{"id":2161311,"date":"2026-11-01T23:35:54","date_gmt":"2026-11-01T22:35:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/?page_id=2161311"},"modified":"2026-11-04T19:45:34","modified_gmt":"2026-11-04T18:45:34","slug":"public-procurement-lawyer-paris","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/public-procurement-lawyer-paris\/","title":{"rendered":"Public procurement lawyer in Paris: challenge the rejection of a bid and obtain payment"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"2161311\" class=\"elementor elementor-2161311 elementor-2160701\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-v5bd59a e-con-full e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"v5bd59a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-v5bd59aw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"v5bd59aw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"kcv\" id=\"kci-root\" data-refresh-marker=\"expertise-fr-avocat-marches-publics-paris-20261101\">\n<section class=\"kcv-hero\" aria-labelledby=\"kch-h1\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-in\">\n    <div class=\"kcv-head\">\n      <p class=\"kk\">Applicant or contract holder: rejected bid, urgent application, unpaid sums<\/p>\n      <h1 id=\"kch-h1\"><em>Public procurement<\/em> lawyer in Paris:<span class=\"kcv-tail\"> challenge the rejection of a bid and obtain payment.<\/span><\/h1>\n      <p class=\"kcv-sub\">A terse rejection letter, a bid dismissed as abnormally low, a questionable scoring, a contract signed too early or a buyer slow to pay: in each case, a public procurement lawyer in Paris looks for the specific route, pre-contractual urgent application, contractual urgent application, challenge to the validity of the contract, damages claim or urgent application for an interim payment, each with its own time limit.<\/p>\n      <div class=\"kcv-btns\">\n        <a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a>\n        <a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kch-form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a>\n      <\/div>\n      <p class=\"kcv-urg\">The pre-contractual urgent application must be brought before the contract is signed. In a formal procedure, the buyer may in principle sign eleven days after the rejection letter is sent electronically, and sometimes without waiting: send it to us the day you receive it.<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcv-stagewrap\"><div class=\"kcv-stageshadow\"><div class=\"kcv-stage\">\n      <link rel=\"preload\" as=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kohen-v3-expertises\/kohen-fr-trouble-de-voisinage-paysage-20261025.webp\" media=\"(min-width:761px)\" fetchpriority=\"high\">\n      <link rel=\"preload\" as=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kohen-v3-expertises\/kohen-fr-trouble-de-voisinage-paysage-1080-20261025.webp\" media=\"(max-width:760px)\" fetchpriority=\"high\">\n      <div class=\"kcv-media\" aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"--kcv-img:url('https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kohen-v3-expertises\/kohen-fr-trouble-de-voisinage-paysage-20261025.webp');--kcv-img-m:url('https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kohen-v3-expertises\/kohen-fr-trouble-de-voisinage-paysage-1080-20261025.webp')\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"kcv-panel kcv-glass\" id=\"kch-form\">\n        <div class=\"kcv-panel-head\">\n          <div>\n            <p class=\"kcv-panel-k\">Public procurement \u00b7 Paris<\/p>\n            <h2 class=\"kcv-panel-t\">Get a <em>first analysis<\/em><\/h2>\n            <p class=\"kcv-panel-l\">Send the rejection letter, the consultation rules, your bid and your exchanges with the buyer or, for unpaid sums, the contract, the payment requests and the invoices: the firm will examine the route open to you and the time that remains.<\/p>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"kcv-chip kcv-glass\"><p class=\"kcv-chip-n\">24 \u00e0 48 h<\/p><p class=\"kcv-chip-x\">first legal<br>review<\/p><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"kcf-wrap\">\n<form id=\"kcf-2form\" data-kcf data-api-url=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-json\/kohen-form\/v1\/submit\" data-vps-url=\"https:\/\/upload-fr.46-224-152-225.sslip.io\/submit\" data-max-size=\"1073741824\" data-max-files=\"500\" novalidate enctype=\"multipart\/form-data\">\n  <input type=\"hidden\" name=\"rendered_at\" value=\"1776847557\">\n  <div class=\"kcf-hp\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><label for=\"kcf-2website\">Do not fill in<\/label><input id=\"kcf-2website\" name=\"website\" type=\"text\" tabindex=\"-1\" autocomplete=\"off\"><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcf-price\">\n    <span class=\"kcf-price-amount\">\u20ac80<small>incl. VAT<\/small><\/span>\n    <div class=\"kcf-price-body\">\n      <p class=\"kcf-price-text\"><strong>Preliminary review of your case.<\/strong> Examination of your documents and a first written analysis by Reda Kohen, within 24 to 48 business hours. Payment is made online after this form is sent.<\/p>\n      <ul class=\"kcf-price-meta\">\n        <li>Up to 1 GB of documents, folders and subfolders accepted<\/li>\n        <li>Secure payment, no banking data stored<\/li>\n        <li><a href=\"\/conditions-etude-prealable\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Terms and fee agreement<\/a><\/li>\n      <\/ul>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcf-row\">\n    <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n      <label class=\"kcf-label\" for=\"kcf-2name\">Full name<\/label>\n      <input class=\"kcf-input\" type=\"text\" id=\"kcf-2name\" name=\"name\" placeholder=\"Your name\" required autocomplete=\"name\" aria-describedby=\"kcf-2name-err\">\n      <p class=\"kcf-field-error\" id=\"kcf-2name-err\" role=\"alert\"><\/p>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n      <label class=\"kcf-label\" for=\"kcf-2phone\">Telephone <span class=\"kcf-optional\">(optional)<\/span><\/label>\n      <input class=\"kcf-input\" type=\"tel\" inputmode=\"tel\" id=\"kcf-2phone\" name=\"phone\" placeholder=\"06 00 00 00 00\" autocomplete=\"tel\" aria-describedby=\"kcf-2phone-err\">\n      <p class=\"kcf-field-error\" id=\"kcf-2phone-err\" role=\"alert\"><\/p>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n    <label class=\"kcf-label\" for=\"kcf-2email\">Email address<\/label>\n    <input class=\"kcf-input\" type=\"email\" id=\"kcf-2email\" name=\"email\" placeholder=\"your@email.com\" required autocomplete=\"email\" spellcheck=\"false\" autocapitalize=\"off\" aria-describedby=\"kcf-2email-err\">\n    <p class=\"kcf-field-error\" id=\"kcf-2email-err\" role=\"alert\"><\/p>\n  <\/div>\n  \n  <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n    <label class=\"kcf-label\" for=\"kcf-2message\">Message<\/label>\n    <textarea class=\"kcf-textarea\" id=\"kcf-2message\" name=\"message\" placeholder=\"Briefly describe your situation...\" required aria-describedby=\"kcf-2message-err\"><\/textarea>\n    <p class=\"kcf-field-error\" id=\"kcf-2message-err\" role=\"alert\"><\/p>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n    <label class=\"kcf-label\">Attachments <span class=\"kcf-optional\">(optional, 500 files max, 1 GB)<\/span><\/label>\n    <div class=\"kcf-dropzone\" id=\"kcf-2dropzone\">\n      <svg class=\"kcf-dropzone-icon\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M21 15v4a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-4\"\/><polyline points=\"17 8 12 3 7 8\"\/><line x1=\"12\" y1=\"3\" x2=\"12\" y2=\"15\"\/><\/svg>\n      <p class=\"kcf-dropzone-text\"><strong>Click<\/strong> or drag your files here<br>All formats accepted (PDF, Word, images, etc.)<\/p>\n      <input type=\"file\" name=\"attachments\" id=\"kcf-2files\" multiple>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcf-file-list\" id=\"kcf-2filelist\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcf-progress\" id=\"kcf-2progress\">\n      <div class=\"kcf-progress-bar\"><div class=\"kcf-progress-fill\" id=\"kcf-2progressfill\"><\/div><\/div>\n      <p class=\"kcf-progress-text\" id=\"kcf-2progresstext\">Sending...<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n  <button type=\"submit\" class=\"kcf-btn\">\n    <span class=\"kcf-spinner\"><\/span>\n    <span class=\"kcf-btn-text\">Pay \u20ac80 and send my case<\/span>\n  <\/button>\n  <div class=\"kcf-msg\" role=\"status\" aria-live=\"polite\" aria-atomic=\"true\" tabindex=\"-1\"><\/div>\n  <p class=\"kcf-note\">Payment constitutes a request for immediate performance of your analysis. 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l'\u00c9tat.\",\"auteur\":\"data.gouv.fr\",\"paraphrase\":true,\"libelle\":\"Voir la fiche sur data.gouv.fr\"},{\"titre\":\"Commentaires des d\u00e9cisions de justice par l'IA g\u00e9n\u00e9rative\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.data.gouv.fr\/reuses\/commentaires-des-decisions-de-justice-par-lia-generative\",\"citation\":\"R\u00e9utilisation des donn\u00e9es publiques de justice publi\u00e9e par Kohen Avocats et r\u00e9f\u00e9renc\u00e9e sur data.gouv.fr.\",\"auteur\":\"data.gouv.fr\",\"paraphrase\":true,\"libelle\":\"Voir la r\u00e9utilisation sur data.gouv.fr\"}]},\"awwwards\":{\"nom\":\"Awwwards\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Kohen Avocats, site nomm\u00e9 aux Awwwards\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.awwwards.com\/sites\/kohen-avocats\",\"citation\":\"Le site du cabinet figure parmi les sites nomm\u00e9s (\u00ab Nominee \u00bb) par Awwwards, r\u00e9f\u00e9rence internationale du design web.\",\"auteur\":\"Awwwards\",\"paraphrase\":true,\"libelle\":\"Voir la fiche sur 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\u00e0 la location ?\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.leboncoin.fr\/guide\/immobilier\/bouilloires-thermiques-bientot-interdites-a-la-location-hfpj70o6.html\",\"citation\":\"Le guide immobilier cite une analyse de kohenavocats.fr parmi ses sources.\",\"auteur\":\"Leboncoin\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"femme-actuelle\":{\"nom\":\"Femme Actuelle\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"S\u00e9paration ou divorce : quelle banque et quel cr\u00e9dit pour repartir sur de bonnes bases ?\",\"date\":\"2026-09-30\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.femmeactuelle.fr\/vie-pratique\/news-vie-pratique\/separation-ou-divorce-quelle-banque-et-quel-credit-pour-repartir-sur-de-bonnes-bases-2211980\",\"citation\":\"L'article cite une analyse de kohenavocats.com parmi ses sources.\",\"auteur\":\"Femme Actuelle\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"economie-matin\":{\"nom\":\"\u00c9conomie Matin\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Nouveau bail 2026 : ce que les propri\u00e9taires doivent anticiper d\u00e8s 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l\u2019obligation de d\u00e9livrer un logement d\u00e9cent pendant toute la dur\u00e9e du bail et l\u2019ordonnance du tribunal judiciaire de B\u00e9ziers du 31 mars 2026 sur une climatisation install\u00e9e sans autorisation.\",\"auteur\":\"Science \\u0026 Vie\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"frandroid\":{\"nom\":\"Frandroid\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Fin de Rakuten France : comment r\u00e9cup\u00e9rer vos factures, vos garanties et vos points Club R\",\"date\":\"2026-09-30\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.frandroid.com\/culture-tech\/web\/3266559_fin-de-rakuten-france-comment-recuperer-vos-factures-vos-garanties-et-vos-points-club-r\",\"citation\":\"Le cabinet Kohen Avocats leur conseille de retirer cet argent et de t\u00e9l\u00e9charger tout leur historique avant le 10 novembre.