assignment<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">The application sets out the economic, financial, social and asset position, proposes a name where appropriate and states the remuneration terms to be put to the president.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 4<\/p><h3>Negotiating and securing the agreement<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">The firm assists the director in dealing with creditors, checks the concessions demanded in return, in particular any new guarantees, and prepares the request for the agreement to be recorded or approved.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-callout\"><span class=\"kcv-callout-i\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M9.6 6C6.5 7.4 4.5 10 4.5 13.4V18h6v-6H7.6c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L9.6 6zm9 0c-3.1 1.4-5.1 4-5.1 7.4V18h6v-6h-2.9c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L18.6 6z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><p>An agreement that is too ambitious quickly unravels. Before anything is signed, the firm checks that the negotiated repayment schedule remains compatible with the forecast cash position.<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p4\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The timetable<\/p>\n<h2>The timeline <em>of an amicable negotiation<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">From the first signs of strain to a recorded or approved agreement.<\/p>\n<ol class=\"kcv-hs\"><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">First warning signs<\/p><p><strong>As soon as cash comes under strain.<\/strong> Late social security or tax payments, refusal to renew an overdraft, loss of a major client: the situation must be quantified without waiting.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Choice of procedure<\/p><p>The possible date of cessation of payments determines whether conciliation remains available or whether another route must be examined.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Application to the president<\/p><p>Filing of the request with the court registry, hearing of the director and an order appointing the ad hoc agent or conciliator and setting the assignment.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Negotiation<\/p><p>Meetings with creditors, proposals for a repayment schedule, a write-off or new money; in conciliation, four months at most, five with an extension, unless a request for recording or approval is made before that deadline.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Judicial payment deferrals<\/p><p>If a creditor pursues recovery or refuses to suspend the due date, the debtor may ask the president to apply Article 1343-5 of the French Civil Code (Code civil).<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Agreement<\/p><p>Signature, then recording by the president or approval by the court; an agent may be appointed to oversee performance of the agreement.<\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p5\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The checks<\/p>\n<h2>What the firm checks <em>before the application<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">An amicable negotiation that is poorly prepared can bring forward the insolvency proceedings it was meant to avoid.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-split\">\n  <ul class=\"kcv-check\"><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Date of cessation of payments: comparison of available assets with liabilities that are due, taking account of credit reserves and any moratoria obtained.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Competent court: in Paris, during the experiment that began on 1 January 2025, the president of the economic activities court has jurisdiction over amicable procedures whatever the debtor's status and activity, except for the professions referred to in the second paragraph of Article L. 722-6-1 of the French Commercial Code.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Sensitive contracts: clauses that reduce the debtor's rights or increase its obligations solely because of the procedure are deemed unwritten, and clauses charging the debtor with the fees of the creditor's counsel are of no effect for the part exceeding the cap set by order.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Public creditors: financial authorities and social security bodies may grant write-offs on the terms of Article L. 626-6.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Guarantees demanded: the scope of any new guarantees or security required in return for time to pay, and what becomes of them if the agreement fails.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n  <aside class=\"kcv-act\">\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-k\">Case documents<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-t\">Send what you have, even if incomplete<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-p\">Submit your documents through the confidential form at the top of the page: the firm will prioritise and complete the file with you.<\/p>\n    <div class=\"kcv-act-b\"><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kch-form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n  <\/aside>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-synthese\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-synthese\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Summary<\/p>\n<h2>Situation, evidence, <em>response<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">The common configurations make it possible to set the first priority of the case.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-rows\">\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Bank threatening to withdraw credit facilities<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Credit agreements, letters from the bank, cash position and forecast.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time limit:<\/strong> Act before the facilities are withdrawn or the term is accelerated.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> An ad hoc mandate targeted at the bank syndicate, or conciliation if new money needs to be protected.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Accumulated tax and social security debts<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Tax account and URSSAF statements, formal notices and payment plans already granted.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time limit:<\/strong> The date of cessation of payments must be checked before any application.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Conciliation, which allows write-offs or time to pay to be sought from public creditors.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Creditor issuing proceedings during the negotiation<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Writ of summons or payment demand, order opening the procedure and the conciliator's report.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time limit:<\/strong> Apply to the president as soon as proceedings are started.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Request for time to pay under Article 1343-5 of the French Civil Code, made subject, where appropriate, to the agreement.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Information leaking to the press or a business partner<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> The article, message or statement revealing the procedure, and the date of publication.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time limit:<\/strong> Respond quickly to limit the harm.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Urgent application (r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9) for a manifestly unlawful disturbance and, depending on the case, an action for damages.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Buyer identified for all or part of the business<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Letter of intent, valuation and statement of liabilities.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time limit:<\/strong> The sale assignment must be requested during the conciliation.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Conciliation with an assignment to prepare a sale, implemented where appropriate in a later procedure.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Agreement signed but not honoured<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Recorded or approved agreement, repayment schedule and proof of non-performance.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time limit:<\/strong> Termination may be requested by any party to the agreement.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Termination of the agreement and, where appropriate, forfeiture of the time to pay granted.