{"id":2161287,"date":"2026-11-01T23:35:54","date_gmt":"2026-11-01T22:35:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/?page_id=2161287"},"modified":"2026-11-04T19:48:33","modified_gmt":"2026-11-04T18:48:33","slug":"information-technology-lawyer-paris","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/information-technology-lawyer-paris\/","title":{"rendered":"Information technology lawyer Paris: the SME and its IT provider"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"2161287\" class=\"elementor elementor-2161287 elementor-2160694\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-v5bd59a e-con-full e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"v5bd59a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-v5bd59aw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"v5bd59aw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"kcv\" id=\"kci-root\" data-refresh-marker=\"expertise-fr-avocat-informatique-paris-20261101\">\n<section class=\"kcv-hero\" aria-labelledby=\"kch-h1\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-in\">\n    <div class=\"kcv-head\">\n      <p class=\"kk\">Managed IT services, maintenance, online software, integration, leased equipment: the SME and its IT provider<\/p>\n      <h1 id=\"kch-h1\"><em>Information technology<\/em> lawyer Paris:<span class=\"kcv-tail\"> the SME and its IT provider, from breakdown to contract exit.<\/span><\/h1>\n      <p class=\"kcv-sub\">Server down, no backups, ransomware, software delivered late, disputed invoices or a blocked change of managed service provider: the client SME must first read what the contract promised, then prove the gap. As an information technology lawyer in Paris, the firm examines the provider's commitments, the client's share of responsibility and the appropriate remedy.<\/p>\n      <div class=\"kcv-btns\">\n        <a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a>\n        <a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kch-form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a>\n      <\/div>\n      <p class=\"kcv-urg\">After an incident, do not reinstall anything and do not terminate before you have preserved the logs, backup reports, tickets and correspondence: these traces often disappear when the system is put back into service.<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcv-stagewrap\"><div class=\"kcv-stageshadow\"><div class=\"kcv-stage\">\n      <link rel=\"preload\" as=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kohen-v3-expertises\/kohen-fr-indivision-paysage-20261025.webp\" media=\"(min-width:761px)\" fetchpriority=\"high\">\n      <link rel=\"preload\" as=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kohen-v3-expertises\/kohen-fr-indivision-paysage-1080-20261025.webp\" media=\"(max-width:760px)\" fetchpriority=\"high\">\n      <div class=\"kcv-media\" aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"--kcv-img:url('https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kohen-v3-expertises\/kohen-fr-indivision-paysage-20261025.webp');--kcv-img-m:url('https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kohen-v3-expertises\/kohen-fr-indivision-paysage-1080-20261025.webp')\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"kcv-panel kcv-glass\" id=\"kch-form\">\n        <div class=\"kcv-panel-head\">\n          <div>\n            <p class=\"kcv-panel-k\">SME client of an IT provider \u00b7 Paris<\/p>\n            <h2 class=\"kcv-panel-t\">Get a <em>first analysis<\/em><\/h2>\n            <p class=\"kcv-panel-l\">Send the quotation or contract, the general terms, the invoices, the incident tickets and the correspondence with the provider: the firm checks what was promised and what can be claimed.<\/p>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"kcv-chip kcv-glass\"><p class=\"kcv-chip-n\">24 \u00e0 48 h<\/p><p class=\"kcv-chip-x\">first legal<br>review<\/p><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"kcf-wrap\">\n<form id=\"kcf-2form\" data-kcf data-api-url=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-json\/kohen-form\/v1\/submit\" data-vps-url=\"https:\/\/upload-fr.46-224-152-225.sslip.io\/submit\" data-max-size=\"1073741824\" data-max-files=\"500\" novalidate enctype=\"multipart\/form-data\">\n  <input type=\"hidden\" name=\"rendered_at\" value=\"1776847557\">\n  <div class=\"kcf-hp\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><label for=\"kcf-2website\">Do not fill in<\/label><input id=\"kcf-2website\" name=\"website\" type=\"text\" tabindex=\"-1\" autocomplete=\"off\"><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcf-price\">\n    <span class=\"kcf-price-amount\">\u20ac80<small>incl. VAT<\/small><\/span>\n    <div class=\"kcf-price-body\">\n      <p class=\"kcf-price-text\"><strong>Preliminary review of your case.<\/strong> Examination of your documents and a first written analysis by Reda Kohen, within 24 to 48 business hours. Payment is made online after this form is sent.<\/p>\n      <ul class=\"kcf-price-meta\">\n        <li>Up to 1 GB of documents, folders and subfolders accepted<\/li>\n        <li>Secure payment, no banking data stored<\/li>\n        <li><a href=\"\/conditions-etude-prealable\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Terms and fee agreement<\/a><\/li>\n      <\/ul>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcf-row\">\n    <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n      <label class=\"kcf-label\" for=\"kcf-2name\">Full name<\/label>\n      <input class=\"kcf-input\" type=\"text\" id=\"kcf-2name\" name=\"name\" placeholder=\"Your name\" required autocomplete=\"name\" aria-describedby=\"kcf-2name-err\">\n      <p class=\"kcf-field-error\" id=\"kcf-2name-err\" role=\"alert\"><\/p>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n      <label class=\"kcf-label\" for=\"kcf-2phone\">Telephone <span class=\"kcf-optional\">(optional)<\/span><\/label>\n      <input class=\"kcf-input\" type=\"tel\" inputmode=\"tel\" id=\"kcf-2phone\" name=\"phone\" placeholder=\"06 00 00 00 00\" autocomplete=\"tel\" aria-describedby=\"kcf-2phone-err\">\n      <p class=\"kcf-field-error\" id=\"kcf-2phone-err\" role=\"alert\"><\/p>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n    <label class=\"kcf-label\" for=\"kcf-2email\">Email address<\/label>\n    <input class=\"kcf-input\" type=\"email\" id=\"kcf-2email\" name=\"email\" placeholder=\"your@email.com\" required autocomplete=\"email\" spellcheck=\"false\" autocapitalize=\"off\" aria-describedby=\"kcf-2email-err\">\n    <p class=\"kcf-field-error\" id=\"kcf-2email-err\" role=\"alert\"><\/p>\n  <\/div>\n  \n  <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n    <label class=\"kcf-label\" for=\"kcf-2message\">Message<\/label>\n    <textarea class=\"kcf-textarea\" id=\"kcf-2message\" name=\"message\" placeholder=\"Briefly describe your situation...\" required aria-describedby=\"kcf-2message-err\"><\/textarea>\n    <p class=\"kcf-field-error\" id=\"kcf-2message-err\" role=\"alert\"><\/p>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n    <label class=\"kcf-label\">Attachments <span class=\"kcf-optional\">(optional, 500 files max, 1 GB)<\/span><\/label>\n    <div class=\"kcf-dropzone\" id=\"kcf-2dropzone\">\n      <svg class=\"kcf-dropzone-icon\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M21 15v4a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-4\"\/><polyline points=\"17 8 12 3 7 8\"\/><line x1=\"12\" y1=\"3\" x2=\"12\" y2=\"15\"\/><\/svg>\n      <p class=\"kcf-dropzone-text\"><strong>Click<\/strong> or drag your files here<br>All formats accepted (PDF, Word, images, etc.)<\/p>\n      <input type=\"file\" name=\"attachments\" id=\"kcf-2files\" multiple>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcf-file-list\" id=\"kcf-2filelist\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcf-progress\" id=\"kcf-2progress\">\n      <div class=\"kcf-progress-bar\"><div class=\"kcf-progress-fill\" id=\"kcf-2progressfill\"><\/div><\/div>\n      <p class=\"kcf-progress-text\" id=\"kcf-2progresstext\">Sending...<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n  <button type=\"submit\" class=\"kcf-btn\">\n    <span class=\"kcf-spinner\"><\/span>\n    <span class=\"kcf-btn-text\">Pay \u20ac80 and send my case<\/span>\n  <\/button>\n  <div class=\"kcf-msg\" role=\"status\" aria-live=\"polite\" aria-atomic=\"true\" tabindex=\"-1\"><\/div>\n  <p class=\"kcf-note\">Payment constitutes a request for immediate performance of your analysis. Your data is used only to process your request. <a href=\"\/conditions-etude-prealable\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Terms<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"\/politique-de-confidentialite\/\">Privacy policy<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/form>\n      <\/div>\n      <\/div><\/div>\n      <div class=\"kcv-press knp\">\n<style>\n    .kcv-press.knp ul.knp__ruban{animation-duration:132s}@media (max-width:600px){.kcv-press.knp ul.knp__ruban{animation-duration:96s}}\n    .knp .knp__piste:hover ul.knp__ruban,.knp.knp--ouvert ul.knp__ruban{animation-play-state:paused}\n    .knp .knp__piste:has(button:focus-visible) ul.knp__ruban{animation:none}\n    .knp button.knp__logo{all:unset;box-sizing:border-box;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;height:100%;cursor:pointer;transition:transform .2s ease}\n    .knp button.knp__logo:hover{transform:scale(1.05)}\n    .knp button.knp__logo:active{transform:scale(.97)}\n    .knp button.knp__logo:focus-visible{outline:2px solid 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p.knp__watchlink{margin:0 0 2px;padding:0;line-height:17px}.kcv-press.knp a.knp__videos{gap:5px;padding:0;border:0;border-radius:0;background:none;box-shadow:none;font-size:11.5px;letter-spacing:.02em;line-height:17px;transform:none}.kcv-press.knp a.knp__videos:hover{background:none;box-shadow:none;transform:none}.kcv-press.knp a.knp__videos:hover span{text-decoration:underline;text-underline-offset:3px}.kcv-press.knp a.knp__videos svg{width:13px;height:13px}.knp .knp__vc{display:none}@media (max-width:900px){.kcv-press.knp .knp__vl{display:none}.kcv-press.knp .knp__vc{display:inline}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){.knp a.knp__videos{transition:none}.knp a.knp__videos:hover{transform:none}}<\/style><p class=\"knp__watchlink\"><a class=\"knp__videos\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/media\/\" aria-label=\"Watch the videos and their transcripts\"><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><circle cx=\"10\" cy=\"10\" 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class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"france-tv\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"France T\u00e9l\u00e9visions: watch the excerpt featuring Reda Kohen\"><img class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/france-tv.svg\" alt=\"France T\u00e9l\u00e9visions\" style=\"--h:28px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li><li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"bfm\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"BFMTV: watch the excerpt featuring Reda Kohen\"><img class=\"skip-lazy knp--fixe\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/bfm.svg\" alt=\"BFMTV\" style=\"--h:30px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li><li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"le-point\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"Le Point: see the 2 publications\"><img class=\"skip-lazy knp--fixe\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" 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l'\u00c9tat.\",\"auteur\":\"data.gouv.fr\",\"paraphrase\":true,\"libelle\":\"Voir la fiche sur data.gouv.fr\"},{\"titre\":\"Commentaires des d\u00e9cisions de justice par l'IA g\u00e9n\u00e9rative\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.data.gouv.fr\/reuses\/commentaires-des-decisions-de-justice-par-lia-generative\",\"citation\":\"R\u00e9utilisation des donn\u00e9es publiques de justice publi\u00e9e par Kohen Avocats et r\u00e9f\u00e9renc\u00e9e sur data.gouv.fr.\",\"auteur\":\"data.gouv.fr\",\"paraphrase\":true,\"libelle\":\"Voir la r\u00e9utilisation sur data.gouv.fr\"}]},\"awwwards\":{\"nom\":\"Awwwards\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Kohen Avocats, site nomm\u00e9 aux Awwwards\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.awwwards.com\/sites\/kohen-avocats\",\"citation\":\"Le site du cabinet figure parmi les sites nomm\u00e9s (\u00ab Nominee \u00bb) par Awwwards, r\u00e9f\u00e9rence internationale du design web.