\",\"auteur\":\"Frandroid\",\"paraphrase\":true},{\"titre\":\"Goutte-\u00e0-goutte et inondation : que faire quand la climatisation du voisin ruine votre terrasse 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aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The rules<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p2\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p2\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Your documents<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p3\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p3\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The method<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p4\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p4\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The timetable<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p5\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p5\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The checks<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-synthese\" aria-controls=\"kcv-synthese\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Summary<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-faq\" aria-controls=\"kcv-faq\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Questions<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-textes\" aria-controls=\"kcv-textes\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Legal texts<\/button><\/div><\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcv-track\"><div class=\"kcv-slide kcv-on\" id=\"kcv-avocat\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-avocat\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<div class=\"kcv-pro\">\n  <figure class=\"kcv-pro-photo\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" src=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/kohen-footer\/portrait-reda-20260920-lignes-orange.jpg\" alt=\"Reda Kohen, lawyer at the Paris Bar\" width=\"1122\" height=\"1402\" loading=\"eager\" decoding=\"async\">\n    <figcaption class=\"kcv-pro-cap kcv-glass\"><span class=\"kcv-pro-capn\">Reda Kohen<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pro-capr\">Lawyer at the Paris Bar<\/span><\/figcaption>\n  <\/figure>\n  <div class=\"kcv-pro-body\">\n    <p class=\"kk\">Public law \u00b7 Paris 17th<\/p>\n    <h2>What a <em>public procurement lawyer<\/em> in Paris does<\/h2>\n    <ul class=\"kcv-pro-tags\"><li>Paris Bar<\/li><li>Public law<\/li><li>Public procurement<\/li><\/ul>\n    <p class=\"kcv-p\">Reda Kohen, lawyer (avocat) at the Paris Bar, can act alongside companies that respond to public buyers' tenders and then perform the contract they win.<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-p\">This page takes the point of view of the bidding company. The firm examines the rejection letter, the consultation rules and the bid, then checks whether a breach by the buyer may have harmed the company, which alone opens the pre-contractual urgent application under <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000029178886\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000029178886\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 551-10 of the Code of Administrative Justice (Code de justice administrative)<\/a>.<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-p\">Once the contract is awarded, the question often becomes financial. The firm checks the payment period, the late-payment interest due automatically, the fixed recovery allowance and the quickest route to obtain a sum that the buyer does not seriously dispute.<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-p\">Send what you have, even if incomplete: the firm will prioritise and complete the file with you. In an emergency, call <a href=\"tel:+33646605822\">06 46 60 58 22<\/a>.<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-pro-meta\"><a href=\"https:\/\/consultation.avocat.fr\/avocat-paris\/reda-kohen-54670.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Official profile in the directory of French lawyers (CNB)<\/a><span>Firm at 11 rue Margueritte, 75017 Paris<\/span><\/p>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-cards\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-card\"><h3>Act before signature<\/h3><p>The pre-contractual urgent application suspends signature of the contract from the moment it is notified to the buyer. After signature, only narrower routes remain open.<\/p><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-card\"><h3>Limited review by the judge<\/h3><p>The judge does not re-score the bids. The judge penalises a breach of the rules on publicity and competitive tendering, a distortion of the facts or a manifest error.<\/p><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-card\"><h3>Payment has its own rules<\/h3><p>Thirty days to pay in principle, late-payment interest that runs without formality and an allowance of 40 euros: the buyer's delay can be quantified from the day after the due date.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p1\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The rules<\/p>\n<h2>Rejection, urgent application, payment: <em>the applicable rules<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">Five rules structure the defence of a company that is first a bidder and then a contract holder.<\/p>\n<ol class=\"kcv-conds\">\n  <li>As soon as it has made its choice, the buyer notifies each rejected candidate or tenderer without delay of the rejection of its application or bid (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037703721\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037703721\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Articles L. 2181-1<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037730011\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037730011\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">R. 2181-1 of the Public Procurement Code<\/a>). In a formal procedure, this notification states the reasons for the rejection and, if the award has been made, the name of the successful bidder, the reasons for its selection and the date from which it may sign (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000038327414\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000038327414\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article R. 2181-3 of the Public Procurement Code<\/a>); in an adapted procedure, the reasons are provided on request, within fifteen days of its receipt (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037730007\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037730007\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article R. 2181-2 of the Public Procurement Code<\/a>). The Council of State (Conseil d'\u00c9tat) holds that the absence of this information is a breach, but that it disappears if the information is provided sufficiently early before the judge rules (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000050279128\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000050279128\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">CE, 27 September 2024, No. 490697<\/a>).<\/li>\n  <li>In a formal procedure, at least eleven days must separate the sending of the rejection notice and signature, sixteen days if it is not sent electronically (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037729989\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037729989\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article R. 2182-1 of the Public Procurement Code<\/a>), except for a contract awarded to the only operator that took part in the consultation and for contracts based on a framework agreement (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037729987\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037729987\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article R. 2182-2 of the Public Procurement Code<\/a>). This period applies only to contracts subject to a formal procedure with publication in the Official Journal of the European Union; it does not apply to the design-management contract concluded with the winner of a restricted design contest (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000051328740\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000051328740\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">CE, 13 March 2025, No. 498701<\/a>).<\/li>\n  <li>The judge in pre-contractual urgent proceedings is seised before the contract is concluded (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000054355491\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000054355491\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 551-1 of the Code of Administrative Justice<\/a>); the contract may no longer be signed once the matter has been referred to the judge (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000020602109\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000020602109\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 551-4 of the Code of Administrative Justice<\/a>). The judge may order the buyer to comply with its obligations, suspend the procedure, annul the award decisions and strike out irregular clauses (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000048554588\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000048554588\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 551-2 of the Code of Administrative Justice<\/a>).<\/li>\n  <li>An abnormally low bid is one whose price is manifestly underestimated and likely to jeopardise proper performance of the contract; the buyer must ask for justifications before rejecting it (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037703657\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037703657\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Articles L. 2152-5<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037703659\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037703659\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">L. 2152-6 of the Public Procurement Code<\/a>). The urgent applications judge exercises only a review for manifest error over this rejection (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000053163240\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000053163240\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">CE, 23 December 2025, No. 507574<\/a>).<\/li>\n  <li>The contracting authority pays in principle within thirty days of receipt of the payment request (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037729711\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037729711\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article R. 2192-10 of the Public Procurement Code<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037729703\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037729703\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article R. 2192-12 of the Public Procurement Code<\/a>), fifty days for public health establishments and sixty for certain public enterprises (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037729709\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037729709\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article R. 2192-11 of the Public Procurement Code<\/a>); for the balance of a works or design-management contract, the period runs from receipt of the final general statement of account (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000050930236\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000050930236\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article R. 2192-16 of the Public Procurement Code<\/a>). Failing that, late-payment interest and a fixed allowance of 40 euros are due automatically (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037703787\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037703787\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 2192-13 of the Public Procurement Code<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037729645\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037729645\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article D. 2192-35 of the Public Procurement Code<\/a>).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"kcv-callout\"><span class=\"kcv-callout-i\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M9.6 6C6.5 7.4 4.5 10 4.5 13.4V18h6v-6H7.6c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L9.6 6zm9 0c-3.1 1.4-5.1 4-5.1 7.4V18h6v-6h-2.9c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L18.6 6z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><p>These periods are calculated from precise dates: the sending of the rejection letter, notification of the urgent application to the buyer, receipt of the payment request. An uncertain date must be proved before acting.<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p2\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Your documents<\/p>\n<h2>What to send, depending on <em>your position<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">The date on which each document was sent matters as much as its content: it fixes the time limits that are still open.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-duel\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-opt kcv-opt-a\"><p class=\"kcv-opt-k\">Position A<\/p><p class=\"kcv-opt-t\">Your application or bid has been rejected<\/p><ul><li>Rejection letter with its date and method of sending, electronic or postal<\/li><li>Public tender notice, consultation rules and specifications<\/li><li>Your complete bid, including the technical statement and the price schedule<\/li><li>Request for price justification received, your reply and any exchange with the buyer<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-or\" aria-hidden=\"true\">or<\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-opt kcv-opt-b\"><p class=\"kcv-opt-k\">Position B<\/p><p class=\"kcv-opt-t\">You are the contract holder and are awaiting payment<\/p><ul><li>Deed of undertaking, special administrative clauses (CCAP) and the general administrative terms (CCAG) referred to<\/li><li>Payment requests, invoices and proof of their date of receipt<\/li><li>Service orders, acceptance records and draft final statement of account<\/li><li>Special subcontracting deeds and notifications of assignment of receivables<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-callout\"><span class=\"kcv-callout-i\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M9.6 6C6.5 7.4 4.5 10 4.5 13.4V18h6v-6H7.6c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L9.6 6zm9 0c-3.1 1.4-5.1 4-5.1 7.4V18h6v-6h-2.9c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L18.6 6z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><p>Do not leave a request for price justification unanswered: the bid may be rejected for insufficient justification, and the judge reviews this rejection only to a limited extent.