{"id":2161303,"date":"2026-11-01T23:11:41","date_gmt":"2026-11-01T22:11:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/?page_id=2161303"},"modified":"2026-11-04T19:35:09","modified_gmt":"2026-11-04T18:35:09","slug":"judicial-liquidation-lawyer-paris","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/judicial-liquidation-lawyer-paris\/","title":{"rendered":"Judicial liquidation lawyer in Paris: filing, claiming, preparing the closure"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"2161303\" class=\"elementor elementor-2161303 elementor-2160697\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-v5bd59a e-con-full e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"v5bd59a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-v5bd59aw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"v5bd59aw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"kcv\" id=\"kci-root\" data-refresh-marker=\"expertise-fr-avocat-liquidation-judiciaire-entreprise-paris-20261101\">\n<section class=\"kcv-hero\" aria-labelledby=\"kch-h1\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-in\">\n    <div class=\"kcv-head\">\n      <p class=\"kk\">Company director filing, creditor claiming: the procedure seen from each side of the liabilities<\/p>\n      <h1 id=\"kch-h1\"><em>Judicial liquidation lawyer<\/em> in Paris:<span class=\"kcv-tail\"> filing, claiming, preparing the closure.<\/span><\/h1>\n      <p class=\"kcv-sub\">A judicial liquidation lawyer in Paris handles each step in turn: declaration of cessation of payments (cessation des paiements), simplified judicial liquidation, proof of debt, the liquidator's letter disputing a claim, set-off, closure for insufficiency of assets and resumption of enforcement. Each step has its own time limit and documents. This page follows the debtor company and its creditors, from the filing at the court registry to the aftermath of closure.<\/p>\n      <div class=\"kcv-btns\">\n        <a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a>\n        <a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kch-form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a>\n      <\/div>\n      <p class=\"kcv-urg\">The company director has forty-five days after cessation of payments to apply for the opening of proceedings, unless conciliation is requested within that period; the creditor has, in principle, two months from the announcement of the judgment in the BODACC (the French official gazette of civil and commercial announcements) to file a claim, a period that runs from personal notice for the holder of a registered security and is extended outside metropolitan France. Note these dates before taking any other step.<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcv-stagewrap\"><div class=\"kcv-stageshadow\"><div class=\"kcv-stage\">\n      <link rel=\"preload\" as=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kohen-v3-expertises\/kohen-fr-droit-bancaire-paysage-20261025.webp\" media=\"(min-width:761px)\" fetchpriority=\"high\">\n      <link rel=\"preload\" as=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kohen-v3-expertises\/kohen-fr-droit-bancaire-paysage-1080-20261025.webp\" media=\"(max-width:760px)\" fetchpriority=\"high\">\n      <div class=\"kcv-media\" aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"--kcv-img:url('https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kohen-v3-expertises\/kohen-fr-droit-bancaire-paysage-20261025.webp');--kcv-img-m:url('https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kohen-v3-expertises\/kohen-fr-droit-bancaire-paysage-1080-20261025.webp')\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"kcv-panel kcv-glass\" id=\"kch-form\">\n        <div class=\"kcv-panel-head\">\n          <div>\n            <p class=\"kcv-panel-k\">Judicial liquidation \u00b7 Paris<\/p>\n            <h2 class=\"kcv-panel-t\">Get a <em>first analysis<\/em><\/h2>\n            <p class=\"kcv-panel-l\">Send the judgment or the writ of summons, the cash position, the list of creditors or, if you are a creditor, your invoices, contracts and the BODACC publication: the firm checks the time limits running and the documents to be produced.<\/p>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"kcv-chip kcv-glass\"><p class=\"kcv-chip-n\">24 \u00e0 48 h<\/p><p class=\"kcv-chip-x\">first legal<br>review<\/p><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"kcf-wrap\">\n<form id=\"kcf-2form\" data-kcf data-api-url=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-json\/kohen-form\/v1\/submit\" data-vps-url=\"https:\/\/upload-fr.46-224-152-225.sslip.io\/submit\" data-max-size=\"1073741824\" data-max-files=\"500\" novalidate enctype=\"multipart\/form-data\">\n  <input type=\"hidden\" name=\"rendered_at\" value=\"1776847557\">\n  <div class=\"kcf-hp\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><label for=\"kcf-2website\">Do not fill in<\/label><input id=\"kcf-2website\" name=\"website\" type=\"text\" tabindex=\"-1\" autocomplete=\"off\"><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcf-price\">\n    <span class=\"kcf-price-amount\">\u20ac80<small>incl. VAT<\/small><\/span>\n    <div class=\"kcf-price-body\">\n      <p class=\"kcf-price-text\"><strong>Preliminary review of your case.<\/strong> Examination of your documents and a first written analysis by Reda Kohen, within 24 to 48 business hours. Payment is made online after this form is sent.<\/p>\n      <ul class=\"kcf-price-meta\">\n        <li>Up to 1 GB of documents, folders and subfolders accepted<\/li>\n        <li>Secure payment, no banking data stored<\/li>\n        <li><a href=\"\/conditions-etude-prealable\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Terms and fee agreement<\/a><\/li>\n      <\/ul>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcf-row\">\n    <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n      <label class=\"kcf-label\" for=\"kcf-2name\">Full name<\/label>\n      <input class=\"kcf-input\" type=\"text\" id=\"kcf-2name\" name=\"name\" placeholder=\"Your name\" required autocomplete=\"name\" aria-describedby=\"kcf-2name-err\">\n      <p class=\"kcf-field-error\" id=\"kcf-2name-err\" role=\"alert\"><\/p>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n      <label class=\"kcf-label\" for=\"kcf-2phone\">Telephone <span class=\"kcf-optional\">(optional)<\/span><\/label>\n      <input class=\"kcf-input\" type=\"tel\" inputmode=\"tel\" id=\"kcf-2phone\" name=\"phone\" placeholder=\"06 00 00 00 00\" autocomplete=\"tel\" aria-describedby=\"kcf-2phone-err\">\n      <p class=\"kcf-field-error\" id=\"kcf-2phone-err\" role=\"alert\"><\/p>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n    <label class=\"kcf-label\" for=\"kcf-2email\">Email address<\/label>\n    <input class=\"kcf-input\" type=\"email\" id=\"kcf-2email\" name=\"email\" placeholder=\"your@email.com\" required autocomplete=\"email\" spellcheck=\"false\" autocapitalize=\"off\" aria-describedby=\"kcf-2email-err\">\n    <p class=\"kcf-field-error\" id=\"kcf-2email-err\" role=\"alert\"><\/p>\n  <\/div>\n  \n  <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n    <label class=\"kcf-label\" for=\"kcf-2message\">Message<\/label>\n    <textarea class=\"kcf-textarea\" id=\"kcf-2message\" name=\"message\" placeholder=\"Briefly describe your situation...\" required aria-describedby=\"kcf-2message-err\"><\/textarea>\n    <p class=\"kcf-field-error\" id=\"kcf-2message-err\" role=\"alert\"><\/p>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n    <label class=\"kcf-label\">Attachments <span class=\"kcf-optional\">(optional, 500 files max, 1 GB)<\/span><\/label>\n    <div class=\"kcf-dropzone\" id=\"kcf-2dropzone\">\n      <svg class=\"kcf-dropzone-icon\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M21 15v4a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-4\"\/><polyline points=\"17 8 12 3 7 8\"\/><line x1=\"12\" y1=\"3\" x2=\"12\" y2=\"15\"\/><\/svg>\n      <p class=\"kcf-dropzone-text\"><strong>Click<\/strong> or drag your files here<br>All formats accepted (PDF, Word, images, etc.)<\/p>\n      <input type=\"file\" name=\"attachments\" id=\"kcf-2files\" multiple>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcf-file-list\" id=\"kcf-2filelist\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcf-progress\" id=\"kcf-2progress\">\n      <div class=\"kcf-progress-bar\"><div class=\"kcf-progress-fill\" id=\"kcf-2progressfill\"><\/div><\/div>\n      <p class=\"kcf-progress-text\" id=\"kcf-2progresstext\">Sending...<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n  <button type=\"submit\" class=\"kcf-btn\">\n    <span class=\"kcf-spinner\"><\/span>\n    <span class=\"kcf-btn-text\">Pay \u20ac80 and send my case<\/span>\n  <\/button>\n  <div class=\"kcf-msg\" role=\"status\" aria-live=\"polite\" aria-atomic=\"true\" tabindex=\"-1\"><\/div>\n  <p class=\"kcf-note\">Payment constitutes a request for immediate performance of your analysis. 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l'\u00c9tat.\",\"auteur\":\"data.gouv.fr\",\"paraphrase\":true,\"libelle\":\"Voir la fiche sur data.gouv.fr\"},{\"titre\":\"Commentaires des d\u00e9cisions de justice par l'IA g\u00e9n\u00e9rative\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.data.gouv.fr\/reuses\/commentaires-des-decisions-de-justice-par-lia-generative\",\"citation\":\"R\u00e9utilisation des donn\u00e9es publiques de justice publi\u00e9e par Kohen Avocats et r\u00e9f\u00e9renc\u00e9e sur data.gouv.fr.\",\"auteur\":\"data.gouv.fr\",\"paraphrase\":true,\"libelle\":\"Voir la r\u00e9utilisation sur data.gouv.fr\"}]},\"awwwards\":{\"nom\":\"Awwwards\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Kohen Avocats, site nomm\u00e9 aux Awwwards\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.awwwards.com\/sites\/kohen-avocats\",\"citation\":\"Le site du cabinet figure parmi les sites nomm\u00e9s (\u00ab Nominee \u00bb) par Awwwards, r\u00e9f\u00e9rence internationale du design web.\",\"auteur\":\"Awwwards\",\"paraphrase\":true,\"libelle\":\"Voir la fiche sur 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\u00e0 la location ?\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.leboncoin.fr\/guide\/immobilier\/bouilloires-thermiques-bientot-interdites-a-la-location-hfpj70o6.html\",\"citation\":\"Le guide immobilier cite une analyse de kohenavocats.fr parmi ses sources.\",\"auteur\":\"Leboncoin\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"femme-actuelle\":{\"nom\":\"Femme Actuelle\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"S\u00e9paration ou divorce : quelle banque et quel cr\u00e9dit pour repartir sur de bonnes bases ?\",\"date\":\"2026-09-30\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.femmeactuelle.fr\/vie-pratique\/news-vie-pratique\/separation-ou-divorce-quelle-banque-et-quel-credit-pour-repartir-sur-de-bonnes-bases-2211980\",\"citation\":\"L'article cite une analyse de kohenavocats.com parmi ses sources.\",\"auteur\":\"Femme Actuelle\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"economie-matin\":{\"nom\":\"\u00c9conomie Matin\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Nouveau bail 2026 : ce que les propri\u00e9taires doivent anticiper d\u00e8s maintenant\",\"date\":\"2026-09-10\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.economiematin.fr\/bail-nouveau-2026-proprietaires-anticiper\",\"citation\":\"Sur le d\u00e9cret n\u00b0 2026-596 du 7 juillet 2026, l'article renvoie \u00e0 l'analyse publi\u00e9e par le cabinet.\",\"auteur\":\"\u00c9conomie Matin\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"la-voix-du-nord\":{\"nom\":\"La Voix du Nord\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Que risquent les personnes qui ach\u00e8tent des objets vol\u00e9s le 17 octobre ?\",\"date\":\"2026-10-19\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.lavoixdunord.fr\/1747700\/article\/2026-10-19\/que-risquent-les-personnes-qui-achetent-des-objets-voles-le-17-octobre\",\"citation\":\"L\u2019infraction suppose la connaissance de l\u2019origine : savoir que l\u2019objet provient d\u2019un vol.