\",\"auteur\":\"Awwwards\",\"paraphrase\":true,\"libelle\":\"Voir la fiche sur Awwwards\"}]},\"pappers\":{\"nom\":\"Pappers\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Divorce du dirigeant : ce que le r\u00e9gime matrimonial change pour votre soci\u00e9t\u00e9\",\"date\":\"2026-09-04\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.pappers.fr\/gestion-entreprise\/divorce-dirigeant-regime-matrimonial\",\"citation\":\"Le dirigeant a int\u00e9r\u00eat \u00e0 faire travailler ensemble son expert-comptable, son notaire et un avocat sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 en droit de la famille \u00e0 Paris.\",\"auteur\":\"Pappers\",\"paraphrase\":true},{\"titre\":\"Ma\u00eetre KOHEN Reda, avocat \u00e0 Paris\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/justice.pappers.fr\/avocat\/kohen-reda-75017\",\"citation\":\"Fiche de Me Reda Kohen sur Pappers Justice, avec les d\u00e9cisions de justice publi\u00e9es o\u00f9 il est intervenu.\",\"auteur\":\"Pappers Justice\",\"paraphrase\":true,\"libelle\":\"Voir la fiche sur Pappers Justice\"}]},\"leboncoin\":{\"nom\":\"Leboncoin\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Bouilloires thermiques : bient\u00f4t interdites \u00e0 la location ?\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.leboncoin.fr\/guide\/immobilier\/bouilloires-thermiques-bientot-interdites-a-la-location-hfpj70o6.html\",\"citation\":\"Le guide immobilier cite une analyse de kohenavocats.fr parmi ses sources.\",\"auteur\":\"Leboncoin\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"femme-actuelle\":{\"nom\":\"Femme Actuelle\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"S\u00e9paration ou divorce : quelle banque et quel cr\u00e9dit pour repartir sur de bonnes bases ?\",\"date\":\"2026-09-30\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.femmeactuelle.fr\/vie-pratique\/news-vie-pratique\/separation-ou-divorce-quelle-banque-et-quel-credit-pour-repartir-sur-de-bonnes-bases-2211980\",\"citation\":\"L'article cite une analyse de kohenavocats.com parmi ses sources.\",\"auteur\":\"Femme Actuelle\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"economie-matin\":{\"nom\":\"\u00c9conomie Matin\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Nouveau bail 2026 : ce que les propri\u00e9taires doivent anticiper d\u00e8s maintenant\",\"date\":\"2026-09-10\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.economiematin.fr\/bail-nouveau-2026-proprietaires-anticiper\",\"citation\":\"Sur le d\u00e9cret n\u00b0 2026-596 du 7 juillet 2026, l'article renvoie \u00e0 l'analyse publi\u00e9e par le cabinet.\",\"auteur\":\"\u00c9conomie Matin\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"la-voix-du-nord\":{\"nom\":\"La Voix du Nord\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Que risquent les personnes qui ach\u00e8tent des objets vol\u00e9s le 17 octobre ?\",\"date\":\"2026-10-19\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.lavoixdunord.fr\/1747700\/article\/2026-10-19\/que-risquent-les-personnes-qui-achetent-des-objets-voles-le-17-octobre\",\"citation\":\"L\u2019infraction suppose la connaissance de l\u2019origine : savoir que l\u2019objet provient d\u2019un vol.\",\"auteur\":\"Me Hassan Kohen\"}]},\"sortir-a-paris\":{\"nom\":\"Sortir \u00e0 Paris\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Manifestation du 24 octobre \u00e0 Paris : parcours, nouvelles stations ferm\u00e9es, les 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l\u2019obligation de d\u00e9livrer un logement d\u00e9cent pendant toute la dur\u00e9e du bail et l\u2019ordonnance du tribunal judiciaire de B\u00e9ziers du 31 mars 2026 sur une climatisation install\u00e9e sans autorisation.\",\"auteur\":\"Science \\u0026 Vie\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"frandroid\":{\"nom\":\"Frandroid\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Fin de Rakuten France : comment r\u00e9cup\u00e9rer vos factures, vos garanties et vos points Club R\",\"date\":\"2026-09-30\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.frandroid.com\/culture-tech\/web\/3266559_fin-de-rakuten-france-comment-recuperer-vos-factures-vos-garanties-et-vos-points-club-r\",\"citation\":\"Le cabinet Kohen Avocats leur conseille de retirer cet argent et de t\u00e9l\u00e9charger tout leur historique avant le 10 novembre.\",\"auteur\":\"Frandroid\",\"paraphrase\":true},{\"titre\":\"Goutte-\u00e0-goutte et inondation : que faire quand la climatisation du voisin ruine votre terrasse ?\",\"date\":\"2026-07-28\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.frandroid.com\/produits-android\/maison-connectee\/climatiseur\/3196305_goutte-a-goutte-et-inondation-que-faire-quand-la-climatisation-du-voisin-ruine-votre-terrasse\",\"citation\":\"L\u2019article renvoie \u00e0 la grille de lecture juridique publi\u00e9e par le cabinet sur les condensats de climatisation en copropri\u00e9t\u00e9.\",\"auteur\":\"Frandroid\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"magicmaman\":{\"nom\":\"Magicmaman\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Vous vivez en immeuble et vous n\u2019avez toujours pas de chauffage cet automne ? Voil\u00e0 pourquoi\",\"date\":\"2026-10-25\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.magicmaman.com\/vous-vivez-en-immeuble-et-vous-n-avez-toujours-pas-de-chauffage-cet-automne-voila-pourquoi,3787269.asp\",\"citation\":\"Cette date nationale n\u2019existe pas. La loi ne fixe pas un calendrier d\u2019allumage commun \u00e0 tous les immeubles.\",\"auteur\":\"Cabinet Kohen Avocats\"}]},\"next\":{\"nom\":\"Next\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Fin de Bloctel, interdiction du d\u00e9marchage d\u00e8s le 11 ao\u00fbt : on fait le point\",\"date\":\"2026-08-04\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/next.ink\/249950\/fin-de-bloctel-interdiction-du-demarchage-des-le-11-aout-on-fait-le-point\/\",\"citation\":\"Selon le cabinet Kohen Avocats, les jurisprudences dans ce secteur devraient \u00ab \u00e9clairer la port\u00e9e du futur r\u00e9gime \u00bb.\",\"auteur\":\"Next\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"actu-juridique\":{\"nom\":\"Actu-Juridique\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Magistrature et franc-ma\u00e7onnerie : que dit le droit ?\",\"date\":\"2026-09-22\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.actu-juridique.fr\/professions\/magistrats\/magistrature-et-franc-maconnerie-stupeur-et-evitements\/\",\"citation\":\"L\u2019article cite en r\u00e9f\u00e9rence l\u2019analyse de Ma\u00eetre Hassan Kohen, avocat en droit p\u00e9nal \u00e0 Paris, sur l\u2019avis du Coll\u00e8ge de d\u00e9ontologie du 9 juin 2026.\",\"auteur\":\"Actu-Juridique\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"batiweb\":{\"nom\":\"Batiweb\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Mayotte : Lecornu veut un \u00ab choc de mises en chantier \u00bb\",\"date\":\"2026-08-27\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.batiweb.com\/actualites\/urbanisme\/reconstruction-mayotte-lecornu-choc-mises-chantier-49208\",\"citation\":\"Sur les autorisations d\u2019urbanisme n\u00e9cessaires \u00e0 la reconstruction de Mayotte, l\u2019article cite les explications de Me Reda Kohen.\",\"auteur\":\"Batiweb\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"berliner-zeitung\":{\"nom\":\"Berliner Zeitung\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Null Euro Miete, daf\u00fcr Quizabende mit Rentnern: Wie eine 18-J\u00e4hrige ins Seniorenheim zog\",\"date\":\"2026-09-21\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.berliner-zeitung.de\/article\/null-euro-miete-dafuer-quizabende-mit-rentnern-wie-eine-18-jaehrige-ins-seniorenheim-zog-10414380\",\"citation\":\"Der Pariser Anwalt Reda Kohen ordnet das Modell als Gebrauchsleihe ein: Die Wohnung wird \u00fcberlassen, nicht vermietet.\",\"auteur\":\"Berliner Zeitung\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"startupitalia\":{\"nom\":\"StartupItalia\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Quasi 13 miliardi di dollari di Nvidia per la sconosciuta Hugging Face. 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if(e.key==='ArrowLeft'&&actuel>0){e.preventDefault();aller(actuel-1);}});\ns.querySelectorAll('button.knp__logo').forEach(function(b){b.addEventListener('click',function(e){ouvrir(b,e.detail===0&&b.tabIndex>=0);});});\n}\ndocument.querySelectorAll('.knp').forEach(lier);\n})();\n<\/script>\n<\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"kcv-tabs\" id=\"kcv-cabinet\" aria-label=\"Information technology lawyer in Paris\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-in\">\n    <div class=\"kcv-tabs-head\">\n      <p class=\"kk\">Kohen Avocats, Paris 17<\/p>\n      <h2>SMEs and IT providers: <em>what the court looks at first<\/em><\/h2>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcv-bar\"><div class=\"kcv-chips\" role=\"tablist\" aria-label=\"Case sections\"><button class=\"kcv-chip-t on\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-avocat\" aria-controls=\"kcv-avocat\" aria-selected=\"true\" tabindex=\"0\">The lawyer<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p1\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p1\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The rules<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p2\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p2\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Your documents<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p3\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p3\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The method<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p4\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p4\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The timetable<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p5\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p5\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The checks<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-synthese\" aria-controls=\"kcv-synthese\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Summary<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-faq\" aria-controls=\"kcv-faq\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Questions<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-textes\" aria-controls=\"kcv-textes\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Legal texts<\/button><\/div><\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcv-track\"><div class=\"kcv-slide kcv-on\" id=\"kcv-avocat\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-avocat\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<div class=\"kcv-pro\">\n  <figure class=\"kcv-pro-photo\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" src=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/kohen-footer\/portrait-reda-20260920-lignes-orange.jpg\" alt=\"Reda Kohen, lawyer at the Paris Bar\" width=\"1122\" height=\"1402\" loading=\"eager\" decoding=\"async\">\n    <figcaption class=\"kcv-pro-cap kcv-glass\"><span class=\"kcv-pro-capn\">Reda Kohen<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pro-capr\">Lawyer at the Paris Bar<\/span><\/figcaption>\n  <\/figure>\n  <div class=\"kcv-pro-body\">\n    <p class=\"kk\">Digital law \u00b7 Paris 17th<\/p>\n    <h2>What an <em>information technology lawyer<\/em> in Paris does<\/h2>\n    <ul class=\"kcv-pro-tags\"><li>Paris Bar<\/li><li>Digital law<\/li><li>IT contracts and disputes<\/li><\/ul>\n    <p class=\"kcv-p\">Reda Kohen, lawyer (avocat) at the Paris Bar, can act for the client company in its dealings with a managed service provider, an integrator, an online software publisher or a maintenance provider.<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-p\">An SME often entrusts its entire information system to a single provider, on the strength of a quotation and general terms it has not negotiated. The day the server goes down or the data disappears, the question becomes simple: what did the provider promise, and what did it do?