<\/p><\/div>\n<p class=\"kcv-p\">The firm also handles:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"kcv-pro-tags\"><li>Public law<\/li><li>Administrative court<\/li><li>Administrative law<\/li><li>State liability<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p3\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The method<\/p>\n<h2>How the firm <em>supports you<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">Measure the time remaining, identify the relevant breach, choose the court and the claim.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-rows\">\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 1<\/p><h3>Date the rejection letter<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">The firm reconstructs the chronology of the consultation, the date on which the notification was sent and the date from which the buyer may sign.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 2<\/p><h3>Identify the breach that causes harm<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">Information given to candidates, criteria and scoring method, abnormally low bid, conflict of interest: only a breach capable of having harmed the company opens the urgent application.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 3<\/p><h3>Refer the matter to the judge and notify the buyer<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">The application is filed with the administrative court, then notified to the buyer in accordance with Article R. 551-1 of the Code of Administrative Justice, which triggers the suspension of signature.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 4<\/p><h3>Quantify and recover<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">After the award or performance, the firm quantifies the loss from the wrongful exclusion or the receivable, the late-payment interest and the fixed allowance, then sends the prior claim or refers the matter to the judge in urgent proceedings for an interim payment.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-callout\"><span class=\"kcv-callout-i\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M9.6 6C6.5 7.4 4.5 10 4.5 13.4V18h6v-6H7.6c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L9.6 6zm9 0c-3.1 1.4-5.1 4-5.1 7.4V18h6v-6h-2.9c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L18.6 6z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><p>A late or ineffective ground weakens the application. The urgent application is built on few breaches, chosen because they may have harmed the company, even indirectly by favouring a competitor.<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p4\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The timetable<\/p>\n<h2>The chronology <em>of a contested consultation<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">From the rejection letter to the judge's decision or to payment.<\/p>\n<ol class=\"kcv-hs\"><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Rejection letter<\/p><p><strong>Day 0.<\/strong> Note the date and method of sending; in a formal procedure, check that the reasons, the name of the successful bidder and the date from which signature is possible are stated.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Request for reasons<\/p><p>If the letter is incomplete or if the procedure was an adapted one, ask for the reasons, which are due within fifteen days of receipt of the request; the characteristics of the successful bid are due only if your bid was not rejected as irregular, unacceptable or inappropriate.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Pre-contractual urgent application<\/p><p>Before signature, refer the matter to the judge and notify the application to the buyer; signature is then suspended until the decision is notified.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">The judge's decision<\/p><p>The judge rules in principle within twenty days and may not rule before the sixteenth day following the sending of the award decision, or the eleventh if it was sent electronically.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Contract signed<\/p><p>The contractual urgent application remains possible within thirty-one days of the award notice published in the OJEU or, for a contract based on a framework agreement, of notification of its conclusion; failing that, within six months of conclusion.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Performance and payment<\/p><p>Each payment request is in principle settled within thirty days of receipt, subject to the specific period applying to certain buyers or to the balance of works; beyond that, late-payment interest and the fixed allowance run automatically.<\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p5\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The checks<\/p>\n<h2>What the firm checks <em>before acting<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">A poorly targeted action costs the company time and may be held against it.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-split\">\n  <ul class=\"kcv-check\"><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Procedure followed: adapted, formal, negotiated or design contest, since the suspension period and the contractual urgent application depend on it.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Exact date: sending of the rejection letter, any signature of the contract, publication of an award notice.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Regularity of your own bid: completeness, reply to a request for justification, compliance with the specifications.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Breach connected with your exclusion: criteria, scoring method, the successful bidder's bid, the buyer's impartiality.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Quantified receivable: dated payment request, due date, amount of late-payment interest and of the fixed allowance.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n  <aside class=\"kcv-act\">\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-k\">Case documents<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-t\">Send what you have, even if incomplete<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-p\">Submit your documents through the confidential form at the top of the page: the firm will prioritise and complete the file with you.<\/p>\n    <div class=\"kcv-act-b\"><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kch-form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n  <\/aside>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-synthese\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-synthese\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Summary<\/p>\n<h2>Situation, evidence, <em>response<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">Common situations of a company dealing with a public buyer.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-rows\">\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Bid rejected, contract not yet signed<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Dated rejection letter, consultation rules, bid submitted and analysis report if obtained.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time limit:<\/strong> Before signature, which may in principle take place eleven days after the electronic sending of the rejection in a formal procedure.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Pre-contractual urgent application, notified to the buyer to suspend signature.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Abnormally low bid rejected<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Request for justification, detailed reply, price breakdowns, supplier quotes.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time limit:<\/strong> To bring a pre-contractual urgent application, refer the matter to the judge before the contract is signed.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Pre-contractual urgent application based on the buyer's manifest error of assessment.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Scoring that appears inconsistent<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Published scoring grid, weighting of criteria and sub-criteria, scores obtained.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time limit:<\/strong> To be checked as soon as the detailed reasons are received.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Challenge a method that neutralises a criterion or a distortion of the bid, not the assessment of its value.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Contract signed during the suspension<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Acknowledgement of receipt of the notification of the urgent application, date of signature of the contract.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time limit:<\/strong> Thirty-one days after the award notice in the OJEU or the notification of a contract based on a framework agreement, six months failing that.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Contractual urgent application seeking nullity, termination or a financial penalty.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Wrongful exclusion, contract performed<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Ranking of bids, reasons for the exclusion, accounts allowing the lost margin to be quantified.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time limit:<\/strong> Two months after the publicity measures for the contract in order to challenge its validity.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Action challenging validity combined with a claim for damages.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Unpaid contract invoices<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Payment requests, acknowledgements of receipt, reminders and statement of account.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time limit:<\/strong> Interest is due from the day after the payment period expires, thirty days in principle.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Quantified prior claim, then urgent application for an interim payment if the receivable is not seriously contestable.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-faq\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-faq\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Frequently asked questions<\/p>\n<h2>Your questions: <em>public procurement<\/em><\/h2>\n<div class=\"kcv-faqgrid\">\n  <aside class=\"kcv-act kcv-act-sticky\">\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-k\">13 questions<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-t\">A situation not listed here?<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-p\">Every case has its own features. The firm reads your documents before answering you.<\/p>\n    <div class=\"kcv-act-b\"><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kch-form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n  <\/aside>\n  <div class=\"kcv-faq\"><details><summary>My bid has been rejected: what must the buyer's letter contain?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The rejection letter is not a mere formality. The buyer must notify its decision without delay to each rejected candidate or tenderer (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037730011\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037730011\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article R. 2181-1 of the Public Procurement Code<\/a>). In a formal procedure, this notification states the reasons for the rejection; when it is sent after the award, it also gives the name of the successful bidder, the reasons that led to the choice of its bid and the date from which the buyer may sign (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000038327414\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000038327414\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article R. 2181-3 of the Public Procurement Code<\/a>).