{"id":2161299,"date":"2026-11-01T23:35:54","date_gmt":"2026-11-01T22:35:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/?page_id=2161299"},"modified":"2026-11-04T19:48:36","modified_gmt":"2026-11-04T18:48:36","slug":"artificial-intelligence-lawyer-paris","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/artificial-intelligence-lawyer-paris\/","title":{"rendered":"Artificial intelligence lawyer Paris: AI contracts and the AI Act"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"2161299\" class=\"elementor elementor-2161299 elementor-2160695\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-v5bd59a e-con-full e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"v5bd59a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-v5bd59aw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"v5bd59aw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"kcv\" id=\"kci-root\" data-refresh-marker=\"expertise-fr-avocat-intelligence-artificielle-paris-20261101\">\n<section class=\"kcv-hero\" aria-labelledby=\"kch-h1\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-in\">\n    <div class=\"kcv-head\">\n      <p class=\"kk\">SMEs buying or deploying an AI tool: supplier contract and European regulation<\/p>\n      <h1 id=\"kch-h1\"><em>Artificial intelligence<\/em> lawyer Paris:<span class=\"kcv-tail\"> AI contracts and the AI Act<\/span><\/h1>\n      <p class=\"kcv-sub\">Writing assistant, chatbot, sorting of customer requests or CV shortlisting: an SME that buys an AI service signs terms it did not write and becomes a deployer within the meaning of Regulation (EU) 2024\/1689. As an artificial intelligence lawyer in Paris, the firm reads the contract, assesses the resulting obligations and prepares the response if the tool fails.<\/p>\n      <div class=\"kcv-btns\">\n        <a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a>\n        <a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kch-form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a>\n      <\/div>\n      <p class=\"kcv-urg\">Before signing or terminating, keep the commercial proposal, the exchanges about your needs, the terms accepted online and an export of your data. Reversibility is prepared during the contract, not after it ends.<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcv-stagewrap\"><div class=\"kcv-stageshadow\"><div class=\"kcv-stage\">\n      <link rel=\"preload\" as=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kohen-v3-expertises\/kohen-fr-indivision-paysage-20261025.webp\" media=\"(min-width:761px)\" fetchpriority=\"high\">\n      <link rel=\"preload\" as=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kohen-v3-expertises\/kohen-fr-indivision-paysage-1080-20261025.webp\" media=\"(max-width:760px)\" fetchpriority=\"high\">\n      <div class=\"kcv-media\" aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"--kcv-img:url('https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kohen-v3-expertises\/kohen-fr-indivision-paysage-20261025.webp');--kcv-img-m:url('https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kohen-v3-expertises\/kohen-fr-indivision-paysage-1080-20261025.webp')\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"kcv-panel kcv-glass\" id=\"kch-form\">\n        <div class=\"kcv-panel-head\">\n          <div>\n            <p class=\"kcv-panel-k\">Artificial intelligence \u00b7 Paris<\/p>\n            <h2 class=\"kcv-panel-t\">Get a <em>first analysis<\/em><\/h2>\n            <p class=\"kcv-panel-l\">Send the supplier's contract or terms, the commercial proposal, a description of the intended use and, if there is one, the agenda of the works council (CSE): the firm reviews the clauses, the company's role under the AI Act and the deadlines.<\/p>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"kcv-chip kcv-glass\"><p class=\"kcv-chip-n\">24 \u00e0 48 h<\/p><p class=\"kcv-chip-x\">first legal<br>review<\/p><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"kcf-wrap\">\n<form id=\"kcf-2form\" data-kcf data-api-url=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-json\/kohen-form\/v1\/submit\" data-vps-url=\"https:\/\/upload-fr.46-224-152-225.sslip.io\/submit\" data-max-size=\"1073741824\" data-max-files=\"500\" novalidate enctype=\"multipart\/form-data\">\n  <input type=\"hidden\" name=\"rendered_at\" value=\"1776847557\">\n  <div class=\"kcf-hp\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><label for=\"kcf-2website\">Do not fill in<\/label><input id=\"kcf-2website\" name=\"website\" type=\"text\" tabindex=\"-1\" autocomplete=\"off\"><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcf-price\">\n    <span class=\"kcf-price-amount\">\u20ac80<small>incl. VAT<\/small><\/span>\n    <div class=\"kcf-price-body\">\n      <p class=\"kcf-price-text\"><strong>Preliminary review of your case.<\/strong> Examination of your documents and a first written analysis by Reda Kohen, within 24 to 48 business hours. Payment is made online after this form is sent.<\/p>\n      <ul class=\"kcf-price-meta\">\n        <li>Up to 1 GB of documents, folders and subfolders accepted<\/li>\n        <li>Secure payment, no banking data stored<\/li>\n        <li><a href=\"\/conditions-etude-prealable\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Terms and fee agreement<\/a><\/li>\n      <\/ul>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcf-row\">\n    <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n      <label class=\"kcf-label\" for=\"kcf-2name\">Full name<\/label>\n      <input class=\"kcf-input\" type=\"text\" id=\"kcf-2name\" name=\"name\" placeholder=\"Your name\" required autocomplete=\"name\" aria-describedby=\"kcf-2name-err\">\n      <p class=\"kcf-field-error\" id=\"kcf-2name-err\" role=\"alert\"><\/p>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n      <label class=\"kcf-label\" for=\"kcf-2phone\">Telephone <span class=\"kcf-optional\">(optional)<\/span><\/label>\n      <input class=\"kcf-input\" type=\"tel\" inputmode=\"tel\" id=\"kcf-2phone\" name=\"phone\" placeholder=\"06 00 00 00 00\" autocomplete=\"tel\" aria-describedby=\"kcf-2phone-err\">\n      <p class=\"kcf-field-error\" id=\"kcf-2phone-err\" role=\"alert\"><\/p>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n    <label class=\"kcf-label\" for=\"kcf-2email\">Email address<\/label>\n    <input class=\"kcf-input\" type=\"email\" id=\"kcf-2email\" name=\"email\" placeholder=\"your@email.com\" required autocomplete=\"email\" spellcheck=\"false\" autocapitalize=\"off\" aria-describedby=\"kcf-2email-err\">\n    <p class=\"kcf-field-error\" id=\"kcf-2email-err\" role=\"alert\"><\/p>\n  <\/div>\n  \n  <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n    <label class=\"kcf-label\" for=\"kcf-2message\">Message<\/label>\n    <textarea class=\"kcf-textarea\" id=\"kcf-2message\" name=\"message\" placeholder=\"Briefly describe your situation...\" required aria-describedby=\"kcf-2message-err\"><\/textarea>\n    <p class=\"kcf-field-error\" id=\"kcf-2message-err\" role=\"alert\"><\/p>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n    <label class=\"kcf-label\">Attachments <span class=\"kcf-optional\">(optional, 500 files max, 1 GB)<\/span><\/label>\n    <div class=\"kcf-dropzone\" id=\"kcf-2dropzone\">\n      <svg class=\"kcf-dropzone-icon\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M21 15v4a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-4\"\/><polyline points=\"17 8 12 3 7 8\"\/><line x1=\"12\" y1=\"3\" x2=\"12\" y2=\"15\"\/><\/svg>\n      <p class=\"kcf-dropzone-text\"><strong>Click<\/strong> or drag your files here<br>All formats accepted (PDF, Word, images, etc.)<\/p>\n      <input type=\"file\" name=\"attachments\" id=\"kcf-2files\" multiple>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcf-file-list\" id=\"kcf-2filelist\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcf-progress\" id=\"kcf-2progress\">\n      <div class=\"kcf-progress-bar\"><div class=\"kcf-progress-fill\" id=\"kcf-2progressfill\"><\/div><\/div>\n      <p class=\"kcf-progress-text\" id=\"kcf-2progresstext\">Sending...<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n  <button type=\"submit\" class=\"kcf-btn\">\n    <span class=\"kcf-spinner\"><\/span>\n    <span class=\"kcf-btn-text\">Pay \u20ac80 and send my case<\/span>\n  <\/button>\n  <div class=\"kcf-msg\" role=\"status\" aria-live=\"polite\" aria-atomic=\"true\" tabindex=\"-1\"><\/div>\n  <p class=\"kcf-note\">Payment constitutes a request for immediate performance of your analysis. 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class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"france-tv\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"France T\u00e9l\u00e9visions: watch the excerpt featuring Reda Kohen\"><img class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/france-tv.svg\" alt=\"France T\u00e9l\u00e9visions\" style=\"--h:28px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li><li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"bfm\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"BFMTV: watch the excerpt featuring Reda Kohen\"><img class=\"skip-lazy knp--fixe\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/bfm.svg\" alt=\"BFMTV\" style=\"--h:30px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li><li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"le-point\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"Le Point: see the 2 publications\"><img class=\"skip-lazy knp--fixe\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" 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l'\u00c9tat.\",\"auteur\":\"data.gouv.fr\",\"paraphrase\":true,\"libelle\":\"Voir la fiche sur data.gouv.fr\"},{\"titre\":\"Commentaires des d\u00e9cisions de justice par l'IA g\u00e9n\u00e9rative\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.data.gouv.fr\/reuses\/commentaires-des-decisions-de-justice-par-lia-generative\",\"citation\":\"R\u00e9utilisation des donn\u00e9es publiques de justice publi\u00e9e par Kohen Avocats et r\u00e9f\u00e9renc\u00e9e sur data.gouv.fr.\",\"auteur\":\"data.gouv.fr\",\"paraphrase\":true,\"libelle\":\"Voir la r\u00e9utilisation sur data.gouv.fr\"}]},\"awwwards\":{\"nom\":\"Awwwards\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Kohen Avocats, site nomm\u00e9 aux Awwwards\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.awwwards.com\/sites\/kohen-avocats\",\"citation\":\"Le site du cabinet figure parmi les sites nomm\u00e9s (\u00ab Nominee \u00bb) par Awwwards, r\u00e9f\u00e9rence internationale du design web.\",\"auteur\":\"Awwwards\",\"paraphrase\":true,\"libelle\":\"Voir la fiche sur 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\u00e0 la location ?\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.leboncoin.fr\/guide\/immobilier\/bouilloires-thermiques-bientot-interdites-a-la-location-hfpj70o6.html\",\"citation\":\"Le guide immobilier cite une analyse de kohenavocats.fr parmi ses sources.\",\"auteur\":\"Leboncoin\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"femme-actuelle\":{\"nom\":\"Femme Actuelle\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"S\u00e9paration ou divorce : quelle banque et quel cr\u00e9dit pour repartir sur de bonnes bases ?\",\"date\":\"2026-09-30\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.femmeactuelle.fr\/vie-pratique\/news-vie-pratique\/separation-ou-divorce-quelle-banque-et-quel-credit-pour-repartir-sur-de-bonnes-bases-2211980\",\"citation\":\"L'article cite une analyse de kohenavocats.com parmi ses sources.