<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-p\">The firm examines the contractual documents, the professional's duty to advise, the cooperation expected of the client and the clauses that limit compensation. It then distinguishes what calls for negotiation, for an urgent measure before the urgent applications judge (juge des r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9s), or for a liability claim.<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-p\">Send what you have, even if incomplete: the firm will prioritise and complete the file with you. In an emergency, call <a href=\"tel:+33646605822\">06 46 60 58 22<\/a>.<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-pro-meta\"><a href=\"https:\/\/consultation.avocat.fr\/avocat-paris\/reda-kohen-54670.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Official profile in the directory of French lawyers (CNB)<\/a><span>Firm at 11 rue Margueritte, 75017 Paris<\/span><\/p>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-cards\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-card\"><h3>What was promised<\/h3><p>The quotation, purchase order, general terms, service level annex and preliminary correspondence set the real extent of the provider's obligations.<\/p><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-card\"><h3>The client's share<\/h3><p>The way needs were expressed, the response to the provider's requests and the reporting of incidents all weigh on how responsibility is shared.<\/p><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-card\"><h3>The company's data<\/h3><p>Backup, security, access codes and return of data at the end of the contract determine business continuity and the exit from the provider.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p1\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The rules<\/p>\n<h2>The rules governing <em>the relationship with the provider<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">Five rules to check in the relationship with the provider.<\/p>\n<ol class=\"kcv-conds\">\n  <li>Where equipment is leased from a financing company and maintained by another provider, the contracts may form a single whole. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032041200\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032041200\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1186 of the French Civil Code (Code civil)<\/a> makes contracts linked to the one that disappears lapse, if the other party knew of the overall operation. The Court of Cassation holds that, because \u201cconcomitant or successive contracts forming part of an operation that includes a financial lease are interdependent\u201d (our translation), their fates remain linked (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/659e41065537980008846f73\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 10 January 2024, No. 22-20.466, published<\/a>).<\/li>\n  <li>The professional provider must find out about its client's needs and warn it of the risks. The Reims Court of Appeal recalls that \u201cthe duty to advise inherent in any IT supply contract requires the seller to find out about the buyer's needs and to inform the buyer whether the product offered is suited to its intended use\u201d (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/69f19629cdc6046d47ed94d3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CA Reims, ch. civ. et com., 28 April 2026, No. 24\/01502<\/a>). The pre-contractual duty of disclosure under <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032007138\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032007138\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1112-1 of the Civil Code<\/a> remains limited to information that is decisive.<\/li>\n  <li>The client is not passive. In the same case, the court held that \u201cit was incontestably for MISA to define its needs better and to draw up a specification before the contract was concluded\u201d (our translation), and shared liability equally (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/69f19629cdc6046d47ed94d3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CA Reims, 28 April 2026<\/a>). A client who terminates without an established serious breach may even see the contract terminated at its sole fault (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/67416fc4b83a528901d32ce4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CA Paris, p\u00f4le 5 ch. 11, 22 November 2024, No. 21\/08604<\/a>).<\/li>\n  <li>Liability caps are valid between professionals, unless they deprive the essential obligation of its substance (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032041115\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032041115\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1170 of the Civil Code<\/a>) or in the case of gross or wilful misconduct (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032010127\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032010127\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1231-3<\/a>). For a hosting provider bound to 99.5% availability, the Versailles Court of Appeal held that \u201cthere is therefore no reason to deem the clause limiting liability in the general terms unwritten, since it must take full effect\u201d (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/62873372c1d4e9057d612fdd\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CA Versailles, 12e ch., 19 May 2022, No. 20\/05106<\/a>).<\/li>\n  <li>Where a party fails to perform, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000036829854\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000036829854\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1217 of the Civil Code<\/a> gives the client several responses: refusing to pay, reducing the price, requiring performance, terminating the contract and claiming damages. Each has its own conditions. Suspending payment requires a sufficiently serious failure to perform (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032041509\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032041509\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1219<\/a>), and termination by notice requires prior formal notice, except in urgent cases (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032041472\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032041472\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1226<\/a>).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"kcv-callout\"><span class=\"kcv-callout-i\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M9.6 6C6.5 7.4 4.5 10 4.5 13.4V18h6v-6H7.6c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L9.6 6zm9 0c-3.1 1.4-5.1 4-5.1 7.4V18h6v-6h-2.9c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L18.6 6z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><p>The provider's contract is not always the one the SME believes it signed: general terms accepted online, technical annexes and successive quotations combine. Reading them in full comes before any claim.<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p2\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Your documents<\/p>\n<h2>The documents to gather <em>according to the stage<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">Proof of an IT breach is built from dated documents and preserved technical traces.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-duel\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-opt kcv-opt-a\"><p class=\"kcv-opt-k\">Situation A<\/p><p class=\"kcv-opt-t\">You are signing, renewing or changing provider<\/p><ul><li>The quotation, purchase order, general terms and service level annex proposed<\/li><li>A written description of your needs, however brief, and the provider's replies<\/li><li>A list of the data, administrator access and licences to be recovered at the end of the contract<\/li><li>The equipment lease and the maintenance contract, if they are separate<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-or\" aria-hidden=\"true\">or<\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-opt kcv-opt-b\"><p class=\"kcv-opt-k\">Situation B<\/p><p class=\"kcv-opt-t\">An incident or a disagreement is under way<\/p><ul><li>Tickets, emails and intervention reports, in chronological order<\/li><li>Logs, backup reports, security alerts and the report of any expert<\/li><li>Invoices paid or disputed, reminders and formal notices exchanged<\/li><li>Figures quantifying the interruption of business: hours lost, missed orders, restoration costs<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-callout\"><span class=\"kcv-callout-i\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M9.6 6C6.5 7.4 4.5 10 4.5 13.4V18h6v-6H7.6c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L9.6 6zm9 0c-3.1 1.4-5.1 4-5.1 7.4V18h6v-6h-2.9c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L18.6 6z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><p>Ask the provider in writing to preserve the logs and backups from the moment of the incident, and have the state of the system recorded before any reinstallation or migration.<\/p><\/div>\n<p class=\"kcv-p\">The firm also handles:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"kcv-pro-tags\"><li>IT contracts<\/li><li>IT litigation<\/li><li>Cybersecurity<\/li><li>Personal data<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p3\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The method<\/p>\n<h2>How the firm <em>handles the case<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">Read the contract, establish the facts, then choose between negotiation, urgent application and a full action on the merits.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-rows\">\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 1<\/p><h3>Reconstructing the contractual framework<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">The firm gathers the quotations, general terms, annexes and correspondence, then identifies the obligations actually promised, the exclusions and the liability caps that really apply.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 2<\/p><h3>Establishing the technical chronology<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">Tickets, logs and reports make it possible to date the incident, identify who had control of the system and measure any share of responsibility on the client's side.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 3<\/p><h3>Protecting business continuity<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">Where the provider withholds access or data, an urgent application may seek the handing over of the access codes and the return of the data before the urgent applications judge.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 4<\/p><h3>Claiming, negotiating or taking action<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">A reasoned formal notice, a price reduction, termination of the contract or a liability action: the route chosen depends on the evidence available and the seriousness of the breach.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-callout\"><span class=\"kcv-callout-i\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M9.6 6C6.5 7.4 4.5 10 4.5 13.4V18h6v-6H7.6c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L9.6 6zm9 0c-3.1 1.4-5.1 4-5.1 7.4V18h6v-6h-2.9c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L18.6 6z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><p>An IT dispute is rarely won on an impression of incompetence. It is won on the demonstrated gap between the written commitment and the service actually provided.<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p4\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The timetable<\/p>\n<h2>The timeline <em>of a dispute with the provider<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">From the incident to the exit from the contract or the court's decision.<\/p>\n<ol class=\"kcv-hs\"><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Incident<\/p><p><strong>The same day.<\/strong> Note the time and the workstations and services affected; open a written ticket and ask for the traces to be preserved.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Statement of commitments<\/p><p>Gather the quotation, the general terms, the service level annex and the correspondence that preceded signature.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Formal notice<\/p><p>Require performance within a reasonable time, stating if necessary that, failing this, the contract may be terminated.