\",\"auteur\":\"Me Hassan Kohen\"}]},\"sortir-a-paris\":{\"nom\":\"Sortir \u00e0 Paris\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Manifestation du 24 octobre \u00e0 Paris : parcours, nouvelles stations ferm\u00e9es, les 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l\u2019obligation de d\u00e9livrer un logement d\u00e9cent pendant toute la dur\u00e9e du bail et l\u2019ordonnance du tribunal judiciaire de B\u00e9ziers du 31 mars 2026 sur une climatisation install\u00e9e sans autorisation.\",\"auteur\":\"Science \\u0026 Vie\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"frandroid\":{\"nom\":\"Frandroid\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Fin de Rakuten France : comment r\u00e9cup\u00e9rer vos factures, vos garanties et vos points Club R\",\"date\":\"2026-09-30\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.frandroid.com\/culture-tech\/web\/3266559_fin-de-rakuten-france-comment-recuperer-vos-factures-vos-garanties-et-vos-points-club-r\",\"citation\":\"Le cabinet Kohen Avocats leur conseille de retirer cet argent et de t\u00e9l\u00e9charger tout leur historique avant le 10 novembre.\",\"auteur\":\"Frandroid\",\"paraphrase\":true},{\"titre\":\"Goutte-\u00e0-goutte et inondation : que faire quand la climatisation du voisin ruine votre terrasse 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La loi ne fixe pas un calendrier d\u2019allumage commun \u00e0 tous les immeubles.\",\"auteur\":\"Cabinet Kohen Avocats\"}]},\"next\":{\"nom\":\"Next\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Fin de Bloctel, interdiction du d\u00e9marchage d\u00e8s le 11 ao\u00fbt : on fait le point\",\"date\":\"2026-08-04\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/next.ink\/249950\/fin-de-bloctel-interdiction-du-demarchage-des-le-11-aout-on-fait-le-point\/\",\"citation\":\"Selon le cabinet Kohen Avocats, les jurisprudences dans ce secteur devraient \u00ab \u00e9clairer la port\u00e9e du futur r\u00e9gime \u00bb.\",\"auteur\":\"Next\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"actu-juridique\":{\"nom\":\"Actu-Juridique\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Magistrature et franc-ma\u00e7onnerie : que dit le droit ?\",\"date\":\"2026-09-22\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.actu-juridique.fr\/professions\/magistrats\/magistrature-et-franc-maconnerie-stupeur-et-evitements\/\",\"citation\":\"L\u2019article cite en r\u00e9f\u00e9rence l\u2019analyse de Ma\u00eetre Hassan Kohen, avocat en droit p\u00e9nal \u00e0 Paris, sur l\u2019avis du Coll\u00e8ge de d\u00e9ontologie du 9 juin 2026.\",\"auteur\":\"Actu-Juridique\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"batiweb\":{\"nom\":\"Batiweb\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Mayotte : Lecornu veut un \u00ab choc de mises en chantier \u00bb\",\"date\":\"2026-08-27\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.batiweb.com\/actualites\/urbanisme\/reconstruction-mayotte-lecornu-choc-mises-chantier-49208\",\"citation\":\"Sur les autorisations d\u2019urbanisme n\u00e9cessaires \u00e0 la reconstruction de Mayotte, l\u2019article cite les explications de Me Reda Kohen.\",\"auteur\":\"Batiweb\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"berliner-zeitung\":{\"nom\":\"Berliner Zeitung\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Null Euro Miete, daf\u00fcr Quizabende mit Rentnern: Wie eine 18-J\u00e4hrige ins Seniorenheim zog\",\"date\":\"2026-09-21\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.berliner-zeitung.de\/article\/null-euro-miete-dafuer-quizabende-mit-rentnern-wie-eine-18-jaehrige-ins-seniorenheim-zog-10414380\",\"citation\":\"Der Pariser Anwalt Reda Kohen ordnet das Modell als Gebrauchsleihe ein: Die Wohnung wird \u00fcberlassen, nicht vermietet.\",\"auteur\":\"Berliner Zeitung\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"startupitalia\":{\"nom\":\"StartupItalia\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Quasi 13 miliardi di dollari di Nvidia per la sconosciuta Hugging Face. 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aria-controls=\"kcv-p1\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The rules<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p2\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p2\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Your documents<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p3\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p3\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The method<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p4\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p4\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The timetable<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p5\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p5\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The checks<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-synthese\" aria-controls=\"kcv-synthese\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Summary<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-faq\" aria-controls=\"kcv-faq\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Questions<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-textes\" aria-controls=\"kcv-textes\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Legal texts<\/button><\/div><\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcv-track\"><div class=\"kcv-slide kcv-on\" id=\"kcv-avocat\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-avocat\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<div class=\"kcv-pro\">\n  <figure class=\"kcv-pro-photo\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" src=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/kohen-footer\/portrait-reda-20260920-lignes-orange.jpg\" alt=\"Reda Kohen, lawyer at the Paris Bar\" width=\"1122\" height=\"1402\" loading=\"eager\" decoding=\"async\">\n    <figcaption class=\"kcv-pro-cap kcv-glass\"><span class=\"kcv-pro-capn\">Reda Kohen<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pro-capr\">Lawyer at the Paris Bar<\/span><\/figcaption>\n  <\/figure>\n  <div class=\"kcv-pro-body\">\n    <p class=\"kk\">Business law \u00b7 Paris 17th arrondissement<\/p>\n    <h2>What a <em>judicial liquidation lawyer<\/em> in Paris does<\/h2>\n    <ul class=\"kcv-pro-tags\"><li>Paris Bar<\/li><li>Business law<\/li><li>Insolvency proceedings<\/li><\/ul>\n    <p class=\"kcv-p\">Reda Kohen, lawyer (avocat) at the Paris Bar, can act alongside the company director who must file for insolvency, as well as alongside the creditor who must assert a claim against the debtor's estate.<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-p\">Judicial liquidation is opened for a debtor in cessation of payments whose reorganisation is manifestly impossible (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006238437\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006238437\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 640-1 of the French Commercial Code<\/a>). For the director, the issues are the date of cessation of payments, the quality of the file lodged with the court registry and cooperation with the liquidator. For the creditor, everything turns on the claim, its verification and the remedies available after closure.<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-p\">The firm examines the documents available, reconstructs the chronology of the unpaid debts and checks, depending on your position, the state of the due liabilities and available assets or the regularity of the proof of debt. The procedure applicable to the claim is that of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000053281573\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000053281573\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Articles L. 622-24<\/a> to L. 622-27 of the Commercial Code, to which <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000038587562\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000038587562\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 641-3 of the Commercial Code<\/a> refers.<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-p\">Send what you have, even if incomplete: the firm will prioritise and complete the file with you. In an emergency, call <a href=\"tel:+33646605822\">06 46 60 58 22<\/a>.<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-pro-meta\"><a href=\"https:\/\/consultation.avocat.fr\/avocat-paris\/reda-kohen-54670.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Official profile in the directory of French lawyers (CNB)<\/a><span>Firm at 11 rue Margueritte, 75017 Paris<\/span><\/p>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-cards\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-card\"><h3>A dated and complete filing<\/h3><p>The file attached to the application for opening, signed and certified by the director, sets the working basis for the court and the liquidator.<\/p><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-card\"><h3>A claim filed on time<\/h3><p>The creditor files the claim within two months of the announcement of the judgment in the BODACC, a period extended for creditors living outside metropolitan France.<\/p><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-card\"><h3>Consequences to anticipate<\/h3><p>Closure for insufficiency of assets in principle ends individual enforcement actions, subject to statutory exceptions that the creditor must identify in advance.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p1\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The rules<\/p>\n<h2>Filing, claims, closure: <em>the applicable rules<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">Five rules of the Commercial Code govern judicial liquidation from the point of view of the debtor and its creditors.<\/p>\n<ol class=\"kcv-conds\">\n  <li>Cessation of payments exists when the debts that have fallen due can no longer be paid out of the available assets; a debtor who shows that its credit reserves or the moratoria granted by its creditors enable it to meet them is not in cessation of payments (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000045178110\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000045178110\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 631-1 of the Commercial Code<\/a>). The Court of Cassation holds \"that a building not yet sold does not constitute available assets\" (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/5fca56a7004a1c19011db297\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 17 June 2020, No. 18-22.747<\/a>) (our translation), a solution unfavourable to a debtor relying on a property to be sold.<\/li>\n  <li>The debtor has forty-five days, from cessation of payments, to apply for the opening of proceedings itself, unless it has requested conciliation during that period (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000028724166\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000028724166\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 640-4 of the Commercial Code<\/a>). The application is filed with the court registry together with the annual accounts, a statement of due liabilities and available assets, a cash position statement less than one month old and the itemised list of creditors (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000045921292\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000045921292\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article R. 631-1 of the Commercial Code<\/a>, made applicable by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031090746\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031090746\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article R. 640-1 of the Commercial Code<\/a>).<\/li>\n  <li>Pre-judgment creditors, other than employees, file their claims within the time limits set by decree; the claim may be filed by an employee or an agent and then ratified up to the decision admitting it (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000053281573\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000053281573\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 622-24 of the Commercial Code<\/a>). The period is two months from publication of the judgment opening proceedings in the Bulletin officiel des annonces civiles et commerciales (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000029175247\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000029175247\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article R. 622-24 of the Commercial Code<\/a>).