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-faq\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-faq\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Frequently asked questions<\/p>\n<h2>Your questions: <em>ad hoc mandate and conciliation<\/em><\/h2>\n<div class=\"kcv-faqgrid\">\n  <aside class=\"kcv-act kcv-act-sticky\">\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-k\">14 questions<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-t\">A situation not listed here?<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-p\">Every case has its own features. The firm reads your documents before answering you.<\/p>\n    <div class=\"kcv-act-b\"><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kch-form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n  <\/aside>\n  <div class=\"kcv-faq\"><details><summary>What is an ad hoc mandate and who can request one?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>An ad hoc mandate is a preventive procedure in which the president of the court appoints, at the debtor's request, an agent entrusted with an assignment that the president defines (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000044052542\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000044052542\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 611-3 of the French Commercial Code<\/a>). Only the debtor can request it: no creditor, shareholder or employee can impose it. The text sets neither a duration nor a threshold; in practice, the procedure only makes sense if negotiation can still resolve the difficulty. The code designates the commercial court for a commercial or craft activity, and the judicial court in other cases. In Paris, for procedures opened since 1 January 2025 and for four years, the president of the economic activities court has jurisdiction whatever the debtor's status and activity, except for the professions referred to in the second paragraph of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000038610837\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000038610837\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 722-6-1 of the French Commercial Code<\/a>, such as lawyers or notaries (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/jorf\/article_jo\/JORFARTI000048430544\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/jorf\/article_jo\/JORFARTI000048430544\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 26 of Law No. 2023-1059 of 20 November 2023<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/loda\/id\/JORFTEXT000049889657\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/loda\/id\/JORFTEXT000049889657\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">order of 5 July 2024<\/a>). The written request comes from the legal representative of the legal entity or from the debtor if an individual, sets out the reasons for it and states, where applicable, the identity and address of the proposed agent (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039345964\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039345964\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article R. 611-18 of the French Commercial Code<\/a>). The president then summons the director to hear their observations, then issues an order setting the purpose of the assignment and the terms of remuneration (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000045921347\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000045921347\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article R. 611-19 of the French Commercial Code<\/a>). The director remains at the head of the company throughout the assignment. In Paris, the registry of the economic activities court has a prevention department.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>What is the practical difference between an ad hoc mandate and conciliation?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Both procedures pursue the same aim, a confidential negotiation with creditors, but their framework differs. An ad hoc mandate has no statutory duration and its assignment is freely defined by the president (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000044052542\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000044052542\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 611-3 of the French Commercial Code<\/a>). Conciliation is reserved for a debtor that has not been in cessation of payments for more than forty-five days (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023217170\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023217170\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 611-4 of the French Commercial Code<\/a>), and its duration is limited to four months, five with an extension, unless a request for recording or approval is made before that deadline (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000044052540\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000044052540\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 611-6 of the French Commercial Code<\/a>). In return, conciliation offers tools that an ad hoc mandate does not: payment deferrals imposed on a creditor who is pursuing recovery, write-offs granted by public creditors, preparation of a sale (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000044052544\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000044052544\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 611-7 of the French Commercial Code<\/a>), and then, after approval, the priority granted to new money (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000044052555\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000044052555\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 611-11 of the French Commercial Code<\/a>). It leads to a recorded or approved agreement with statutory effects (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000028723879\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000028723879\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 611-8 of the French Commercial Code<\/a>). An ad hoc mandate is therefore suited to a targeted negotiation with a few partners, and conciliation to a broader restructuring that needs protection. The two can follow one another: an ad hoc mandate may precede a conciliation when the negotiation needs to be consolidated.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can you still request conciliation after cessation of payments?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Yes, but within a narrow window. Conciliation remains open to a debtor that has not been in cessation of payments for more than forty-five days (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023217170\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023217170\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 611-4 of the French Commercial Code<\/a>). Cessation of payments means being unable to meet liabilities that are due out of available assets; a debtor that shows that its credit reserves or the moratoria it has obtained allow it to meet them is not in that situation (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000045178110\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000045178110\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 631-1 of the French Commercial Code<\/a>). The application must also state, where applicable, the date of cessation of payments (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000043531892\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000043531892\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article R. 611-22 of the French Commercial Code<\/a>). Beyond that period, conciliation is no longer possible, and a debtor that has not requested it within that period must apply for judicial reorganisation or judicial liquidation at the latest within forty-five days of cessation of payments (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000028724106\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000028724106\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 631-4 of the French Commercial Code<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000028724166\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000028724166\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 640-4 of the French Commercial Code<\/a>). For an approved agreement, the court also checks that the debtor is not in cessation of payments or that the agreement brings that situation to an end (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000028723879\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000028723879\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 611-8 of the French Commercial Code<\/a>). The exact date is therefore reconstructed before any application, from unpaid instalments, bank statements and the creditors' commitments. A mistake on this point can undermine the whole negotiation.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>What must the application for conciliation contain?