\",\"auteur\":\"Femme Actuelle\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"economie-matin\":{\"nom\":\"\u00c9conomie Matin\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Nouveau bail 2026 : ce que les propri\u00e9taires doivent anticiper d\u00e8s 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Voil\u00e0 pourquoi\",\"date\":\"2026-10-25\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.magicmaman.com\/vous-vivez-en-immeuble-et-vous-n-avez-toujours-pas-de-chauffage-cet-automne-voila-pourquoi,3787269.asp\",\"citation\":\"Cette date nationale n\u2019existe pas. La loi ne fixe pas un calendrier d\u2019allumage commun \u00e0 tous les immeubles.\",\"auteur\":\"Cabinet Kohen Avocats\"}]},\"next\":{\"nom\":\"Next\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Fin de Bloctel, interdiction du d\u00e9marchage d\u00e8s le 11 ao\u00fbt : on fait le point\",\"date\":\"2026-08-04\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/next.ink\/249950\/fin-de-bloctel-interdiction-du-demarchage-des-le-11-aout-on-fait-le-point\/\",\"citation\":\"Selon le cabinet Kohen Avocats, les jurisprudences dans ce secteur devraient \u00ab \u00e9clairer la port\u00e9e du futur r\u00e9gime \u00bb.\",\"auteur\":\"Next\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"actu-juridique\":{\"nom\":\"Actu-Juridique\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Magistrature et franc-ma\u00e7onnerie : que dit le droit ?\",\"date\":\"2026-09-22\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.actu-juridique.fr\/professions\/magistrats\/magistrature-et-franc-maconnerie-stupeur-et-evitements\/\",\"citation\":\"L\u2019article cite en r\u00e9f\u00e9rence l\u2019analyse de Ma\u00eetre Hassan Kohen, avocat en droit p\u00e9nal \u00e0 Paris, sur l\u2019avis du Coll\u00e8ge de d\u00e9ontologie du 9 juin 2026.\",\"auteur\":\"Actu-Juridique\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"batiweb\":{\"nom\":\"Batiweb\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Mayotte : Lecornu veut un \u00ab choc de mises en chantier \u00bb\",\"date\":\"2026-08-27\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.batiweb.com\/actualites\/urbanisme\/reconstruction-mayotte-lecornu-choc-mises-chantier-49208\",\"citation\":\"Sur les autorisations d\u2019urbanisme n\u00e9cessaires \u00e0 la reconstruction de Mayotte, l\u2019article cite les explications de Me Reda Kohen.\",\"auteur\":\"Batiweb\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"berliner-zeitung\":{\"nom\":\"Berliner Zeitung\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Null Euro Miete, daf\u00fcr Quizabende mit Rentnern: Wie eine 18-J\u00e4hrige ins Seniorenheim zog\",\"date\":\"2026-09-21\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.berliner-zeitung.de\/article\/null-euro-miete-dafuer-quizabende-mit-rentnern-wie-eine-18-jaehrige-ins-seniorenheim-zog-10414380\",\"citation\":\"Der Pariser Anwalt Reda Kohen ordnet das Modell als Gebrauchsleihe ein: Die Wohnung wird \u00fcberlassen, nicht vermietet.\",\"auteur\":\"Berliner Zeitung\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"startupitalia\":{\"nom\":\"StartupItalia\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Quasi 13 miliardi di dollari di Nvidia per la sconosciuta Hugging Face. 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aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The rules<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p2\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p2\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Your documents<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p3\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p3\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The method<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p4\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p4\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The timetable<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p5\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p5\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The checks<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-synthese\" aria-controls=\"kcv-synthese\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Summary<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-faq\" aria-controls=\"kcv-faq\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Questions<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-textes\" aria-controls=\"kcv-textes\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Legal texts<\/button><\/div><\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcv-track\"><div class=\"kcv-slide kcv-on\" id=\"kcv-avocat\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-avocat\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<div class=\"kcv-pro\">\n  <figure class=\"kcv-pro-photo\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" src=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/kohen-footer\/portrait-reda-20260920-lignes-orange.jpg\" alt=\"Reda Kohen, lawyer at the Paris Bar\" width=\"1122\" height=\"1402\" loading=\"eager\" decoding=\"async\">\n    <figcaption class=\"kcv-pro-cap kcv-glass\"><span class=\"kcv-pro-capn\">Reda Kohen<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pro-capr\">Lawyer at the Paris Bar<\/span><\/figcaption>\n  <\/figure>\n  <div class=\"kcv-pro-body\">\n    <p class=\"kk\">Digital law \u00b7 Paris 17th arrondissement<\/p>\n    <h2>What an <em>artificial intelligence lawyer<\/em> in Paris does<\/h2>\n    <ul class=\"kcv-pro-tags\"><li>Paris Bar<\/li><li>Digital law<\/li><li>AI tool contracts<\/li><\/ul>\n    <p class=\"kcv-p\">Reda Kohen, lawyer at the Paris Bar, can act for SMEs and mid-sized companies that buy, integrate or deploy artificial intelligence tools in their business.<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-p\">Most of these companies do not train any model. They take out a subscription, connect an assistant to their email or entrust a piece of software with sorting requests. The legal risk then lies in two documents: the supplier's contract, often accepted online without negotiation, and the list of actual uses measured against the European AI regulation.<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-p\">The firm checks what the supplier promises, what it excludes, what happens to the data entrusted to it and what legal basis the company has if the tool does not perform its function. It then characterises each use: simple use, high-risk use, or a transformation that would make the SME a provider within the meaning of Article 25 of the Regulation.<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-p\">Send what you have, even if incomplete: the firm will prioritise and complete the file with you. In an emergency, call <a href=\"tel:+33646605822\">06 46 60 58 22<\/a>.<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-pro-meta\"><a href=\"https:\/\/consultation.avocat.fr\/avocat-paris\/reda-kohen-54670.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Official profile in the directory of French lawyers (CNB)<\/a><span>Firm at 11 rue Margueritte, 75017 Paris<\/span><\/p>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-cards\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-card\"><h3>The contract before the tool<\/h3><p>Functional scope, service level, liability cap, fate of the data and reversibility are negotiated before signing, while the SME still has leverage.<\/p><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-card\"><h3>The role of deployer<\/h3><p>A company that uses an AI system in its professional activity is a deployer: its obligations depend on how it uses the system, not on the brand of the tool.<\/p><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-card\"><h3>The works council from fifty employees<\/h3><p>In a company with a social and economic committee (CSE), required from fifty employees, the introduction of a new technology is a matter for its consultation.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p1\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The rules<\/p>\n<h2>Contract and AI Act: <em>the applicable rules<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">Five rules govern a company's purchase and use of an AI tool.<\/p>\n<ol class=\"kcv-conds\">\n  <li>Before signature, a party that knows information decisive for the other's consent must provide it (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032007138\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032007138\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1112-1 of the French Civil Code<\/a>). In IT matters, the Paris Court of Appeal infers from this that \"the duty of advice inherent in any IT supply contract requires the seller to find out about the buyer's needs and to inform the buyer of the suitability of the proposed product for its intended use\" (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/6a47ef1f93c619cd1f42f88d\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CA Paris, p\u00f4le 5 ch. 10, 18 June 2026, No. 23\/07694<\/a>).<\/li>\n  <li>A supplier's general terms bind the company only if it knew of them and accepted them (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032040866\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032040866\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1119 of the Civil Code<\/a>). A reference in the signed order form may suffice: the Versailles Court of Appeal held that this reference, together with knowledge of the terms, \"suffice to establish tacit acceptance of those terms\" (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/62873372c1d4e9057d612fdd\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CA Versailles, 12e ch., 19 May 2022, No. 20\/05106<\/a>).<\/li>\n  <li>Any clause that deprives the debtor's essential obligation of its substance is deemed unwritten (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032041115\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032041115\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1170 of the Civil Code<\/a>). Against an unbalanced clause imposed by a service provider, the basis is <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000054716237\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000054716237\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 442-1, I, 2\u00b0, of the Commercial Code (Code de commerce)<\/a>: the Court of Cassation holds that \"Article 1171 of the Civil Code, interpreted in the light of those preparatory works, therefore does not apply to contracts concluded by a person carrying on production, distribution or service activities, unless the application of Article L. 442-6, I, 2\u00b0, of the Commercial Code to those contracts is excluded by another provision\" (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/6ab38331c27382d099072e9e\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 23 September 2026, No. 24-20.775<\/a>).<\/li>\n  <li><a href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/FR\/TXT\/?uri=CELEX:32024R1689\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Regulation (EU) 2024\/1689<\/a> distinguishes between the provider, which develops the system and places it on the market under its own name, and the deployer, which uses it under its own authority (Article 3). A party that markets a high-risk system under its own brand, substantially modifies it while it remains high-risk, or changes its intended purpose so as to make it high-risk will be treated as a provider (Article 25, paragraph 1), in accordance with the timetable of Chapter III.<\/li>\n  <li>The prohibited practices have applied in principle since 2 February 2025, the prohibitions added in 2026 apply from 2 December 2026, and the transparency obligations of Article 50 have applied since 2 August 2026, with a deadline until 2 December 2026 for providers of generative systems already on the market to mark content (Article 111, paragraph 4). The requirements for high-risk systems under Annex III, which covers recruitment and employee management among other things, will apply from 2 December 2027 (Article 113, as amended by <a href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/eli\/reg\/2026\/1744\/oj\/fra\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Regulation (EU) 2026\/1744<\/a>).