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Urgent measures<\/p><p>Where access or data is withheld, the urgent applications judge may order the handing over of the codes and reversibility.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Expert assessment<\/p><p>If the cause is disputed, an investigative measure may be requested before any proceedings, where there is a legitimate reason and the envisaged action is not manifestly doomed to fail.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Exit or judgment<\/p><p>Settlement agreement, termination, price reduction or an order to pay damages, depending on the evidence and the applicable clauses.<\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p5\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The checks<\/p>\n<h2>What the firm checks <em>before any claim<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">A claim against an IT provider rests on documents, not on a feeling.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-split\">\n  <ul class=\"kcv-check\"><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Enforceable contractual documents: signed quotation, accepted general terms, technical annexes and successive amendments.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Nature of the obligation at issue: backup, security, availability, delivery deadline or mere assistance.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>The client's role: expression of needs, replies to requests, written reports and payment of invoices.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Sensitive clauses: liability cap, exclusions, term of commitment, termination fee and the fate of the data.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Quantifiable loss: interruption of business, reconstitution of data, restoration costs, each backed by a document.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n  <aside class=\"kcv-act\">\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-k\">Case documents<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-t\">Send what you have, even if incomplete<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-p\">Submit your documents through the confidential form at the top of the page: the firm will prioritise and complete the file with you.<\/p>\n    <div class=\"kcv-act-b\"><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kch-form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n  <\/aside>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-synthese\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-synthese\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Summary<\/p>\n<h2>Situation, evidence, <em>first decision<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">Six frequent situations for a client company, and the priority that emerges from each.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-rows\">\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Ransomware on a set of equipment maintained by a provider<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Incident report, server configuration, updates, firewall and the scope entrusted to the provider.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Timing:<\/strong> Preserve the traces before the system is rebuilt.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Look for a breach of the duty to advise or of security obligations, then for the client's share of responsibility.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>No backups at the time of the breakdown<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Maintenance contract, backup reports, and who received and checked them.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Timing:<\/strong> Freeze the reports and the state of the storage media as soon as the problem is discovered.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Claim compensation for the cost of reconstitution and the interruption of business.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Software package or website delivered late or incomplete<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Schedule, project steering minutes, acceptance test records and written requests left unanswered.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Timing:<\/strong> Do not sign an unqualified acceptance for a non-conforming deliverable.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Formal notice, then price reduction or termination depending on the seriousness of the breach.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Leased equipment whose maintenance has ceased<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Lease agreement, maintenance contract, delivery note and material linking the contracts to a single operation.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Timing:<\/strong> Act before the lessor demands the termination fee.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Rely on the interdependence of the contracts and the lapse of the lease.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Change of managed service provider blocked<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> List of administrator access, hosted data, requests for return and the provider's refusals.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Timing:<\/strong> Plan the return of data before the contract end date.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Formal notice, then an urgent application for the handing over of the codes and reversibility.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Provider in judicial reorganisation or liquidation<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Judgment opening the proceedings, contracts in progress, pre-existing debts and material on the continuity of the service.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Timing:<\/strong> Ask the administrator or liquidator whether the contract will continue.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Formal notice to take a position, and filing of the claim.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-faq\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-faq\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Frequently asked questions<\/p>\n<h2>Your questions: <em>SMEs and IT providers<\/em><\/h2>\n<div class=\"kcv-faqgrid\">\n  <aside class=\"kcv-act kcv-act-sticky\">\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-k\">13 questions<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-t\">A situation not listed here?<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-p\">Every case has its own features. The firm reads your documents before answering you.<\/p>\n    <div class=\"kcv-act-b\"><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kch-form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n  <\/aside>\n  <div class=\"kcv-faq\"><details><summary>When does an SME consult a lawyer about its IT provider?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Most often after an event that interrupts business: a server out of service, ransomware, data loss, software delivered unusable or a managed service provider that refuses to hand over access. Other cases begin earlier, when signing a quotation, renewing a maintenance contract or changing provider. In every case, the first question concerns the documents: what do the quotation, the general terms, the service level annex and the preliminary correspondence contain? The second concerns the facts: who administered the system, who received the alerts, who was responsible for backups? The remedies for non-performance are listed in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000036829854\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000036829854\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1217 of the French Civil Code (Code civil)<\/a>, but the choice among them depends on the evidence available and the seriousness of the breach. The firm can examine these elements, draft a formal notice, negotiate an orderly exit or bring the matter before the court. Drafting and negotiating clauses are covered on the page on IT contracts, and the conduct of proceedings after a failed project on the page on IT litigation.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Was the provider required to warn us of the risks of the solution it installed?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Yes, to an extent that depends on the client's own competence. The professional must find out about the company's needs and inform it whether the proposed solution is suitable. The Reims Court of Appeal held that it was for the provider, \u201cif it considered itself insufficiently informed, to refuse to commit, to enter reservations or to invite the client to specify its needs\u201d (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/69f19629cdc6046d47ed94d3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CA Reims, 28 April 2026, No. 24\/01502<\/a>). In that case, an SME without in-depth IT skills had suffered a ransomware attack after an installation carried out by the provider; the court found a breach of the duty to advise. It nevertheless left half of the loss with the client, for lack of a specification and of sufficient information given to the provider. The pre-contractual duty of disclosure under <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032007138\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032007138\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1112-1 of the Civil Code<\/a> also has its limits: the Court of Cassation holds that \u201cthe pre-contractual duty of disclosure covers only information that has a direct and necessary link with the content of the contract or the capacity of the parties, and whose importance is decisive for the other party's consent\u201d (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/68242dc1eaabb276d1616de9\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 14 May 2025, No. 23-17.948, published<\/a>). It is therefore necessary to show what information was missing and why it would have changed the decision.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>If there is no specification, does the client company lose all remedies?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>No, but the absence of a specification changes the discussion. The court then looks at whether the provider itself analysed the needs and supported its lay client. In a case concerning enterprise management software, the Paris Court of Appeal noted that \u201cWhile the absence of a specification cannot be held against Avenir D\u00e9construction, a layperson\u201d (our translation), the analysis days provided for and the exchanges showed that the provider had performed its obligation (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/67416fc4b83a528901d32ce4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CA Paris, p\u00f4le 5 ch. 11, 22 November 2024, No. 21\/08604<\/a>). The outcome went against the client: no serious breach having been shown, its termination was held wrongful and the contract was terminated at its sole fault, with payment of the sums due. Conversely, the Reims Court of Appeal found liable a provider that had not asked its client about its security needs, while sharing the loss equally (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/69f19629cdc6046d47ed94d3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CA Reims, 28 April 2026<\/a>). These decisions show that a case is decided on the real exchanges: the provider's requests, the client's replies, meeting minutes and alerts raised in writing. The firm reconstructs this thread before assessing the SME's position.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>After a ransomware attack, must the maintenance provider compensate the company?