{"id":2161269,"date":"2026-11-01T23:35:54","date_gmt":"2026-11-01T22:35:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/?page_id=2161269"},"modified":"2026-11-04T19:45:31","modified_gmt":"2026-11-04T18:45:31","slug":"exequatur-lawyer-paris","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/exequatur-lawyer-paris\/","title":{"rendered":"Exequatur lawyer in Paris: enforcing a foreign decision against assets located in France"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"2161269\" class=\"elementor elementor-2161269 elementor-2160680\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-v5bd59a e-con-full e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"v5bd59a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-v5bd59aw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"v5bd59aw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"kcv\" id=\"kci-root\" data-refresh-marker=\"expertise-fr-avocat-exequatur-paris-20261101\">\n<section class=\"kcv-hero\" aria-labelledby=\"kch-h1\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-in\">\n    <div class=\"kcv-head\">\n      <p class=\"kk\">Foreign judgment, arbitral award, EU decision \u00b7 attachment of bank accounts, real property and receivables<\/p>\n      <h1 id=\"kch-h1\"><em>Exequatur<\/em> lawyer in Paris:<span class=\"kcv-tail\"> enforcing a foreign decision against assets located in France.<\/span><\/h1>\n      <p class=\"kcv-sub\">A judgment obtained abroad cannot be compulsorily enforced in France until it has become an enforceable title there. An exequatur lawyer in Paris therefore begins with an inventory of the debtor's attachable assets (bank accounts, real property, receivables or the assets of a State), then chooses the route: exequatur, direct enforcement of an EU decision accompanied by its certificate, or a protective measure while awaiting the title.<\/p>\n      <div class=\"kcv-btns\">\n        <a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a>\n        <a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kch-form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a>\n      <\/div>\n      <p class=\"kcv-urg\">The ten-year time limit for enforcement runs from the exequatur decision, and a debtor who learns of the procedure may move its assets. Keep the foreign decision, the records of service and any indication of where the debtor's assets are located in France.<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcv-stagewrap\"><div class=\"kcv-stageshadow\"><div class=\"kcv-stage\">\n      <link rel=\"preload\" as=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kohen-v3-expertises\/kohen-fr-assurance-paysage-20261025.webp\" media=\"(min-width:761px)\" fetchpriority=\"high\">\n      <link rel=\"preload\" as=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kohen-v3-expertises\/kohen-fr-assurance-paysage-1080-20261025.webp\" media=\"(max-width:760px)\" fetchpriority=\"high\">\n      <div class=\"kcv-media\" aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"--kcv-img:url('https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kohen-v3-expertises\/kohen-fr-assurance-paysage-20261025.webp');--kcv-img-m:url('https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kohen-v3-expertises\/kohen-fr-assurance-paysage-1080-20261025.webp')\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"kcv-panel kcv-glass\" id=\"kch-form\">\n        <div class=\"kcv-panel-head\">\n          <div>\n            <p class=\"kcv-panel-k\">Exequatur and enforcement \u00b7 Paris<\/p>\n            <h2 class=\"kcv-panel-t\">Get a <em>first analysis<\/em><\/h2>\n            <p class=\"kcv-panel-l\">Send the foreign decision or award, its translation if one exists, the proof of service and whatever you know about the debtor's assets in France: the firm will review the title to be obtained and the attachments available.<\/p>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"kcv-chip kcv-glass\"><p class=\"kcv-chip-n\">24 \u00e0 48 h<\/p><p class=\"kcv-chip-x\">first legal<br>review<\/p><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"kcf-wrap\">\n<form id=\"kcf-2form\" data-kcf data-api-url=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-json\/kohen-form\/v1\/submit\" data-vps-url=\"https:\/\/upload-fr.46-224-152-225.sslip.io\/submit\" data-max-size=\"1073741824\" data-max-files=\"500\" novalidate enctype=\"multipart\/form-data\">\n  <input type=\"hidden\" name=\"rendered_at\" value=\"1776847557\">\n  <div class=\"kcf-hp\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><label for=\"kcf-2website\">Do not fill in<\/label><input id=\"kcf-2website\" name=\"website\" type=\"text\" tabindex=\"-1\" autocomplete=\"off\"><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcf-price\">\n    <span class=\"kcf-price-amount\">\u20ac80<small>incl. VAT<\/small><\/span>\n    <div class=\"kcf-price-body\">\n      <p class=\"kcf-price-text\"><strong>Preliminary review of your case.<\/strong> Examination of your documents and a first written analysis by Reda Kohen, within 24 to 48 business hours. Payment is made online after this form is sent.<\/p>\n      <ul class=\"kcf-price-meta\">\n        <li>Up to 1 GB of documents, folders and subfolders accepted<\/li>\n        <li>Secure payment, no banking data stored<\/li>\n        <li><a href=\"\/conditions-etude-prealable\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Terms and fee agreement<\/a><\/li>\n      <\/ul>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcf-row\">\n    <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n      <label class=\"kcf-label\" for=\"kcf-2name\">Full name<\/label>\n      <input class=\"kcf-input\" type=\"text\" id=\"kcf-2name\" name=\"name\" placeholder=\"Your name\" required autocomplete=\"name\" aria-describedby=\"kcf-2name-err\">\n      <p class=\"kcf-field-error\" id=\"kcf-2name-err\" role=\"alert\"><\/p>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n      <label class=\"kcf-label\" for=\"kcf-2phone\">Telephone <span class=\"kcf-optional\">(optional)<\/span><\/label>\n      <input class=\"kcf-input\" type=\"tel\" inputmode=\"tel\" id=\"kcf-2phone\" name=\"phone\" placeholder=\"06 00 00 00 00\" autocomplete=\"tel\" aria-describedby=\"kcf-2phone-err\">\n      <p class=\"kcf-field-error\" id=\"kcf-2phone-err\" role=\"alert\"><\/p>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n    <label class=\"kcf-label\" for=\"kcf-2email\">Email address<\/label>\n    <input class=\"kcf-input\" type=\"email\" id=\"kcf-2email\" name=\"email\" placeholder=\"your@email.com\" required autocomplete=\"email\" spellcheck=\"false\" autocapitalize=\"off\" aria-describedby=\"kcf-2email-err\">\n    <p class=\"kcf-field-error\" id=\"kcf-2email-err\" role=\"alert\"><\/p>\n  <\/div>\n  \n  <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n    <label class=\"kcf-label\" for=\"kcf-2message\">Message<\/label>\n    <textarea class=\"kcf-textarea\" id=\"kcf-2message\" name=\"message\" placeholder=\"Briefly describe your situation...\" required aria-describedby=\"kcf-2message-err\"><\/textarea>\n    <p class=\"kcf-field-error\" id=\"kcf-2message-err\" role=\"alert\"><\/p>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n    <label class=\"kcf-label\">Attachments <span class=\"kcf-optional\">(optional, 500 files max, 1 GB)<\/span><\/label>\n    <div class=\"kcf-dropzone\" id=\"kcf-2dropzone\">\n      <svg class=\"kcf-dropzone-icon\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M21 15v4a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-4\"\/><polyline points=\"17 8 12 3 7 8\"\/><line x1=\"12\" y1=\"3\" x2=\"12\" y2=\"15\"\/><\/svg>\n      <p class=\"kcf-dropzone-text\"><strong>Click<\/strong> or drag your files here<br>All formats accepted (PDF, Word, images, etc.)<\/p>\n      <input type=\"file\" name=\"attachments\" id=\"kcf-2files\" multiple>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcf-file-list\" id=\"kcf-2filelist\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcf-progress\" id=\"kcf-2progress\">\n      <div class=\"kcf-progress-bar\"><div class=\"kcf-progress-fill\" id=\"kcf-2progressfill\"><\/div><\/div>\n      <p class=\"kcf-progress-text\" id=\"kcf-2progresstext\">Sending...<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n  <button type=\"submit\" class=\"kcf-btn\">\n    <span class=\"kcf-spinner\"><\/span>\n    <span class=\"kcf-btn-text\">Pay \u20ac80 and send my case<\/span>\n  <\/button>\n  <div class=\"kcf-msg\" role=\"status\" aria-live=\"polite\" aria-atomic=\"true\" tabindex=\"-1\"><\/div>\n  <p class=\"kcf-note\">Payment constitutes a request for immediate performance of your analysis. 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4px;padding:0 24px;text-align:center;line-height:1}.knp a.knp__videos{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:8px;padding:9px 18px 9px 14px;border:1px solid #CFDEF0;border-radius:999px;background:linear-gradient(135deg,#FFFFFF 0%,#E6EEF8 100%);color:#1F4FA8;font-family:inherit;font-size:14px;font-weight:600;letter-spacing:.01em;line-height:1.2;text-decoration:none;transition:border-color .2s ease,box-shadow .2s ease,transform .2s ease}.knp a.knp__videos svg{flex:0 0 auto;display:block}.knp a.knp__videos:hover{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#FFFFFF 0%,#DCEAFB 100%);border-color:#1F4FA8;color:#1F4FA8;box-shadow:0 6px 18px rgba(31,79,168,.14);transform:translateY(-1px)}.knp a.knp__videos:focus-visible{outline:2px solid #1F4FA8;outline-offset:3px}.kcv-press.knp{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;justify-content:center;align-items:center;column-gap:14px}.kcv-press.knp>.kcv-press-t,.kcv-press.knp>.knp__watchlink{flex:0 0 auto}.kcv-press.knp>.knp__piste{flex:0 0 100%}.kcv-press.knp p.knp__watchlink{margin:0 0 2px;padding:0;line-height:17px}.kcv-press.knp a.knp__videos{gap:5px;padding:0;border:0;border-radius:0;background:none;box-shadow:none;font-size:11.5px;letter-spacing:.02em;line-height:17px;transform:none}.kcv-press.knp a.knp__videos:hover{background:none;box-shadow:none;transform:none}.kcv-press.knp a.knp__videos:hover span{text-decoration:underline;text-underline-offset:3px}.kcv-press.knp a.knp__videos svg{width:13px;height:13px}.knp .knp__vc{display:none}@media (max-width:900px){.kcv-press.knp .knp__vl{display:none}.kcv-press.knp .knp__vc{display:inline}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){.knp a.knp__videos{transition:none}.knp a.knp__videos:hover{transform:none}}<\/style><p class=\"knp__watchlink\"><a class=\"knp__videos\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/media\/\" aria-label=\"Watch the videos and their transcripts\"><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><circle cx=\"10\" cy=\"10\" 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l'\u00c9tat.\",\"auteur\":\"data.gouv.fr\",\"paraphrase\":true,\"libelle\":\"Voir la fiche sur data.gouv.fr\"},{\"titre\":\"Commentaires des d\u00e9cisions de justice par l'IA g\u00e9n\u00e9rative\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.data.gouv.fr\/reuses\/commentaires-des-decisions-de-justice-par-lia-generative\",\"citation\":\"R\u00e9utilisation des donn\u00e9es publiques de justice publi\u00e9e par Kohen Avocats et r\u00e9f\u00e9renc\u00e9e sur data.gouv.fr.\",\"auteur\":\"data.gouv.fr\",\"paraphrase\":true,\"libelle\":\"Voir la r\u00e9utilisation sur data.gouv.fr\"}]},\"awwwards\":{\"nom\":\"Awwwards\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Kohen Avocats, site nomm\u00e9 aux Awwwards\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.awwwards.com\/sites\/kohen-avocats\",\"citation\":\"Le site du cabinet figure parmi les sites nomm\u00e9s (\u00ab Nominee \u00bb) par Awwwards, r\u00e9f\u00e9rence internationale du design web.\",\"auteur\":\"Awwwards\",\"paraphrase\":true,\"libelle\":\"Voir la fiche sur 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\u00e0 la location ?\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.leboncoin.fr\/guide\/immobilier\/bouilloires-thermiques-bientot-interdites-a-la-location-hfpj70o6.html\",\"citation\":\"Le guide immobilier cite une analyse de kohenavocats.fr parmi ses sources.