<\/p><p>In an adapted procedure, the company obtains the reasons for the rejection on request, within fifteen days of its receipt; if its bid was not inappropriate, irregular or unacceptable, the buyer also communicates the characteristics and advantages of the successful bid and the name of the successful bidder (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037730007\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037730007\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article R. 2181-2 of the Public Procurement Code<\/a>). In a formal procedure, the tenderer whose bid was not rejected on one of these grounds obtains, within the same period, the characteristics and advantages of the successful bid (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037730001\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037730001\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article R. 2181-4 of the Public Procurement Code<\/a>).<\/p><p>A failure to provide information does not by itself lead to annulment. In a road works case, the Council of State held that late information, fifteen months after the call-for-tenders committee made its choice, was not in itself a breach, and that the reasons provided during the proceedings, sufficiently early before the order, deprived the ground of any effect; the company's application was dismissed (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000050279128\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000050279128\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">CE, 27 September 2024, No. 490697<\/a>). The firm therefore first checks what is missing, then the time remaining to obtain it and make use of it.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>What is the time limit for bringing a pre-contractual urgent application?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The pre-contractual urgent application must be brought before the contract is concluded (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000054355491\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000054355491\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 551-1 of the Code of Administrative Justice<\/a>). No fixed period runs from the rejection letter: the limit is signature. In a formal procedure, however, the buyer may sign eleven days after the rejection notice is sent, sixteen days if it was not sent electronically (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037729989\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037729989\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article R. 2182-1 of the Public Procurement Code<\/a>), except for a contract awarded to the only operator that took part or a contract based on a framework agreement (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037729987\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037729987\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article R. 2182-2 of the Public Procurement Code<\/a>). For a contract awarded in an adapted procedure, this minimum period does not apply and signature may be quicker.<\/p><p>Referring the matter to the administrative court is not enough to protect the company if the buyer is unaware of it. The person bringing the action must notify the contracting authority, the notification being deemed made on receipt (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000033340465\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000033340465\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article R. 551-1 of the Code of Administrative Justice<\/a>). From the moment the matter is referred, the contract may not be signed until the judge's decision is notified (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000020602109\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000020602109\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 551-4 of the Code of Administrative Justice<\/a>).<\/p><p>The Council of State has clarified that the suspension runs from receipt of a fax or an email sent to the competent department, even outside opening hours. A local authority that had signed on the very morning of such a communication was ordered to pay a penalty of \u20ac10,000 (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000041929790\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000041929790\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">CE, 27 May 2020, No. 435982<\/a>). The firm therefore prepares the application and its notification together, for sending on the same day.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>What can the company obtain from the judge in pre-contractual urgent proceedings?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The judge may order the buyer to comply with its obligations, suspend the performance of any decision relating to the award, annul those decisions and strike out irregular clauses or requirements intended to appear in the contract (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000048554588\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000048554588\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 551-2 of the Code of Administrative Justice<\/a>). The judge rules in principle within twenty days and may not rule before the sixteenth day following the sending of the award decision, reduced to the eleventh day where it is sent electronically to all operators (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000021357742\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000021357742\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article R. 551-5 of the Code of Administrative Justice<\/a>).<\/p><p>Annulment generally applies to the procedure from the stage at which the breach arose. In the Colas France case, the Council of State annulled the rejection of the bid and the procedure at the bid analysis stage, ordering the buyer to resume it at that stage if it intended to proceed (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000054970261\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000054970261\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">CE, 9 October 2026, No. 514694<\/a>). In the Experis case, the procedure was annulled from the examination of applications, with an obligation to exclude the competitor in a conflict of interest (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000053763446\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000053763446\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">CE, 3 April 2026, No. 510005<\/a>).<\/p><p>The judge does not award the contract to the applicant company and grants no compensation in this context. Only a company that had an interest in concluding the contract and is likely to be harmed by the breach may bring the action (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000029178886\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000029178886\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 551-10 of the Code of Administrative Justice<\/a>). The firm therefore formulates claims limited to what the judge can order, and reserves the question of damages for another procedure.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>My bid was rejected as abnormally low: can it be defended?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>An abnormally low bid is one whose price is manifestly underestimated and likely to jeopardise proper performance of the contract (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037703657\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037703657\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 2152-5 of the Public Procurement Code<\/a>). Before rejecting it, the buyer must require clarifications and justifications (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037703659\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037703659\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 2152-6 of the Public Procurement Code<\/a>). The justifications may relate to the method of performance, technical solutions, exceptionally favourable conditions or the originality of the bid (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037730497\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037730497\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article R. 2152-3 of the Public Procurement Code<\/a>).<\/p><p>The defence is prepared from the request for justification. In the Colas France case, the buyer relied mainly on comparison with the other bids, without producing the basis of its estimated bills of quantities, whereas the company had broken down the prices queried and produced quotes: the Council of State held the rejection to be vitiated by a manifest error of assessment and annulled the procedure at the bid analysis stage (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000054970261\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000054970261\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">CE, 9 October 2026, No. 514694<\/a>).<\/p><p>The opposite outcome is also possible. In the Eurofins case, prices three to four times lower than those of the same company a few years earlier were justified only by a pooling of collection rounds held to be ineffective; the Council of State upheld the rejection of the bid and dismissed the company's application, recalling that the urgent applications judge reviews only for manifest error (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000053163240\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000053163240\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">CE, 23 December 2025, No. 507574<\/a>). The firm helps the company to reply point by point, with quantified and verifiable price breakdowns.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can the judge review the score given to my bid?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>No, not as such. The buyer may define its scoring method for each of the published criteria. The judge in pre-contractual urgent proceedings does not rule on the assessment of the value of a bid or on the respective merits of the bids, which rules out a simple discussion of the scores obtained (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000048465186\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000048465186\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">CE, 24 November 2023, No. 473674<\/a>).<\/p><p>Two grounds remain useful. First, a scoring method is irregular if the elements taken into account have no connection with the criteria, or if the way those elements are combined deprives the criteria of their effect or neutralises their weighting. Second, the judge checks that the buyer has not distorted a bid by disregarding or manifestly altering its terms. The Council of State set out these rules in a case concerning self-service bicycles in Saint-Malo, where it annulled the order that had reconstructed the technical score of the excluded bidder, then dismissed its application: scores with decimals reflecting verbal assessments on a five-point scale did not, in themselves, make the method irregular (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000048465186\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000048465186\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">CE, 24 November 2023, No. 473674<\/a>).<\/p><p>Criticism of a scoring therefore requires the grids, the weighting of the sub-criteria and the analysis report. The firm relies on this ground only where a precise discrepancy between the bid and its scoring can be demonstrated, with supporting documents, and where it may have harmed the company, even indirectly by favouring a competitor, which is what the judge in pre-contractual urgent proceedings looks for (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000053163240\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000053163240\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">CE, 23 December 2025, No. 507574<\/a>).<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>My own bid was irregular: can I still act?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The buyer rejects irregular, unacceptable or inappropriate bids (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037703647\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037703647\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 2152-1 of the Public Procurement Code<\/a>). A bid is irregular if it does not comply with the requirements of the consultation documents, in particular because it is incomplete, or if it breaches the applicable legislation (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037703649\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037703649\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 2152-2 of the Public Procurement Code<\/a>).<\/p><p>The rule has a useful exception. In a cleaning contract in Martinique, the judge in contractual urgent proceedings had refused to examine the irregularity of the successful bidder's bid on the ground that the applicant's bid was itself irregular. The Council of State overturned this reasoning: the irregularity of the excluded competitor's bid does not prevent it from relying on that of the successful bidder, in particular where it stems from an abnormally low price. It annulled the lot concerned, whose price was more than 60&nbsp;% below the buyer's estimate (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000041929790\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000041929790\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">CE, 27 May 2020, No. 435982<\/a>).