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Its liability depends on the scope entrusted to it. If the contract made it responsible for administering and securing the system, a flaw attributable to its intervention may engage its contractual liability under <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032010123\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032010123\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1231-1 of the Civil Code<\/a>. The Paris economic activities court (tribunal des activit\u00e9s \u00e9conomiques) thus ordered a provider that, according to the judgment, \u201cwas responsible for setting up and maintaining the IT systems and was required to ensure their security\u201d (our translation), to pay damages after an intrusion made possible by an overlooked filter (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/69cf44a7cdc6046d47f01435\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">TAE Paris, ch. 1-3, 8 October 2025, No. 2024005541<\/a>). This first-instance decision remains tied to its facts, notably the provider's written admission. Where the client itself contributed to the loss, for example by not expressing its security needs, liability may be shared, as the Reims Court of Appeal did. If the provider processes personal data on the company's behalf, it is a processor within the meaning of <a href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/FR\/TXT\/?uri=CELEX:32016R0679\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Regulation (EU) 2016\/679<\/a> and must in particular comply with the security obligations in Articles 28 and 32. The firm begins by establishing the scope entrusted, the timeline of the attack and the technical report available.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>The backups had stopped working: who bears the loss of the data?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Whoever was actually responsible for them, which the contract and the parties' practice allow to be established. A clause giving the client the daily checking of backups does not settle everything. The La Roche-sur-Yon commercial court held such a clause unenforceable, as it appeared in a draft contract that was never signed, and found that practice confirmed that the provider was responsible, noting that the client's staff \u201cwere neither competent, nor trained, nor involved in the management of backups\u201d (our translation); it held the provider fully liable (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/69e56370cdc6046d47d78d60\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">T. com. La Roche-sur-Yon, 14 January 2025, No. 2023005634<\/a>). The technician had disconnected the backups for tests and was the only one to receive the daily reports. A separate case concerns the erasure of backups on termination in 2023. The Paris Court of Appeal held that the action of a company whose data had been deleted on termination was manifestly doomed to fail, clear clauses having informed it of this deletion, noting that \u201cThe obligation to return intact files referred to in this article binds Nemoxia during the performance of the contract\u201d (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/69d89339cdc6046d47bbe011\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CA Paris, p\u00f4le 1 ch. 2, 9 April 2026, No. 25\/11299<\/a>). This outcome does not prejudge the data-retrieval obligations that now apply to services falling within the scope of Regulation (EU) 2023\/2854. The firm therefore reads the backup and termination clauses before a contract is ended.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can we stop paying the invoices of a provider that is not performing its obligations?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>It is possible, but risky if the non-performance cannot be shown. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032041509\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032041509\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1219 of the Civil Code<\/a> allows a party to refuse to perform its own obligation where the other party fails to perform theirs and the failure is sufficiently serious. The burden of proving that seriousness lies on the party that suspends payment. The Rennes Court of Appeal recalled this to a catering business that complained of malfunctions by its till and software supplier: it had signed the last acceptance record without reservation and \u201cshows no detailed request for intervention, as provided for in the contract\u201d; the court concluded that \u201cConsequently, the defence of non-performance is not justified\u201d (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/68c107552c4c0c4e691e3f8a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CA Rennes, 3e ch. com., 9 September 2025, No. 24\/03931<\/a>). The client was ordered to pay the invoices with interest. Another route exists for a poorly performed service: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000036829848\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000036829848\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1223<\/a> allows, after formal notice and if the price has not yet been paid in full, a proportionate price reduction to be notified as soon as possible; after payment, failing agreement, the reduction is sought from the court. The firm first checks the written reports, the unanswered tickets and the acceptance records signed, then chooses between suspension, reduction or termination.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>How can we end the contract without waiting for a court decision?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>By termination by notice, which requires a sufficiently serious failure to perform (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032041482\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032041482\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1224 of the Civil Code<\/a>). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032041472\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032041472\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1226<\/a> sets out the procedure: prior formal notice, except in urgent cases, stating that failing performance within a reasonable time the contract may be terminated; then notification of the termination and of its reasons. The provider may challenge it before the court, and it is then for the client to prove the seriousness of the breach. For contracts concluded before 1 October 2016, the Court of Cassation also accepts that a party may end the contract at its own risk because of the other's serious conduct, and specifies that \u201cIn the event of a dispute, it is for the party that ended the contract to prove such conduct\u201d (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/655dad0f61e1628318b37aa4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 22 November 2023, No. 22-16.514, published<\/a>). The risk is real: an ill-founded termination turns against the client, as in the case decided by the Paris Court of Appeal on 22 November 2024, where the contract was terminated at the sole fault of the company. The firm therefore prepares the formal notice, preserves proof that the breach continues and arranges the resumption of the service before notification.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can the liability cap in the contract be set aside?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>In specific cases, which the courts apply strictly. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032010127\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032010127\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1231-3 of the Civil Code<\/a> limits damages to foreseeable loss, except in the case of gross or wilful misconduct, and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032041115\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032041115\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1170<\/a> deems unwritten any clause that deprives the essential obligation of its substance. The Paris Court of Appeal recalls that \u201cOnly a clause limiting compensation that contradicts the scope of the essential obligation undertaken by the debtor is deemed unwritten\u201d and that \u201cclauses limiting liability or compensation may be set aside only in the case of fraud or gross misconduct\u201d (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/656ad81bb223df8318011098\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CA Paris, p\u00f4le 5 ch. 11, 1 December 2023, No. 21\/06139<\/a>). In that case, the compensation of a company that was a client of an operator was reduced to the amount invoiced over six months. For a standard-form contract, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000036829836\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000036829836\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1171<\/a> also allows a non-negotiable clause creating a significant imbalance to be set aside. Between commercial partners, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000054716237\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000054716237\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 442-1 of the Commercial Code (Code de commerce)<\/a> penalises submitting or attempting to submit the other party to obligations creating a significant imbalance, and the Court of Cassation specifies that \u201cThe assessment of a significant imbalance requires a concrete analysis of the overall economy of the contract\u201d (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/67bebe4eab77563075a59388\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 26 February 2025, No. 23-20.225, published<\/a>). The best protection remains negotiating the cap before signature.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>The equipment is leased from a financing company: what happens to the rent if maintenance ceases?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>An SME that leases its copiers, servers or workstations from a financing company, while another provider supplies the maintenance or services, is often caught between two contracts. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032041200\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032041200\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1186 of the Civil Code<\/a> provides that, where several contracts are necessary for a single operation, the disappearance of one makes those that depended on it lapse, if the other party knew of the overall operation. The Court of Cassation draws a clear rule from this for operations including a financial lease: \u201cIn contracts forming an operation that includes a financial lease, clauses that are irreconcilable with this interdependence are deemed unwritten\u201d (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/659e41065537980008846f73\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 10 January 2024, No. 22-20.466, published<\/a>). In that case, the lessor had obtained termination at the tenant's fault by relying on a clause requiring the tenant to find a new maintenance provider alone; the judgment was quashed in the tenant's favour. The outcome nevertheless depends on proof that the contracts belonged to the same operation; in the configuration decided, the Court inferred from the contract's inclusion in an operation comprising a financial lease that the lessor necessarily knew of the overall operation. The firm gathers the purchase orders, the delivery records and the correspondence between the supplier and the lessor before answering a claim for a termination fee.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>How can we recover our data and access when changing managed service provider or online software?