\",\"auteur\":\"Leboncoin\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"femme-actuelle\":{\"nom\":\"Femme Actuelle\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"S\u00e9paration ou divorce : quelle banque et quel cr\u00e9dit pour repartir sur de bonnes bases ?\",\"date\":\"2026-09-30\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.femmeactuelle.fr\/vie-pratique\/news-vie-pratique\/separation-ou-divorce-quelle-banque-et-quel-credit-pour-repartir-sur-de-bonnes-bases-2211980\",\"citation\":\"L'article cite une analyse de kohenavocats.com parmi ses sources.\",\"auteur\":\"Femme Actuelle\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"economie-matin\":{\"nom\":\"\u00c9conomie Matin\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Nouveau bail 2026 : ce que les propri\u00e9taires doivent anticiper d\u00e8s 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l\u2019obligation de d\u00e9livrer un logement d\u00e9cent pendant toute la dur\u00e9e du bail et l\u2019ordonnance du tribunal judiciaire de B\u00e9ziers du 31 mars 2026 sur une climatisation install\u00e9e sans autorisation.\",\"auteur\":\"Science \\u0026 Vie\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"frandroid\":{\"nom\":\"Frandroid\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Fin de Rakuten France : comment r\u00e9cup\u00e9rer vos factures, vos garanties et vos points Club R\",\"date\":\"2026-09-30\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.frandroid.com\/culture-tech\/web\/3266559_fin-de-rakuten-france-comment-recuperer-vos-factures-vos-garanties-et-vos-points-club-r\",\"citation\":\"Le cabinet Kohen Avocats leur conseille de retirer cet argent et de t\u00e9l\u00e9charger tout leur historique avant le 10 novembre.\",\"auteur\":\"Frandroid\",\"paraphrase\":true},{\"titre\":\"Goutte-\u00e0-goutte et inondation : que faire quand la climatisation du voisin ruine votre terrasse 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La loi ne fixe pas un calendrier d\u2019allumage commun \u00e0 tous les immeubles.\",\"auteur\":\"Cabinet Kohen Avocats\"}]},\"next\":{\"nom\":\"Next\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Fin de Bloctel, interdiction du d\u00e9marchage d\u00e8s le 11 ao\u00fbt : on fait le point\",\"date\":\"2026-08-04\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/next.ink\/249950\/fin-de-bloctel-interdiction-du-demarchage-des-le-11-aout-on-fait-le-point\/\",\"citation\":\"Selon le cabinet Kohen Avocats, les jurisprudences dans ce secteur devraient \u00ab \u00e9clairer la port\u00e9e du futur r\u00e9gime \u00bb.\",\"auteur\":\"Next\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"actu-juridique\":{\"nom\":\"Actu-Juridique\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Magistrature et franc-ma\u00e7onnerie : que dit le droit ?\",\"date\":\"2026-09-22\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.actu-juridique.fr\/professions\/magistrats\/magistrature-et-franc-maconnerie-stupeur-et-evitements\/\",\"citation\":\"L\u2019article cite en r\u00e9f\u00e9rence l\u2019analyse de Ma\u00eetre Hassan Kohen, avocat en droit p\u00e9nal \u00e0 Paris, sur l\u2019avis du Coll\u00e8ge de d\u00e9ontologie du 9 juin 2026.\",\"auteur\":\"Actu-Juridique\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"batiweb\":{\"nom\":\"Batiweb\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Mayotte : Lecornu veut un \u00ab choc de mises en chantier \u00bb\",\"date\":\"2026-08-27\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.batiweb.com\/actualites\/urbanisme\/reconstruction-mayotte-lecornu-choc-mises-chantier-49208\",\"citation\":\"Sur les autorisations d\u2019urbanisme n\u00e9cessaires \u00e0 la reconstruction de Mayotte, l\u2019article cite les explications de Me Reda Kohen.\",\"auteur\":\"Batiweb\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"berliner-zeitung\":{\"nom\":\"Berliner Zeitung\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Null Euro Miete, daf\u00fcr Quizabende mit Rentnern: Wie eine 18-J\u00e4hrige ins Seniorenheim zog\",\"date\":\"2026-09-21\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.berliner-zeitung.de\/article\/null-euro-miete-dafuer-quizabende-mit-rentnern-wie-eine-18-jaehrige-ins-seniorenheim-zog-10414380\",\"citation\":\"Der Pariser Anwalt Reda Kohen ordnet das Modell als Gebrauchsleihe ein: Die Wohnung wird \u00fcberlassen, nicht vermietet.\",\"auteur\":\"Berliner Zeitung\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"startupitalia\":{\"nom\":\"StartupItalia\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Quasi 13 miliardi di dollari di Nvidia per la sconosciuta Hugging Face. 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if(e.key==='ArrowLeft'&&actuel>0){e.preventDefault();aller(actuel-1);}});\ns.querySelectorAll('button.knp__logo').forEach(function(b){b.addEventListener('click',function(e){ouvrir(b,e.detail===0&&b.tabIndex>=0);});});\n}\ndocument.querySelectorAll('.knp').forEach(lier);\n})();\n<\/script>\n<\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"kcv-tabs\" id=\"kcv-cabinet\" aria-label=\"Exequatur lawyer in Paris\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-in\">\n    <div class=\"kcv-tabs-head\">\n      <p class=\"kk\">Kohen Avocats, Paris 17<\/p>\n      <h2>Exequatur and attachments: <em>from the foreign title to the seized assets<\/em><\/h2>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcv-bar\"><div class=\"kcv-chips\" role=\"tablist\" aria-label=\"Case sections\"><button class=\"kcv-chip-t on\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-avocat\" aria-controls=\"kcv-avocat\" aria-selected=\"true\" tabindex=\"0\">The lawyer<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p1\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p1\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The rules<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p2\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p2\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Your documents<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p3\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p3\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The method<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p4\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p4\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The timetable<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p5\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p5\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The checks<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-synthese\" aria-controls=\"kcv-synthese\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Summary<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-faq\" aria-controls=\"kcv-faq\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Questions<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-textes\" aria-controls=\"kcv-textes\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Legal texts<\/button><\/div><\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcv-track\"><div class=\"kcv-slide kcv-on\" id=\"kcv-avocat\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-avocat\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<div class=\"kcv-pro\">\n  <figure class=\"kcv-pro-photo\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" src=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/kohen-footer\/portrait-reda-20260920-lignes-orange.jpg\" alt=\"Reda Kohen, lawyer at the Paris Bar\" width=\"1122\" height=\"1402\" loading=\"eager\" decoding=\"async\">\n    <figcaption class=\"kcv-pro-cap kcv-glass\"><span class=\"kcv-pro-capn\">Reda Kohen<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pro-capr\">Lawyer at the Paris Bar<\/span><\/figcaption>\n  <\/figure>\n  <div class=\"kcv-pro-body\">\n    <p class=\"kk\">International business law \u00b7 Paris 17th arrondissement<\/p>\n    <h2>What an <em>exequatur lawyer<\/em> in Paris does<\/h2>\n    <ul class=\"kcv-pro-tags\"><li>Paris Bar<\/li><li>International business law<\/li><li>Enforcement of foreign decisions<\/li><\/ul>\n    <p class=\"kcv-p\">Reda Kohen, lawyer (avocat) at the Paris Bar, can act for a creditor who holds a judgment, an order or an arbitral award made outside France and wishes to enforce it against assets located in France.<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-p\">Exequatur is only a means to an end. What matters to the creditor is the attachment that follows: the bank account held by an institution present in France, the property registered in the land registry, the receivable owed by a French customer, or the assets of a foreign State that are not covered by immunity.<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-p\">The firm first examines the regime applicable to the decision (ordinary law, EU regulation, bilateral convention or the Lugano Convention), then the enforceable title to be obtained, the protective measures available right now and the obstacles specific to each category of assets.<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-p\">Send what you have, even if incomplete: the firm will prioritise and complete the file with you. In an emergency, call <a href=\"tel:+33646605822\">06 46 60 58 22<\/a>.<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-pro-meta\"><a href=\"https:\/\/consultation.avocat.fr\/avocat-paris\/reda-kohen-54670.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Official profile in the directory of French lawyers (CNB)<\/a><span>Firm at 11 rue Margueritte, 75017 Paris<\/span><\/p>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-cards\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-card\"><h3>An enforceable title under French law<\/h3><p>A foreign judgment becomes an enforceable title when it is declared enforceable by a decision that is not subject to a suspensive appeal, subject to EU law (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000053936502\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000053936502\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 111-3 of the French Code of Civil Enforcement Procedures<\/a>).<\/p><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-card\"><h3>An attachment that can precede exequatur<\/h3><p>A protective measure requires a claim that appears well founded in principle and a threat to its recovery. A foreign decision can establish that appearance even before exequatur.<\/p><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-card\"><h3>Assets that are more or less attachable<\/h3><p>An account must be held by a third party established in France. The assets of a foreign State require prior authorisation from the judge and, for diplomatic accounts, an express and specific waiver.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p1\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The rules<\/p>\n<h2>Enforcing a foreign decision: <em>the rules that govern attachment<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">Four rules determine what the creditor can attach, when and on what basis.<\/p>\n<ol class=\"kcv-conds\">\n  <li>Foreign judgments are enforceable in France only in the cases and in the manner provided by law (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006410785\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006410785\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 509 of the French Code of Civil Procedure<\/a>). The application falls within the jurisdiction of the judicial court sitting with a single judge, which also hears exequatur of French or foreign arbitral awards (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039059349\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039059349\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article R. 212-8 of the French Code of Judicial Organisation<\/a>). For a decision made in Switzerland under the Lugano Convention, however, the application is submitted to the head of the court registry of the judicial court (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000047053151\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000047053151\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 509-2 of the Code of Civil Procedure<\/a>). Once exequatur has been granted by a decision without suspensive appeal, the foreign judgment joins the list of enforceable titles (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000053936502\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000053936502\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 111-3, 2\u00b0, of the Code of Civil Enforcement Procedures<\/a>).