<\/p><p>The firm therefore first checks the regularity of the company's bid, then that of the successful bid. Where both pose a difficulty, the irregularity of the successful bidder can still be invoked, alongside the other grounds that the judge in contractual urgent proceedings may penalise, such as a signature made during the suspension (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000020602055\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000020602055\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 551-20 of the Code of Administrative Justice<\/a>).<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>The contract has already been signed: is a contractual urgent application still possible?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Once the contract has been concluded, the judge in contractual urgent proceedings may be seised (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000020602079\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000020602079\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 551-13 of the Code of Administrative Justice<\/a>). This route is not open to a company that has already brought a pre-contractual urgent application where the buyer respected the suspension and complied with the decision given (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000020602074\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000020602074\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 551-14 of the Code of Administrative Justice<\/a>). It must be brought no later than the thirty-first day following publication in the OJEU of an award notice or, for a contract based on a framework agreement or a dynamic purchasing system, notification of its conclusion; failing that, within six months from the day after conclusion (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032308765\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032308765\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article R. 551-7 of the Code of Administrative Justice<\/a>).<\/p><p>The judge declares the contract null where the required publicity or publication in the OJEU was entirely absent, and in certain cases of premature signature that deprived the company of the pre-contractual urgent application and affected its chances (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000020602061\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000020602061\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 551-18 of the Code of Administrative Justice<\/a>). Where the contract was signed before the required period expired or during the suspension, the judge may also terminate it, shorten its term or impose a financial penalty (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000020602055\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000020602055\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 551-20 of the Code of Administrative Justice<\/a>).<\/p><p>The sanctions linked to premature signature presuppose that the suspension period applied; nullity for lack of required publicity does not depend on it (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000020602061\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000020602061\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 551-18 of the Code of Administrative Justice<\/a>). The Council of State dismissed an architect's action against a design-management contract concluded after a restricted contest, that contract not being subject to the period in Article R. 2182-1, even though the municipality had set itself a period that it did not observe (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000051328740\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000051328740\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">CE, 13 March 2025, No. 498701<\/a>). The firm therefore first checks the applicable procedure.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>How can the validity of a public contract be challenged after signature?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Beyond the contractual urgent application, the excluded competitor may bring a full-jurisdiction action before the contract judge challenging the validity of the contract or of certain severable clauses, where appropriate combined with claims for damages. This action must be brought within two months of appropriate publicity measures, in particular a notice stating the conclusion of the contract and how it may be consulted (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000047865657\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000047865657\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">CE, 19 July 2023, No. 465308<\/a>).<\/p><p>Without sufficient publicity, the action remains subject to a reasonable period from the time the contract became known. In the Seateam aviation case, the Council of State confirmed that an action brought almost five years after an award notice stating the subject of the contract and the parties was out of time, the court having applied a period of one year (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000047865657\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000047865657\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">CE, 19 July 2023, No. 465308<\/a>). The company's application was dismissed.<\/p><p>The grounds are limited. Apart from defects of public policy, the excluded competitor may rely only on breaches of the award rules directly related to its exclusion. The Council of State nevertheless overturned a court that had dismissed, for a company whose bid was regular, the complaint based on the irregular performance periods in the successful bidder's bid: that breach was directly related to the exclusion (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000046081006\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000046081006\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">CE, 21 July 2022, No. 456472<\/a>). The firm selects grounds with regard to that link.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can damages be obtained after a wrongful exclusion?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Yes, where the irregularity of the procedure directly caused the loss. The judge first examines whether the candidate had no chance at all of winning the contract: in that case, no compensation is due. Otherwise, the candidate is entitled to reimbursement of the costs of preparing the bid. If the candidate had a serious chance of winning the contract, it is compensated for its loss of profit, which includes those costs, unless the buyer abandons the contract for a reason of general interest (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000039442422\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000039442422\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">CE, 2 December 2019, No. 423936<\/a>).<\/p><p>The loss of profit must be certain. For a catering contract concluded for twelve months, renewable twice, the Council of State limited the compensation to the initial period, possible renewals not being certain; the award was reduced to 66,666.66 euros (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000039442422\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000039442422\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">CE, 2 December 2019, No. 423936<\/a>).<\/p><p>The assessment of chances is concrete. In the Vert Marine case, a court had held that the company had no chance at all because of the lower value of its bid and its reservations about the project. The Council of State annulled that judgment: once the successful bidder's irregular bid was set aside, that of Vert Marine, whose regularity was not disputed, was the only one left (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000053479969\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000053479969\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">CE, 12 February 2026, No. 501708<\/a>). The firm reconstructs the ranking and quantifies the margin from the company's accounts.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can a conflict of interest on the buyer's side lead to annulment of the procedure?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Yes. The buyer may exclude a candidate whose application creates a conflict of interest that cannot be remedied by other means. A conflict of interest exists where a person who takes part in the procedure, or may influence its outcome, has a financial, economic or personal interest likely to compromise their impartiality or independence (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037703611\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037703611\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 2141-10 of the Public Procurement Code<\/a>).<\/p><p>The Council of State applied this to a framework agreement for IT services. The managing director of the buyer's project-management support company was the spouse of the head of one of the tenderers. That company had visited the candidates' premises and read the bids. The judge found a conflict of interest, held that the failure to exclude was a breach likely to harm the competitor, annulled the procedure at the examination of applications and ordered the exclusion of the tenderer concerned (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000053763446\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000053763446\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">CE, 3 April 2026, No. 510005<\/a>).<\/p><p>Other exclusions are possible, for example against a company that, during the previous three years, had to pay damages or was penalised by termination for a serious or persistent breach of its obligations in performing an earlier public procurement contract (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037703605\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037703605\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 2141-7 of the Public Procurement Code<\/a>). The firm examines these links from public documents and information obtained in the procedure, without speculation about individuals.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>The public buyer pays late: what interest and allowance can be claimed?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The period provided for in the contract may not exceed the regulatory period (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037703779\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037703779\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 2192-10 of the Public Procurement Code<\/a>), set at thirty days in principle (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037729711\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037729711\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article R. 2192-10 of the Public Procurement Code<\/a>), at fifty days for public health establishments and at sixty days for certain public enterprises (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037729709\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037729709\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article R. 2192-11 of the Public Procurement Code<\/a>). This period runs in principle from receipt of the payment request by the buyer or, depending on the contract, by the project manager (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037729703\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037729703\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article R. 2192-12 of the Public Procurement Code<\/a>); for the balance of a works or design-management contract, it runs from receipt of the final general statement of account (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000050930236\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000050930236\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article R. 2192-16 of the Public Procurement Code<\/a>), and it may be interrupted once if the request is incomplete or incorrect (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037729663\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037729663\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article R. 2192-27 of the Public Procurement Code<\/a>).