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The president is seised by an application setting out the debtor's economic, financial, social and asset position, its financing needs and, where applicable, the means of meeting them (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000044052540\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000044052540\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 611-6 of the French Commercial Code<\/a>). The regulatory part lists the documents to be attached: identification number, statement of receivables and debts with a repayment schedule and a list of the main creditors, statement of security and off-balance-sheet commitments, annual accounts, financing table and a statement of realisable and available assets, operating assets excluded, and of liabilities that are due, for the last three financial years where these have been drawn up, a statement on honour that there has been no conciliation in the previous three months, and a declaration on whether a third party is to bear the costs (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000043531892\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000043531892\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article R. 611-22 of the French Commercial Code<\/a>). The proposals of the prospective conciliator on remuneration are attached to the application (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000029170602\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000029170602\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article R. 611-47-1 of the French Commercial Code<\/a>). The debtor may propose the name of a conciliator and may challenge the appointment on the terms laid down by decree. The president may also obtain information from statutory auditors (commissaires aux comptes), banks or social security bodies, and appoint an expert. A precise file speeds up the opening and gives the conciliator a credible basis for discussion from the outset.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can the bank use the opening of a conciliation against the company?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>No. The confidentiality under Article L. 611-15 of the French Commercial Code does not protect only the content of discussions. In a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/6684e941a0de54ff609f7a9d\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">judgment of 3 July 2024<\/a>, the Court of Cassation holds that it \"covers the decision to open that procedure, its existence and its content\" (our translation). It concludes that the opening of the conciliation \"was confidential information that Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 g\u00e9n\u00e9rale could not use to justify a declaration of default, regardless of the fact that this information had been disclosed to it by the beneficiary of the procedure\" (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/6684e941a0de54ff609f7a9d\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 3 July 2024, No. 22-24.068<\/a>). The bank therefore could not base a prudential declaration of default on the mere existence of the procedure, and the court of appeal should have put an end to that manifestly unlawful disturbance. This outcome matters for a director who informs the bank in order to involve it in the negotiation: the information passed on remains protected. An urgent application (r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9) before the president of the court makes it possible to obtain swift measures where a creditor exploits that information. The firm checks the chronology of the exchanges and the use made of the information before acting.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can the press reveal that a company is in an ad hoc mandate?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The Court of Cassation accepts that disclosure by the press can give rise to liability. It holds that \"the effectiveness of this principle would not be ensured if this provision did not make it a fault for press organisations, except in the case of a debate of general interest, to disclose information so protected\" (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/5fca6d0b7e0ae057f1fa44fe\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 13 June 2019, No. 18-10.688<\/a>). In that case, a trade website had published, as the meetings went on, figures and the state of the negotiations conducted under the supervision of the ad hoc agent and then the conciliator; the publisher's appeal to the Court of Cassation was dismissed. In a related decision, the Court approved the removal of the articles and the ban on publishing new ones, the court of appeal having found that \"these articles could only jeopardise the outcome of the amicable prevention procedure and weaken the position of the companies of the Consolis group\" (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/5fca78428e759a6600c53d23\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 13 February 2019, No. 17-18.049<\/a>). The limit remains a debate of general interest: general information about the existence of difficulties is not judged in the same way as a report of the negotiations with figures. The analysis is therefore carried out publication by publication.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can the director use the conciliation discussions against a creditor?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>In principle no, and the rule can turn against the director. A manager argued that confidentiality applied only towards third parties and that the manager could rely on the content of the exchanges against the bank in order to establish its liability. The Court of Cassation rejected that argument, which assumed that the obligation \"applies only towards third parties and not between the parties to the procedure\" (our translation), and dismissed the appeal (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/633d28c1a3bbc43e2e4d4b6e\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 5 October 2022, No. 21-13.108<\/a>). That decision is unfavourable to the director: statements made and documents exchanged in the negotiation do not become evidence that can be freely used in later proceedings between the same parties. A director considering an action against a creditor must therefore build the evidence from material outside the procedure, such as contracts, earlier letters or credit decisions. The firm sorts the available documents before any action, so as not to base a claim on protected material. The same caution applies to a guarantor or a shareholder who has been told of the negotiation.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Does confidentiality hold if judicial reorganisation is later requested?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>It gives way in part before the court. Where the debtor has benefited from an ad hoc mandate or a conciliation in the previous eighteen months, the opening of insolvency proceedings is examined in the presence of the public prosecutor's office (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000044052565\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000044052565\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 621-1 of the French Commercial Code<\/a>). The Court of Cassation holds that the court seised of an application for judicial reorganisation \"may, of its own motion or at the request of the public prosecutor's office, obtain disclosure of the documents and deeds relating to the ad hoc mandate or the conciliation, notwithstanding the provisions of Article L. 611-15 of the same code\" (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/655f01283d9dff83188895e6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 22 November 2023, No. 22-17.798<\/a>). This outcome is unfavourable to a debtor who wanted to keep those documents out of the debate. The Paris Court of Appeal nevertheless limits its scope: \"confidentiality under Article L. 611-15 of the Commercial Code can be lifted only on the day of the hearing examining the opening of the judicial reorganisation procedure\" (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/65c3323c11f78b0008e3e4c9\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CA Paris, p\u00f4le 5 ch. 8, 6 February 2024, No. 23\/12128<\/a>). It therefore refused to extend this to the supervisory judge, the court-appointed officers and later trial panels. The director should expect that the negotiation papers may be read by the court that opens the proceedings.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can a creditor keep pursuing recovery during the conciliation?