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"kcv-callout\"><span class=\"kcv-callout-i\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M9.6 6C6.5 7.4 4.5 10 4.5 13.4V18h6v-6H7.6c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L9.6 6zm9 0c-3.1 1.4-5.1 4-5.1 7.4V18h6v-6h-2.9c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L18.6 6z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><p>A common drafting or summarising tool is not, as such, among the Annex III uses. The same tool connected to the sorting of applications or the evaluation of employees may change category, subject to the derogation in Article 6, paragraph 3, for certain narrow or preparatory tasks, a derogation excluded in cases of profiling: the classification follows the actual use.<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p2\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Your documents<\/p>\n<h2>What to send, <em>depending on your situation<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">The documents differ depending on whether the tool is still being purchased or is already in dispute.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-duel\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-opt kcv-opt-a\"><p class=\"kcv-opt-k\">Situation A<\/p><p class=\"kcv-opt-t\">You are about to subscribe to or deploy a tool<\/p><ul><li>Commercial proposal, quote, general terms and special terms of the supplier<\/li><li>Written description of the intended uses, the data processed and the teams concerned<\/li><li>User instructions, technical documentation and the proposed data processing agreement<\/li><li>Company headcount, whether there is a CSE and the IT charter in force<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-or\" aria-hidden=\"true\">or<\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-opt kcv-opt-b\"><p class=\"kcv-opt-k\">Situation B<\/p><p class=\"kcv-opt-t\">The tool fails or the contract ends<\/p><ul><li>Exchanges about your needs before signing and the specifications, if any<\/li><li>Incident tickets, minutes and dated screenshots of the malfunctions<\/li><li>Invoices, termination notices and the supplier's letters on the fate of the data<\/li><li>Export of the data and logs made before any cut-off of access<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-callout\"><span class=\"kcv-callout-i\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M9.6 6C6.5 7.4 4.5 10 4.5 13.4V18h6v-6H7.6c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L9.6 6zm9 0c-3.1 1.4-5.1 4-5.1 7.4V18h6v-6h-2.9c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L18.6 6z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><p>Export your data and keep the logs before giving notice of termination: several contracts provide for the deletion of data on the date the subscription ends.<\/p><\/div>\n<p class=\"kcv-p\">The firm also handles:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"kcv-pro-tags\"><li>IT contracts<\/li><li>GDPR and subcontracting<\/li><li>IT litigation<\/li><li>Works council consultation<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p3\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The method<\/p>\n<h2>How the firm <em>supports you<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">Characterise the use, negotiate the contract, document compliance, act if the tool fails.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-rows\">\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 1<\/p><h3>Mapping of uses<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">The firm lists with you the tools in use, including those the teams adopted on their own, and ties each use to Articles 5, 6 and 50 of the AI Act.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 2<\/p><h3>Review of the supplier's contract<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">Scope, service level, liability cap, ownership of outputs, reuse of data for training, subcontractors and reversibility are measured against the intended use.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 3<\/p><h3>Negotiation and internal documents<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">The firm proposes special terms or an amendment, then drafts the usage charter, the instructions for checking outputs and the AI literacy measures required by Article 4.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 4<\/p><h3>Failure and litigation<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">If the tool does not perform its function, the firm gathers the evidence, sends a formal notice, seeks termination or annulment of the contract, or applies for an investigative measure under Article 145 of the Code of Civil Procedure (Code de proc\u00e9dure civile).<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-callout\"><span class=\"kcv-callout-i\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M9.6 6C6.5 7.4 4.5 10 4.5 13.4V18h6v-6H7.6c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L9.6 6zm9 0c-3.1 1.4-5.1 4-5.1 7.4V18h6v-6h-2.9c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L18.6 6z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><p>The firm presumes neither that the tool is compliant nor that the supplier is at fault: it starts from the signed documents and the use actually observed in the company.<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p4\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The timetable<\/p>\n<h2>The timeline <em>of an AI project in an SME<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">From selecting the tool to exiting the contract.<\/p>\n<ol class=\"kcv-hs\"><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Expressing needs<\/p><p><strong>Before any quote.<\/strong> Describe in writing the tasks entrusted to the tool, the data used and the technical constraints of your customers or partners.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Supplier review<\/p><p>Request the documentation, the location of the data, the list of subcontractors and the service commitments.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Signing<\/p><p>Check the terms accepted online, the liability cap and the exit clause, then keep a dated copy.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Deployment<\/p><p>In a company with at least fifty employees, consult the CSE when the project introduces a new technology, train the users and adopt a usage charter before the tool is made available.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Operation<\/p><p>Keep a register of incidents, versions and complaints, and check that individuals are informed where Article 50 applies.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Exit<\/p><p>Export the data and check the export before access is cut off, then, at the end of the service, check the agreed return or deletion and the fate of copies.<\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p5\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The checks<\/p>\n<h2>What the firm checks <em>before you sign<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">Five checks to anticipate the risks of AI tools.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-split\">\n  <ul class=\"kcv-check\"><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>The company's role: deployer, or provider because it develops, or has developed, a system placed on the market under its own brand, or falls within one of the three Article 25 cases specific to high risk.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Suitability: needs expressed in writing and the supplier's response, to make it easier afterwards to prove a breach of its duty of advice.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Liability: cap, exclusions, essential obligation and service level, measured against Article 1170 of the Civil Code.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Data: status as processor, documented instructions, reuse for training, sub-processors and transfers outside the Union.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Exit: term, notice period, export format, return, deletion and cost of reversibility.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n  <aside class=\"kcv-act\">\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-k\">Case documents<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-t\">Send what you have, even if incomplete<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-p\">Submit your documents through the confidential form at the top of the page: the firm will prioritise and complete the file with you.<\/p>\n    <div class=\"kcv-act-b\"><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kch-form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n  <\/aside>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-synthese\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-synthese\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Summary<\/p>\n<h2>Situation, evidence, <em>response<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">Six common situations among SMEs that use AI.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-rows\">\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Subscribing to an AI assistant<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> General terms accepted, order form, exchanges on the intended uses.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Deadline:<\/strong> Before signature or tacit renewal.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Review and negotiation of the liability, data and exit clauses.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Tool that does not deliver what was promised<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Needs expressed, demonstrations, tickets and dated findings.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Deadline:<\/strong> From the first malfunctions, before any further payment.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Formal notice, then termination or annulment for breach of the duty of advice.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Liability cap invoked against the company<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Exact clause, method of acceptance, essential service described in the contract.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Deadline:<\/strong> From the supplier's first response to the claim.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Challenge enforceability, the scope of the essential obligation and the basis under Article L. 442-1.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Data deleted at the end of the contract<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Return clause, termination notice, exports made.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Deadline:<\/strong> Before the effective date of termination.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Demand the return provided for or, failing that, preserve the evidence and quantify the loss.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Making a tool available to employees<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Headcount, CSE agenda, information document, charter.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Deadline:<\/strong> Before the tool is opened to the teams.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> From fifty employees, open the information and consultation process; in all cases, document the AI literacy measures.