<\/li>\n  <li>The title is not enough: it must record a liquidated and due claim in order to permit enforcement against the debtor's assets (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000025025644\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000025025644\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 111-2 of the Code of Civil Enforcement Procedures<\/a>). The Court of Cassation applied this requirement to a Luxembourg decision and quashed the judgment that had validated attachments, because that judgment, \u201cwhich did not record a liquidated and due claim against that party, could not found a measure of enforcement against that party's assets\u201d (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/61a86f4eed1606e28704b0f4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. 2e civ., 2 December 2021, No. 20-14.092<\/a>) (our translation). The outcome is unfavourable to the attaching creditor.<\/li>\n  <li>Enforcement of a foreign judgment declared enforceable is limited in time. The Court of Cassation holds that \u201cenforcement of a foreign judgment declared enforceable in France may be pursued only within the period provided for in Article L. 111-4 of the Code of Civil Enforcement Procedures, which runs from the exequatur decision\u201d (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/6927fa8e011fb71514eb685a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. 1re civ., 26 November 2025, No. 23-21.764<\/a>) (our translation). That period is ten years, unless the claim is subject to a longer limitation period (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000025025648\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000025025648\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 111-4 of the Code of Civil Enforcement Procedures<\/a>).<\/li>\n  <li>Before any title exists, a creditor whose claim appears well founded in principle may apply for a protective attachment or a judicial security if it shows circumstances that threaten recovery (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000025026104\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000025026104\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 511-1 of the Code of Civil Enforcement Procedures<\/a>). No prior authorisation is required where the creditor relies on a court decision that is not yet enforceable (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000049397773\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000049397773\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 511-2 of the same Code<\/a>), subject to special regimes, such as the prior authorisation required for the assets of a foreign State. For a decision made in a Member State and enforceable there, authorisation to take protective measures flows from the Regulation itself (<a href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/FR\/TXT\/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Article 40 of Regulation (EU) No. 1215\/2012<\/a>).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"kcv-callout\"><span class=\"kcv-callout-i\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M9.6 6C6.5 7.4 4.5 10 4.5 13.4V18h6v-6H7.6c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L9.6 6zm9 0c-3.1 1.4-5.1 4-5.1 7.4V18h6v-6h-2.9c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L18.6 6z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><p>Exequatur and attachment are two separate procedures before two different judges. The exequatur judge reviews the international regularity of the decision; the enforcement judge rules on difficulties relating to the title and on disputes arising from the attachment.<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p2\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Your documents<\/p>\n<h2>The documents to gather depending on <em>the decision you hold<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">The file is built around two questions: whether the decision is enforceable where it was made, and where the debtor's assets are located in France.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-duel\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-opt kcv-opt-a\"><p class=\"kcv-opt-k\">Situation A<\/p><p class=\"kcv-opt-t\">Decision made outside the European Union<\/p><ul><li>Authenticated or certified copy of the decision and, where applicable, of the appeal judgment, with their translation<\/li><li>Proof that the decision is enforceable in the State of origin and the limitation rule for judgments of that State<\/li><li>Originating documents, summonses and records of service addressed to the debtor during the foreign proceedings<\/li><li>Statement of the claim showing principal, interest and costs, with the rate applied by the foreign judge<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-or\" aria-hidden=\"true\">or<\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-opt kcv-opt-b\"><p class=\"kcv-opt-k\">Situation B<\/p><p class=\"kcv-opt-t\">Decision of a Member State or arbitral award<\/p><ul><li>Authenticated copy of the decision and certificate issued by the court of origin on the form provided by the Regulation<\/li><li>For an award, the original or an authenticated copy of the award and of the arbitration agreement<\/li><li>Information on the assets concerned: banks and branches in France, real property, receivables owed by French customers<\/li><li>If the debtor is a State or a public entity, the instruments waiving immunity and the purpose to which the assets are put<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-callout\"><span class=\"kcv-callout-i\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M9.6 6C6.5 7.4 4.5 10 4.5 13.4V18h6v-6H7.6c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L9.6 6zm9 0c-3.1 1.4-5.1 4-5.1 7.4V18h6v-6h-2.9c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L18.6 6z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><p>Do not tell the debtor that you intend to attach its assets in France before the protective strategy has been settled: an attachment of accounts is only useful if the funds are still there.<\/p><\/div>\n<p class=\"kcv-p\">The firm also handles:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"kcv-pro-tags\"><li>Debt recovery<\/li><li>Commercial litigation<\/li><li>International contract<\/li><li>Arbitration<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p3\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The method<\/p>\n<h2>How the firm <em>conducts enforcement in France<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">Start from the debtor's assets, choose the appropriate title, then attach in the order that makes most sense.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-rows\">\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 1<\/p><h3>Reading the decision and its regime<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">The firm checks the State of origin, the date proceedings were brought, whether the decision is enforceable and the applicable instrument: ordinary law, EU regulation, Lugano Convention or bilateral convention.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 2<\/p><h3>Mapping the attachable assets<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">Accounts held by institutions established in France, real property, shares, receivables owed by customers or tenants: each category follows its own procedure and its own limits.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 3<\/p><h3>Securing assets before enforcing<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">Where recovery is under threat, a protective attachment or a provisional judicial mortgage may be taken before exequatur, on condition that the procedure to obtain the title is then started within the required time.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 4<\/p><h3>Obtaining the title and attaching<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">The firm prepares the exequatur application or has the European certificate served, then converts the protective measures and starts the garnishment order (saisie-attribution) or the real property seizure, under the supervision of the enforcement judge.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-callout\"><span class=\"kcv-callout-i\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M9.6 6C6.5 7.4 4.5 10 4.5 13.4V18h6v-6H7.6c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L9.6 6zm9 0c-3.1 1.4-5.1 4-5.1 7.4V18h6v-6h-2.9c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L18.6 6z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><p>An old foreign judgment is not necessarily lost: an action for exequatur of a judgment is not subject to any limitation period, but the law of the State of origin may have deprived it of its enforceability. The limitation of an application for exequatur of an arbitral award is examined separately.<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p4\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The timetable<\/p>\n<h2>The timeline <em>of enforcement in France<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">From the foreign decision to the distribution of the sums attached.<\/p>\n<ol class=\"kcv-hs\"><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Foreign decision<\/p><p><strong>As soon as it is delivered.<\/strong> Obtain an authenticated copy, proof of service and a certificate that it is enforceable in the State of origin.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Tracing assets<\/p><p>Identify the debtor's accounts, real property and receivables in France, together with their exact holder and the institution holding them.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Protective measure<\/p><p>If recovery is under threat, take a protective attachment or a judicial security, then start the procedure to obtain the title within one month.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Exequatur or certificate<\/p><p>Outside the EU, apply to the judicial court, or to its head of registry for a Swiss decision; for a decision falling under the Brussels I bis Regulation, notify or serve the certificate, with the decision if it has not already been served, before the first enforcement measure.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Enforcement<\/p><p>The ten-year period runs from the exequatur decision. Protective measures are converted and the final attachments are started.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Challenges<\/p><p>The debtor may apply to the enforcement judge, seek release of the attachment or, within the EU, refusal of enforcement on one of the grounds provided by the Regulation.<\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p5\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The checks<\/p>\n<h2>What the firm checks <em>before attaching<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">An attachment that is set aside costs the creditor fees, time and sometimes damages.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-split\">\n  <ul class=\"kcv-check\"><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Enforceability in the State of origin: final decision or merely enforceable, local limitation of judgments, remedies still open.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Applicable regime: date proceedings were brought, State of origin, civil or commercial matter, any international convention.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Content of the title: liquidated and due claim, debtor named in the decision, interest and costs that can be quantified.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Location of the assets: garnishee established in France, identified property, State asset used or not for a public-service mission.