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>First through the contract, then through the court if the provider blocks the transition. The urgent applications judge may prescribe the measures needed to put an end to a manifestly unlawful disturbance, even where there is a serious dispute, and order performance of an obligation to act whose existence is not seriously contestable (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006411463\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006411463\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 873 of the Code of Civil Procedure<\/a>). The Marseille economic activities court held that \u201creversibility is necessary for the client (user of the software or system covered by the contract) so that it can resume, at the end of the contract, the use of the data\u201d, and that \u201cthe absence of reversibility of IT data causes a manifestly unlawful disturbance\u201d (our translation); it ordered full reversibility and the handing over of the administrator codes (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/69a44422cdc6046d472591bb\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">TAE Marseille, ord. r\u00e9f., 17 June 2025, No. 2025R00202<\/a>). For data processing services, notably cloud services, <a href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/FR\/TXT\/?uri=CELEX:32023R2854\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Regulation (EU) 2023\/2854<\/a>, applicable since 12 September 2025, requires in Article 25 a switching notice of no more than two months, a transition period of thirty calendar days in principle, extended to a maximum of seven months where technically unfeasible for stated reasons, then a data retrieval period of at least thirty calendar days. Its Article 29 limits switching charges to direct costs until 12 January 2027 and then prohibits them, with exceptions for custom-built services (Article 31). The firm draws up the list of data and access to be obtained before the exit date.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Our provider has been placed in judicial reorganisation or liquidation: what should we do?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The judgment opening the proceedings does not end current contracts. Under <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000028723946\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000028723946\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 622-13 of the Commercial Code<\/a>, applicable to reorganisation by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000044052869\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000044052869\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 631-14<\/a>, where an administrator is appointed, only the administrator may require the contract to continue, and the client must keep performing its own obligations. Where there is no administrator, the debtor exercises this option after the binding opinion of the creditors' representative (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000019984150\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000019984150\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 627-2<\/a>). The client may send the administrator a formal notice to take a position: if there is no reply for more than one month, the contract is terminated by operation of law, subject to a different period set by the supervisory judge. In liquidation, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000019984326\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000019984326\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 641-11-1<\/a> applies the same mechanism to the liquidator. For an SME whose business depends on hosting or maintenance, the stakes are twofold: keeping the service during the transition and recovering its data before the failing company stops trading. Sums already paid for services not provided are a matter for filing a claim in the insolvent estate. The firm can act to question the administrator or liquidator, prepare the formal notice, arrange the return of data and check the filing of claims. Source code deposited with a third party, if provided for in the contract, must also be claimed under the terms of the deposit.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Is a court-appointed expert assessment needed before suing the provider?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Often, where the technical cause of the incident is disputed. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000051869339\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000051869339\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 145 of the Code of Civil Procedure<\/a> allows an investigative measure to be requested before any proceedings if there is a legitimate reason to preserve or establish the evidence of facts on which the outcome of the dispute may depend. The judge does not order the measure automatically. The Paris Court of Appeal recalls that the applicant must \u201cshow that the potential dispute is not manifestly doomed to fail and that the measure is likely to improve the applicant's evidential position\u201d (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/69d89339cdc6046d47bbe011\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CA Paris, p\u00f4le 1 ch. 2, 9 April 2026, No. 25\/11299<\/a>). In that case, the expert assessment was refused to a company whose data had been erased on termination, because the general terms provided for this deletion. The decision illustrates a common trap: the urgent applications judge reads the clear clauses of the contract before ordering an expert assessment. The firm therefore checks the provisions on backup, return of data and liability, then prepares a request for an expert assessment targeted at the technical points genuinely in dispute: the origin of the breakdown, the security configuration, the state of the backups or the conformity of the deliverable.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Within what time must the company act against its IT provider?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Obligations arising from trade between traders, or between a trader and a non-trader, are subject to a five-year limitation period, unless a shorter special limitation period applies (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000027725867\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000027725867\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 110-4 of the Commercial Code<\/a>). The general law provides for the same period, running from the day the right holder knew or should have known the facts enabling them to act (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000019017112\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000019017112\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 2224 of the Civil Code<\/a>). The starting point is therefore not always the date of signature: it may be the discovery of a malfunction, of a data loss or of a failed restoration. This five-year period should not obscure shorter and more practical deadlines. Technical logs are often overwritten after a few weeks, hosted data may be erased at the end of the contract, and an acceptance record signed without reservation makes it harder to challenge a deliverable. The time limits specific to insolvency proceedings against the provider add to this calendar. The firm establishes the timeline, identifies the basis of the action and checks the applicable period before any formal notice. It recommends acting on the evidence from the moment of the incident, even if the decision to go to court comes later.<\/p><\/div><\/details><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-textes\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-textes\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Sources and related pages<\/p>\n<h2>Official texts and <em>related pages<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">The sources for this page and the firm's related areas of practice.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-arts\"><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032007138\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032007138\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article 1112-1 of the Civil Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">pre-contractual duty of disclosure<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032041115\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032041115\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article 1170 of the Civil Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">clause depriving the essential obligation of its substance<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000036829836\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000036829836\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article 1171 of the Civil Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">significant imbalance in a standard-form contract<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032041200\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032041200\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article 1186 of the Civil Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">lapse of interdependent contracts<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000036829854\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000036829854\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article 1217 of the Civil Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">remedies for non-performance<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032041509\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032041509\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article 1219 of the Civil Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">defence of non-performance<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000036829848\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000036829848\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article 1223 of the Civil Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">price reduction<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032041472\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032041472\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article 1226 of the Civil Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">termination by notice<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032010127\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032010127\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article 1231-3 of the Civil Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">foreseeable loss, gross or wilful misconduct<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000054716237\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000054716237\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 442-1 of the Commercial Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">significant imbalance between commercial partners<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000028723946\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000028723946\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 622-13 of the Commercial Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">current contracts in insolvency proceedings<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000051869339\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000051869339\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article 145 of the Code of Civil Procedure<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">investigative measure before any proceedings<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art\" href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/FR\/TXT\/?uri=CELEX:32023R2854\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Regulation (EU) 2023\/2854<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">switching between data processing service providers, Articles 25, 29 and 31<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art\" href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/FR\/TXT\/?uri=CELEX:32016R0679\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Regulation (EU) 2016\/679<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">processor obligations, Articles 28 and 32<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<h3 class=\"kcv-center\">Further reading<\/h3>\n<div class=\"kcv-pgs\"><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/digital-law-lawyer-paris\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Digital law<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">Practice area<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/it-contract-lawyer-paris\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">IT contracts<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">Practice area<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/it-litigation-lawyer-paris\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">IT litigation<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">Practice area<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/cybersecurity-lawyer-paris\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Cybersecurity<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">Practice area<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/gdpr-lawyer-paris\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">GDPR and personal data<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">Practice area<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<p class=\"kcv-small kcv-center\">Page updated on 1 November 2026.