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Sorting of applications or evaluation by AI<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Supplier's instructions, purpose, criteria, information given to applicants.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Deadline:<\/strong> High-risk requirements from 2 December 2027.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Characterise the use under Annex III and prepare human oversight and information.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-faq\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-faq\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Frequently asked questions<\/p>\n<h2>Your questions: <em>artificial intelligence in SMEs<\/em><\/h2>\n<div class=\"kcv-faqgrid\">\n  <aside class=\"kcv-act kcv-act-sticky\">\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-k\">12 questions<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-t\">A situation not listed here?<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-p\">Every case has its own features. The firm reads your documents before answering you.<\/p>\n    <div class=\"kcv-act-b\"><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kch-form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n  <\/aside>\n  <div class=\"kcv-faq\"><details><summary>Does an SME that uses an AI tool have to apply the European regulation?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Yes, as soon as it uses the tool in its professional activity. <a href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/FR\/TXT\/?uri=CELEX:32024R1689\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Regulation (EU) 2024\/1689<\/a> calls a deployer any person who uses an AI system under its own authority, only personal non-professional use being excluded (Article 3, point 4). An SME that opens a writing assistant to its teams, places a chatbot on its website or entrusts software with sorting requests falls into this category, even if it has designed no model. Its obligations then vary according to the use. Every company must avoid the practices prohibited by Article 5, which have applied since 2 February 2025 except for the prohibitions added by the 2026 regulation, which apply from 2 December 2026, and must take measures to develop AI literacy among the people who use the tool (Article 4, as worded following <a href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/eli\/reg\/2026\/1744\/oj\/fra\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Regulation (EU) 2026\/1744<\/a>). The transparency obligations of Article 50 have applied since 2 August 2026: the deployer discloses, for example, deepfakes produced with the system; only the marking obligation borne by providers of generative systems placed on the market before that date benefits from a deadline until 2 December 2026. The obligations of Article 26, which concern compliance with the instructions for use, human oversight, monitoring and log retention, apply only to high-risk systems and will apply to those in Annex III from 2 December 2027, subject to the transitional regime of Article 111, paragraph 2, for systems already placed on the market or put into service, which are in principle affected only in the event of a significant change in their design. For an SME, each administrative fine is capped at the lower of the two amounts provided for, a percentage of turnover or a fixed sum (Article 99, paragraph 6). The firm lists the uses and ties each to the rule that governs it.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Which clauses should be reviewed in an AI tool contract before signing?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Six clauses call for careful reading. First, the description of the service, with the functions promised, the languages, the volumes and the integrations, because it is the yardstick against which non-performance will later be measured. Second, the service level: availability, recovery time, penalties. Third, the liability clause, which often sets a cap equal to a few months of fees and excludes indirect losses. Fourth, the fate of the data: can the supplier reuse the company's content to improve its models, where is it hosted, which subcontractors are involved. Fifth, the ownership and use of generated outputs, which are governed by the tool's terms of use. Last, the exit: term, notice period, return and deletion of the data.<\/p><p>General terms accepted by a click or referred to in the order form bind the company if it knew of them and accepted them; in the event of inconsistency, the special terms prevail (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032040866\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032040866\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1119 of the Civil Code<\/a>). Negotiation therefore usefully takes the form of special terms or an amendment. If the SME envisages becoming itself the provider of a high-risk system that integrates a third party's tool, Article 25, paragraph 4, of the AI Act provides for a written agreement with that third party on the information, technical access and assistance needed for its compliance. This rule belongs to the Chapter III obligations, which apply to Annex III systems from 2 December 2027 (Article 113): it is better to anticipate it from the negotiation stage. The firm measures each clause against the actual intended use, then proposes the useful changes.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can the supplier cap its liability at a few months of subscription fees?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Often, yes, where the clause does not reach the core of the contract. The debtor is liable only for damage foreseen or foreseeable when the contract was concluded, except in the case of gross or intentional misconduct (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032010127\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032010127\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1231-3 of the Civil Code<\/a>), and a clause that deprives the essential obligation of its substance is deemed unwritten (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032041115\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032041115\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1170<\/a>). Two judgments show the dividing line. In a hosting dispute in which the backups had proved unusable, the Versailles Court of Appeal found that the host was in breach but applied the cap of three months of billing, holding that the limitation accepted \"does not contradict its essential obligation\" (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/62873372c1d4e9057d612fdd\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CA Versailles, 12e ch., 19 May 2022, No. 20\/05106<\/a>); the client obtained only \u20ac8,497.20 in damages, together with the annulment of an invoice. The decision goes against the client on the request to set aside the cap. Conversely, the Paris Court of Appeal deemed unwritten the clause that reduced a remote-monitoring company's commitment to an obligation of means, recalling that \"Where the obligation not performed or imperfectly performed is the essential obligation of the contract, it is an obligation of result\" (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/69e31488cdc6046d47a7a745\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CA Paris, p\u00f4le 5 ch. 11, 17 April 2026, No. 23\/05693<\/a>); it awarded \u20ac92,921.96. For an AI tool, everything depends on how the contract describes the essential service: availability, data security, functions advertised. The firm checks this wording before signature and, in a dispute, argues the enforceability and scope of the cap.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Does Article 1171 of the Civil Code protect an SME against an AI supplier's terms?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Rarely, and many companies overlook this point. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000036829836\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000036829836\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1171 of the Civil Code<\/a> deems unwritten, in a standard-form contract, a non-negotiable clause that creates a significant imbalance. The commercial chamber nevertheless reserves this provision for contracts that fall outside the law on restrictive competition practices: \"Article 1171 of the Civil Code, interpreted in the light of those preparatory works, therefore does not apply to contracts concluded by a person carrying on production, distribution or service activities, unless the application of Article L. 442-6, I, 2\u00b0, of the Commercial Code to those contracts is excluded by another provision\" (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/6ab38331c27382d099072e9e\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 23 September 2026, No. 24-20.775<\/a>). It had already ruled to that effect on 13 May 2026 for a transport provider (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/6a043ef6cdc6046d4791a00d\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 13 May 2026, No. 24-17.137<\/a>). A software publisher or an AI service provider carries on a service activity. The SME then acts on the basis of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000054716237\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000054716237\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 442-1, I, 2\u00b0, of the Commercial Code<\/a>, which makes liable the party that subjects or attempts to subject the other party to obligations creating a significant imbalance, and requires it to compensate the loss. For equipment finance leasing concluded with a credit institution or a finance company, whose banking operations fall outside the law on restrictive practices, the Court of Cassation applies Article 1171, but it upheld a non-reciprocal termination clause on the ground that \"the lack of reciprocity of the automatic termination clause for non-performance of the contract provided for in Article 12, a) of the general terms is justified by the nature of the obligations to which the parties are respectively bound\" (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/61f0f2377743e3330ccf075c\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 26 January 2022, No. 20-16.782<\/a>). The firm first identifies the status of the counterparty, then the basis actually available.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Must the supplier check that the tool suits the company's needs?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Yes, where the client is not itself a specialist. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032007138\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032007138\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1112-1 of the Civil Code<\/a> requires the disclosure of decisive information that the other party legitimately does not know, and the parties can neither limit nor exclude this duty. The courts derive from it a duty of advice specific to IT contracts. The Lyon Court of Appeal recalls that \"an IT service provider is bound by a duty of information and advice towards a client with no competence in the field\" (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/6837f0a3728e20ee3acf6301\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CA Lyon, 3e ch. A, 28 May 2025, No. 21\/08394<\/a>); it upheld the annulment of a software package contract signed without the provider having found out about the needs, while rejecting the damages claimed for economic loss. The Nanterre economic activities court held that a software publisher \"had to ensure that the software was properly suited to the needs expressed, even if they were only verbal\" (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/69ea194acdc6046d4740e360\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">TAE Nanterre, 3e ch., 27 November 2025, No. 2025F00432<\/a>) and ordered termination with reimbursement of the invoices. This obligation does not relieve the client of the need to express its needs, and a written record makes them easier to prove. For an AI tool, these needs concern language, sector, data volume, confidentiality and integration with existing software. The firm helps to formalise them before signing, then relies on those documents if the tool proves unsuitable.