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Timetable: one-month period after a protective measure, ten-year period after exequatur, service of the European certificate before the first enforcement measure, except for protective measures.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n  <aside class=\"kcv-act\">\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-k\">Case documents<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-t\">Send what you have, even if incomplete<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-p\">Submit your documents through the confidential form at the top of the page: the firm will prioritise and complete the file with you.<\/p>\n    <div class=\"kcv-act-b\"><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kch-form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n  <\/aside>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-synthese\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-synthese\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Summary<\/p>\n<h2>Decision, assets, <em>enforcement route<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">The common situations and the first decision to make.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-rows\">\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Judgment of a non-EU State, debtor holding accounts in France<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Decision, proof that it is enforceable, records of service, identity of the bank and of its branch in France.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time:<\/strong> Act before news of the procedure leads the debtor to move the funds.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful step:<\/strong> Protective attachment of the accounts, then exequatur and conversion into a garnishment order.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Decision of a Member State under Brussels I bis, proceedings brought since 10 January 2015<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Authenticated copy of the decision, enforceable in the State of origin, and certificate from the court of origin.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time:<\/strong> The certificate is notified or served, with the decision if it has not already been served, before the first enforcement measure; protective measures are exempt.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful step:<\/strong> Direct enforcement without a declaration of enforceability, subject to an application by the debtor for refusal.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Decision made in Switzerland<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Decision and certificate provided for by the Lugano Convention showing that it is enforceable.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time:<\/strong> The declaration of enforceability may be applied for without waiting for the outcome of any appeals.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful step:<\/strong> Application to the head of registry of the judicial court for a declaration of enforceability, then attachments.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Debtor who owns property in France<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Extract from the land registry, title deed, foreign decision and statement of the claim.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time:<\/strong> Final registration must be made within two months of the day on which the exequatur decision became final.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful step:<\/strong> Provisional judicial mortgage, exequatur, then final registration or real property seizure.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Arbitral award made abroad<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Award and arbitration agreement, original or authenticated copy, translation if necessary.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time:<\/strong> The exequatur procedure is not adversarial; the decision granting it remains open to challenge.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful step:<\/strong> Exequatur order from the Paris judicial court, then attachments against the identified assets.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Debtor that is a foreign State<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Instrument waiving immunity, purpose to which the assets are put, link with the entity ordered to pay.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time:<\/strong> No measure without prior authorisation from the judge by order on application.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful step:<\/strong> Application to the judge, targeting assets used for commercial purposes, excluding diplomatic mission accounts absent a specific waiver.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-faq\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-faq\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Frequently asked questions<\/p>\n<h2>Your questions: <em>exequatur<\/em><\/h2>\n<div class=\"kcv-faqgrid\">\n  <aside class=\"kcv-act kcv-act-sticky\">\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-k\">14 questions<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-t\">A situation not listed here?<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-p\">Every case has its own features. The firm reads your documents before answering you.<\/p>\n    <div class=\"kcv-act-b\"><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kch-form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n  <\/aside>\n  <div class=\"kcv-faq\"><details><summary>Which of the debtor's assets can be attached in France once exequatur has been obtained?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>A foreign judgment declared enforceable by a decision without suspensive appeal becomes an enforceable title within the meaning of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000053936502\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000053936502\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 111-3 of the Code of Civil Enforcement Procedures<\/a>. It then opens the same attachments as a French judgment, provided that it records a liquidated and due claim (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000025025644\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000025025644\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 111-2<\/a>). Sums held by a third party (bank accounts, rent owed by a tenant or invoices owed by a customer) are attached by garnishment order under <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000048447281\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000048447281\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 211-1<\/a>. Real property located in France may be the subject of a real property seizure under the conditions of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000025025928\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000025025928\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 311-2<\/a>. Shares, securities and vehicles follow their own procedures. The choice depends on what the debtor actually holds in France and on how quickly it can move its assets. That is why the firm begins by tracing the assets and prepares the exequatur application only in light of the attachment it is meant to make possible. The enforcement judge remains competent for difficulties relating to the title and for disputes raised during the attachment (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000054142606\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000054142606\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 213-6 of the Code of Judicial Organisation<\/a>).<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can a protective attachment be taken before exequatur has been obtained?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Yes, under the conditions of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000025026104\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000025026104\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 511-1 of the Code of Civil Enforcement Procedures<\/a>: a claim that appears well founded in principle and circumstances likely to threaten its recovery. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000049397773\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000049397773\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 511-2<\/a> exempts from prior authorisation a creditor who relies on a court decision that is not yet enforceable. The Paris Court of Appeal inferred from this that an Albanian creditor did not need exequatur to take its protective attachments, and that the refusal of exequatur that followed \u201caffects only the enforceability in France of those decisions, not the existence of a claim that appears well founded in principle\u201d (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/6465c41b860ce5d0f83a080d\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CA Paris, p\u00f4le 1 ch. 10, 17 May 2023, No. 22\/11816<\/a>). The attachments were upheld. This is a court of appeal decision, not a leading judgment of the Court of Cassation. The threat to recovery must be established by concrete evidence, and the same court points out that the debtor's mere dispute of the claim is not enough to establish it. After the attachment, a creditor without an enforceable title must start the procedure to obtain the title within one month, failing which the attachment lapses (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000044929356\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000044929356\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article R. 511-7<\/a>).<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>How long does a creditor have to enforce a foreign judgment declared enforceable?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000025025648\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000025025648\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 111-4 of the Code of Civil Enforcement Procedures<\/a> limits to ten years the enforcement of the enforceable titles listed in points 1\u00b0 to 3\u00b0 of Article L. 111-3, unless the action to recover the claim is subject to a longer limitation period. A foreign judgment bearing exequatur falls under point 2\u00b0. In a dispute concerning a Moroccan judgment carrying interest running since 1990, the Court of Cassation clarified the starting point of this period: enforcement \u201cmay be pursued only within the period provided for in Article L. 111-4 of the Code of Civil Enforcement Procedures, which runs from the exequatur decision\u201d (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/6927fa8e011fb71514eb685a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. 1re civ., 26 November 2025, No. 23-21.764<\/a>). The debtor's appeal, which relied on the amount reached by the interest and on an infringement of legal certainty, was dismissed. For the creditor, the exequatur decision therefore opens a ten-year window. It must be taken into account in the timetable of attachments, especially where the debtor arranges its assets across several countries.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can an old foreign judgment still be granted exequatur?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The action for exequatur itself is not subject to a limitation period. The Court of Cassation so held in respect of a certificate of unsatisfied claims (acte de d\u00e9faut de biens) issued in Switzerland, stating that \u201cthe action for exequatur itself is not subject to any limitation period\u201d (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/63be612413ef607c90ab6146\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. 