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"kcv-cta\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-in\">\n    <div class=\"kcv-cta-card\">\n      <h2>A dispute with your IT provider? <em>Review the documents with the firm<\/em>.<\/h2>\n      <p>Send the quotation, the general terms, the invoices and the correspondence relating to the incident: the firm examines the provider's commitments, the company's share of responsibility and the proportionate response.<\/p>\n      <div class=\"kcv-btns\">\n        <a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a>\n        <a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kch-form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n<div class=\"kcv-news-band\"><h2>The latest <em>news.<\/em><\/h2><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\", \"@type\": \"FAQPage\", \"mainEntity\": [{\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"When does an SME consult a lawyer about its IT provider?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Most often after an event that interrupts business: a server out of service, ransomware, data loss, software delivered unusable or a managed service provider that refuses to hand over access. Other cases begin earlier, when signing a quotation, renewing a maintenance contract or changing provider. In every case, the first question concerns the documents: what do the quotation, the general terms, the service level annex and the preliminary correspondence contain? The second concerns the facts: who administered the system, who received the alerts, who was responsible for backups? The remedies for non-performance are listed in Article 1217 of the French Civil Code (Code civil), but the choice among them depends on the evidence available and the seriousness of the breach. The firm can examine these elements, draft a formal notice, negotiate an orderly exit or bring the matter before the court. Drafting and negotiating clauses are covered on the page on IT contracts, and the conduct of proceedings after a failed project on the page on IT litigation.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Was the provider required to warn us of the risks of the solution it installed?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Yes, to an extent that depends on the client's own competence. The professional must find out about the company's needs and inform it whether the proposed solution is suitable. The Reims Court of Appeal held that it was for the provider, \u201cif it considered itself insufficiently informed, to refuse to commit, to enter reservations or to invite the client to specify its needs\u201d (our translation) (CA Reims, 28 April 2026, No. 24\/01502). In that case, an SME without in-depth IT skills had suffered a ransomware attack after an installation carried out by the provider; the court found a breach of the duty to advise. It nevertheless left half of the loss with the client, for lack of a specification and of sufficient information given to the provider. The pre-contractual duty of disclosure under Article 1112-1 of the Civil Code also has its limits: the Court of Cassation holds that \u201cthe pre-contractual duty of disclosure covers only information that has a direct and necessary link with the content of the contract or the capacity of the parties, and whose importance is decisive for the other party's consent\u201d (our translation) (Cass. com., 14 May 2025, No. 23-17.948, published). It is therefore necessary to show what information was missing and why it would have changed the decision.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"If there is no specification, does the client company lose all remedies?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"No, but the absence of a specification changes the discussion. The court then looks at whether the provider itself analysed the needs and supported its lay client. In a case concerning enterprise management software, the Paris Court of Appeal noted that \u201cWhile the absence of a specification cannot be held against Avenir D\u00e9construction, a layperson\u201d (our translation), the analysis days provided for and the exchanges showed that the provider had performed its obligation (CA Paris, p\u00f4le 5 ch. 11, 22 November 2024, No. 21\/08604). The outcome went against the client: no serious breach having been shown, its termination was held wrongful and the contract was terminated at its sole fault, with payment of the sums due. Conversely, the Reims Court of Appeal found liable a provider that had not asked its client about its security needs, while sharing the loss equally (CA Reims, 28 April 2026). These decisions show that a case is decided on the real exchanges: the provider's requests, the client's replies, meeting minutes and alerts raised in writing. The firm reconstructs this thread before assessing the SME's position.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"After a ransomware attack, must the maintenance provider compensate the company?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Its liability depends on the scope entrusted to it. If the contract made it responsible for administering and securing the system, a flaw attributable to its intervention may engage its contractual liability under Article 1231-1 of the Civil Code. The Paris economic activities court (tribunal des activit\u00e9s \u00e9conomiques) thus ordered a provider that, according to the judgment, \u201cwas responsible for setting up and maintaining the IT systems and was required to ensure their security\u201d (our translation), to pay damages after an intrusion made possible by an overlooked filter (TAE Paris, ch. 1-3, 8 October 2025, No. 2024005541). This first-instance decision remains tied to its facts, notably the provider's written admission. Where the client itself contributed to the loss, for example by not expressing its security needs, liability may be shared, as the Reims Court of Appeal did. If the provider processes personal data on the company's behalf, it is a processor within the meaning of Regulation (EU) 2016\/679 and must in particular comply with the security obligations in Articles 28 and 32. The firm begins by establishing the scope entrusted, the timeline of the attack and the technical report available.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"The backups had stopped working: who bears the loss of the data?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Whoever was actually responsible for them, which the contract and the parties' practice allow to be established. A clause giving the client the daily checking of backups does not settle everything. The La Roche-sur-Yon commercial court held such a clause unenforceable, as it appeared in a draft contract that was never signed, and found that practice confirmed that the provider was responsible, noting that the client's staff \u201cwere neither competent, nor trained, nor involved in the management of backups\u201d (our translation); it held the provider fully liable (T. com. La Roche-sur-Yon, 14 January 2025, No. 2023005634). The technician had disconnected the backups for tests and was the only one to receive the daily reports. A separate case concerns the erasure of backups on termination in 2023. The Paris Court of Appeal held that the action of a company whose data had been deleted on termination was manifestly doomed to fail, clear clauses having informed it of this deletion, noting that \u201cThe obligation to return intact files referred to in this article binds Nemoxia during the performance of the contract\u201d (our translation) (CA Paris, p\u00f4le 1 ch. 2, 9 April 2026, No. 25\/11299). This outcome does not prejudge the data-retrieval obligations that now apply to services falling within the scope of Regulation (EU) 2023\/2854. The firm therefore reads the backup and termination clauses before a contract is ended.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Can we stop paying the invoices of a provider that is not performing its obligations?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"It is possible, but risky if the non-performance cannot be shown. Article 1219 of the Civil Code allows a party to refuse to perform its own obligation where the other party fails to perform theirs and the failure is sufficiently serious. The burden of proving that seriousness lies on the party that suspends payment. The Rennes Court of Appeal recalled this to a catering business that complained of malfunctions by its till and software supplier: it had signed the last acceptance record without reservation and \u201cshows no detailed request for intervention, as provided for in the contract\u201d; the court concluded that \u201cConsequently, the defence of non-performance is not justified\u201d (our translation) (CA Rennes, 3e ch. com., 9 September 2025, No. 24\/03931). The client was ordered to pay the invoices with interest. Another route exists for a poorly performed service: Article 1223 allows, after formal notice and if the price has not yet been paid in full, a proportionate price reduction to be notified as soon as possible; after payment, failing agreement, the reduction is sought from the court. The firm first checks the written reports, the unanswered tickets and the acceptance records signed, then chooses between suspension, reduction or termination.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"How can we end the contract without waiting for a court decision?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"By termination by notice, which requires a sufficiently serious failure to perform (Article 1224 of the Civil Code). Article 1226 sets out the procedure: prior formal notice, except in urgent cases, stating that failing performance within a reasonable time the contract may be terminated; then notification of the termination and of its reasons. The provider may challenge it before the court, and it is then for the client to prove the seriousness of the breach. For contracts concluded before 1 October 2016, the Court of Cassation also accepts that a party may end the contract at its own risk because of the other's serious conduct, and specifies that \u201cIn the event of a dispute, it is for the party that ended the contract to prove such conduct\u201d (our translation) (Cass. com., 22 November 2023, No. 22-16.514, published). The risk is real: an ill-founded termination turns against the client, as in the case decided by the Paris Court of Appeal on 22 November 2024, where the contract was terminated at the sole fault of the company. The firm therefore prepares the formal notice, preserves proof that the breach continues and arranges the resumption of the service before notification.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Can the liability cap in the contract be set aside?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"In specific cases, which the courts apply strictly. Article 1231-3 of the Civil Code limits damages to foreseeable loss, except in the case of gross or wilful misconduct, and Article 1170 deems unwritten any clause that deprives the essential obligation of its substance. The Paris Court of Appeal recalls that \u201cOnly a clause limiting compensation that contradicts the scope of the essential obligation undertaken by the debtor is deemed unwritten\u201d and that \u201cclauses limiting liability or compensation may be set aside only in the case of fraud or gross misconduct\u201d (our translation) (CA Paris, p\u00f4le 5 ch. 11, 1 December 2023, No. 21\/06139). In that case, the compensation of a company that was a client of an operator was reduced to the amount invoiced over six months. For a standard-form contract, Article 1171 also allows a non-negotiable clause creating a significant imbalance to be set aside. Between commercial partners, Article L. 442-1 of the Commercial Code (Code de commerce) penalises submitting or attempting to submit the other party to obligations creating a significant imbalance, and the Court of Cassation specifies that \u201cThe assessment of a significant imbalance requires a concrete analysis of the overall economy of the contract\u201d (our translation) (Cass. com., 26 February 2025, No. 23-20.225, published). The best protection remains negotiating the cap before signature.