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>The AI tool does not work as advertised: annulment, termination or damages?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The choice depends on what the company can prove. If its consent was vitiated, for example by a mistake about the essential qualities of the service (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032040846\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032040846\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1132 of the Civil Code<\/a>), annulment can be sought; a breach of the duty of information leads to it only if the conditions for defects of consent are met (Article 1112-1, last paragraph). The Paris Court of Appeal thus annulled the sale of a videoconferencing solution that was incompatible with the firewalls of the buyer's clients, noting that \"in the absence of specifications, it was for the company Abaques to find out\" (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/6a47ef1f93c619cd1f42f88d\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CA Paris, p\u00f4le 5 ch. 10, 18 June 2026, No. 23\/07694<\/a>); it found that the finance lease that depended on it had lapsed. If the supplier did not deliver what it owed, whether the tool was unsuitable from signature or malfunctioned afterwards, the route is that of non-performance: suspension of one's own performance, price reduction, termination and damages (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000036829854\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000036829854\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1217<\/a>), termination requiring a sufficiently serious non-performance (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032041482\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032041482\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1224<\/a>). In both cases, the evidence is built during performance: tickets, dated screenshots, minutes, written exchanges. If the technical cause is disputed, an investigative measure before trial may be requested where there is a legitimate reason to preserve or establish evidence of the facts (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000051869339\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000051869339\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 145 of the Code of Civil Procedure<\/a>). The firm generally starts with a formal notice that sets out the grievances and the period for remedy.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>What happens to the company's data at the end of the subscription?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>First, what the contract provides, which must be reread before terminating, within the limits of mandatory rules. Many general terms provide for a possible export during the contract, then permanent deletion on the effective date of termination. The Paris Court of Appeal refused an expert assessment requested by a company whose backups had been deleted: the contract announced this deletion, placed no archiving duty on the provider, and the client, having been informed, had \"had several months to organise, through its new provider, the transfer of all its backed-up data\" (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/69d89339cdc6046d47bbe011\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CA Paris, p\u00f4le 1 ch. 2, 9 April 2026, No. 25\/11299<\/a>). The decision goes against the client, who was also ordered to pay \u20ac5,000 in procedural costs. Where the service is a data processing service within the meaning of the <a href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/FR\/TXT\/?uri=CELEX:32023R2854\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Data Act (Regulation (EU) 2023\/2854)<\/a>, applicable since 12 September 2025, the contract must provide for a period of at least thirty days for retrieving the data, then their complete erasure once the switch of provider is completed (Article 25, paragraph 2, points g and h). For an AI tool, the question widens: do conversation histories, uploaded documents, settings and agents built on the platform have a usable export format? Does the supplier keep copies, and has it used them for its models? Where personal data is involved, the processing contract provides that, at the end of the service, the processor deletes or returns them, at the choice of the controller, and destroys existing copies (<a href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/FR\/TXT\/?uri=CELEX:32016R0679\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Article 28, paragraph 3, point g, of the GDPR<\/a>). The firm has a precise reversibility clause negotiated and, at the end of the contract, organises the export before any notice is given, then checks the agreed return or deletion at the end of the service.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Is the supplier of an AI tool a processor within the meaning of the GDPR?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Often, where it processes on the company's behalf the personal data the company entrusts to it: emails, customer files, applications, recordings. The controller may then use only a processor providing sufficient guarantees, and the relationship is governed by a contract that sets out the subject matter, duration, nature and purpose of the processing, the categories of data and of individuals, and that requires the processor to act only on documented instructions, including for transfers outside the Union (<a href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/FR\/TXT\/?uri=CELEX:32016R0679\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Article 28 of the GDPR<\/a>). The processor does not engage another processor without the controller's written authorisation. The difficulty specific to AI lies in reuse: a processor that itself determines the purposes and means of processing, in breach of the regulation, is considered a controller in respect of that processing (Article 28, paragraph 10). Settings that allow the supplier to use the company's content to improve its models therefore deserve separate scrutiny. Where a use is likely to result in a high risk to individuals, the impact assessment of Article 35 of the GDPR is required; Regulation (EU) 2026\/1744 allows a deployer that is bound to carry out a fundamental rights impact assessment to refer to the relevant sections of that assessment. The firm checks the processing agreement proposed by the supplier, the reuse options and the list of sub-processors.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Must the CSE be consulted before an AI tool is opened to employees?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Where the company has at least fifty employees, the introduction of new technologies is among the matters on which the social and economic committee is informed and consulted (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000043975196\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000043975196\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 2312-8 of the Labour Code<\/a>). The Paris Court of Appeal upheld the suspension of an internal writing assistant and of ChatGPT until the end of the consultation, holding that \"It matters little that AI tools had previously been used by the employees themselves, since no prior consultation had taken place\" (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/6a0fed11cdc6046d47888e86\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CA Paris, p\u00f4le 1 ch. 2, 21 May 2026, No. 25\/13232<\/a>); the employer was also ordered to pay an interim award of \u20ac5,000. The Paris judicial court, ruling under the accelerated procedure on the merits, found for the employer on another question, that of the expert: it annulled the resolution by which a CSE appointed an expert on the roll-out of Copilot, presented as a four-month trial open to volunteers, holding that \"an increase in productivity cannot in itself be regarded as generating risks to the health and safety of employees\" (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/698b8ea7cdc6046d47cc5892\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">TJ Paris, proc\u00e9dure acc\u00e9l\u00e9r\u00e9e au fond, 10 February 2026, No. 25\/57412<\/a>). The court required the CSE to establish a major project within the meaning of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000043975185\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000043975185\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 2315-94<\/a>, which it had not done. The two decisions complement each other without contradicting each other. The SME is well advised to describe the tool, its uses, the posts concerned and the timetable, then to open the consultation before the tool is made available. The firm prepares this information document and the timetable for the procedure.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>When does an SME become the provider of an AI system?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The classification changes when the company ceases merely to use the tool. <a href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/FR\/TXT\/?uri=CELEX:32024R1689\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Regulation (EU) 2024\/1689<\/a> treats as a provider the party that develops, or has developed, an AI system and then places it on the market, or puts it into service, under its own name or brand, whether for consideration or not (Article 3, point 3). An SME that has a service provider build a bespoke tool from an existing model, then operates it under its own brand, may therefore become a provider. Article 25 adds three cases specific to high-risk systems: marketing under its own name a high-risk system already on the market, making a substantial modification to a high-risk system that remains high-risk, or changing the intended purpose of a system that was not high-risk, even a general-purpose one, so that it becomes so. These rules appear in Chapter III, Section 3, which will apply to Annex III systems from 2 December 2027 (Article 113). A company that connects a general-purpose assistant to the shortlisting of applications in order to offer it to its clients may fall within this last case. In such cases, the initial provider will cease to be considered the provider of that system. As worded following <a href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/eli\/reg\/2026\/1744\/oj\/fra\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Regulation (EU) 2026\/1744<\/a>, it will have to cooperate with the new provider by making sufficient technical documentation available, informing it of known limitations and failure modes and giving it targeted technical access, unless it had clearly excluded this transformation. The contract concluded with it should therefore provide for these elements before the project. The firm reviews the classification at each change of use.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>What training does the AI Act require companies to give their teams?