1re civ., 11 January 2023, No. 21-21.168<\/a>). The same judgment distinguishes two other rules: the limitation rule of the State of origin may affect the enforceability of the judgment and therefore the applicant's interest in bringing proceedings, whereas that of the requested State may affect enforcement in France. The Court confirmed this reading in 2025, holding that where the law of the State of origin provides for a limitation period for judgments, \u201cthis affects the enforceability of the decision\u201d (our translation) and makes the action inadmissible once the period has expired (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/6927fa8e011fb71514eb685a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. 1re civ., 26 November 2025, No. 23-21.764<\/a>). In that case, Moroccan law allowed enforcement for thirty years, and exequatur was upheld. Before acting on an old decision, the firm therefore checks the limitation rule for judgments in the country where it was made.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Is exequatur needed for a judgment made in another EU Member State?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Not for decisions falling within Regulation (EU) No. 1215\/2012, known as Brussels I bis, which applies to proceedings brought on or after 10 January 2015 (<a href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/FR\/TXT\/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Article 66 of the Regulation<\/a>). A decision that is enforceable in the Member State of origin is enforced in France without any declaration of enforceability, under Article 39 of the same Regulation. The creditor provides the enforcement authority with an authenticated copy of the decision and the certificate issued by the court of origin (<a href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/FR\/TXT\/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Articles 42 and 53<\/a>). This certificate is notified or served on the debtor before the first enforcement measure, together with the decision if it has not already been served, except for protective measures taken under Article 40 (Article 43). Enforcement then follows French law. The Court of Cassation draws a concrete limit from this: the judgment of another Member State must meet \u201cthe same criteria as those applied, in domestic law, to determine whether a decision made by a national court allows the creditor to pursue enforcement against the debtor's assets\u201d (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/61a86f4eed1606e28704b0f4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. 2e civ., 2 December 2021, No. 20-14.092<\/a>). In that case, the attachments based on a Luxembourg judgment were called into question. The debtor retains the right to apply for refusal of enforcement on one of the grounds in the Regulation (Article 46).<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Which court grants exequatur and what does it review?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The judicial court, sitting with a single judge, hears applications for recognition and exequatur of foreign judicial decisions and public instruments, as well as arbitral awards (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039059349\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039059349\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article R. 212-8 of the Code of Judicial Organisation<\/a>), except for applications that <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000047053151\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000047053151\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 509-2 of the Code of Civil Procedure<\/a> entrusts to the head of registry, such as those based on the Lugano Convention. Outside the EU and outside any convention, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006410785\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006410785\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 509 of the Code of Civil Procedure<\/a> refers to a review of international regularity developed by case law: the foreign judge must have had indirect jurisdiction, the decision must not offend international public policy in substance or procedure, and it must not be tainted by fraud. The French judge does not retry the case. The judge checks the procedure followed abroad and the content of the decision. In the Moroccan case decided in 2025, the Court of Cassation specifies that this review concerns the procedure that led to the judgment and its content, not the conditions of the exequatur application (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/6927fa8e011fb71514eb685a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. 1re civ., 26 November 2025, No. 23-21.764<\/a>). The high amount of interest, the mechanical result of the debtor's delay, was not held to be contrary to international public policy. The firm prepares the application by documenting each of these points, because exequatur is the condition of every final attachment.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can the judge refuse exequatur because the foreign judge lacked jurisdiction?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The judge can, but where the French rule does not give French courts exclusive jurisdiction, the judge must check whether there is a distinct link between the dispute and the country of the court seised and whether the choice of that court was not fraudulent, without asking which country had the closest link. The Court of Cassation quashed a judgment of the Paris Court of Appeal that had refused exequatur of decisions of the High Court of Singapore made in favour of a Singapore company that was the beneficiary of letters of credit issued by an Iraqi bank. The court of appeal had ruled \u201con grounds capable of justifying closer links between the dispute and the State of Iraq but incapable of justifying the absence of a distinct link with Singapore\u201d (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/690af3d828bf9d42b6ccc477\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. 1re civ., 5 November 2025, No. 24-14.154<\/a>). The applicant was registered there, resided there and was the beneficiary of the payments. The case was referred back to the Paris Court of Appeal, differently composed. The Court also noted that the court of appeal had disregarded the last submissions filed before the close of the proceedings. For the creditor, this judgment shows the value of documenting precisely the links between the dispute and the foreign court, if necessary by supplementary submissions.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can the exequatur judge order measures against the debtor's assets?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>No. The judge's task is limited to declaring the foreign decision enforceable after checking its international regularity. The Third Civil Chamber so held in a dispute in which an Australian bank had taken a provisional judicial mortgage in 2012 on a property in the Dordogne and then applied for exequatur: \u201cIt is not within the powers of the judge seised of an application for exequatur of a foreign decision to order the conversion into final registration of a provisional registration previously made to preserve the claim\u201d (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/69b265c3cdc6046d4761972d\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. 3e civ., 12 March 2026, No. 23-20.666<\/a>). The Court quashed without referral and rejected the application for conversion. The outcome is unfavourable to the creditor in this procedure. The judgment does not order the release of the provisional registration, but consolidating it requires the ordinary formalities with the land registration office. Final registration must be made within two months of the day on which the exequatur decision became final (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000025939552\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000025939552\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article R. 533-4, 3\u00b0, of the Code of Civil Enforcement Procedures<\/a>). The creditor must therefore coordinate exequatur, final registration and, where appropriate, real property seizure, each before the competent authority.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can an account opened at a foreign branch of a bank be attached in France?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The garnishment order under <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000048447281\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000048447281\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 211-1 of the Code of Civil Enforcement Procedures<\/a> exerts constraint on the garnishee, in principle the bank. The Court of Cassation infers from this that, because enforcement procedures are territorial, it \u201ccan have effect only if the garnishee is established in France\u201d (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/5fd871781a5fed8c660cf884\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. 2e civ., 10 December 2020, No. 19-10.801<\/a>). It specifies that \u201ca garnishee that is a legal person is established in France if it either has its registered office there or has there an entity with the power to discharge a claim of the debtor against it\u201d (our translation). In that case, the debtor's accounts were opened at the New York branch of a bank whose head office was in London, and none were opened at the French branch targeted. The release of the attachment was upheld, an outcome unfavourable to the creditor. Before attaching, the firm therefore identifies the institution that actually holds the account and its ability to pay from France, rather than relying on the mere presence of a branch in Paris.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>How can the assets of a foreign State ordered to pay be attached?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>No protective or enforcement measure may target an asset belonging to a foreign State without prior authorisation from the judge, given by order on application (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000033563436\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000033563436\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 111-1-1 of the Code of Civil Enforcement Procedures<\/a>). The judge grants it only if the State has consented to the measure, has allocated the asset to the claim, or if the asset is used other than for non-commercial public-service purposes and is connected with the entity ordered to pay (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000033563438\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000033563438\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 111-1-2<\/a>). For the assets of diplomatic missions, an express and specific waiver is required (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000033563440\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000033563440\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 111-1-3<\/a>). The Court of Cassation accordingly upheld the release of attachments on the accounts of the Embassy of the Congo, presumed to be allocated to the mission, recalling that this presumption \u201cyields to proof to the contrary which, as it may be adduced by any means, is not made impossible for creditors\u201d (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/602255512fcf2640c5572e86\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. 1re civ., 3 February 2021, No. 19-10.669<\/a>), proof that was lacking. It held, however, that \u201can express waiver of immunity from enforcement is sufficient for the assets of a State, whatever they may be, to be the subject of an enforcement measure\u201d (our translation), excluding the assets of the diplomatic mission, and validated the attachment of an aircraft allocated to the Presidency of the Republic of the Congo (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/65f14ff828057200093c3e77\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. 1re civ., 13 March 2024, No. 21-17.599<\/a>).<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can a Swiss judgment still open to appeal be enforced in France?