<\/li>\n  <li>A creditor whose claim is disputed must reply to the creditors' representative within thirty days, failing which it can no longer challenge the proposal, unless the dispute concerns the regularity of the claim (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000028723972\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000028723972\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 622-27 of the Commercial Code<\/a>). A debtor that does not submit its observations within the regulatory period likewise loses any later challenge (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000028723981\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000028723981\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 624-1 of the Commercial Code<\/a>).<\/li>\n  <li>After closure for insufficiency of assets, creditors in principle remain deprived of their right to take individual enforcement action, subject to exceptions listed by law, including fraud and the recourse of a co-obligor who has paid (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000046811404\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000046811404\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 643-11 of the Commercial Code<\/a>). The Second Civil Chamber infers that a formal demand to pay with a view to seizure and sale \"may not be issued, where the creditor has not recovered the individual exercise of its actions against the debtor, for the sole purpose of interrupting the limitation period\" (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/682ebbb79d9918cbebdef205\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. 2e civ., 22 May 2025, No. 22-17.465<\/a>) (our translation).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"kcv-callout\"><span class=\"kcv-callout-i\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M9.6 6C6.5 7.4 4.5 10 4.5 13.4V18h6v-6H7.6c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L9.6 6zm9 0c-3.1 1.4-5.1 4-5.1 7.4V18h6v-6h-2.9c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L18.6 6z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><p>The date of cessation of payments set in the judgment may be moved back, but cannot be more than eighteen months before the judgment opening proceedings (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000028724110\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000028724110\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 631-8 of the Commercial Code<\/a>, applicable by reference from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000044052950\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000044052950\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 641-1 of the Commercial Code<\/a>): the director must therefore date the first unpaid debts themselves.<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p2\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Your documents<\/p>\n<h2>What to send, depending on <em>your position<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">The director and the creditor have neither the same time limits nor the same documents to gather.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-duel\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-opt kcv-opt-a\"><p class=\"kcv-opt-k\">Position A<\/p><p class=\"kcv-opt-t\">You manage the debtor company<\/p><ul><li>Annual accounts for the last financial year, a recent cash position statement and a statement of due liabilities and available assets<\/li><li>List of creditors with amounts, security granted and off-balance-sheet commitments<\/li><li>Number of employees, turnover and a summary inventory of the company's assets<\/li><li>Writ of summons received from a creditor, or a summons following an application by the public prosecutor, and exchanges with the chartered accountant on the date of the first unpaid debts<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-or\" aria-hidden=\"true\">or<\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-opt kcv-opt-b\"><p class=\"kcv-opt-k\">Position B<\/p><p class=\"kcv-opt-t\">You are a creditor<\/p><ul><li>Invoices, contract, purchase orders and account statement showing the balance due<\/li><li>BODACC announcement of the judgment opening proceedings and, for a registered security, the notice received from the liquidator<\/li><li>Proof of debt already sent, the signatory's authority and the letter disputing the claim that was received<\/li><li>Guarantee deeds, security and any proceedings already under way against the debtor<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-callout\"><span class=\"kcv-callout-i\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M9.6 6C6.5 7.4 4.5 10 4.5 13.4V18h6v-6H7.6c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L9.6 6zm9 0c-3.1 1.4-5.1 4-5.1 7.4V18h6v-6h-2.9c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L18.6 6z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><p>After the judgment, the debtor can no longer pay a pre-judgment debt, subject to statutory exceptions such as set-off of connected claims or payment authorised by the supervisory judge; a payment made in breach of this prohibition may be annulled at the request of any interested party or the public prosecutor within three years (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000044052577\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000044052577\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 622-7 of the Commercial Code<\/a>).<\/p><\/div>\n<p class=\"kcv-p\">The firm also handles:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"kcv-pro-tags\"><li>Insolvency proceedings<\/li><li>Companies in difficulty<\/li><li>Company officer's liability<\/li><li>Debt recovery<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p3\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The method<\/p>\n<h2>How the firm <em>supports you<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">Fix the dates, gather the documents, then follow the procedure through to its closure.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-rows\">\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 1<\/p><h3>Establishing the chronology<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">The firm goes back over the date of the first unpaid debts, the formal notices and the credit refusals to place the cessation of payments and the time limits already running.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 2<\/p><h3>Preparing the filing or the claim<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">For the director, the application for opening is checked document by document. For the creditor, the claim is quantified, supported and sent to the liquidator within the time limit.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 3<\/p><h3>Following the verification of liabilities<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">A letter disputing a claim calls for a reasoned reply within thirty days. The firm examines the dispute, prepares the explanations and, if necessary, the submissions to the supervisory judge who rules on whether the claim is admitted.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 4<\/p><h3>Anticipating closure and its consequences<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">The firm checks whether closure leaves the creditor a means of enforcement, through fraud, a statutory exception or the recourse of a co-obligor, and what the director still owes under personal commitments.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-callout\"><span class=\"kcv-callout-i\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M9.6 6C6.5 7.4 4.5 10 4.5 13.4V18h6v-6H7.6c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L9.6 6zm9 0c-3.1 1.4-5.1 4-5.1 7.4V18h6v-6h-2.9c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L18.6 6z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><p>Insolvency proceedings are decided on the documents: a missed time limit or a letter left unanswered often has a final effect that the judge can no longer correct.<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p4\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The timetable<\/p>\n<h2>The timeline <em>of a judicial liquidation<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">From the first unpaid debt to the closure of the proceedings.<\/p>\n<ol class=\"kcv-hs\"><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Cessation of payments<\/p><p><strong>Day D.<\/strong> The due liabilities can no longer be paid out of the available assets, taking into account the credit reserves and moratoria the debtor can prove.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Application for opening<\/p><p><strong>Before D + 45 days.<\/strong> The legal representative files the application and its supporting documents with the court registry, unless conciliation is requested within the same period.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Opening judgment<\/p><p>The court appoints the supervisory judge and the liquidator, and sets the date of cessation of payments and the time limit for reviewing closure.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Filing of claims<\/p><p><strong>Two months after the BODACC.<\/strong> Pre-judgment creditors, other than employees and maintenance creditors, file their claims with the liquidator; the holder of a registered security waits for the personal notice that starts its time limit.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Verification of liabilities<\/p><p>The liquidator disputes contested claims; the creditor replies within thirty days and the supervisory judge rules.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Closure<\/p><p>For extinction of the liabilities or insufficiency of assets; any creditor may apply to the court for closure two years after the judgment of liquidation.<\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p5\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The checks<\/p>\n<h2>What the firm checks <em>before acting<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">In a judicial liquidation, time limits and the capacity of the persons involved often matter more than the merits.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-split\">\n  <ul class=\"kcv-check\"><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Date of cessation of payments: first unpaid debts, credit reserves, moratoria and the assets actually available.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Applicable procedure: ordinary or simplified liquidation, and any conciliation under way that bars a summons.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Starting point of time limits: BODACC publication, personal notice to the holder of a security, receipt of the letter disputing the claim.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Capacity of the person signing the proof of debt and ratification by the creditor before the decision admitting the claim.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>The director's personal commitments: guarantees, security and joint obligations that survive closure.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n  <aside class=\"kcv-act\">\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-k\">Case documents<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-t\">Send what you have, even if incomplete<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-p\">Submit your documents through the confidential form at the top of the page: the firm will prioritise and complete the file with you.<\/p>\n    <div class=\"kcv-act-b\"><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kch-form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n  <\/aside>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-synthese\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-synthese\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Summary<\/p>\n<h2>Situation, evidence, <em>response<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">The most frequent scenarios determine the first priority in the file.