<\/p><p>From the day after the due date, the delay automatically triggers late-payment interest and gives entitlement to a fixed allowance for recovery costs (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037703787\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037703787\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 2192-13 of the Public Procurement Code<\/a>). The rate is that of the European Central Bank's most recent main refinancing operations, in force on the first day of the calendar half-year in which the interest began to run, plus eight percentage points (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037729653\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037729653\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article R. 2192-31 of the Public Procurement Code<\/a>). Interest runs until the principal is paid (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000038808532\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000038808532\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article R. 2192-32 of the Public Procurement Code<\/a>) and the fixed allowance is 40 euros (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037729645\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037729645\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article D. 2192-35 of the Public Procurement Code<\/a>).<\/p><p>The firm calculates interest invoice by invoice.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>How can a sum owed by the public buyer be obtained quickly?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The urgent applications judge may award an interim payment to the creditor, even without a claim on the merits, where the existence of the obligation is not seriously contestable; the judge may make payment subject to a guarantee (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006450031\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006450031\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article R. 541-1 of the Code of Administrative Justice<\/a>). This route suits an accepted invoice, a settled balance or late-payment interest calculated on undisputed dates.<\/p><p>An application seeking payment of a sum of money is in principle admissible only after the administration has made a decision on a prior claim; the two-month time limit for challenge does not apply to measures taken to perform a contract (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039807005\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039807005\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article R. 421-1 of the Code of Administrative Justice<\/a>). The prior claim must therefore be sent and quantified before any referral to the court on the merits.<\/p><p>In a works contract, the closing of accounts follows the provisions of the CCAG to which the contract refers. Under the 2014 CCAG Works, the Council of State held that a tacit general statement of account could not arise if the draft final statement had been sent only to the project owner, without transmission to the project manager; the company's appeal on a point of law was dismissed (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000037103093\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000037103093\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">CE, 25 June 2018, No. 417738<\/a>). The firm checks the applicable version of the CCAG and the recipients of each communication before arguing that a receivable is established.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Subcontractor on a public contract: who pays and before which court should action be brought?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>A direct subcontractor that has been accepted, and whose payment terms have been approved by the buyer, is paid directly by the buyer for the part of the contract it performs, and any waiver of this direct payment is deemed unwritten (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037703827\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037703827\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 2193-11 of the Public Procurement Code<\/a>). The direct payment threshold is set at 600 euros including all taxes, except for certain defence contracts (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037729603\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037729603\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article R. 2193-10 of the Public Procurement Code<\/a>).<\/p><p>The choice of court is decisive. The Court of Cassation has held that \"disputes relating to the direct payment to the subcontractor, by the delegated project owner, of the price of works carried out under a public works contract, which, not concerning the performance of a private-law agreement between the parties, require an assessment of the conditions in which a contract for the carrying out of public works was performed, fall within the jurisdiction of the administrative court\" (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/6629f20cdc6faf0009588649\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. 3e civ., 25 April 2024, No. 22-22.912<\/a>); it declared the judicial courts to lack jurisdiction over the subcontractor's claim.<\/p><p>The assignment of receivables follows a distinct rule. Notification of an assignment or pledge under a public contract is sent to the public accountant responsible for payment named in the contract (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037729747\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037729747\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article R. 2191-55 of the Public Procurement Code<\/a>), in the form laid down by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006684138\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006684138\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article R. 313-17 of the Monetary and Financial Code (Code mon\u00e9taire et financier)<\/a>. The Court of Cassation holds that the latter provision \"applies only to assignments of receivables held against public-law legal entities\" (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/61b058f3dc637ddd76c35ecb\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. 3e civ., 8 December 2021, No. 20-16.152<\/a>); as the assigned debtor was the main contractor, the assignment did not have to be notified to the accountant, and that company's appeal on a point of law was dismissed.<\/p><\/div><\/details><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-textes\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-textes\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Sources and related pages<\/p>\n<h2>Official texts and <em>related pages<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">The sources for this page and the firm's related areas of practice.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-arts\"><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000054355491\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000054355491\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 551-1 of the Code of Administrative Justice<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">pre-contractual urgent application before the contract is concluded<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000020602109\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000020602109\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 551-4 of the Code of Administrative Justice<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">ban on signing while the case is pending<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032308765\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032308765\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article R. 551-7 of the Code of Administrative Justice<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">time limits for the contractual urgent application<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000020602055\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000020602055\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 551-20 of the Code of Administrative Justice<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">sanctions for premature signature<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000038327414\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000038327414\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article R. 2181-3 of the Public Procurement Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">content of the rejection notice<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037729989\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037729989\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article R. 2182-1 of the Public Procurement Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">minimum period before signature<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037703659\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037703659\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 2152-6 of the Public Procurement Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">detection and rejection of an abnormally low bid<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037703611\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037703611\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 2141-10 of the Public Procurement Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">exclusion for conflict of interest<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037703787\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037703787\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 2192-13 of the Public Procurement Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">late-payment interest and fixed allowance<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006450031\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006450031\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article R. 541-1 of the Code of Administrative Justice<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">urgent application for an interim payment<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<h3 class=\"kcv-center\">Further reading<\/h3>\n<div class=\"kcv-pgs\"><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/public-law-lawyer-paris\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Public law<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">Area of the firm's practice<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/administrative-court-lawyer-paris\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Administrative court<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">Area of the firm's practice<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/administrative-law-lawyer-paris\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Administrative law<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">Area of the firm's practice<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/state-liability-lawyer-paris\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">State liability<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">Area of the firm's practice<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/local-authority-lawyer-paris\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Local authorities<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">Area of the firm's practice<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<p class=\"kcv-small kcv-center\">Page updated on 1 November 2026.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"kcv-cta\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-in\">\n    <div class=\"kcv-cta-card\">\n      <h2>A rejected bid or an unpaid contract? <em>Take stock today<\/em>.<\/h2>\n      <p>Send the rejection letter, the consultation rules or the payment requests left unanswered: the firm identifies the route still open and the time limit to meet.<\/p>\n      <div class=\"kcv-btns\">\n        <a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a>\n        <a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kch-form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n<div class=\"kcv-news-band\"><h2>The latest <em>news.<\/em><\/h2><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\", \"@type\": \"FAQPage\", \"mainEntity\": [{\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"My bid has been rejected: what must the buyer's letter contain?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The rejection letter is not a mere formality. The buyer must notify its decision without delay to each rejected candidate or tenderer (Article R. 2181-1 of the Public Procurement Code). In a formal procedure, this notification states the reasons for the rejection; when it is sent after the award, it also gives the name of the successful bidder, the reasons that led to the choice of its bid and the date from which the buyer may sign (Article R. 2181-3 of the Public Procurement Code). In an adapted procedure, the company obtains the reasons for the rejection on request, within fifteen days of its receipt; if its bid was not inappropriate, irregular or unacceptable, the buyer also communicates the characteristics and advantages of the successful bid and the name of the successful bidder (Article R. 2181-2 of the Public Procurement Code). In a formal procedure, the tenderer whose bid was not rejected on one of these grounds obtains, within the same period, the characteristics and advantages of the successful bid (Article R. 2181-4 of the Public Procurement Code). A failure to provide information does not by itself lead to annulment. In a road works case, the Council of State held that late information, fifteen months after the call-for-tenders committee made its choice, was not in itself a breach, and that the reasons provided during the proceedings, sufficiently early before the order, deprived the ground of any effect; the company's application was dismissed (CE, 27 September 2024, No. 490697). The firm therefore first checks what is missing, then the time remaining to obtain it and make use of it.