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The Regulation requires neither a degree nor a certification. As worded following <a href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/eli\/reg\/2026\/1744\/oj\/fra\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Regulation (EU) 2026\/1744<\/a>, in force since 27 July 2026, Article 4 requires providers and deployers to take measures to develop the AI literacy of their staff and of other persons who operate or use the systems on their behalf. These measures take into account each person's technical knowledge, experience and training, the context of use and the persons in respect of whom the system will be used. The text specifies that it does not require a given level of literacy to be reached by each individual. The Commission and the Member States support these efforts, in particular those of SMEs, and the Commission publishes practical examples on an information platform. In practice, an SME documents proportionate actions: an introductory session, instructions on confidential and personal data, rules for checking outputs before any external use, appointment of a point of contact. These documents are also useful before the CSE and in a dispute with a client to whom an erroneous output was sent. They show that the company supervised the use rather than merely endured it. The firm drafts the usage charter and the AI literacy plan suited to the size of the company and the tools it uses.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Does using a model, software or a voice beyond the licence expose the company?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Yes, on two grounds. The first concerns the software or the integrated model: the Court of Cassation holds that \"where its copyright has been infringed, the holder, who does not benefit from the guarantees provided for in Articles 7 and 13 of Directive 2004\/48 if it acts on the basis of contractual liability, is entitled to bring an action for infringement\" (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/633d28bda3bbc43e2e4d4b6a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. 1re civ., 5 October 2022, No. 21-15.386<\/a>). Where the software is protected by copyright and exceeding the licence, whether as to the number of users, commercial use or redistribution, infringes those rights, the SME is therefore exposed to an infringement action and not only to a contractual claim. The judgment concerns a computer program; it does not rule on the protection of an AI model. The second ground concerns generated content. The urgent applications judge of the Paris judicial court ordered a host to disclose the identification data of the publisher of a video channel that broadcast an AI-generated voice presented as that of an actor, noting that it was ruling \"in the absence of a special law or of European or French case law characterising, or excluding the characterisation as, reproduction of the use of performers' performances to generate a voice by artificial intelligence\" (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/6a46af8993c619cd1f29eda6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">TJ Paris, r\u00e9f., 2 July 2026, No. 26\/53258<\/a>); the action for infringement of neighbouring rights was not manifestly bound to fail. This evidence-gathering measure does not decide the merits. For a company that produces advertisements, voices or visuals with a generative tool, prudence means checking the tool's terms of use, the authorisations of the persons reproduced and the disclosure required by Article 50 of the AI Act for deepfakes. The firm checks these points before broadcast.<\/p><\/div><\/details><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-textes\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-textes\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Sources and related pages<\/p>\n<h2>Official texts and <em>related pages<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">The sources for this page and the firm's related areas of practice.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-arts\"><a class=\"kcv-art\" href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/FR\/TXT\/?uri=CELEX:32024R1689\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Regulation (EU) 2024\/1689<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">Artificial Intelligence Act: Articles 3, 4, 6, 25, 26, 50, 99, 111 and 113<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art\" href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/eli\/reg\/2026\/1744\/oj\/fra\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Regulation (EU) 2026\/1744<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">Digital omnibus on AI: AI literacy, Article 25, penalties, timetable<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art\" href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/FR\/TXT\/?uri=CELEX:32016R0679\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Regulation (EU) 2016\/679<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">Processing by a processor (Article 28) and impact assessment (Article 35)<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art\" href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/FR\/TXT\/?uri=CELEX:32023R2854\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Regulation (EU) 2023\/2854<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">Data Act: switching between providers (Article 25)<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032007138\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032007138\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article 1112-1 of the Civil Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">pre-contractual duty of information<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032040866\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032040866\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article 1119 of the Civil Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">enforceability of general terms<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032041115\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032041115\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article 1170 of the Civil Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">clause depriving the essential obligation of its substance<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000036829836\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000036829836\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article 1171 of the Civil Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">significant imbalance in a standard-form contract<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000054716237\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000054716237\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 442-1 of the Commercial Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">significant imbalance between business partners<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032041482\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032041482\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article 1224 of the Civil Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">termination for sufficiently serious non-performance<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032010127\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032010127\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article 1231-3 of the Civil Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">foreseeable damage, gross or intentional misconduct<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000043975196\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000043975196\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 2312-8 of the Labour Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">consultation of the CSE on new technologies<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000051869339\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000051869339\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article 145 of the Code of Civil Procedure<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">investigative measure before any proceedings<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<h3 class=\"kcv-center\">Further reading<\/h3>\n<div class=\"kcv-pgs\"><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/digital-law-lawyer-paris\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Digital law<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">Firm practice area<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/it-contract-lawyer-paris\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">IT contracts<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">Firm practice area<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/gdpr-lawyer-paris\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">GDPR and compliance<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">Firm practice area<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/it-litigation-lawyer-paris\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">IT litigation<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">Firm practice area<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<p class=\"kcv-small kcv-center\">Page updated on 1 November 2026.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"kcv-cta\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-in\">\n    <div class=\"kcv-cta-card\">\n      <h2>An AI tool to choose, a contract to review or a failing supplier? <em>Take stock today<\/em>.<\/h2>\n      <p>Send the supplier's terms, the commercial proposal and the description of the intended use: the firm reviews the clauses, the company's role under the AI Act and the appropriate response.<\/p>\n      <div class=\"kcv-btns\">\n        <a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a>\n        <a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kch-form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n<div class=\"kcv-news-band\"><h2>The latest <em>news.<\/em><\/h2><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\", \"@type\": \"FAQPage\", \"mainEntity\": [{\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Does an SME that uses an AI tool have to apply the European regulation?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Yes, as soon as it uses the tool in its professional activity. Regulation (EU) 2024\/1689 calls a deployer any person who uses an AI system under its own authority, only personal non-professional use being excluded (Article 3, point 4). An SME that opens a writing assistant to its teams, places a chatbot on its website or entrusts software with sorting requests falls into this category, even if it has designed no model. Its obligations then vary according to the use. Every company must avoid the practices prohibited by Article 5, which have applied since 2 February 2025 except for the prohibitions added by the 2026 regulation, which apply from 2 December 2026, and must take measures to develop AI literacy among the people who use the tool (Article 4, as worded following Regulation (EU) 2026\/1744). The transparency obligations of Article 50 have applied since 2 August 2026: the deployer discloses, for example, deepfakes produced with the system; only the marking obligation borne by providers of generative systems placed on the market before that date benefits from a deadline until 2 December 2026. The obligations of Article 26, which concern compliance with the instructions for use, human oversight, monitoring and log retention, apply only to high-risk systems and will apply to those in Annex III from 2 December 2027, subject to the transitional regime of Article 111, paragraph 2, for systems already placed on the market or put into service, which are in principle affected only in the event of a significant change in their design. For an SME, each administrative fine is capped at the lower of the two amounts provided for, a percentage of turnover or a fixed sum (Article 99, paragraph 6). The firm lists the uses and ties each to the rule that governs it.