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The opening of a conciliation does not automatically stop enforcement. But the debtor may ask the judge who opened it to apply Article 1343-5 of the French Civil Code against a creditor who has served formal notice or brought proceedings, or who has not agreed, within the period set by the conciliator, to suspend the due date of its claim (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000044052544\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000044052544\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 611-7 of the French Commercial Code<\/a>). That provision allows payment of sums due to be deferred or staggered within a limit of two years (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032035267\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032035267\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1343-5 of the French Civil Code<\/a>); after a refusal to suspend, the deferral of claims not yet due is limited to the length of the conciliator's assignment. The Aix-en-Provence Court of Appeal upheld such time to pay, finding that \"the aforementioned provision does not require that the grant of payment time requested during a conciliation be subject to the debtor not having been in cessation of payments for more than 45 days\" (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/6a0ffa05cdc6046d478a54fd\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CA Aix-en-Provence, ch. 3-2, 21 May 2026, No. 25\/04155<\/a>). It added that this time would be made subject to the conclusion of an agreement, which the text allows. The request is prepared with the conciliator, whose observations are heard, and relies on the forecast cash position. An ad hoc mandate does not provide this mechanism, which often points towards conciliation when a creditor is being aggressive.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Recorded agreement or approved agreement: which to choose?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>A recorded agreement is made enforceable by the president, on the joint application of the parties and on the basis of a certified declaration by the debtor that it was not in cessation of payments when the agreement was concluded or that the agreement brings that situation to an end; the decision is not published and cannot be challenged (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000028723879\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000028723879\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 611-8 of the French Commercial Code<\/a>). An approved agreement is ordered by the court, at the debtor's request, if the company is not in cessation of payments or if the agreement brings that situation to an end, if its terms ensure the continuity of the business and if it does not harm non-signatory creditors. The approval judgment is filed with the court registry, is made public and may be the subject of third-party opposition (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000019981339\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000019981339\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 611-10 of the French Commercial Code<\/a>). In exchange for that publicity, approval opens access to the priority granted to new cash or new assets (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000044052555\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000044052555\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 611-11 of the French Commercial Code<\/a>) and, except in cases of fraud, prevents the date of cessation of payments from being set back to before the final approval decision (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000028724110\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000028724110\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 631-8 of the French Commercial Code<\/a>). In both cases, the agreement suspends enforcement of the claims it covers while it is being performed (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032042757\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032042757\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 611-10-1 of the French Commercial Code<\/a>). The choice therefore depends on the need for fresh money and on the risk of later proceedings.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>What happens to the agreement if insolvency proceedings are opened afterwards?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The opening of safeguard proceedings, judicial reorganisation or judicial liquidation ends a recorded or approved agreement by operation of law, and creditors recover their claims and security, less any sums received (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006235307\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006235307\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 611-12 of the French Commercial Code<\/a>). The Court of Cassation states that the creditor \"does not keep the benefit of the new security obtained under the agreement\" (our translation): in that case, the guarantees granted in return for the waivers of debt lapsed, and the extent of the guarantor's commitment was assessed by reference to the original guarantees (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/5fca66cfe2bff8500a7fa648\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 25 September 2019, No. 18-15.655<\/a>). It distinguishes fresh money: a creditor that, for the purposes of the agreement, made an advance giving rise to a new claim secured by a guarantee \"is entitled to ask the guarantor to perform that commitment, despite the lapse of the agreement\" (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/6358cff599f67905a719f955\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 26 October 2022, No. 21-12.085<\/a>). This second outcome is unfavourable to a guarantor that secures the new financing. Before signing a new guarantee, it is therefore necessary to know whether it covers a waiver or a deferral, or new financing.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Are payments made during the conciliation protected?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Not necessarily. Payments of debts that have fallen due, made from the date of cessation of payments, may be annulled if the creditor knew of that cessation, apart from the exclusions the text provides for certain social security and tax levies (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000053281588\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000053281588\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 632-2 of the French Commercial Code<\/a>). In a case decided on 14 December 2022, a company had entered into an advisory agreement during its conciliation and had paid under it after its cessation of payments occurred. The Court of Cassation approved the annulment of those payments, made \"without Prosph\u00e8res having argued before the court of appeal that TBI then benefited from a procedure comparable to a preventive restructuring framework\" (our translation) within the meaning of the European directive, and dismissed the appeal (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/63997c1bb7ec7f05d42d80e1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 14 December 2022, No. 21-14.206<\/a>). This unfavourable decision is a reminder that conciliation does not by itself create immunity for payments. Only approval prevents, except in cases of fraud, the date of cessation of payments from being set back to before the final decision that grants it (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000028724110\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000028724110\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 631-8 of the French Commercial Code<\/a>). Payments made during the negotiation must therefore be chosen and documented.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>How is the remuneration of the ad hoc agent or conciliator set?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The president sets the terms of remuneration when making the appointment, after the debtor has agreed, according to the work expected; the remuneration may not depend on the amount of debt waivers obtained or take the form of a fixed opening fee (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000028723905\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000028723905\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 611-14 of the French Commercial Code<\/a>). The proposals of the agent or conciliator are attached to the request (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000029170602\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000029170602\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article R. 611-47-1 of the French Commercial Code<\/a>). The Court of Cassation requires that the maximum amount appear in those terms: \"where no maximum amount is stated, the remuneration of the ad hoc agent or conciliator cannot be determined by reference to their proposals and to the debtor's agreement\" (our translation); the judge setting the fees then fixes them by reference only to the work actually done and the costs incurred (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/5fca84f0ef528475855a0fdd\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 3 October 2018, No. 17-14.522<\/a>). The remuneration is fixed at the end of the assignment by an order that can be challenged before the first president of the court of appeal. The first president of the Douai Court of Appeal thus reduced a conciliator's fees after recalling that the terms of remuneration include \"the criteria on the basis of which it will be set, its maximum amount\" (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/6870a1705b6604a26aae8815\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CA Douai, order of the first president, 16 June 2025, No. 24\/05854<\/a>). The assignment agreement therefore deserves careful reading before signature.