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Decisions made in Switzerland fall under the Lugano Convention of 30 October 2007, which retains a declaration of enforceability. According to the Court of Cassation, this declaration is issued when the applicant produces the certificate provided for by the Convention, subject to the grounds for refusal that it lists. In a case where a Swiss criminal court had ordered a former employee to compensate two companies, the Court first accepted that civil awards made by a criminal court fall within the scope of the Convention. It then held that the court of appeal did not have to examine whether the decision was final, since \u201cthe Convention does not require the foreign decision to have become irrevocable\u201d (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/6746d96ad59ab42e6599140a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. 1re civ., 27 November 2024, No. 23-13.795<\/a>). The debtor's appeal was dismissed. The published summary of this judgment contrasts this rule with ordinary private international law, which requires a final and enforceable foreign judgment. An appeal pending in Switzerland therefore does not, in principle, prevent an application for enforceability in France, which allows progress on attachments without waiting.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can maintenance set by a foreign judge after a separation be recovered in France?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Yes, and protective measures may precede the final outcome of exequatur. The Colmar Court of Appeal examined an order of a family court in Ontario requiring a father to pay arrears of child maintenance, a lump-sum compensatory maintenance payment and costs. The Colmar judicial court had granted exequatur, and the debtor had appealed. The court held that the claim remained sufficiently well founded in principle despite that appeal, and that the threat to its recovery was established, notably \u201cbecause of the need to carry out enforcement steps abroad, which are necessarily made more complex\u201d (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/6ad8891b7a10202137080b8f\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CA Colmar, ch. 3 A, 19 October 2026, No. 25\/04394<\/a>). It also noted the debtor's refusal to pay and his opaque conduct before the Canadian judge. The protective attachments were upheld. The court held that the amount was sufficiently established by the Canadian decision to found a protective measure, despite complaints of errors in the calculation, and noted that the payments alleged were not shown. The outcome remains a decision on its own facts by a court of appeal. It shows the value of keeping the statements of account and the documents from the foreign proceedings in order to defend the attachments.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>What risk does a creditor run by attaching on the strength of a disputed foreign decision?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The judge may release a protective measure if the conditions of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000025026104\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000025026104\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 511-1<\/a> are not met, even where no prior authorisation was required (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000025026114\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000025026114\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 512-1 of the Code of Civil Enforcement Procedures<\/a>). The creditor may then be ordered to pay compensation for the harm caused by the measure (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000025026116\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000025026116\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 512-2<\/a>). The Paris Court of Appeal so held against a landlord company that had attached the accounts of Garuda France, its direct tenant, whose obligations were guaranteed by the parent company Garuda Indonesia. A restructuring plan approved in Jakarta had extinguished creditors' right of action against the airline and its subsidiaries. The court held that this judgment, although not bearing exequatur, \u201cis nonetheless a legal fact calling into question the very existence of the claim\u201d (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/65d84f5e5d35630008e1f1ce\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CA Paris, p\u00f4le 1 ch. 10, 22 February 2024, No. 23\/07441<\/a>). The release was upheld and the attaching creditor was ordered to pay \u20ac20,000 in damages for blocking the funds. This decision, unfavourable to the creditor, shows that a foreign decision can work against the creditor before any exequatur. The firm therefore checks for insolvency proceedings or settlements opened abroad before advising on an attachment.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can a third party challenge the exequatur of an arbitral award made abroad?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>For an award made abroad, exequatur is granted by order of the Paris judicial court, following a non-adversarial procedure, under Article 1516 of the Code of Civil Procedure, a similarly worded version of which will enter into force on 1 January 2027. The decision ruling on exequatur of an award made abroad is open to appeal. An injured third party has another route. In a dispute in which Kuwaiti and Egyptian companies had obtained exequatur of an award made against Libyan authorities, the Central Bank of Libya had brought third-party opposition against the judgment granting exequatur. The Court of Cassation holds that this third-party opposition is \u201can ordinary-law remedy directed not against the arbitral award but only against the exequatur decision of the award made abroad\u201d (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/60af35f210a3048b8b576568\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. 1re civ., 26 May 2021, No. 19-23.996<\/a>). The judgment of inadmissibility was quashed. For the creditor, the outcome is unfavourable: the exequatur obtained may be challenged by a third party whose assets are targeted. The attachment must therefore be prepared with this challenge in mind, notably where the assets belong to an entity distinct from the debtor named in the award.<\/p><\/div><\/details><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-textes\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-textes\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Sources and related pages<\/p>\n<h2>Official texts and <em>related pages<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">The sources for this page and the firm's related areas of practice.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-arts\"><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006410785\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006410785\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article 509 of the Code of Civil Procedure<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">enforcement in France of foreign judgments and instruments<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039059349\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039059349\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article R. 212-8 of the Code of Judicial Organisation<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">jurisdiction of the judicial court for exequatur<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000053936502\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000053936502\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 111-3 of the Code of Civil Enforcement Procedures<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">list of enforceable titles<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000025025648\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000025025648\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 111-4 of the Code of Civil Enforcement Procedures<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">ten-year period for enforcing titles<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000025026104\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000025026104\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Articles L. 511-1 and L. 511-2 of the Code of Civil Enforcement Procedures<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">protective measures and exemption from authorisation<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000033563436\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000033563436\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Articles L. 111-1-1 to L. 111-1-3 of the Code of Civil Enforcement Procedures<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">attachment of the assets of a foreign State<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art\" href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/FR\/TXT\/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Regulation (EU) No. 1215\/2012 (Brussels I bis)<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">enforcement without exequatur, certificate and refusal of enforcement (Articles 39 to 46 and 53)<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<h3 class=\"kcv-center\">Further reading<\/h3>\n<div class=\"kcv-pgs\"><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/international-business-law-lawyer-paris\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">International business law<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">Firm expertise<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/international-contract-lawyer-paris\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">International contract<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">Firm expertise<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/arbitration-lawyer-paris\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Arbitration<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">Firm expertise<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/business-law-attorneys-paris-75017\/debt-recovery-lawyer\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Commercial debt recovery<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">Firm expertise<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/commercial-litigation-lawyer-paris\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Commercial litigation<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">Firm expertise<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<p class=\"kcv-small kcv-center\">Page updated on 1 November 2026.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"kcv-cta\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-in\">\n    <div class=\"kcv-cta-card\">\n      <h2>A foreign decision to enforce in France? <em>Take stock today<\/em>.<\/h2>\n      <p>Send the decision or award, the records of service and whatever you know about the debtor's assets: the firm will identify the title to be obtained, the attachments available and the time limit that is running.<\/p>\n      <div class=\"kcv-btns\">\n        <a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a>\n        <a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kch-form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n<div class=\"kcv-news-band\"><h2>The latest <em>news.<\/em><\/h2><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\", \"@type\": \"FAQPage\", \"mainEntity\": [{\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Which of the debtor's assets can be attached in France once exequatur has been obtained?