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Which clauses should be reviewed in an AI tool contract before signing?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Six clauses call for careful reading. First, the description of the service, with the functions promised, the languages, the volumes and the integrations, because it is the yardstick against which non-performance will later be measured. Second, the service level: availability, recovery time, penalties. Third, the liability clause, which often sets a cap equal to a few months of fees and excludes indirect losses. Fourth, the fate of the data: can the supplier reuse the company's content to improve its models, where is it hosted, which subcontractors are involved. Fifth, the ownership and use of generated outputs, which are governed by the tool's terms of use. Last, the exit: term, notice period, return and deletion of the data. General terms accepted by a click or referred to in the order form bind the company if it knew of them and accepted them; in the event of inconsistency, the special terms prevail (Article 1119 of the Civil Code). Negotiation therefore usefully takes the form of special terms or an amendment. If the SME envisages becoming itself the provider of a high-risk system that integrates a third party's tool, Article 25, paragraph 4, of the AI Act provides for a written agreement with that third party on the information, technical access and assistance needed for its compliance. This rule belongs to the Chapter III obligations, which apply to Annex III systems from 2 December 2027 (Article 113): it is better to anticipate it from the negotiation stage. The firm measures each clause against the actual intended use, then proposes the useful changes.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Can the supplier cap its liability at a few months of subscription fees?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Often, yes, where the clause does not reach the core of the contract. The debtor is liable only for damage foreseen or foreseeable when the contract was concluded, except in the case of gross or intentional misconduct (Article 1231-3 of the Civil Code), and a clause that deprives the essential obligation of its substance is deemed unwritten (Article 1170). Two judgments show the dividing line. In a hosting dispute in which the backups had proved unusable, the Versailles Court of Appeal found that the host was in breach but applied the cap of three months of billing, holding that the limitation accepted \\\"does not contradict its essential obligation\\\" (our translation) (CA Versailles, 12e ch., 19 May 2022, No. 20\/05106); the client obtained only \u20ac8,497.20 in damages, together with the annulment of an invoice. The decision goes against the client on the request to set aside the cap. Conversely, the Paris Court of Appeal deemed unwritten the clause that reduced a remote-monitoring company's commitment to an obligation of means, recalling that \\\"Where the obligation not performed or imperfectly performed is the essential obligation of the contract, it is an obligation of result\\\" (our translation) (CA Paris, p\u00f4le 5 ch. 11, 17 April 2026, No. 23\/05693); it awarded \u20ac92,921.96. For an AI tool, everything depends on how the contract describes the essential service: availability, data security, functions advertised. The firm checks this wording before signature and, in a dispute, argues the enforceability and scope of the cap.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Does Article 1171 of the Civil Code protect an SME against an AI supplier's terms?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Rarely, and many companies overlook this point. Article 1171 of the Civil Code deems unwritten, in a standard-form contract, a non-negotiable clause that creates a significant imbalance. The commercial chamber nevertheless reserves this provision for contracts that fall outside the law on restrictive competition practices: \\\"Article 1171 of the Civil Code, interpreted in the light of those preparatory works, therefore does not apply to contracts concluded by a person carrying on production, distribution or service activities, unless the application of Article L. 442-6, I, 2\u00b0, of the Commercial Code to those contracts is excluded by another provision\\\" (our translation) (Cass. com., 23 September 2026, No. 24-20.775). It had already ruled to that effect on 13 May 2026 for a transport provider (Cass. com., 13 May 2026, No. 24-17.137). A software publisher or an AI service provider carries on a service activity. The SME then acts on the basis of Article L. 442-1, I, 2\u00b0, of the Commercial Code, which makes liable the party that subjects or attempts to subject the other party to obligations creating a significant imbalance, and requires it to compensate the loss. For equipment finance leasing concluded with a credit institution or a finance company, whose banking operations fall outside the law on restrictive practices, the Court of Cassation applies Article 1171, but it upheld a non-reciprocal termination clause on the ground that \\\"the lack of reciprocity of the automatic termination clause for non-performance of the contract provided for in Article 12, a) of the general terms is justified by the nature of the obligations to which the parties are respectively bound\\\" (our translation) (Cass. com., 26 January 2022, No. 20-16.782). The firm first identifies the status of the counterparty, then the basis actually available.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Must the supplier check that the tool suits the company's needs?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Yes, where the client is not itself a specialist. Article 1112-1 of the Civil Code requires the disclosure of decisive information that the other party legitimately does not know, and the parties can neither limit nor exclude this duty. The courts derive from it a duty of advice specific to IT contracts. The Lyon Court of Appeal recalls that \\\"an IT service provider is bound by a duty of information and advice towards a client with no competence in the field\\\" (our translation) (CA Lyon, 3e ch. A, 28 May 2025, No. 21\/08394); it upheld the annulment of a software package contract signed without the provider having found out about the needs, while rejecting the damages claimed for economic loss. The Nanterre economic activities court held that a software publisher \\\"had to ensure that the software was properly suited to the needs expressed, even if they were only verbal\\\" (our translation) (TAE Nanterre, 3e ch., 27 November 2025, No. 2025F00432) and ordered termination with reimbursement of the invoices. This obligation does not relieve the client of the need to express its needs, and a written record makes them easier to prove. For an AI tool, these needs concern language, sector, data volume, confidentiality and integration with existing software. The firm helps to formalise them before signing, then relies on those documents if the tool proves unsuitable.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"The AI tool does not work as advertised: annulment, termination or damages?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The choice depends on what the company can prove. If its consent was vitiated, for example by a mistake about the essential qualities of the service (Article 1132 of the Civil Code), annulment can be sought; a breach of the duty of information leads to it only if the conditions for defects of consent are met (Article 1112-1, last paragraph). The Paris Court of Appeal thus annulled the sale of a videoconferencing solution that was incompatible with the firewalls of the buyer's clients, noting that \\\"in the absence of specifications, it was for the company Abaques to find out\\\" (our translation) (CA Paris, p\u00f4le 5 ch. 10, 18 June 2026, No. 23\/07694); it found that the finance lease that depended on it had lapsed. If the supplier did not deliver what it owed, whether the tool was unsuitable from signature or malfunctioned afterwards, the route is that of non-performance: suspension of one's own performance, price reduction, termination and damages (Article 1217), termination requiring a sufficiently serious non-performance (Article 1224). In both cases, the evidence is built during performance: tickets, dated screenshots, minutes, written exchanges. If the technical cause is disputed, an investigative measure before trial may be requested where there is a legitimate reason to preserve or establish evidence of the facts (Article 145 of the Code of Civil Procedure). The firm generally starts with a formal notice that sets out the grievances and the period for remedy.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What happens to the company's data at the end of the subscription?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"First, what the contract provides, which must be reread before terminating, within the limits of mandatory rules. Many general terms provide for a possible export during the contract, then permanent deletion on the effective date of termination. The Paris Court of Appeal refused an expert assessment requested by a company whose backups had been deleted: the contract announced this deletion, placed no archiving duty on the provider, and the client, having been informed, had \\\"had several months to organise, through its new provider, the transfer of all its backed-up data\\\" (our translation) (CA Paris, p\u00f4le 1 ch. 2, 9 April 2026, No. 25\/11299). The decision goes against the client, who was also ordered to pay \u20ac5,000 in procedural costs. Where the service is a data processing service within the meaning of the Data Act (Regulation (EU) 2023\/2854), applicable since 12 September 2025, the contract must provide for a period of at least thirty days for retrieving the data, then their complete erasure once the switch of provider is completed (Article 25, paragraph 2, points g and h). For an AI tool, the question widens: do conversation histories, uploaded documents, settings and agents built on the platform have a usable export format? Does the supplier keep copies, and has it used them for its models? Where personal data is involved, the processing contract provides that, at the end of the service, the processor deletes or returns them, at the choice of the controller, and destroys existing copies (Article 28, paragraph 3, point g, of the GDPR). The firm has a precise reversibility clause negotiated and, at the end of the contract, organises the export before any notice is given, then checks the agreed return or deletion at the end of the service.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Is the supplier of an AI tool a processor within the meaning of the GDPR?