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What is the time limit for bringing a pre-contractual urgent application?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The pre-contractual urgent application must be brought before the contract is concluded (Article L. 551-1 of the Code of Administrative Justice). No fixed period runs from the rejection letter: the limit is signature. In a formal procedure, however, the buyer may sign eleven days after the rejection notice is sent, sixteen days if it was not sent electronically (Article R. 2182-1 of the Public Procurement Code), except for a contract awarded to the only operator that took part or a contract based on a framework agreement (Article R. 2182-2 of the Public Procurement Code). For a contract awarded in an adapted procedure, this minimum period does not apply and signature may be quicker. Referring the matter to the administrative court is not enough to protect the company if the buyer is unaware of it. The person bringing the action must notify the contracting authority, the notification being deemed made on receipt (Article R. 551-1 of the Code of Administrative Justice). From the moment the matter is referred, the contract may not be signed until the judge's decision is notified (Article L. 551-4 of the Code of Administrative Justice). The Council of State has clarified that the suspension runs from receipt of a fax or an email sent to the competent department, even outside opening hours. A local authority that had signed on the very morning of such a communication was ordered to pay a penalty of \u20ac10,000 (CE, 27 May 2020, No. 435982). The firm therefore prepares the application and its notification together, for sending on the same day.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What can the company obtain from the judge in pre-contractual urgent proceedings?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The judge may order the buyer to comply with its obligations, suspend the performance of any decision relating to the award, annul those decisions and strike out irregular clauses or requirements intended to appear in the contract (Article L. 551-2 of the Code of Administrative Justice). The judge rules in principle within twenty days and may not rule before the sixteenth day following the sending of the award decision, reduced to the eleventh day where it is sent electronically to all operators (Article R. 551-5 of the Code of Administrative Justice). Annulment generally applies to the procedure from the stage at which the breach arose. In the Colas France case, the Council of State annulled the rejection of the bid and the procedure at the bid analysis stage, ordering the buyer to resume it at that stage if it intended to proceed (CE, 9 October 2026, No. 514694). In the Experis case, the procedure was annulled from the examination of applications, with an obligation to exclude the competitor in a conflict of interest (CE, 3 April 2026, No. 510005). The judge does not award the contract to the applicant company and grants no compensation in this context. Only a company that had an interest in concluding the contract and is likely to be harmed by the breach may bring the action (Article L. 551-10 of the Code of Administrative Justice). The firm therefore formulates claims limited to what the judge can order, and reserves the question of damages for another procedure.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"My bid was rejected as abnormally low: can it be defended?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"An abnormally low bid is one whose price is manifestly underestimated and likely to jeopardise proper performance of the contract (Article L. 2152-5 of the Public Procurement Code). Before rejecting it, the buyer must require clarifications and justifications (Article L. 2152-6 of the Public Procurement Code). The justifications may relate to the method of performance, technical solutions, exceptionally favourable conditions or the originality of the bid (Article R. 2152-3 of the Public Procurement Code). The defence is prepared from the request for justification. In the Colas France case, the buyer relied mainly on comparison with the other bids, without producing the basis of its estimated bills of quantities, whereas the company had broken down the prices queried and produced quotes: the Council of State held the rejection to be vitiated by a manifest error of assessment and annulled the procedure at the bid analysis stage (CE, 9 October 2026, No. 514694). The opposite outcome is also possible. In the Eurofins case, prices three to four times lower than those of the same company a few years earlier were justified only by a pooling of collection rounds held to be ineffective; the Council of State upheld the rejection of the bid and dismissed the company's application, recalling that the urgent applications judge reviews only for manifest error (CE, 23 December 2025, No. 507574). The firm helps the company to reply point by point, with quantified and verifiable price breakdowns.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Can the judge review the score given to my bid?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"No, not as such. The buyer may define its scoring method for each of the published criteria. The judge in pre-contractual urgent proceedings does not rule on the assessment of the value of a bid or on the respective merits of the bids, which rules out a simple discussion of the scores obtained (CE, 24 November 2023, No. 473674). Two grounds remain useful. First, a scoring method is irregular if the elements taken into account have no connection with the criteria, or if the way those elements are combined deprives the criteria of their effect or neutralises their weighting. Second, the judge checks that the buyer has not distorted a bid by disregarding or manifestly altering its terms. The Council of State set out these rules in a case concerning self-service bicycles in Saint-Malo, where it annulled the order that had reconstructed the technical score of the excluded bidder, then dismissed its application: scores with decimals reflecting verbal assessments on a five-point scale did not, in themselves, make the method irregular (CE, 24 November 2023, No. 473674). Criticism of a scoring therefore requires the grids, the weighting of the sub-criteria and the analysis report. The firm relies on this ground only where a precise discrepancy between the bid and its scoring can be demonstrated, with supporting documents, and where it may have harmed the company, even indirectly by favouring a competitor, which is what the judge in pre-contractual urgent proceedings looks for (CE, 23 December 2025, No. 507574).\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"My own bid was irregular: can I still act?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The buyer rejects irregular, unacceptable or inappropriate bids (Article L. 2152-1 of the Public Procurement Code). A bid is irregular if it does not comply with the requirements of the consultation documents, in particular because it is incomplete, or if it breaches the applicable legislation (Article L. 2152-2 of the Public Procurement Code). The rule has a useful exception. In a cleaning contract in Martinique, the judge in contractual urgent proceedings had refused to examine the irregularity of the successful bidder's bid on the ground that the applicant's bid was itself irregular. The Council of State overturned this reasoning: the irregularity of the excluded competitor's bid does not prevent it from relying on that of the successful bidder, in particular where it stems from an abnormally low price. It annulled the lot concerned, whose price was more than 60 % below the buyer's estimate (CE, 27 May 2020, No. 435982). The firm therefore first checks the regularity of the company's bid, then that of the successful bid. Where both pose a difficulty, the irregularity of the successful bidder can still be invoked, alongside the other grounds that the judge in contractual urgent proceedings may penalise, such as a signature made during the suspension (Article L. 551-20 of the Code of Administrative Justice).\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"The contract has already been signed: is a contractual urgent application still possible?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Once the contract has been concluded, the judge in contractual urgent proceedings may be seised (Article L. 551-13 of the Code of Administrative Justice). This route is not open to a company that has already brought a pre-contractual urgent application where the buyer respected the suspension and complied with the decision given (Article L. 551-14 of the Code of Administrative Justice). It must be brought no later than the thirty-first day following publication in the OJEU of an award notice or, for a contract based on a framework agreement or a dynamic purchasing system, notification of its conclusion; failing that, within six months from the day after conclusion (Article R. 551-7 of the Code of Administrative Justice). The judge declares the contract null where the required advertising or publication in the OJEU was entirely absent, and in certain cases of premature signature that deprived the company of the pre-contractual urgent application and affected its chances (Article L. 551-18 of the Code of Administrative Justice). Where the contract was signed before the required period expired or during the suspension, the judge may also terminate it, shorten its term or impose a financial penalty (Article L. 551-20 of the Code of Administrative Justice). The sanctions linked to premature signature presuppose that the suspension period applied; nullity for lack of required advertising does not depend on it (Article L. 551-18 of the Code of Administrative Justice). The Council of State dismissed an architect's action against a design-management contract concluded after a restricted contest, that contract not being subject to the period in Article R. 2182-1, even though the municipality had set itself a period that it did not observe (CE, 13 March 2025, No. 498701). The firm therefore first checks the applicable procedure.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"How can the validity of a public contract be challenged after signature?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Beyond the contractual urgent application, the excluded competitor may bring a full-jurisdiction action before the contract judge challenging the validity of the contract or of certain severable clauses, where appropriate combined with claims for damages. This action must be brought within two months of appropriate publicity measures, in particular a notice stating the conclusion of the contract and how it may be consulted (CE, 19 July 2023, No. 465308). Without sufficient publicity, the action remains subject to a reasonable period from the time the contract became known. In the Seateam aviation case, the Council of State confirmed that an action brought almost five years after an award notice stating the subject of the contract and the parties was out of time, the court having applied a period of one year (CE, 19 July 2023, No. 465308). The company's application was dismissed. The grounds are limited. Apart from defects of public policy, the excluded competitor may rely only on breaches of the award rules directly related to its exclusion. The Council of State nevertheless overturned a court that had dismissed, for a company whose bid was regular, the complaint based on the irregular performance periods in the successful bidder's bid: that breach was directly related to the exclusion (CE, 21 July 2022, No. 456472). The firm selects grounds with regard to that link.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Can damages be obtained after a wrongful exclusion?