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can a contract penalise a request for an ad hoc mandate or conciliation?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The law neutralises this kind of clause. Any stipulation that changes the terms on which an ongoing contract continues, by reducing the debtor's rights or increasing its obligations, solely because an ad hoc agent has been appointed, a conciliation opened or a request made to that end, is deemed unwritten (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000028722286\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000028722286\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 611-16 of the French Commercial Code<\/a>). A clause providing for early repayment, termination or an increased charge triggered by the application alone therefore cannot take effect. The same provision deems unwritten a clause that charges the debtor with the fees of the creditor's counsel, for the share that exceeds the proportion set by order. The protection targets the fact of using the procedure, not the financial situation itself: a clause tied to a ratio or an unpaid sum must be examined separately. The firm reads credit, lease and supply contracts before the application is filed, to assess the clauses that could be invoked. This review also allows the ad hoc agent or conciliator to be properly informed of the contracts on which the business depends.<\/p><\/div><\/details><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-textes\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-textes\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Sources and related pages<\/p>\n<h2>Official texts and <em>related pages<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">The sources for this page and the firm's related areas of practice.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-arts\"><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000044052542\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000044052542\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 611-3 of the French Commercial Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">appointment of the ad hoc agent<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023217170\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023217170\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 611-4 of the French Commercial Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">conditions for conciliation<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000044052540\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000044052540\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 611-6 of the French Commercial Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">application and duration of conciliation<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000044052544\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000044052544\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 611-7 of the French Commercial Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">conciliator's assignment and payment deferrals<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000028723879\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000028723879\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 611-8 of the French Commercial Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">recorded or approved agreement<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000044052555\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000044052555\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 611-11 of the French Commercial Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">priority for new money<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006235307\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006235307\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 611-12 of the French Commercial Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">end of the agreement on insolvency proceedings<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006235342\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006235342\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 611-15 of the French Commercial Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">confidentiality<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000028722286\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000028722286\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 611-16 of the French Commercial Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">clauses deemed unwritten<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000043531892\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000043531892\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article R. 611-22 of the French Commercial Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">documents for the conciliation application<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<h3 class=\"kcv-center\">Further reading<\/h3>\n<div class=\"kcv-pgs\"><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/business-law-attorneys-paris-75017\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Business law<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">Firm practice area<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/business-law-attorneys-paris-75017\/distressed-business-lawyer\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Companies in difficulty<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">Firm practice area<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/business-law-attorneys-paris-75017\/insolvency-proceedings-lawyer\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Insolvency proceedings<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">Firm practice area<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/business-law-attorneys-paris-75017\/business-sale-agreement-lawyer\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Business sale agreement<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">Firm practice area<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/company-law-lawyer-paris\/director-liability-lawyer\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Director's liability<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">Firm practice area<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<p class=\"kcv-small kcv-center\">Page updated on 1 November 2026.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"kcv-cta\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-in\">\n    <div class=\"kcv-cta-card\">\n      <h2>Debts to renegotiate before it is too late? Take stock <em>today<\/em>.<\/h2>\n      <p>Send the accounts, the cash position and the list of creditors: the firm checks the relevant date, the appropriate procedure and the points to protect in the negotiation.<\/p>\n      <div class=\"kcv-btns\">\n        <a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a>\n        <a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kch-form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n<div class=\"kcv-news-band\"><h2>The latest <em>news.<\/em><\/h2><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\", \"@type\": \"FAQPage\", \"mainEntity\": [{\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What is an ad hoc mandate and who can request one?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"An ad hoc mandate is a preventive procedure in which the president of the court appoints, at the debtor's request, an agent entrusted with an assignment that the president defines (Article L. 611-3 of the French Commercial Code). Only the debtor can request it: no creditor, shareholder or employee can impose it. The text sets neither a duration nor a threshold; in practice, the procedure only makes sense if negotiation can still resolve the difficulty. The code designates the commercial court for a commercial or craft activity, and the judicial court in other cases. In Paris, for procedures opened since 1 January 2025 and for four years, the president of the economic activities court has jurisdiction whatever the debtor's status and activity, except for the professions referred to in the second paragraph of Article L. 722-6-1 of the French Commercial Code, such as lawyers or notaries (Article 26 of Law No. 2023-1059 of 20 November 2023; order of 5 July 2024). The written request comes from the legal representative of the legal entity or from the debtor if an individual, sets out the reasons for it and states, where applicable, the identity and address of the proposed agent (Article R. 611-18 of the French Commercial Code). The president then summons the director to hear their observations, then issues an order setting the purpose of the assignment and the terms of remuneration (Article R. 611-19 of the French Commercial Code). The director remains at the head of the company throughout the assignment. In Paris, the registry of the economic activities court has a prevention department.