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"The equipment is leased from a financing company: what happens to the rent if maintenance ceases?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"An SME that leases its copiers, servers or workstations from a financing company, while another provider supplies the maintenance or services, is often caught between two contracts. Article 1186 of the Civil Code provides that, where several contracts are necessary for a single operation, the disappearance of one makes those that depended on it lapse, if the other party knew of the overall operation. The Court of Cassation draws a clear rule from this for operations including a financial lease: \u201cIn contracts forming an operation that includes a financial lease, clauses that are irreconcilable with this interdependence are deemed unwritten\u201d (our translation) (Cass. com., 10 January 2024, No. 22-20.466, published). In that case, the lessor had obtained termination at the tenant's fault by relying on a clause requiring the tenant to find a new maintenance provider alone; the judgment was quashed in the tenant's favour. The outcome nevertheless depends on proof that the contracts belonged to the same operation; in the configuration decided, the Court inferred from the contract's inclusion in an operation comprising a financial lease that the lessor necessarily knew of the overall operation. The firm gathers the purchase orders, the delivery records and the correspondence between the supplier and the lessor before answering a claim for a termination fee.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"How can we recover our data and access when changing managed service provider or online software?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"First through the contract, then through the court if the provider blocks the transition. The urgent applications judge may prescribe the measures needed to put an end to a manifestly unlawful disturbance, even where there is a serious dispute, and order performance of an obligation to act whose existence is not seriously contestable (Article 873 of the Code of Civil Procedure). The Marseille economic activities court held that \u201creversibility is necessary for the client (user of the software or system covered by the contract) so that it can resume, at the end of the contract, the use of the data\u201d, and that \u201cthe absence of reversibility of IT data causes a manifestly unlawful disturbance\u201d (our translation); it ordered full reversibility and the handing over of the administrator codes (TAE Marseille, ord. r\u00e9f., 17 June 2025, No. 2025R00202). For data processing services, notably cloud services, Regulation (EU) 2023\/2854, applicable since 12 September 2025, requires in Article 25 a switching notice of no more than two months, a transition period of thirty calendar days in principle, extended to a maximum of seven months where technically unfeasible for stated reasons, then a data retrieval period of at least thirty calendar days. Its Article 29 limits switching charges to direct costs until 12 January 2027 and then prohibits them, with exceptions for custom-built services (Article 31). The firm draws up the list of data and access to be obtained before the exit date.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Our provider has been placed in judicial reorganisation or liquidation: what should we do?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The judgment opening the proceedings does not end current contracts. Under Article L. 622-13 of the Commercial Code, applicable to reorganisation by Article L. 631-14, where an administrator is appointed, only the administrator may require the contract to continue, and the client must keep performing its own obligations. Where there is no administrator, the debtor exercises this option after the binding opinion of the creditors' representative (Article L. 627-2). The client may send the administrator a formal notice to take a position: if there is no reply for more than one month, the contract is terminated by operation of law, subject to a different period set by the supervisory judge. In liquidation, Article L. 641-11-1 applies the same mechanism to the liquidator. For an SME whose business depends on hosting or maintenance, the stakes are twofold: keeping the service during the transition and recovering its data before the failing company stops trading. Sums already paid for services not provided are a matter for filing a claim in the insolvent estate. The firm can act to question the administrator or liquidator, prepare the formal notice, arrange the return of data and check the filing of claims. Source code deposited with a third party, if provided for in the contract, must also be claimed under the terms of the deposit.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Is a court-appointed expert assessment needed before suing the provider?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Often, where the technical cause of the incident is disputed. Article 145 of the Code of Civil Procedure allows an investigative measure to be requested before any proceedings if there is a legitimate reason to preserve or establish the evidence of facts on which the outcome of the dispute may depend. The judge does not order the measure automatically. The Paris Court of Appeal recalls that the applicant must \u201cshow that the potential dispute is not manifestly doomed to fail and that the measure is likely to improve the applicant's evidential position\u201d (our translation) (CA Paris, p\u00f4le 1 ch. 2, 9 April 2026, No. 25\/11299). In that case, the expert assessment was refused to a company whose data had been erased on termination, because the general terms provided for this deletion. The decision illustrates a common trap: the urgent applications judge reads the clear clauses of the contract before ordering an expert assessment. The firm therefore checks the provisions on backup, return of data and liability, then prepares a request for an expert assessment targeted at the technical points genuinely in dispute: the origin of the breakdown, the security configuration, the state of the backups or the conformity of the deliverable.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Within what time must the company act against its IT provider?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Obligations arising from trade between traders, or between a trader and a non-trader, are subject to a five-year limitation period, unless a shorter special limitation period applies (Article L. 110-4 of the Commercial Code). The general law provides for the same period, running from the day the right holder knew or should have known the facts enabling them to act (Article 2224 of the Civil Code). The starting point is therefore not always the date of signature: it may be the discovery of a malfunction, of a data loss or of a failed restoration. This five-year period should not obscure shorter and more practical deadlines. Technical logs are often overwritten after a few weeks, hosted data may be erased at the end of the contract, and an acceptance record signed without reservation makes it harder to challenge a deliverable. The time limits specific to insolvency proceedings against the provider add to this calendar. The firm establishes the timeline, identifies the basis of the action and checks the applicable period before any formal notice. 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Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2157083 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2157083 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/tim-schmidbauer-EnC5f7At4ac-unsplash-1-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2157083 post-2157083 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/25\/foreign-company-france-unpaid-invoice-penalties-injonction-payer-abroad\/\">Your French Client Has Not Paid: Late-Payment Penalties, the 40 Euro Fee and the Injunction-to-Pay While You Live Abroad<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2157055 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2157055 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/allison-saeng-Hpw4nI_QUWQ-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2157055 post-2157055 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/25\/foreign-company-france-corporate-bank-account-refusal-abroad\/\">Your French Bank Won&#8217;t Open a Corporate Account While You Live Abroad: Right to an Account, Banque de France Designation and the Anti-Money-Laundering Wall<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2157013 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2157013 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/getty-images-p1ZW7qeVRyE-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2157013 post-2157013 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/25\/foreign-company-france-sas-pay-abroad-salary-dividends-management-fees\/\">Your French SAS Pays You While You Live Abroad: Salary, Dividends or Management Fees<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2156883 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2156883 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/getty-images-p1ZW7qeVRyE-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2156883 post-2156883 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/25\/foreign-company-france-sas-capital-increase-cash-call-filing-abroad\/\">Your French SAS Needs Cash From Abroad: Increase Capital, Call Up Unpaid Shares or Lend Instead \u2014 Filing and New Kbis Without Flying to Paris<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2156702 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2156702 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/pawel-czerwinski-mIT9kEQBC6Q-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2156702 post-2156702 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/24\/foreign-company-france-hire-first-employee-dpae-contract-trial-pay-abroad\/\">Hiring Your First French Employee While You Live Abroad: DPAE, Contract, Trial Period, Pay and Registration<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2156668 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2156668 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/alex-vasey-F5HtPjpBb9k-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2156668 post-2156668 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/24\/foreign-company-france-management-fees-transfer-pricing-file-defence-abroad\/\">Your French Subsidiary Pays Management Fees to Its Foreign Parent While You Live Abroad: Transfer Pricing File, Deduction and Reassessment Defence<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2156642 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2156642 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/shubham-dhage-ICCn56-jyuw-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2156642 post-2156642 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/24\/foreign-company-france-shareholder-loan-compte-courant-abroad\/\">Your French Subsidiary Needs Cash From Abroad: Shareholder Loans (Compte Courant d&#8217;Associe), Interest, Approval and Getting Repaid<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. 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Server down, no backups, ransomware, software delivered late, disputed invoices or a blocked change of managed service provider: the client SME must first read what [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":251031307,"featured_media":2157158,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2161287","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.2 (Yoast SEO v28.2) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Information Technology Lawyer Paris | Kohen Avocats<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Information technology lawyer Paris for SMEs in dispute with an IT provider: contracts, backups, ransomware, exit. 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