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"A foreign judgment declared enforceable by a decision without suspensive appeal becomes an enforceable title within the meaning of Article L. 111-3 of the Code of Civil Enforcement Procedures. It then opens the same attachments as a French judgment, provided that it records a liquidated and due claim (Article L. 111-2). Sums held by a third party (bank accounts, rent owed by a tenant or invoices owed by a customer) are attached by garnishment order under Article L. 211-1. Real property located in France may be the subject of a real property seizure under the conditions of Article L. 311-2. Shares, securities and vehicles follow their own procedures. The choice depends on what the debtor actually holds in France and on how quickly it can move its assets. That is why the firm begins by tracing the assets and prepares the exequatur application only in light of the attachment it is meant to make possible. The enforcement judge remains competent for difficulties relating to the title and for disputes raised during the attachment (Article L. 213-6 of the Code of Judicial Organisation).\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Can a protective attachment be taken before exequatur has been obtained?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Yes, under the conditions of Article L. 511-1 of the Code of Civil Enforcement Procedures: a claim that appears well founded in principle and circumstances likely to threaten its recovery. Article L. 511-2 exempts from prior authorisation a creditor who relies on a court decision that is not yet enforceable. The Paris Court of Appeal inferred from this that an Albanian creditor did not need exequatur to take its protective attachments, and that the refusal of exequatur that followed \u201caffects only the enforceability in France of those decisions, not the existence of a claim that appears well founded in principle\u201d (our translation) (CA Paris, p\u00f4le 1 ch. 10, 17 May 2023, No. 22\/11816). The attachments were upheld. This is a court of appeal decision, not a leading judgment of the Court of Cassation. The threat to recovery must be established by concrete evidence, and the same court points out that the debtor's mere dispute of the claim is not enough to establish it. After the attachment, a creditor without an enforceable title must start the procedure to obtain the title within one month, failing which the attachment lapses (Article R. 511-7).\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"How long does a creditor have to enforce a foreign judgment declared enforceable?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Article L. 111-4 of the Code of Civil Enforcement Procedures limits to ten years the enforcement of the enforceable titles listed in points 1\u00b0 to 3\u00b0 of Article L. 111-3, unless the action to recover the claim is subject to a longer limitation period. A foreign judgment bearing exequatur falls under point 2\u00b0. In a dispute concerning a Moroccan judgment carrying interest running since 1990, the Court of Cassation clarified the starting point of this period: enforcement \u201cmay be pursued only within the period provided for in Article L. 111-4 of the Code of Civil Enforcement Procedures, which runs from the exequatur decision\u201d (our translation) (Cass. 1re civ., 26 November 2025, No. 23-21.764). The debtor's appeal, which relied on the amount reached by the interest and on an infringement of legal certainty, was dismissed. For the creditor, the exequatur decision therefore opens a ten-year window. It must be taken into account in the timetable of attachments, especially where the debtor arranges its assets across several countries.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Can an old foreign judgment still be granted exequatur?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The action for exequatur itself is not subject to a limitation period. The Court of Cassation so held in respect of a certificate of unsatisfied claims (acte de d\u00e9faut de biens) issued in Switzerland, stating that \u201cthe action for exequatur itself is not subject to any limitation period\u201d (our translation) (Cass. 1re civ., 11 January 2023, No. 21-21.168). The same judgment distinguishes two other rules: the limitation rule of the State of origin may affect the enforceability of the judgment and therefore the applicant's interest in bringing proceedings, whereas that of the requested State may affect enforcement in France. The Court confirmed this reading in 2025, holding that where the law of the State of origin provides for a limitation period for judgments, \u201cthis affects the enforceability of the decision\u201d (our translation) and makes the action inadmissible once the period has expired (Cass. 1re civ., 26 November 2025, No. 23-21.764). In that case, Moroccan law allowed enforcement for thirty years, and exequatur was upheld. Before acting on an old decision, the firm therefore checks the limitation rule for judgments in the country where it was made.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Is exequatur needed for a judgment made in another EU Member State?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Not for decisions falling within Regulation (EU) No. 1215\/2012, known as Brussels I bis, which applies to proceedings brought on or after 10 January 2015 (Article 66 of the Regulation). A decision that is enforceable in the Member State of origin is enforced in France without any declaration of enforceability, under Article 39 of the same Regulation. The creditor provides the enforcement authority with an authenticated copy of the decision and the certificate issued by the court of origin (Articles 42 and 53). This certificate is notified or served on the debtor before the first enforcement measure, together with the decision if it has not already been served, except for protective measures taken under Article 40 (Article 43). Enforcement then follows French law. The Court of Cassation draws a concrete limit from this: the judgment of another Member State must meet \u201cthe same criteria as those applied, in domestic law, to determine whether a decision made by a national court allows the creditor to pursue enforcement against the debtor's assets\u201d (our translation) (Cass. 2e civ., 2 December 2021, No. 20-14.092). In that case, the attachments based on a Luxembourg judgment were called into question. The debtor retains the right to apply for refusal of enforcement on one of the grounds in the Regulation (Article 46).\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Which court grants exequatur and what does it review?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The judicial court, sitting with a single judge, hears applications for recognition and exequatur of foreign judicial decisions and public instruments, as well as arbitral awards (Article R. 212-8 of the Code of Judicial Organisation), except for applications that Article 509-2 of the Code of Civil Procedure entrusts to the head of registry, such as those based on the Lugano Convention. Outside the EU and outside any convention, Article 509 of the Code of Civil Procedure refers to a review of international regularity developed by case law: the foreign judge must have had indirect jurisdiction, the decision must not offend international public policy in substance or procedure, and it must not be tainted by fraud. The French judge does not retry the case. The judge checks the procedure followed abroad and the content of the decision. In the Moroccan case decided in 2025, the Court of Cassation specifies that this review concerns the procedure that led to the judgment and its content, not the conditions of the exequatur application (Cass. 1re civ., 26 November 2025, No. 23-21.764). The high amount of interest, the mechanical result of the debtor's delay, was not held to be contrary to international public policy. The firm prepares the application by documenting each of these points, because exequatur is the condition of every final attachment.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Can the judge refuse exequatur because the foreign judge lacked jurisdiction?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The judge can, but where the French rule does not give French courts exclusive jurisdiction, the judge must check whether there is a distinct link between the dispute and the country of the court seised and whether the choice of that court was not fraudulent, without asking which country had the closest link. The Court of Cassation quashed a judgment of the Paris Court of Appeal that had refused exequatur of decisions of the High Court of Singapore made in favour of a Singapore company that was the beneficiary of letters of credit issued by an Iraqi bank. The court of appeal had ruled \u201con grounds capable of justifying closer links between the dispute and the State of Iraq but incapable of justifying the absence of a distinct link with Singapore\u201d (our translation) (Cass. 1re civ., 5 November 2025, No. 24-14.154). The applicant was registered there, resided there and was the beneficiary of the payments. The case was referred back to the Paris Court of Appeal, differently composed. The Court also noted that the court of appeal had disregarded the last submissions filed before the close of the proceedings. For the creditor, this judgment shows the value of documenting precisely the links between the dispute and the foreign court, if necessary by supplementary submissions.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Can the exequatur judge order measures against the debtor's assets?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"No. The judge's task is limited to declaring the foreign decision enforceable after checking its international regularity. The Third Civil Chamber so held in a dispute in which an Australian bank had taken a provisional judicial mortgage in 2012 on a property in the Dordogne and then applied for exequatur: \u201cIt is not within the powers of the judge seised of an application for exequatur of a foreign decision to order the conversion into final registration of a provisional registration previously made to preserve the claim\u201d (our translation) (Cass. 3e civ., 12 March 2026, No. 23-20.666). The Court quashed without referral and rejected the application for conversion. The outcome is unfavourable to the creditor in this procedure. The judgment does not order the release of the provisional registration, but consolidating it requires the ordinary formalities with the land registration office. Final registration must be made within two months of the day on which the exequatur decision became final (Article R. 533-4, 3\u00b0, of the Code of Civil Enforcement Procedures). The creditor must therefore coordinate exequatur, final registration and, where appropriate, real property seizure, each before the competent authority.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Can an account opened at a foreign branch of a bank be attached in France?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The garnishment order under Article L. 211-1 of the Code of Civil Enforcement Procedures exerts constraint on the garnishee, in principle the bank. The Court of Cassation infers from this that, because enforcement procedures are territorial, it \u201ccan have effect only if the garnishee is established in France\u201d (our translation) (Cass. 2e civ., 10 December 2020, No. 19-10.801). It specifies that \u201ca garnishee that is a legal person is established in France if it either has its registered office there or has there an entity with the power to discharge a claim of the debtor against it\u201d (our translation). In that case, the debtor's accounts were opened at the New York branch of a bank whose head office was in London, and none were opened at the French branch targeted. The release of the attachment was upheld, an outcome unfavourable to the creditor. Before attaching, the firm therefore identifies the institution that actually holds the account and its ability to pay from France, rather than relying on the mere presence of a branch in Paris.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"How can the assets of a foreign State ordered to pay be attached?