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-rows\">\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>The director finds they can no longer pay<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Cash position statement, schedule of due debts, refusals of credit or of time to pay.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time limit:<\/strong> Forty-five days, counted from cessation of payments.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Application for opening filed with the court registry with the complete file, or conciliation if it remains possible.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>A creditor summons the company seeking its liquidation<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Writ of summons, exhibits on the absence of any prospect of recovery, actual state of the cash position.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time limit:<\/strong> Prepare the defence before the opening hearing.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Contest the cessation of payments, the manifest impossibility of reorganisation and any alternative procedure.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>An invoice unpaid by a company in liquidation<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Invoice, contract, BODACC announcement of the judgment and statement of the balance.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time limit:<\/strong> Two months from the announcement of the judgment in the BODACC.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Quantified and supported proof of debt sent to the liquidator, then follow-up of the verification.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>The liquidator disputes the claim filed<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Registered letter disputing the claim, initial proof of debt and supporting documents.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time limit:<\/strong> Thirty days from receipt of the letter.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Reasoned reply to the liquidator, then submissions to the supervisory judge.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>The claim was not filed on time<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> List of creditors supplied by the debtor, proof of an omission or of the impossibility of knowing of the claim.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time limit:<\/strong> Six months from publication of the judgment, subject to statutory exceptions.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Application for relief from time bar (relev\u00e9 de forclusion) before the supervisory judge.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>The liquidation is closed for insufficiency of assets<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Closure judgment, evidence establishing fraud, payments made as guarantor or co-obligor.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time limit:<\/strong> Apply to the court handling the proceedings if authorisation was not given at closure.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Application for authorisation to resume enforcement, or recourse by the co-obligor who has paid.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-faq\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-faq\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Frequently asked questions<\/p>\n<h2>Your questions: <em>judicial liquidation<\/em><\/h2>\n<div class=\"kcv-faqgrid\">\n  <aside class=\"kcv-act kcv-act-sticky\">\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-k\">13 questions<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-t\">A situation not listed here?<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-p\">Every case has its own features. The firm reads your documents before answering you.<\/p>\n    <div class=\"kcv-act-b\"><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kch-form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n  <\/aside>\n  <div class=\"kcv-faq\"><details><summary>How do you know whether a company is in cessation of payments?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>A company is in cessation of payments when it can no longer pay its due debts out of its available assets (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000045178110\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000045178110\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 631-1 of the Commercial Code<\/a>). Due liabilities cover debts that have fallen due and whose payment can be demanded immediately: rent, supplier invoices, social security contributions, taxes, bank instalments. Available assets comprise cash and whatever can be mobilised without delay. The text reserves the case of credit lines and time to pay granted by creditors: where the debtor shows that they enable it to cover the debts that have fallen due, the state of cessation is not established.<\/p><p>A valuable asset therefore does not, in itself, offset liabilities that have fallen due. The Court of Cassation overturned a court of appeal, recalling \"that a building not yet sold does not constitute available assets\" (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/5fca56a7004a1c19011db297\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 17 June 2020, No. 18-22.747<\/a>) (our translation). The reasoning applies to stock that is hard to sell or to a claim that is still disputed.<\/p><p>Where the judgment opening proceedings is appealed, the situation is re-examined as at the date of the appeal judgment. The Paris Court of Appeal held that \"cessation of payments is assessed on the day the court rules\" and upheld the liquidation of a company that showed no available assets (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/6587dc5a8abf72000837566d\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CA Paris, p\u00f4le 5 ch. 8, 22 December 2023, No. 23\/06499<\/a>) (our translation). This assessment on appeal does not move the forty-five-day period, which runs from the actual cessation of payments, the date of which the court then sets. The firm reconstructs with the director the day on which the due debts ceased to be covered by the available assets.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Which documents must be attached to the application to open judicial liquidation?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The application is filed with the registry of the competent court by the legal representative of the legal entity or by the debtor, if an individual (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000045921292\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000045921292\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article R. 631-1 of the Commercial Code<\/a>, applicable to liquidation by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031090746\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031090746\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article R. 640-1 of the Commercial Code<\/a>). It includes the annual accounts for the last financial year and a series of documents listed in the text: a statement of due liabilities and available assets with a declaration of cessation of payments, a cash position statement less than one month old, the number of employees and turnover, an itemised statement of claims and debts with the identity of the creditors, a statement of security and off-balance-sheet commitments, and a summary inventory of assets.<\/p><p>A sworn statement is added on the existence or absence of an ad hoc mandate or conciliation in the preceding eighteen months. The documents are dated, signed and certified true and accurate by the applicant; several of them must be drawn up as at the date of the application or within the seven days before it.<\/p><p>For a liquidation, the evidence tending to show that reorganisation is manifestly impossible must be attached to the application (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031090746\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031090746\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article R. 640-1 of the Commercial Code<\/a>). The firm checks the consistency between the list of creditors and the accounts: a creditor omitted from that list may later obtain relief from time bar more easily, and an incomplete list weakens the director's position before the liquidator.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>What is simplified judicial liquidation?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Simplified judicial liquidation is a variant of the procedure reserved for small businesses. It applies if the debtor's assets include no real estate and if the number of its employees in the six months preceding the opening and its turnover excluding VAT do not exceed thresholds set by decree (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000045178165\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000045178165\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 641-2 of the Commercial Code<\/a>). Where the debtor is an individual, only the absence of real estate is required, and their rights in the main residence, which is unseizable by operation of law under <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000044056367\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000044056367\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 526-1 of the Commercial Code<\/a>, do not prevent the simplified procedure.<\/p><p>If the court has the necessary information, it rules on application of the simplified procedure in the liquidation judgment itself. Otherwise, the president of the court decides on the basis of a report on the debtor's situation that the liquidator prepares within one month of appointment.<\/p><p>For the director, the quality of the file lodged determines this outcome: an accurate inventory, verified headcount and turnover figures and proof that there is no real estate allow the court to decide from the opening. For the creditor, the simplified procedure does not remove the need to file the claim within the two-month period. The firm checks the regulatory thresholds in force at the date of the application before indicating to the director the likely procedure.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Does the director keep a role after the liquidation judgment?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>By operation of law, from the date of the judgment the debtor is divested of the administration and disposal of the assets forming the estate engaged in the professional activity; the debtor's rights and actions concerning that estate are exercised by the liquidator throughout the proceedings (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000045178146\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000045178146\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 641-9 of the Commercial Code<\/a>). Where the debtor is a company, its director can therefore no longer, on its behalf, pay a supplier, collect a claim or sell equipment.<\/p><p>The debtor nevertheless keeps rights of its own, notably the right to challenge decisions that concern it. The Court of Cassation recalls that the debtor may appeal, and then appeal to the Court of Cassation, against the decision ordering its liquidation, provided it proceeds against the liquidator or in the liquidator's presence. It also states, to the debtor's disadvantage, that \"it is not, however, admissible to bring a liability action against the lawyer it instructed to represent and assist it in exercising this right of its own\" (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/63e34cb7500dc805de37cd87\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 8 February 2023, No. 21-16.954<\/a>) (our translation), that action concerning the estate being a matter for the liquidator.