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Yes, where the irregularity of the procedure directly caused the loss. The judge first examines whether the candidate had no chance at all of winning the contract: in that case, no compensation is due. Otherwise, the candidate is entitled to reimbursement of the costs of preparing the bid. If the candidate had a serious chance of winning the contract, it is compensated for its loss of profit, which includes those costs, unless the buyer abandons the contract for a reason of general interest (CE, 2 December 2019, No. 423936). The loss of profit must be certain. For a catering contract concluded for twelve months, renewable twice, the Council of State limited the compensation to the initial period, possible renewals not being certain; the award was reduced to 66,666.66 euros (CE, 2 December 2019, No. 423936). The assessment of chances is concrete. In the Vert Marine case, a court had held that the company had no chance at all because of the lower value of its bid and its reservations about the project. The Council of State annulled that judgment: once the successful bidder's irregular bid was set aside, that of Vert Marine, whose regularity was not disputed, was the only one left (CE, 12 February 2026, No. 501708). The firm reconstructs the ranking and quantifies the margin from the company's accounts.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Can a conflict of interest on the buyer's side lead to annulment of the procedure?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Yes. The buyer may exclude a candidate whose application creates a conflict of interest that cannot be remedied by other means. A conflict of interest exists where a person who takes part in the procedure, or may influence its outcome, has a financial, economic or personal interest likely to compromise their impartiality or independence (Article L. 2141-10 of the Public Procurement Code). The Council of State applied this to a framework agreement for IT services. The managing director of the buyer's project-management support company was the spouse of the head of one of the tenderers. That company had visited the candidates' premises and read the bids. The judge found a conflict of interest, held that the failure to exclude was a breach likely to harm the competitor, annulled the procedure at the examination of applications and ordered the exclusion of the tenderer concerned (CE, 3 April 2026, No. 510005). Other exclusions are possible, for example against a company that, during the previous three years, had to pay damages or was penalised by termination for a serious or persistent breach of its obligations in performing an earlier public procurement contract (Article L. 2141-7 of the Public Procurement Code). The firm examines these links from public documents and information obtained in the procedure, without speculation about individuals.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"The public buyer pays late: what interest and allowance can be claimed?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The period provided for in the contract may not exceed the regulatory period (Article L. 2192-10 of the Public Procurement Code), set at thirty days in principle (Article R. 2192-10 of the Public Procurement Code), at fifty days for public health establishments and at sixty days for certain public enterprises (Article R. 2192-11 of the Public Procurement Code). This period runs in principle from receipt of the payment request by the buyer or, depending on the contract, by the project manager (Article R. 2192-12 of the Public Procurement Code); for the balance of a works or design-management contract, it runs from receipt of the final general statement of account (Article R. 2192-16 of the Public Procurement Code), and it may be interrupted once if the request is incomplete or incorrect (Article R. 2192-27 of the Public Procurement Code). From the day after the due date, the delay automatically triggers late-payment interest and gives entitlement to a fixed allowance for recovery costs (Article L. 2192-13 of the Public Procurement Code). The rate is that of the European Central Bank's most recent main refinancing operations, in force on the first day of the calendar half-year in which the interest began to run, plus eight percentage points (Article R. 2192-31 of the Public Procurement Code). Interest runs until the principal is paid (Article R. 2192-32 of the Public Procurement Code) and the fixed allowance is 40 euros (Article D. 2192-35 of the Public Procurement Code). The firm calculates interest invoice by invoice.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"How can a sum owed by the public buyer be obtained quickly?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The urgent applications judge may award an interim payment to the creditor, even without a claim on the merits, where the existence of the obligation is not seriously contestable; the judge may make payment subject to a guarantee (Article R. 541-1 of the Code of Administrative Justice). This route suits an accepted invoice, a settled balance or late-payment interest calculated on undisputed dates. An application seeking payment of a sum of money is in principle admissible only after the administration has made a decision on a prior claim; the two-month time limit for challenge does not apply to measures taken to perform a contract (Article R. 421-1 of the Code of Administrative Justice). The prior claim must therefore be sent and quantified before any referral to the court on the merits. In a works contract, the closing of accounts follows the provisions of the CCAG to which the contract refers. Under the 2014 CCAG Works, the Council of State held that a tacit general statement of account could not arise if the draft final statement had been sent only to the project owner, without transmission to the project manager; the company's appeal on a point of law was dismissed (CE, 25 June 2018, No. 417738). The firm checks the applicable version of the CCAG and the recipients of each communication before arguing that a receivable is established.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Subcontractor on a public contract: who pays and before which court should action be brought?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"A direct subcontractor that has been accepted, and whose payment terms have been approved by the buyer, is paid directly by the buyer for the part of the contract it performs, and any waiver of this direct payment is deemed unwritten (Article L. 2193-11 of the Public Procurement Code). The direct payment threshold is set at 600 euros including all taxes, except for certain defence contracts (Article R. 2193-10 of the Public Procurement Code). The choice of court is decisive. The Court of Cassation has held that \\\"disputes relating to the direct payment to the subcontractor, by the delegated project owner, of the price of works carried out under a public works contract, which, not concerning the performance of a private-law agreement between the parties, require an assessment of the conditions in which a contract for the carrying out of public works was performed, fall within the jurisdiction of the administrative court\\\" (our translation) (Cass. 3e civ., 25 April 2024, No. 22-22.912); it declared the judicial courts to lack jurisdiction over the subcontractor's claim. The assignment of receivables follows a distinct rule. Notification of an assignment or pledge under a public contract is sent to the public accountant responsible for payment named in the contract (Article R. 2191-55 of the Public Procurement Code), in the form laid down by Article R. 313-17 of the Monetary and Financial Code (Code mon\u00e9taire et financier). The Court of Cassation holds that the latter provision \\\"applies only to assignments of receivables held against public-law legal entities\\\" (our translation) (Cass. 3e civ., 8 December 2021, No. 20-16.152); as the assigned debtor was the main contractor, the assignment did not have to be notified to the accountant, and that company's appeal on a point of law was dismissed.\"}}]}<\/script><script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\", \"@type\": \"LegalService\", \"name\": \"Public procurement lawyer in Paris \u2014 Kohen Avocats\", \"url\": \"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/public-procurement-lawyer-paris\/\", \"telephone\": \"+33646605822\", \"email\": \"contact@kohenavocats.fr\", \"address\": {\"@type\": \"PostalAddress\", \"streetAddress\": \"11 rue Margueritte\", \"postalCode\": \"75017\", \"addressLocality\": \"Paris\", \"addressCountry\": \"FR\"}, \"areaServed\": \"Paris region (\u00cele-de-France)\", \"founder\": {\"@type\": \"Person\", 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Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2157083 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2157083 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/tim-schmidbauer-EnC5f7At4ac-unsplash-1-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2157083 post-2157083 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/25\/foreign-company-france-unpaid-invoice-penalties-injonction-payer-abroad\/\">Your French Client Has Not Paid: Late-Payment Penalties, the 40 Euro Fee and the Injunction-to-Pay While You Live Abroad<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2157055 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2157055 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/allison-saeng-Hpw4nI_QUWQ-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2157055 post-2157055 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/25\/foreign-company-france-corporate-bank-account-refusal-abroad\/\">Your French Bank Won&#8217;t Open a Corporate Account While You Live Abroad: Right to an Account, Banque de France Designation and the Anti-Money-Laundering Wall<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2157013 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2157013 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/getty-images-p1ZW7qeVRyE-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2157013 post-2157013 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/25\/foreign-company-france-sas-pay-abroad-salary-dividends-management-fees\/\">Your French SAS Pays You While You Live Abroad: Salary, Dividends or Management Fees<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2156883 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2156883 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/getty-images-p1ZW7qeVRyE-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2156883 post-2156883 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/25\/foreign-company-france-sas-capital-increase-cash-call-filing-abroad\/\">Your French SAS Needs Cash From Abroad: Increase Capital, Call Up Unpaid Shares or Lend Instead \u2014 Filing and New Kbis Without Flying to Paris<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2156702 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2156702 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/pawel-czerwinski-mIT9kEQBC6Q-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2156702 post-2156702 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/24\/foreign-company-france-hire-first-employee-dpae-contract-trial-pay-abroad\/\">Hiring Your First French Employee While You Live Abroad: DPAE, Contract, Trial Period, Pay and Registration<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2156668 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2156668 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/alex-vasey-F5HtPjpBb9k-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2156668 post-2156668 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/24\/foreign-company-france-management-fees-transfer-pricing-file-defence-abroad\/\">Your French Subsidiary Pays Management Fees to Its Foreign Parent While You Live Abroad: Transfer Pricing File, Deduction and Reassessment Defence<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2156642 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2156642 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/shubham-dhage-ICCn56-jyuw-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2156642 post-2156642 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/24\/foreign-company-france-shareholder-loan-compte-courant-abroad\/\">Your French Subsidiary Needs Cash From Abroad: Shareholder Loans (Compte Courant d&#8217;Associe), Interest, Approval and Getting Repaid<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. 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A terse rejection letter, a bid dismissed as abnormally low, a questionable scoring, a contract signed too early or a buyer slow to pay: in each case, a public procurement lawyer [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":251031307,"featured_media":2157188,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2161311","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.2 (Yoast SEO v28.2) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Public Procurement Lawyer Paris | Kohen Avocats<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Public procurement lawyer Paris: challenge a rejected bid, bring an urgent application or recover unpaid sums. 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