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"No protective or enforcement measure may target an asset belonging to a foreign State without prior authorisation from the judge, given by order on application (Article L. 111-1-1 of the Code of Civil Enforcement Procedures). The judge grants it only if the State has consented to the measure, has allocated the asset to the claim, or if the asset is used other than for non-commercial public-service purposes and is connected with the entity ordered to pay (Article L. 111-1-2). For the assets of diplomatic missions, an express and specific waiver is required (Article L. 111-1-3). The Court of Cassation accordingly upheld the release of attachments on the accounts of the Embassy of the Congo, presumed to be allocated to the mission, recalling that this presumption \u201cyields to proof to the contrary which, as it may be adduced by any means, is not made impossible for creditors\u201d (our translation) (Cass. 1re civ., 3 February 2021, No. 19-10.669), proof that was lacking. It held, however, that \u201can express waiver of immunity from enforcement is sufficient for the assets of a State, whatever they may be, to be the subject of an enforcement measure\u201d (our translation), excluding the assets of the diplomatic mission, and validated the attachment of an aircraft allocated to the Presidency of the Republic of the Congo (Cass. 1re civ., 13 March 2024, No. 21-17.599).\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Can a Swiss judgment still open to appeal be enforced in France?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Decisions made in Switzerland fall under the Lugano Convention of 30 October 2007, which retains a declaration of enforceability. According to the Court of Cassation, this declaration is issued when the applicant produces the certificate provided for by the Convention, subject to the grounds for refusal that it lists. In a case where a Swiss criminal court had ordered a former employee to compensate two companies, the Court first accepted that civil awards made by a criminal court fall within the scope of the Convention. It then held that the court of appeal did not have to examine whether the decision was final, since \u201cthe Convention does not require the foreign decision to have become irrevocable\u201d (our translation) (Cass. 1re civ., 27 November 2024, No. 23-13.795). The debtor's appeal was dismissed. The published summary of this judgment contrasts this rule with ordinary private international law, which requires a final and enforceable foreign judgment. An appeal pending in Switzerland therefore does not, in principle, prevent an application for enforceability in France, which allows progress on attachments without waiting.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Can maintenance set by a foreign judge after a separation be recovered in France?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Yes, and protective measures may precede the final outcome of exequatur. The Colmar Court of Appeal examined an order of a family court in Ontario requiring a father to pay arrears of child maintenance, a lump-sum compensatory maintenance payment and costs. The Colmar judicial court had granted exequatur, and the debtor had appealed. The court held that the claim remained sufficiently well founded in principle despite that appeal, and that the threat to its recovery was established, notably \u201cbecause of the need to carry out enforcement steps abroad, which are necessarily made more complex\u201d (our translation) (CA Colmar, ch. 3 A, 19 October 2026, No. 25\/04394). It also noted the debtor's refusal to pay and his opaque conduct before the Canadian judge. The protective attachments were upheld. The court held that the amount was sufficiently established by the Canadian decision to found a protective measure, despite complaints of errors in the calculation, and noted that the payments alleged were not shown. The outcome remains a decision on its own facts by a court of appeal. It shows the value of keeping the statements of account and the documents from the foreign proceedings in order to defend the attachments.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What risk does a creditor run by attaching on the strength of a disputed foreign decision?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The judge may release a protective measure if the conditions of Article L. 511-1 are not met, even where no prior authorisation was required (Article L. 512-1 of the Code of Civil Enforcement Procedures). The creditor may then be ordered to pay compensation for the harm caused by the measure (Article L. 512-2). The Paris Court of Appeal so held against a landlord company that had attached the accounts of Garuda France, its direct tenant, whose obligations were guaranteed by the parent company Garuda Indonesia. A restructuring plan approved in Jakarta had extinguished creditors' right of action against the airline and its subsidiaries. The court held that this judgment, although not bearing exequatur, \u201cis nonetheless a legal fact calling into question the very existence of the claim\u201d (our translation) (CA Paris, p\u00f4le 1 ch. 10, 22 February 2024, No. 23\/07441). The release was upheld and the attaching creditor was ordered to pay \u20ac20,000 in damages for blocking the funds. This decision, unfavourable to the creditor, shows that a foreign decision can work against the creditor before any exequatur. The firm therefore checks for insolvency proceedings or settlements opened abroad before advising on an attachment.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Can a third party challenge the exequatur of an arbitral award made abroad?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"For an award made abroad, exequatur is granted by order of the Paris judicial court, following a non-adversarial procedure, under Article 1516 of the Code of Civil Procedure, a similarly worded version of which will enter into force on 1 January 2027. The decision ruling on exequatur of an award made abroad is open to appeal. An injured third party has another route. In a dispute in which Kuwaiti and Egyptian companies had obtained exequatur of an award made against Libyan authorities, the Central Bank of Libya had brought third-party opposition against the judgment granting exequatur. The Court of Cassation holds that this third-party opposition is \u201can ordinary-law remedy directed not against the arbitral award but only against the exequatur decision of the award made abroad\u201d (our translation) (Cass. 1re civ., 26 May 2021, No. 19-23.996). The judgment of inadmissibility was quashed. For the creditor, the outcome is unfavourable: the exequatur obtained may be challenged by a third party whose assets are targeted. The attachment must therefore be prepared with this challenge in mind, notably where the assets belong to an entity distinct from the debtor named in the award.\"}}]}<\/script><script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\", \"@type\": \"LegalService\", \"name\": \"Exequatur lawyer in Paris \u2014 Kohen Avocats\", \"url\": \"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/exequatur-lawyer-paris\/\", \"telephone\": \"+33646605822\", \"email\": \"contact@kohenavocats.fr\", \"address\": {\"@type\": \"PostalAddress\", \"streetAddress\": \"11 rue Margueritte\", \"postalCode\": \"75017\", \"addressLocality\": \"Paris\", \"addressCountry\": \"FR\"}, \"areaServed\": \"The Paris region (\u00cele-de-France)\", \"founder\": {\"@type\": \"Person\", \"name\": \"Reda Kohen\", \"jobTitle\": \"Lawyer at the Paris Bar\", \"sameAs\": [\"https:\/\/consultation.avocat.fr\/avocat-paris\/reda-kohen-54670.html\"]}, \"openingHours\": \"Mo-Su 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Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2157083 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2157083 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/tim-schmidbauer-EnC5f7At4ac-unsplash-1-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2157083 post-2157083 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/25\/foreign-company-france-unpaid-invoice-penalties-injonction-payer-abroad\/\">Your French Client Has Not Paid: Late-Payment Penalties, the 40 Euro Fee and the Injunction-to-Pay While You Live Abroad<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2157055 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2157055 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/allison-saeng-Hpw4nI_QUWQ-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2157055 post-2157055 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/25\/foreign-company-france-corporate-bank-account-refusal-abroad\/\">Your French Bank Won&#8217;t Open a Corporate Account While You Live Abroad: Right to an Account, Banque de France Designation and the Anti-Money-Laundering Wall<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2157013 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2157013 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/getty-images-p1ZW7qeVRyE-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2157013 post-2157013 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/25\/foreign-company-france-sas-pay-abroad-salary-dividends-management-fees\/\">Your French SAS Pays You While You Live Abroad: Salary, Dividends or Management Fees<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2156883 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2156883 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/getty-images-p1ZW7qeVRyE-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2156883 post-2156883 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/25\/foreign-company-france-sas-capital-increase-cash-call-filing-abroad\/\">Your French SAS Needs Cash From Abroad: Increase Capital, Call Up Unpaid Shares or Lend Instead \u2014 Filing and New Kbis Without Flying to Paris<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2156702 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2156702 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/pawel-czerwinski-mIT9kEQBC6Q-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2156702 post-2156702 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/24\/foreign-company-france-hire-first-employee-dpae-contract-trial-pay-abroad\/\">Hiring Your First French Employee While You Live Abroad: DPAE, Contract, Trial Period, Pay and Registration<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2156668 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2156668 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/alex-vasey-F5HtPjpBb9k-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2156668 post-2156668 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/24\/foreign-company-france-management-fees-transfer-pricing-file-defence-abroad\/\">Your French Subsidiary Pays Management Fees to Its Foreign Parent While You Live Abroad: Transfer Pricing File, Deduction and Reassessment Defence<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2156642 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2156642 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/shubham-dhage-ICCn56-jyuw-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2156642 post-2156642 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/24\/foreign-company-france-shareholder-loan-compte-courant-abroad\/\">Your French Subsidiary Needs Cash From Abroad: Shareholder Loans (Compte Courant d&#8217;Associe), Interest, Approval and Getting Repaid<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. 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A judgment obtained abroad cannot be compulsorily enforced in France until it has become an enforceable title there. An exequatur lawyer in Paris therefore begins with an [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":251031307,"featured_media":2157176,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2161269","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.2 (Yoast SEO v28.2) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Exequatur Lawyer Paris | Kohen Avocats<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Exequatur lawyer in Paris: enforce a foreign judgment or arbitral award against bank accounts, property and receivables in France. 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