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Often, where it processes on the company's behalf the personal data the company entrusts to it: emails, customer files, applications, recordings. The controller may then use only a processor providing sufficient guarantees, and the relationship is governed by a contract that sets out the subject matter, duration, nature and purpose of the processing, the categories of data and of individuals, and that requires the processor to act only on documented instructions, including for transfers outside the Union (Article 28 of the GDPR). The processor does not engage another processor without the controller's written authorisation. The difficulty specific to AI lies in reuse: a processor that itself determines the purposes and means of processing, in breach of the regulation, is considered a controller in respect of that processing (Article 28, paragraph 10). Settings that allow the supplier to use the company's content to improve its models therefore deserve separate scrutiny. Where a use is likely to result in a high risk to individuals, the impact assessment of Article 35 of the GDPR is required; Regulation (EU) 2026\/1744 allows a deployer that is bound to carry out a fundamental rights impact assessment to refer to the relevant sections of that assessment. The firm checks the processing agreement proposed by the supplier, the reuse options and the list of sub-processors.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Must the CSE be consulted before an AI tool is opened to employees?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Where the company has at least fifty employees, the introduction of new technologies is among the matters on which the social and economic committee is informed and consulted (Article L. 2312-8 of the Labour Code). The Paris Court of Appeal upheld the suspension of an internal writing assistant and of ChatGPT until the end of the consultation, holding that \\\"It matters little that AI tools had previously been used by the employees themselves, since no prior consultation had taken place\\\" (our translation) (CA Paris, p\u00f4le 1 ch. 2, 21 May 2026, No. 25\/13232); the employer was also ordered to pay an interim award of \u20ac5,000. The Paris judicial court, ruling under the accelerated procedure on the merits, found for the employer on another question, that of the expert: it annulled the resolution by which a CSE appointed an expert on the roll-out of Copilot, presented as a four-month trial open to volunteers, holding that \\\"an increase in productivity cannot in itself be regarded as generating risks to the health and safety of employees\\\" (our translation) (TJ Paris, proc\u00e9dure acc\u00e9l\u00e9r\u00e9e au fond, 10 February 2026, No. 25\/57412). The court required the CSE to establish a major project within the meaning of Article L. 2315-94, which it had not done. The two decisions complement each other without contradicting each other. The SME is well advised to describe the tool, its uses, the posts concerned and the timetable, then to open the consultation before the tool is made available. The firm prepares this information document and the timetable for the procedure.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"When does an SME become the provider of an AI system?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The classification changes when the company ceases merely to use the tool. Regulation (EU) 2024\/1689 treats as a provider the party that develops, or has developed, an AI system and then places it on the market, or puts it into service, under its own name or brand, whether for consideration or not (Article 3, point 3). An SME that has a service provider build a bespoke tool from an existing model, then operates it under its own brand, may therefore become a provider. Article 25 adds three cases specific to high-risk systems: marketing under its own name a high-risk system already on the market, making a substantial modification to a high-risk system that remains high-risk, or changing the intended purpose of a system that was not high-risk, even a general-purpose one, so that it becomes so. These rules appear in Chapter III, Section 3, which will apply to Annex III systems from 2 December 2027 (Article 113). A company that connects a general-purpose assistant to the shortlisting of applications in order to offer it to its clients may fall within this last case. In such cases, the initial provider will cease to be considered the provider of that system. As worded following Regulation (EU) 2026\/1744, it will have to cooperate with the new provider by making sufficient technical documentation available, informing it of known limitations and failure modes and giving it targeted technical access, unless it had clearly excluded this transformation. The contract concluded with it should therefore provide for these elements before the project. The firm reviews the classification at each change of use.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What training does the AI Act require companies to give their teams?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The Regulation requires neither a degree nor a certification. As worded following Regulation (EU) 2026\/1744, in force since 27 July 2026, Article 4 requires providers and deployers to take measures to develop the AI literacy of their staff and of other persons who operate or use the systems on their behalf. These measures take into account each person's technical knowledge, experience and training, the context of use and the persons in respect of whom the system will be used. The text specifies that it does not require a given level of literacy to be reached by each individual. The Commission and the Member States support these efforts, in particular those of SMEs, and the Commission publishes practical examples on an information platform. In practice, an SME documents proportionate actions: an introductory session, instructions on confidential and personal data, rules for checking outputs before any external use, appointment of a point of contact. These documents are also useful before the CSE and in a dispute with a client to whom an erroneous output was sent. They show that the company supervised the use rather than merely endured it. The firm drafts the usage charter and the AI literacy plan suited to the size of the company and the tools it uses.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Does using a model, software or a voice beyond the licence expose the company?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Yes, on two grounds. The first concerns the software or the integrated model: the Court of Cassation holds that \\\"where its copyright has been infringed, the holder, who does not benefit from the guarantees provided for in Articles 7 and 13 of Directive 2004\/48 if it acts on the basis of contractual liability, is entitled to bring an action for infringement\\\" (our translation) (Cass. 1re civ., 5 October 2022, No. 21-15.386). Where the software is protected by copyright and exceeding the licence, whether as to the number of users, commercial use or redistribution, infringes those rights, the SME is therefore exposed to an infringement action and not only to a contractual claim. The judgment concerns a computer program; it does not rule on the protection of an AI model. The second ground concerns generated content. The urgent applications judge of the Paris judicial court ordered a host to disclose the identification data of the publisher of a video channel that broadcast an AI-generated voice presented as that of an actor, noting that it was ruling \\\"in the absence of a special law or of European or French case law characterising, or excluding the characterisation as, reproduction of the use of performers' performances to generate a voice by artificial intelligence\\\" (our translation) (TJ Paris, r\u00e9f., 2 July 2026, No. 26\/53258); the action for infringement of neighbouring rights was not manifestly bound to fail. This evidence-gathering measure does not decide the merits. For a company that produces advertisements, voices or visuals with a generative tool, prudence means checking the tool's terms of use, the authorisations of the persons reproduced and the disclosure required by Article 50 of the AI Act for deepfakes. 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data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. 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Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2157083 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2157083 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/tim-schmidbauer-EnC5f7At4ac-unsplash-1-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2157083 post-2157083 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/25\/foreign-company-france-unpaid-invoice-penalties-injonction-payer-abroad\/\">Your French Client Has Not Paid: Late-Payment Penalties, the 40 Euro Fee and the Injunction-to-Pay While You Live Abroad<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2157055 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2157055 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/allison-saeng-Hpw4nI_QUWQ-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2157055 post-2157055 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/25\/foreign-company-france-corporate-bank-account-refusal-abroad\/\">Your French Bank Won&#8217;t Open a Corporate Account While You Live Abroad: Right to an Account, Banque de France Designation and the Anti-Money-Laundering Wall<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2157013 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2157013 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/getty-images-p1ZW7qeVRyE-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2157013 post-2157013 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/25\/foreign-company-france-sas-pay-abroad-salary-dividends-management-fees\/\">Your French SAS Pays You While You Live Abroad: Salary, Dividends or Management Fees<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2156883 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2156883 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/getty-images-p1ZW7qeVRyE-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2156883 post-2156883 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/25\/foreign-company-france-sas-capital-increase-cash-call-filing-abroad\/\">Your French SAS Needs Cash From Abroad: Increase Capital, Call Up Unpaid Shares or Lend Instead \u2014 Filing and New Kbis Without Flying to Paris<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2156702 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2156702 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/pawel-czerwinski-mIT9kEQBC6Q-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2156702 post-2156702 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/24\/foreign-company-france-hire-first-employee-dpae-contract-trial-pay-abroad\/\">Hiring Your First French Employee While You Live Abroad: DPAE, Contract, Trial Period, Pay and Registration<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2156668 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2156668 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/alex-vasey-F5HtPjpBb9k-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2156668 post-2156668 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/24\/foreign-company-france-management-fees-transfer-pricing-file-defence-abroad\/\">Your French Subsidiary Pays Management Fees to Its Foreign Parent While You Live Abroad: Transfer Pricing File, Deduction and Reassessment Defence<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2156642 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2156642 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/shubham-dhage-ICCn56-jyuw-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2156642 post-2156642 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/24\/foreign-company-france-shareholder-loan-compte-courant-abroad\/\">Your French Subsidiary Needs Cash From Abroad: Shareholder Loans (Compte Courant d&#8217;Associe), Interest, Approval and Getting Repaid<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. 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