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What is the practical difference between an ad hoc mandate and conciliation?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Both procedures pursue the same aim, a confidential negotiation with creditors, but their framework differs. An ad hoc mandate has no statutory duration and its assignment is freely defined by the president (Article L. 611-3 of the French Commercial Code). Conciliation is reserved for a debtor that has not been in cessation of payments for more than forty-five days (Article L. 611-4 of the French Commercial Code), and its duration is limited to four months, five with an extension, unless a request for recording or approval is made before that deadline (Article L. 611-6 of the French Commercial Code). In return, conciliation offers tools that an ad hoc mandate does not: payment deferrals imposed on a creditor who is pursuing recovery, write-offs granted by public creditors, preparation of a sale (Article L. 611-7 of the French Commercial Code), and then, after approval, the priority granted to new money (Article L. 611-11 of the French Commercial Code). It leads to a recorded or approved agreement with statutory effects (Article L. 611-8 of the French Commercial Code). An ad hoc mandate is therefore suited to a targeted negotiation with a few partners, and conciliation to a broader restructuring that needs protection. The two can follow one another: an ad hoc mandate may precede a conciliation when the negotiation needs to be consolidated.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Can you still request conciliation after cessation of payments?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Yes, but within a narrow window. Conciliation remains open to a debtor that has not been in cessation of payments for more than forty-five days (Article L. 611-4 of the French Commercial Code). Cessation of payments means being unable to meet liabilities that are due out of available assets; a debtor that shows that its credit reserves or the moratoria it has obtained allow it to meet them is not in that situation (Article L. 631-1 of the French Commercial Code). The application must also state, where applicable, the date of cessation of payments (Article R. 611-22 of the French Commercial Code). Beyond that period, conciliation is no longer possible, and a debtor that has not requested it within that period must apply for judicial reorganisation or judicial liquidation at the latest within forty-five days of cessation of payments (Article L. 631-4 of the French Commercial Code; Article L. 640-4 of the French Commercial Code). For an approved agreement, the court also checks that the debtor is not in cessation of payments or that the agreement brings that situation to an end (Article L. 611-8 of the French Commercial Code). The exact date is therefore reconstructed before any application, from unpaid instalments, bank statements and the creditors' commitments. A mistake on this point can undermine the whole negotiation.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What must the application for conciliation contain?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The president is seised by an application setting out the debtor's economic, financial, social and asset position, its financing needs and, where applicable, the means of meeting them (Article L. 611-6 of the French Commercial Code). The regulatory part lists the documents to be attached: identification number, statement of receivables and debts with a repayment schedule and a list of the main creditors, statement of security and off-balance-sheet commitments, annual accounts, financing table and a statement of realisable and available assets, operating assets excluded, and of liabilities that are due, for the last three financial years where these have been drawn up, a statement on honour that there has been no conciliation in the previous three months, and a declaration on whether a third party is to bear the costs (Article R. 611-22 of the French Commercial Code). The proposals of the prospective conciliator on remuneration are attached to the application (Article R. 611-47-1 of the French Commercial Code). The debtor may propose the name of a conciliator and may challenge the appointment on the terms laid down by decree. The president may also obtain information from statutory auditors (commissaires aux comptes), banks or social security bodies, and appoint an expert. A precise file speeds up the opening and gives the conciliator a credible basis for discussion from the outset.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Can the bank use the opening of a conciliation against the company?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"No. The confidentiality under Article L. 611-15 of the French Commercial Code does not protect only the content of discussions. In a judgment of 3 July 2024, the Court of Cassation holds that it \\\"covers the decision to open that procedure, its existence and its content\\\" (our translation). It concludes that the opening of the conciliation \\\"was confidential information that Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 g\u00e9n\u00e9rale could not use to justify a declaration of default, regardless of the fact that this information had been disclosed to it by the beneficiary of the procedure\\\" (our translation) (Cass. com., 3 July 2024, No. 22-24.068). The bank therefore could not base a prudential declaration of default on the mere existence of the procedure, and the court of appeal should have put an end to that manifestly unlawful disturbance. This outcome matters for a director who informs the bank in order to involve it in the negotiation: the information passed on remains protected. An urgent application (r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9) before the president of the court makes it possible to obtain swift measures where a creditor exploits that information. The firm checks the chronology of the exchanges and the use made of the information before acting.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Can the press reveal that a company is in an ad hoc mandate?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The Court of Cassation accepts that disclosure by the press can give rise to liability. It holds that \\\"the effectiveness of this principle would not be ensured if this provision did not make it a fault for press organisations, except in the case of a debate of general interest, to disclose information so protected\\\" (our translation) (Cass. com., 13 June 2019, No. 18-10.688). In that case, a trade website had published, as the meetings went on, figures and the state of the negotiations conducted under the supervision of the ad hoc agent and then the conciliator; the publisher's appeal to the Court of Cassation was dismissed. In a related decision, the Court approved the removal of the articles and the ban on publishing new ones, the court of appeal having found that \\\"these articles could only jeopardise the outcome of the amicable prevention procedure and weaken the position of the companies of the Consolis group\\\" (our translation) (Cass. com., 13 February 2019, No. 17-18.049). The limit remains a debate of general interest: general information about the existence of difficulties is not judged in the same way as a report of the negotiations with figures. The analysis is therefore carried out publication by publication.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Can the director use the conciliation discussions against a creditor?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"In principle no, and the rule can turn against the director. A manager argued that confidentiality applied only towards third parties and that the manager could rely on the content of the exchanges against the bank in order to establish its liability. The Court of Cassation rejected that argument, which assumed that the obligation \\\"applies only towards third parties and not between the parties to the procedure\\\" (our translation), and dismissed the appeal (Cass. com., 5 October 2022, No. 21-13.108). That decision is unfavourable to the director: statements made and documents exchanged in the negotiation do not become evidence that can be freely used in later proceedings between the same parties. A director considering an action against a creditor must therefore build the evidence from material outside the procedure, such as contracts, earlier letters or credit decisions. The firm sorts the available documents before any action, so as not to base a claim on protected material. The same caution applies to a guarantor or a shareholder who has been told of the negotiation.