<\/p><p>The director also remains bound to cooperate: handing over the inventory, the list of creditors, current contracts and pending proceedings (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000045178124\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000045178124\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 622-6 of the Commercial Code<\/a>). A management ban may be imposed on anyone who, in bad faith, fails to provide this information within one month of the judgment (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031013446\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031013446\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 653-8 of the Commercial Code<\/a>).<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can a creditor itself apply for the judicial liquidation of its debtor?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Yes. Where no conciliation is under way, proceedings may be opened on a creditor's summons, whatever the nature of its claim (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039280307\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039280307\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 640-5 of the Commercial Code<\/a>). If the debtor has ceased trading, the summons must be served within a period of one year, which runs, depending on the case, from removal from the Trade and Companies Register, from the cessation of activity or from publication of the completion of the liquidation.<\/p><p>The summons is strictly regulated. It is inadmissible, and the judge must raise this of their own motion, if it contains any application other than for the opening of liquidation, an alternative application for judicial reorganisation being the only one allowed (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031090746\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031090746\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article R. 640-1 of the Commercial Code<\/a>). It must also be accompanied by evidence tending to show that reorganisation is manifestly impossible.<\/p><p>For the creditor, this route is not a means of recovery: once proceedings are opened, it will have to file its claim like the others and will be paid according to its rank. It is justified where the assets are deteriorating and a liquidator must take control of them. For the director summoned, the debate concerns cessation of payments, assessed on the day the judge rules, and the real prospects of reorganisation. The firm examines the documents attached to the summons and the cash position evidence before the hearing.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Who can sign the proof of debt and what must it contain?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The claim may be filed by the creditor itself or by any employee or agent of its choice. The creditor may ratify a claim filed in its name until the judge rules on admission (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000053281573\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000053281573\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 622-24 of the Commercial Code<\/a>). The absence of a title does not remove the need to file; a claim whose amount is not yet definitively fixed is filed on the basis of an estimate.<\/p><p>The Court of Cassation has stated that \"no particular form is prescribed for this ratification, which may be implied\" (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/604b7b9fd94342699a69ff42\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 10 March 2021, No. 19-22.385<\/a>) (our translation). In that case, a bank that had asked the court of appeal to admit its claim had necessarily ratified the claim filed by its employee, even though the chain of delegations of authority was incomplete.<\/p><p>In practice, the claim is sent to the liquidator, who is the recipient in judicial liquidation (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000038587562\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000038587562\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 641-3 of the Commercial Code<\/a>). It states the amount due on the day of the judgment opening proceedings, the sums falling due with their due dates, the nature and basis of any security, and it is certified true by the creditor unless there is an enforceable title (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000044052608\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000044052608\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 622-25 of the Commercial Code<\/a>). The firm quantifies the claim as at the date of the judgment opening proceedings, gathers the documents and checks that the signatory has authority or that ratification will take place in good time.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>The liquidator disputes my claim: what should I do with the letter I received?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Where a claim is disputed, the representative notifies the creditor by registered letter with acknowledgment of receipt, which states the subject of the dispute and the amount proposed for entry, and recalls Article L. 622-27 (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000029180062\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000029180062\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article R. 624-1 of the Commercial Code<\/a>). The creditor has thirty days from receipt to reply; failing this, it can no longer challenge the representative's proposal, unless the dispute concerns the regularity of the claim (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000028723972\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000028723972\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 622-27 of the Commercial Code<\/a>).<\/p><p>The sanction presupposes an accurate letter. The Court of Cassation quashed a judgment that had declared a creditor's appeal inadmissible where the letter failed to mention the exception relating to the regularity of the claim, so that \"the reminder of the applicable provisions contained in the letter was not accurate\" (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/600fe6af3fc300641769cc0f\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 20 January 2021, No. 19-19.415<\/a>) (our translation).<\/p><p>The sanction is also set aside where proceedings were already under way. The Court holds that these sanctions \"do not apply where proceedings on the merits concerning the claim filed were under way on the day the debtor's insolvency proceedings were opened\" (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/5fca78418e759a6600c53d22\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 13 February 2019, No. 17-28.749<\/a>) (our translation). The firm replies within the time limit, with the documents, and then checks whether the letter received met the requirements of the text.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>How long do you have to apply for relief from time bar?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>A creditor that has not filed its claim within the time limit is not admitted to distributions and dividends, unless the supervisory judge lifts this time bar. It must show that the delay is not attributable to it, or that the debtor forgot to include it on the list of creditors given to the representative (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000044052612\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000044052612\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 622-26 of the Commercial Code<\/a>). Once relieved, it shares only in distributions made after its application.<\/p><p>The action for relief from time bar must be brought within six months. This period runs in principle from publication of the judgment opening proceedings; for the holder of a registered security or a registered contract, it runs from receipt of the notice given to them. By way of exception, a creditor who shows that it was unable to know of the debtor's obligation before the six months expired has a starting point deferred to the day it could no longer be unaware of its claim.<\/p><p>Once relieved, the creditor has a new period to file, starting from the day the decision is notified to it and halved (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000053281573\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000053281573\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 622-24 of the Commercial Code<\/a>). The firm reconstructs the publication date, checks the list of creditors supplied by the debtor and gathers proof of the omission or of the creditor's lack of knowledge before applying to the supervisory judge.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can you set off your debt to the company in liquidation against your own claim?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The judgment opening proceedings prohibits payment of any pre-judgment claim, except payment by set-off of connected claims (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000044052577\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000044052577\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 622-7 of the Commercial Code<\/a>). Claims are connected where they arise from the performance or non-performance of the same contract: a customer who still owes a price may thus set against it a claim for penalties or construction defects arising from the same service.<\/p><p>The Court of Cassation has clarified the approach of a judge hearing a payment claim brought by the liquidator. The judge must first rule on whether the opposing claim is plausible and, if so, order set-off up to the amount to be fixed by the supervisory judge, \"without the creditor having to prove that its claim has been admitted at this stage\" (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/6abcc145c27382d099088c49\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 30 September 2026, No. 25-18.783<\/a>) (our translation). The judgment was quashed because the court of appeal had not found that plausibility.<\/p><p>Set-off presupposes that the claim has been filed. Separate contracts may also give rise to connected claims, provided it is shown that they form a single whole: the Court of Cassation accepted this where \"the reciprocal claims resulted from the performance of several agreements constituting the elements of a single contractual whole serving as the general framework for the business relations between the parties\" (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/61372409cd580146774116db\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 18 February 2003, No. 00-13.369<\/a>) (our translation), a judgment quashed on another point. Without such a whole, two unrelated contracts cannot be set off against each other. The firm checks the connection, the filing and the quantification before replying to the liquidator's claim.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can the bank pursue the guarantor during and after the liquidation?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The proof of debt interrupts the limitation period until closure of the proceedings, removes the need for any formal notice and counts as an act of enforcement (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000028721903\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000028721903\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 622-25-1 of the Commercial Code<\/a>). The Court of Cassation has recalled that, made applicable by Article L. 641-3, this rule means that \"the proof of debt interrupts the limitation period until closure of the judicial liquidation proceedings\" (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/69835621cdc6046d47e18e95\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 4 February 2026, No. 24-20.467<\/a>) (our translation).<\/p><p>The effect also benefits the creditor against the guarantor, a solution unfavourable to the latter: \"the proof of debt in the insolvency of the principal debtor interrupts the limitation period against the guarantor\" and this effect continues until closure (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/653a039fd0451e8318d0e6d5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 25 October 2023, No. 22-18.680<\/a>) (our translation). In that case, decided under the former wording of Article L. 622-24, the bank that had filed in 2012 could still act against the guarantor in 2018, closure having taken place in 2017.<\/p><p>A director who has guaranteed their company's loans must therefore expect to be pursued, including several years after the liquidation judgment. The firm checks the date of the claim, the date of closure, the validity of the guarantee deed and the defences specific to the guarantor.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>How long does a judicial liquidation last?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The text does not set a single duration. In the judgment opening the liquidation, the court sets the time limit at the end of which closure must be examined; if it cannot order closure at that date, it may extend the term by a reasoned decision (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000028724265\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000028724265\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 643-9 of the Commercial Code<\/a>). The duration therefore depends on the realisation of the assets, pending proceedings and the verification of liabilities. The simplified procedure follows a shorter timetable: closure is ordered no later than six months after the decision ordering it, a period raised to one year above headcount and turnover thresholds, and extendable by three months at most by a specially reasoned judgment (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000038587440\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000038587440\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 644-5 of the Commercial Code<\/a>).<\/p><p>Closure is ordered when there are no longer any due liabilities, when the liquidator holds sufficient sums to pay the creditors, when the insufficiency of assets makes it impossible to continue the operations, or when continuing them would be disproportionate to the difficulties of realising the remaining assets. The court rules after hearing or duly summoning the debtor.<\/p><p>The court may be seised at any time by the liquidator, the debtor or the public prosecutor, and may act of its own motion. Once two years have elapsed from the liquidation judgment, any creditor may also apply to it for closure. The firm can prepare this application where the proceedings drag on without useful activity or, conversely, argue for an extension where an action under way may still improve the dividend.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Does the debtor's fraud allow enforcement to resume?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>In principle, closure for insufficiency of assets does not restore individual actions to creditors. Where the debtor has defrauded one or more creditors, the court authorises the resumption of the actions of any creditor; it rules at closure or later, at the request of any interested party (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000046811404\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000046811404\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 643-11 of the Commercial Code<\/a>).<\/p><p>The Court of Cassation holds that \"even a creditor that has not filed its claim is authorised, in the case of fraud, to resume its individual actions\", and that fraud does not require proof of intent to harm (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/5fca6b6cb9c61255f2f39b61\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 26 June 2019, No. 17-31.236<\/a>) (our translation). The debtor had left this creditor off the list given to the liquidator and had kept it unaware of its liquidation.<\/p><p>Authorisation must be obtained from the court handling the proceedings. A creditor relying on fraud after closure \"must be authorised to do so by the court of the insolvency proceedings if it did not give that authorisation at closure\" (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/5fca5c780bb23e37dd4fce4d\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 5 February 2020, No. 18-22.569<\/a>) (our translation); the trial court cannot order the debtor to pay without noting this authorisation. The firm gathers the evidence of concealment and applies to the competent court before any enforcement measure.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can a co-obligor who has paid claim against the debtor?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Yes, within the limits of the text. Co-obligors and persons who have given personal security or pledged an asset as security may pursue the debtor after closure for insufficiency of assets if they have paid in its place (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000046811404\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000046811404\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 643-11 of the Commercial Code<\/a>).<\/p><p>The Court of Cassation allowed this recourse for a wife who was co-obligor on loans taken out during the marriage, admissible to pursue the debtor \"as and when her payments were made following the bank's demands, even after the closure of the judicial liquidation for insufficiency of assets\" (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/643f867dad85da04f53a393b\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 19 April 2023, No. 21-19.563<\/a>) (our translation).<\/p><p>The recourse does not extend to all guarantors. The Court holds, to the disadvantage of the guarantor who has paid, that this text \"does not allow a guarantor who has discharged the principal debt to exercise, under the conditions laid down by this text, a recourse against a co-guarantor\" whose liquidation has been closed, except where assets are intermingled (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/60923497bda798126f584c45\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 5 May 2021, No. 20-14.672<\/a>) (our translation). The firm examines the guarantee deed, the payments made and the capacity of each obligor before bringing a recourse.<\/p><\/div><\/details><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-textes\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-textes\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Sources and related pages<\/p>\n<h2>Official texts and <em>related pages<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">The sources for this page and the firm's related areas of practice.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-arts\"><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000045178110\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000045178110\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 631-1 of the Commercial Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">definition of cessation of payments<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006238437\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006238437\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 640-1 of the Commercial Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">conditions for judicial liquidation<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000028724166\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000028724166\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 640-4 of the Commercial Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">application for opening by the debtor<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000045921292\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000045921292\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article R. 631-1 of the Commercial Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">documents attached to the application for opening<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000045178165\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000045178165\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 641-2 of the Commercial Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">simplified judicial liquidation<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000045178146\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000045178146\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 641-9 of the Commercial Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">divestment of the debtor<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000053281573\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000053281573\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 622-24 of the Commercial Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">filing of claims<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000044052612\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000044052612\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 622-26 of the Commercial Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">relief from time bar<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000028723972\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000028723972\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 622-27 of the Commercial Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">disputing a claim and the thirty-day period<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000028724265\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000028724265\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 643-9 of the Commercial Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">closure of judicial liquidation<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000046811404\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000046811404\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 643-11 of the Commercial Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">effects of closure for insufficiency of assets<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<h3 class=\"kcv-center\">Further reading<\/h3>\n<div class=\"kcv-pgs\"><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/business-law-attorneys-paris-75017\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Business law<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">Practice area<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/business-law-attorneys-paris-75017\/insolvency-proceedings-lawyer\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Insolvency proceedings<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">Practice area<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/business-law-attorneys-paris-75017\/distressed-business-lawyer\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Companies in difficulty<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">Practice area<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/company-law-lawyer-paris\/director-liability-lawyer\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Director's liability<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">Practice area<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/unpaid-invoice-lawyer-paris\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Unpaid invoice<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">Practice area<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<p class=\"kcv-small kcv-center\">Page updated on 1 November 2026.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"kcv-cta\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-in\">\n    <div class=\"kcv-cta-card\">\n      <h2>A filing to prepare or a claim to lodge? <em>Take stock today<\/em>.<\/h2>\n      <p>Send the judgment, the writ of summons or the BODACC announcement, with the documents already gathered: the firm checks the time limits running and the step to take.<\/p>\n      <div class=\"kcv-btns\">\n        <a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a>\n        <a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kch-form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n<div class=\"kcv-news-band\"><h2>The latest <em>news.