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Does confidentiality hold if judicial reorganisation is later requested?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"It gives way in part before the court. Where the debtor has benefited from an ad hoc mandate or a conciliation in the previous eighteen months, the opening of insolvency proceedings is examined in the presence of the public prosecutor's office (Article L. 621-1 of the French Commercial Code). The Court of Cassation holds that the court seised of an application for judicial reorganisation \\\"may, of its own motion or at the request of the public prosecutor's office, obtain disclosure of the documents and deeds relating to the ad hoc mandate or the conciliation, notwithstanding the provisions of Article L. 611-15 of the same code\\\" (our translation) (Cass. com., 22 November 2023, No. 22-17.798). This outcome is unfavourable to a debtor who wanted to keep those documents out of the debate. The Paris Court of Appeal nevertheless limits its scope: \\\"confidentiality under Article L. 611-15 of the Commercial Code can be lifted only on the day of the hearing examining the opening of the judicial reorganisation procedure\\\" (our translation) (CA Paris, p\u00f4le 5 ch. 8, 6 February 2024, No. 23\/12128). It therefore refused to extend this to the supervisory judge, the court-appointed officers and later trial panels. The director should expect that the negotiation papers may be read by the court that opens the proceedings.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Can a creditor keep pursuing recovery during the conciliation?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The opening of a conciliation does not automatically stop enforcement. But the debtor may ask the judge who opened it to apply Article 1343-5 of the French Civil Code against a creditor who has served formal notice or brought proceedings, or who has not agreed, within the period set by the conciliator, to suspend the due date of its claim (Article L. 611-7 of the French Commercial Code). That provision allows payment of sums due to be deferred or staggered within a limit of two years (Article 1343-5 of the French Civil Code); after a refusal to suspend, the deferral of claims not yet due is limited to the length of the conciliator's assignment. The Aix-en-Provence Court of Appeal upheld such time to pay, finding that \\\"the aforementioned provision does not require that the grant of payment time requested during a conciliation be subject to the debtor not having been in cessation of payments for more than 45 days\\\" (our translation) (CA Aix-en-Provence, ch. 3-2, 21 May 2026, No. 25\/04155). It added that this time would be made subject to the conclusion of an agreement, which the text allows. The request is prepared with the conciliator, whose observations are heard, and relies on the forecast cash position. An ad hoc mandate does not provide this mechanism, which often points towards conciliation when a creditor is being aggressive.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Recorded agreement or approved agreement: which to choose?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"A recorded agreement is made enforceable by the president, on the joint application of the parties and on the basis of a certified declaration by the debtor that it was not in cessation of payments when the agreement was concluded or that the agreement brings that situation to an end; the decision is not published and cannot be challenged (Article L. 611-8 of the French Commercial Code). An approved agreement is ordered by the court, at the debtor's request, if the company is not in cessation of payments or if the agreement brings that situation to an end, if its terms ensure the continuity of the business and if it does not harm non-signatory creditors. The approval judgment is filed with the court registry, is made public and may be the subject of third-party opposition (Article L. 611-10 of the French Commercial Code). In exchange for that publicity, approval opens access to the priority granted to new cash or new assets (Article L. 611-11 of the French Commercial Code) and, except in cases of fraud, prevents the date of cessation of payments from being set back to before the final approval decision (Article L. 631-8 of the French Commercial Code). In both cases, the agreement suspends enforcement of the claims it covers while it is being performed (Article L. 611-10-1 of the French Commercial Code). The choice therefore depends on the need for fresh money and on the risk of later proceedings.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What happens to the agreement if insolvency proceedings are opened afterwards?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The opening of safeguard proceedings, judicial reorganisation or judicial liquidation ends a recorded or approved agreement by operation of law, and creditors recover their claims and security, less any sums received (Article L. 611-12 of the French Commercial Code). The Court of Cassation states that the creditor \\\"does not keep the benefit of the new security obtained under the agreement\\\" (our translation): in that case, the guarantees granted in return for the waivers of debt lapsed, and the extent of the guarantor's commitment was assessed by reference to the original guarantees (Cass. com., 25 September 2019, No. 18-15.655). It distinguishes fresh money: a creditor that, for the purposes of the agreement, made an advance giving rise to a new claim secured by a guarantee \\\"is entitled to ask the guarantor to perform that commitment, despite the lapse of the agreement\\\" (our translation) (Cass. com., 26 October 2022, No. 21-12.085). This second outcome is unfavourable to a guarantor that secures the new financing. Before signing a new guarantee, it is therefore necessary to know whether it covers a waiver or a deferral, or new financing.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Are payments made during the conciliation protected?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Not necessarily. Payments of debts that have fallen due, made from the date of cessation of payments, may be annulled if the creditor knew of that cessation, apart from the exclusions the text provides for certain social security and tax levies (Article L. 632-2 of the French Commercial Code). In a case decided on 14 December 2022, a company had entered into an advisory agreement during its conciliation and had paid under it after its cessation of payments occurred. The Court of Cassation approved the annulment of those payments, made \\\"without Prosph\u00e8res having argued before the court of appeal that TBI then benefited from a procedure comparable to a preventive restructuring framework\\\" (our translation) within the meaning of the European directive, and dismissed the appeal (Cass. com., 14 December 2022, No. 21-14.206). This unfavourable decision is a reminder that conciliation does not by itself create immunity for payments. Only approval prevents, except in cases of fraud, the date of cessation of payments from being set back to before the final decision that grants it (Article L. 631-8 of the French Commercial Code). Payments made during the negotiation must therefore be chosen and documented.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"How is the remuneration of the ad hoc agent or conciliator set?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The president sets the terms of remuneration when making the appointment, after the debtor has agreed, according to the work expected; the remuneration may not depend on the amount of debt waivers obtained or take the form of a fixed opening fee (Article L. 611-14 of the French Commercial Code). The proposals of the agent or conciliator are attached to the request (Article R. 611-47-1 of the French Commercial Code). The Court of Cassation requires that the maximum amount appear in those terms: \\\"where no maximum amount is stated, the remuneration of the ad hoc agent or conciliator cannot be determined by reference to their proposals and to the debtor's agreement\\\" (our translation); the judge setting the fees then fixes them by reference only to the work actually done and the costs incurred (Cass. com., 3 October 2018, No. 17-14.522). The remuneration is fixed at the end of the assignment by an order that can be challenged before the first president of the court of appeal. The first president of the Douai Court of Appeal thus reduced a conciliator's fees after recalling that the terms of remuneration include \\\"the criteria on the basis of which it will be set, its maximum amount\\\" (our translation) (CA Douai, order of the first president, 16 June 2025, No. 24\/05854). The assignment agreement therefore deserves careful reading before signature.