<\/em><\/h2><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\", \"@type\": \"FAQPage\", \"mainEntity\": [{\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"How do you know whether a company is in cessation of payments?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"A company is in cessation of payments when it can no longer pay its due debts out of its available assets ( Article L. 631-1 of the Commercial Code ). Due liabilities cover debts that have fallen due and whose payment can be demanded immediately: rent, supplier invoices, social security contributions, taxes, bank instalments. Available assets comprise cash and whatever can be mobilised without delay. The text reserves the case of credit lines and time to pay granted by creditors: where the debtor shows that they enable it to cover the debts that have fallen due, the state of cessation is not established. A valuable asset therefore does not, in itself, offset liabilities that have fallen due. The Court of Cassation overturned a court of appeal, recalling \\\"that a building not yet sold does not constitute available assets\\\" ( Cass. com., 17 June 2020, No. 18-22.747 ) (our translation). The reasoning applies to stock that is hard to sell or to a claim that is still disputed. Where the judgment opening proceedings is appealed, the situation is re-examined as at the date of the appeal judgment. The Paris Court of Appeal held that \\\"cessation of payments is assessed on the day the court rules\\\" and upheld the liquidation of a company that showed no available assets ( CA Paris, p\u00f4le 5 ch. 8, 22 December 2023, No. 23\/06499 ) (our translation). This assessment on appeal does not move the forty-five-day period, which runs from the actual cessation of payments, the date of which the court then sets. The firm reconstructs with the director the day on which the due debts ceased to be covered by the available assets.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Which documents must be attached to the application to open judicial liquidation?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The application is filed with the registry of the competent court by the legal representative of the legal entity or by the debtor, if an individual ( Article R. 631-1 of the Commercial Code , applicable to liquidation by Article R. 640-1 of the Commercial Code ). It includes the annual accounts for the last financial year and a series of documents listed in the text: a statement of due liabilities and available assets with a declaration of cessation of payments, a cash position statement less than one month old, the number of employees and turnover, an itemised statement of claims and debts with the identity of the creditors, a statement of security and off-balance-sheet commitments, and a summary inventory of assets. A sworn statement is added on the existence or absence of an ad hoc mandate or conciliation in the preceding eighteen months. The documents are dated, signed and certified true and accurate by the applicant; several of them must be drawn up as at the date of the application or within the seven days before it. For a liquidation, the evidence tending to show that reorganisation is manifestly impossible must be attached to the application ( Article R. 640-1 of the Commercial Code ). The firm checks the consistency between the list of creditors and the accounts: a creditor omitted from that list may later obtain relief from time bar more easily, and an incomplete list weakens the director's position before the liquidator.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What is simplified judicial liquidation?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Simplified judicial liquidation is a variant of the procedure reserved for small businesses. It applies if the debtor's assets include no real estate and if the number of its employees in the six months preceding the opening and its turnover excluding VAT do not exceed thresholds set by decree ( Article L. 641-2 of the Commercial Code ). Where the debtor is an individual, only the absence of real estate is required, and their rights in the main residence, which is unseizable by operation of law under Article L. 526-1 of the Commercial Code , do not prevent the simplified procedure. If the court has the necessary information, it rules on application of the simplified procedure in the liquidation judgment itself. Otherwise, the president of the court decides on the basis of a report on the debtor's situation that the liquidator prepares within one month of appointment. For the director, the quality of the file lodged determines this outcome: an accurate inventory, verified headcount and turnover figures and proof that there is no real estate allow the court to decide from the opening. For the creditor, the simplified procedure does not remove the need to file the claim within the two-month period. The firm checks the regulatory thresholds in force at the date of the application before indicating to the director the likely procedure.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Does the director keep a role after the liquidation judgment?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"By operation of law, from the date of the judgment the debtor is divested of the administration and disposal of the assets forming the estate engaged in the professional activity; the debtor's rights and actions concerning that estate are exercised by the liquidator throughout the proceedings ( Article L. 641-9 of the Commercial Code ). Where the debtor is a company, its director can therefore no longer, on its behalf, pay a supplier, collect a claim or sell equipment. The debtor nevertheless keeps rights of its own, notably the right to challenge decisions that concern it. The Court of Cassation recalls that the debtor may appeal, and then appeal to the Court of Cassation, against the decision ordering its liquidation, provided it proceeds against the liquidator or in the liquidator's presence. It also states, to the debtor's disadvantage, that \\\"it is not, however, admissible to bring a liability action against the lawyer it instructed to represent and assist it in exercising this right of its own\\\" ( Cass. com., 8 February 2023, No. 21-16.954 ) (our translation), that action concerning the estate being a matter for the liquidator. The director also remains bound to cooperate: handing over the inventory, the list of creditors, current contracts and pending proceedings ( Article L. 622-6 of the Commercial Code ). A management ban may be imposed on anyone who, in bad faith, fails to provide this information within one month of the judgment ( Article L. 653-8 of the Commercial Code ).\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Can a creditor itself apply for the judicial liquidation of its debtor?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Yes. Where no conciliation is under way, proceedings may be opened on a creditor's summons, whatever the nature of its claim ( Article L. 640-5 of the Commercial Code ). If the debtor has ceased trading, the summons must be served within a period of one year, which runs, depending on the case, from removal from the Trade and Companies Register, from the cessation of activity or from publication of the completion of the liquidation. The summons is strictly regulated. It is inadmissible, and the judge must raise this of their own motion, if it contains any application other than for the opening of liquidation, an alternative application for judicial reorganisation being the only one allowed ( Article R. 640-1 of the Commercial Code ). It must also be accompanied by evidence tending to show that reorganisation is manifestly impossible. For the creditor, this route is not a means of recovery: once proceedings are opened, it will have to file its claim like the others and will be paid according to its rank. It is justified where the assets are deteriorating and a liquidator must take control of them. For the director summoned, the debate concerns cessation of payments, assessed on the day the judge rules, and the real prospects of reorganisation. The firm examines the documents attached to the summons and the cash position evidence before the hearing.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Who can sign the proof of debt and what must it contain?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The claim may be filed by the creditor itself or by any employee or agent of its choice. The creditor may ratify a claim filed in its name until the judge rules on admission ( Article L. 622-24 of the Commercial Code ). The absence of a title does not remove the need to file; a claim whose amount is not yet definitively fixed is filed on the basis of an estimate. The Court of Cassation has stated that \\\"no particular form is prescribed for this ratification, which may be implied\\\" ( Cass. com., 10 March 2021, No. 19-22.385 ) (our translation). In that case, a bank that had asked the court of appeal to admit its claim had necessarily ratified the claim filed by its employee, even though the chain of delegations of authority was incomplete. In practice, the claim is sent to the liquidator, who is the recipient in judicial liquidation ( Article L. 641-3 of the Commercial Code ). It states the amount due on the day of the judgment opening proceedings, the sums falling due with their due dates, the nature and basis of any security, and it is certified true by the creditor unless there is an enforceable title ( Article L. 622-25 of the Commercial Code ). The firm quantifies the claim as at the date of the judgment opening proceedings, gathers the documents and checks that the signatory has authority or that ratification will take place in good time.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"The liquidator disputes my claim: what should I do with the letter I received?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Where a claim is disputed, the representative notifies the creditor by registered letter with acknowledgment of receipt, which states the subject of the dispute and the amount proposed for entry, and recalls Article L. 622-27 ( Article R. 624-1 of the Commercial Code ). The creditor has thirty days from receipt to reply; failing this, it can no longer challenge the representative's proposal, unless the dispute concerns the regularity of the claim ( Article L. 622-27 of the Commercial Code ). The sanction presupposes an accurate letter. The Court of Cassation quashed a judgment that had declared a creditor's appeal inadmissible where the letter failed to mention the exception relating to the regularity of the claim, so that \\\"the reminder of the applicable provisions contained in the letter was not accurate\\\" ( Cass. com., 20 January 2021, No. 19-19.415 ) (our translation). The sanction is also set aside where proceedings were already under way. The Court holds that these sanctions \\\"do not apply where proceedings on the merits concerning the claim filed were under way on the day the debtor's insolvency proceedings were opened\\\" ( Cass. com., 13 February 2019, No. 17-28.749 ) (our translation). The firm replies within the time limit, with the documents, and then checks whether the letter received met the requirements of the text.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"How long do you have to apply for relief from time bar?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"A creditor that has not filed its claim within the time limit is not admitted to distributions and dividends, unless the supervisory judge lifts this time bar. It must show that the delay is not attributable to it, or that the debtor forgot to include it on the list of creditors given to the representative ( Article L. 622-26 of the Commercial Code ). Once relieved, it shares only in distributions made after its application. The action for relief from time bar must be brought within six months. This period runs in principle from publication of the judgment opening proceedings; for the holder of a registered security or a registered contract, it runs from receipt of the notice given to them. By way of exception, a creditor who shows that it was unable to know of the debtor's obligation before the six months expired has a starting point deferred to the day it could no longer be unaware of its claim. Once relieved, the creditor has a new period to file, starting from the day the decision is notified to it and halved ( Article L. 622-24 of the Commercial Code ). The firm reconstructs the publication date, checks the list of creditors supplied by the debtor and gathers proof of the omission or of the creditor's lack of knowledge before applying to the supervisory judge.