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Can a contract penalise a request for an ad hoc mandate or conciliation?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The law neutralises this kind of clause. Any stipulation that changes the terms on which an ongoing contract continues, by reducing the debtor's rights or increasing its obligations, solely because an ad hoc agent has been appointed, a conciliation opened or a request made to that end, is deemed unwritten (Article L. 611-16 of the French Commercial Code). A clause providing for early repayment, termination or an increased charge triggered by the application alone therefore cannot take effect. The same provision deems unwritten a clause that charges the debtor with the fees of the creditor's counsel, for the share that exceeds the proportion set by order. The protection targets the fact of using the procedure, not the financial situation itself: a clause tied to a ratio or an unpaid sum must be examined separately. The firm reads credit, lease and supply contracts before the application is filed, to assess the clauses that could be invoked. This review also allows the ad hoc agent or conciliator to be properly informed of the contracts on which the business depends.\"}}]}<\/script><script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\", \"@type\": \"LegalService\", \"name\": \"Ad hoc mandate lawyer in Paris \u2014 Kohen Avocats\", \"url\": \"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/ad-hoc-mandate-lawyer-paris\/\", \"telephone\": \"+33646605822\", \"email\": \"contact@kohenavocats.fr\", \"address\": {\"@type\": \"PostalAddress\", \"streetAddress\": \"11 rue Margueritte\", \"postalCode\": \"75017\", \"addressLocality\": \"Paris\", \"addressCountry\": \"FR\"}, \"areaServed\": \"Paris region (\u00cele-de-France)\", \"founder\": {\"@type\": \"Person\", \"name\": \"Reda Kohen\", \"jobTitle\": \"Lawyer at the Paris Bar\", \"sameAs\": [\"https:\/\/consultation.avocat.fr\/avocat-paris\/reda-kohen-54670.html\"]}, \"openingHours\": \"Mo-Su 00:00-24:00\"}<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div 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.elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 {\n    line-height: 1.6;\n  }\n}\n@media (min-width: 769px) and (max-width: 1200px) {\n  .elementor-1983483 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 {\n    line-height: 1.65;\n  }\n}\n@media (min-width: 1201px) {\n  .elementor-1983483 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 {\n    line-height: 1.75;\n  }\n}\n\/* Filtre noir semi-transparent - \u00c9tat initial visible, maintenu au hover *\/\n\/* Z-INDEX 1 : au-dessus du flou mais en dessous du texte *\/\n.elementor-1983483 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836::before {\n  content: '';\n  position: absolute;\n  inset: 0;\n  background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6);\n  backdrop-filter: blur(0px);\n  opacity: 1;\n  pointer-events: none;\n  z-index: 1;\n  transition: backdrop-filter 1.2s cubic-bezier(0.25, 0.1, 0.25, 1);\n  will-change: backdrop-filter;\n}\n\/* Brillance + flou - \u00c9tat initial invisible *\/\n\/* Z-INDEX 0 : en dessous de la teinte noire *\/\n.elementor-1983483 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836::after {\n  content: '';\n  position: absolute;\n  inset: 0;\n  background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);\n  box-shadow: \n    inset 0.5px 0.5px 0.5px 0 rgba(255, 255, 255, 0),\n    inset -0.5px -0.5px 0.5px 0 rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);\n  opacity: 0;\n  pointer-events: none;\n  z-index: 0;\n  transition: all 1.2s cubic-bezier(0.25, 0.1, 0.25, 1);\n}\n\/* ACTIVATION AU HOVER *\/\n.elementor-1983483 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:hover {\n  box-shadow: 0 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2), 0 0 20px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);\n  transform: translateY(-2px);\n}\n.elementor-1983483 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:hover::before {\n  backdrop-filter: blur(8px);\n}\n.elementor-1983483 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:hover::after {\n  background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.25);\n  box-shadow: \n    inset 0.5px 0.5px 0.5px 0 rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15),\n    inset -0.5px -0.5px 0.5px 0 rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15);\n  opacity: 1;\n} \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n  .elementor-1983483 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 {\n    flex-shrink: 0 !important;\n    scroll-snap-align: start !important;\n    width: clamp(300px, 30vw, 400px) !important;\n    min-width: 300px !important;\n  }\n\n  @media (max-width: 767px) {\n    .elementor-1983483 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 {\n      width: 350px !important;\n      min-width: 350px !important;\n      max-width: 350px !important;\n    }\n  }\/* End custom CSS *\/<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2157105 post-2157105 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/25\/foreign-business-france-vat-registration-fiscal-representative-challenge-abroad\/\">Your Foreign Business Owes French VAT Without a French Company: Registration, Fiscal Representative and How to Challenge the Bill From Abroad<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2157083 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2157083 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/tim-schmidbauer-EnC5f7At4ac-unsplash-1-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2157083 post-2157083 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/25\/foreign-company-france-unpaid-invoice-penalties-injonction-payer-abroad\/\">Your French Client Has Not Paid: Late-Payment Penalties, the 40 Euro Fee and the Injunction-to-Pay While You Live Abroad<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2157055 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2157055 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/allison-saeng-Hpw4nI_QUWQ-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2157055 post-2157055 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/25\/foreign-company-france-corporate-bank-account-refusal-abroad\/\">Your French Bank Won&#8217;t Open a Corporate Account While You Live Abroad: Right to an Account, Banque de France Designation and the Anti-Money-Laundering Wall<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. 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Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2156702 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2156702 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/pawel-czerwinski-mIT9kEQBC6Q-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2156702 post-2156702 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/24\/foreign-company-france-hire-first-employee-dpae-contract-trial-pay-abroad\/\">Hiring Your First French Employee While You Live Abroad: DPAE, Contract, Trial Period, Pay and Registration<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2156668 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2156668 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/alex-vasey-F5HtPjpBb9k-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2156668 post-2156668 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/24\/foreign-company-france-management-fees-transfer-pricing-file-defence-abroad\/\">Your French Subsidiary Pays Management Fees to Its Foreign Parent While You Live Abroad: Transfer Pricing File, Deduction and Reassessment Defence<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. 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Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2156579 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2156579 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/viktor-forgacs-5j8nd3QpRbo-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2156579 post-2156579 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/24\/foreign-company-france-close-dissolution-liquidation-tax-radiation-abroad\/\">Closing Your French Company From Abroad: Voluntary Dissolution, Friendly Liquidation, Tax Clearance and Striking Off<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2156527 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2156527 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/mohamed-nohassi-vGTXy8FS7b0-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2156527 post-2156527 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/24\/foreign-company-france-subsidiary-insolvent-director-liability-45-days-abroad\/\">Your French Subsidiary Goes Insolvent While You Live Abroad: 45-Day Filing, Director Liability and Sanctions Defence<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. 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Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. 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