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Can you set off your debt to the company in liquidation against your own claim?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The judgment opening proceedings prohibits payment of any pre-judgment claim, except payment by set-off of connected claims ( Article L. 622-7 of the Commercial Code ). Claims are connected where they arise from the performance or non-performance of the same contract: a customer who still owes a price may thus set against it a claim for penalties or construction defects arising from the same service. The Court of Cassation has clarified the approach of a judge hearing a payment claim brought by the liquidator. The judge must first rule on whether the opposing claim is plausible and, if so, order set-off up to the amount to be fixed by the supervisory judge, \\\"without the creditor having to prove that its claim has been admitted at this stage\\\" ( Cass. com., 30 September 2026, No. 25-18.783 ) (our translation). The judgment was quashed because the court of appeal had not found that plausibility. Set-off presupposes that the claim has been filed. Separate contracts may also give rise to connected claims, provided it is shown that they form a single whole: the Court of Cassation accepted this where \\\"the reciprocal claims resulted from the performance of several agreements constituting the elements of a single contractual whole serving as the general framework for the business relations between the parties\\\" ( Cass. com., 18 February 2003, No. 00-13.369 ) (our translation), a judgment quashed on another point. Without such a whole, two unrelated contracts cannot be set off against each other. The firm checks the connection, the filing and the quantification before replying to the liquidator's claim.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Can the bank pursue the guarantor during and after the liquidation?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The proof of debt interrupts the limitation period until closure of the proceedings, removes the need for any formal notice and counts as an act of enforcement ( Article L. 622-25-1 of the Commercial Code ). The Court of Cassation has recalled that, made applicable by Article L. 641-3, this rule means that \\\"the proof of debt interrupts the limitation period until closure of the judicial liquidation proceedings\\\" ( Cass. com., 4 February 2026, No. 24-20.467 ) (our translation). The effect also benefits the creditor against the guarantor, a solution unfavourable to the latter: \\\"the proof of debt in the insolvency of the principal debtor interrupts the limitation period against the guarantor\\\" and this effect continues until closure ( Cass. com., 25 October 2023, No. 22-18.680 ) (our translation). In that case, decided under the former wording of Article L. 622-24, the bank that had filed in 2012 could still act against the guarantor in 2018, closure having taken place in 2017. A director who has guaranteed their company's loans must therefore expect to be pursued, including several years after the liquidation judgment. The firm checks the date of the claim, the date of closure, the validity of the guarantee deed and the defences specific to the guarantor.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"How long does a judicial liquidation last?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The text does not set a single duration. In the judgment opening the liquidation, the court sets the time limit at the end of which closure must be examined; if it cannot order closure at that date, it may extend the term by a reasoned decision ( Article L. 643-9 of the Commercial Code ). The duration therefore depends on the realisation of the assets, pending proceedings and the verification of liabilities. The simplified procedure follows a shorter timetable: closure is ordered no later than six months after the decision ordering it, a period raised to one year above headcount and turnover thresholds, and extendable by three months at most by a specially reasoned judgment ( Article L. 644-5 of the Commercial Code ). Closure is ordered when there are no longer any due liabilities, when the liquidator holds sufficient sums to pay the creditors, when the insufficiency of assets makes it impossible to continue the operations, or when continuing them would be disproportionate to the difficulties of realising the remaining assets. The court rules after hearing or duly summoning the debtor. The court may be seised at any time by the liquidator, the debtor or the public prosecutor, and may act of its own motion. Once two years have elapsed from the liquidation judgment, any creditor may also apply to it for closure. The firm can prepare this application where the proceedings drag on without useful activity or, conversely, argue for an extension where an action under way may still improve the dividend.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Does the debtor's fraud allow enforcement to resume?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"In principle, closure for insufficiency of assets does not restore individual actions to creditors. Where the debtor has defrauded one or more creditors, the court authorises the resumption of the actions of any creditor; it rules at closure or later, at the request of any interested party ( Article L. 643-11 of the Commercial Code ). The Court of Cassation holds that \\\"even a creditor that has not filed its claim is authorised, in the case of fraud, to resume its individual actions\\\", and that fraud does not require proof of intent to harm ( Cass. com., 26 June 2019, No. 17-31.236 ) (our translation). The debtor had left this creditor off the list given to the liquidator and had kept it unaware of its liquidation. Authorisation must be obtained from the court handling the proceedings. A creditor relying on fraud after closure \\\"must be authorised to do so by the court of the insolvency proceedings if it did not give that authorisation at closure\\\" ( Cass. com., 5 February 2020, No. 18-22.569 ) (our translation); the trial court cannot order the debtor to pay without noting this authorisation. The firm gathers the evidence of concealment and applies to the competent court before any enforcement measure.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Can a co-obligor who has paid claim against the debtor?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Yes, within the limits of the text. Co-obligors and persons who have given personal security or pledged an asset as security may pursue the debtor after closure for insufficiency of assets if they have paid in its place ( Article L. 643-11 of the Commercial Code ). The Court of Cassation allowed this recourse for a wife who was co-obligor on loans taken out during the marriage, admissible to pursue the debtor \\\"as and when her payments were made following the bank's demands, even after the closure of the judicial liquidation for insufficiency of assets\\\" ( Cass. com., 19 April 2023, No. 21-19.563 ) (our translation). The recourse does not extend to all guarantors. The Court holds, to the disadvantage of the guarantor who has paid, that this text \\\"does not allow a guarantor who has discharged the principal debt to exercise, under the conditions laid down by this text, a recourse against a co-guarantor\\\" whose liquidation has been closed, except where assets are intermingled ( Cass. com., 5 May 2021, No. 20-14.672 ) (our translation). 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\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n  .elementor-1983483 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 {\n    flex-shrink: 0 !important;\n    scroll-snap-align: start !important;\n    width: clamp(300px, 30vw, 400px) !important;\n    min-width: 300px !important;\n  }\n\n  @media (max-width: 767px) {\n    .elementor-1983483 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 {\n      width: 350px !important;\n      min-width: 350px !important;\n      max-width: 350px !important;\n    }\n  }\/* End custom CSS *\/<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2157105 post-2157105 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/25\/foreign-business-france-vat-registration-fiscal-representative-challenge-abroad\/\">Your Foreign Business Owes French VAT Without a French Company: Registration, Fiscal Representative and How to Challenge the Bill From Abroad<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. 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Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2157013 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2157013 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/getty-images-p1ZW7qeVRyE-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2157013 post-2157013 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/25\/foreign-company-france-sas-pay-abroad-salary-dividends-management-fees\/\">Your French SAS Pays You While You Live Abroad: Salary, Dividends or Management Fees<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2156883 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2156883 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/getty-images-p1ZW7qeVRyE-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2156883 post-2156883 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/25\/foreign-company-france-sas-capital-increase-cash-call-filing-abroad\/\">Your French SAS Needs Cash From Abroad: Increase Capital, Call Up Unpaid Shares or Lend Instead \u2014 Filing and New Kbis Without Flying to Paris<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. 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Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2156668 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2156668 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/alex-vasey-F5HtPjpBb9k-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2156668 post-2156668 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/24\/foreign-company-france-management-fees-transfer-pricing-file-defence-abroad\/\">Your French Subsidiary Pays Management Fees to Its Foreign Parent While You Live Abroad: Transfer Pricing File, Deduction and Reassessment Defence<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. 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Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. 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A judicial liquidation lawyer in Paris handles each step in turn: declaration of cessation of payments (cessation des paiements), simplified judicial liquidation, proof of debt, the liquidator&#8217;s letter disputing a claim, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":251031307,"featured_media":2157182,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2161303","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.2 (Yoast SEO v28.2) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Judicial Liquidation Lawyer Paris | Kohen Avocats<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Judicial liquidation lawyer in Paris: file for insolvency, lodge or defend a claim, prepare closure. Check your time limits and call the firm today.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/judicial-liquidation-lawyer-paris\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Judicial Liquidation Lawyer Paris | Kohen Avocats\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Judicial liquidation lawyer in Paris: file for insolvency, lodge or defend a claim, prepare closure. 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