{"id":2161267,"date":"2026-11-01T23:35:54","date_gmt":"2026-11-01T22:35:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/?page_id=2161267"},"modified":"2026-11-04T19:37:54","modified_gmt":"2026-11-04T18:37:54","slug":"energy-infrastructure-lawyer-paris","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/energy-infrastructure-lawyer-paris\/","title":{"rendered":"Energy infrastructure lawyer Paris: solar permits, grid connection"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"2161267\" class=\"elementor elementor-2161267 elementor-2160679\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-v5bd59a e-con-full e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"v5bd59a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-v5bd59aw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"v5bd59aw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"kcv\" id=\"kci-root\" data-refresh-marker=\"expertise-fr-avocat-energie-infrastructures-paris-20261101\">\n<section class=\"kcv-hero\" aria-labelledby=\"kch-h1\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-in\">\n    <div class=\"kcv-head\">\n      <p class=\"kk\">Photovoltaic plant, agrivoltaics, grid connection and CoRDiS<\/p>\n      <h1 id=\"kch-h1\"><em>Energy infrastructure lawyer<\/em> Paris:<span class=\"kcv-tail\"> solar permits, grid connection.<\/span><\/h1>\n      <p class=\"kcv-sub\">Ground-mounted photovoltaic plant, solar carports, agrivoltaic project or municipal solar farm: before the first production, the project goes through a planning authorisation, sometimes an environmental derogation, and then a connection procedure to the public grid. Each of these stages has its own rules, its own court and its own time limits. An energy infrastructure lawyer in Paris therefore reviews them one stage at a time.<\/p>\n      <div class=\"kcv-btns\">\n        <a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a>\n        <a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kch-form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a>\n      <\/div>\n      <p class=\"kcv-urg\">A challenge to a dispute-settlement decision of the CoRDiS, the dispute settlement committee of the Energy Regulatory Commission, must be brought within one month before the Paris Court of Appeal, and a challenge to a permit within two months. Keep the notification and display dates as soon as you receive them.<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcv-stagewrap\"><div class=\"kcv-stageshadow\"><div class=\"kcv-stage\">\n      <link rel=\"preload\" as=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kohen-v3-expertises\/kohen-fr-trouble-de-voisinage-paysage-20261025.webp\" media=\"(min-width:761px)\" fetchpriority=\"high\">\n      <link rel=\"preload\" as=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kohen-v3-expertises\/kohen-fr-trouble-de-voisinage-paysage-1080-20261025.webp\" media=\"(max-width:760px)\" fetchpriority=\"high\">\n      <div class=\"kcv-media\" aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"--kcv-img:url('https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kohen-v3-expertises\/kohen-fr-trouble-de-voisinage-paysage-20261025.webp');--kcv-img-m:url('https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kohen-v3-expertises\/kohen-fr-trouble-de-voisinage-paysage-1080-20261025.webp')\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"kcv-panel kcv-glass\" id=\"kch-form\">\n        <div class=\"kcv-panel-head\">\n          <div>\n            <p class=\"kcv-panel-k\">Solar energy \u00b7 Paris<\/p>\n            <h2 class=\"kcv-panel-t\">Get a <em>first analysis<\/em><\/h2>\n            <p class=\"kcv-panel-l\">Send the permit application or the decision received, the extracts of the local urban plan (plan local d'urbanisme), the agricultural or environmental study, the connection proposal and the exchanges with the grid operator: the firm examines the blocking stage and the legal route available.<\/p>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"kcv-chip kcv-glass\"><p class=\"kcv-chip-n\">24 \u00e0 48 h<\/p><p class=\"kcv-chip-x\">first legal<br>review<\/p><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"kcf-wrap\">\n<form id=\"kcf-2form\" data-kcf data-api-url=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-json\/kohen-form\/v1\/submit\" data-vps-url=\"https:\/\/upload-fr.46-224-152-225.sslip.io\/submit\" data-max-size=\"1073741824\" data-max-files=\"500\" novalidate enctype=\"multipart\/form-data\">\n  <input type=\"hidden\" name=\"rendered_at\" value=\"1776847557\">\n  <div class=\"kcf-hp\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><label for=\"kcf-2website\">Do not fill in<\/label><input id=\"kcf-2website\" name=\"website\" type=\"text\" tabindex=\"-1\" autocomplete=\"off\"><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcf-price\">\n    <span class=\"kcf-price-amount\">\u20ac80<small>incl. VAT<\/small><\/span>\n    <div class=\"kcf-price-body\">\n      <p class=\"kcf-price-text\"><strong>Preliminary review of your case.<\/strong> Examination of your documents and a first written analysis by Reda Kohen, within 24 to 48 business hours. Payment is made online after this form is sent.<\/p>\n      <ul class=\"kcf-price-meta\">\n        <li>Up to 1 GB of documents, folders and subfolders accepted<\/li>\n        <li>Secure payment, no banking data stored<\/li>\n        <li><a href=\"\/conditions-etude-prealable\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Terms and fee agreement<\/a><\/li>\n      <\/ul>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcf-row\">\n    <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n      <label class=\"kcf-label\" for=\"kcf-2name\">Full name<\/label>\n      <input class=\"kcf-input\" type=\"text\" id=\"kcf-2name\" name=\"name\" placeholder=\"Your name\" required autocomplete=\"name\" aria-describedby=\"kcf-2name-err\">\n      <p class=\"kcf-field-error\" id=\"kcf-2name-err\" role=\"alert\"><\/p>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n      <label class=\"kcf-label\" for=\"kcf-2phone\">Telephone <span class=\"kcf-optional\">(optional)<\/span><\/label>\n      <input class=\"kcf-input\" type=\"tel\" inputmode=\"tel\" id=\"kcf-2phone\" name=\"phone\" placeholder=\"06 00 00 00 00\" autocomplete=\"tel\" aria-describedby=\"kcf-2phone-err\">\n      <p class=\"kcf-field-error\" id=\"kcf-2phone-err\" role=\"alert\"><\/p>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n    <label class=\"kcf-label\" for=\"kcf-2email\">Email address<\/label>\n    <input class=\"kcf-input\" type=\"email\" id=\"kcf-2email\" name=\"email\" placeholder=\"your@email.com\" required autocomplete=\"email\" spellcheck=\"false\" autocapitalize=\"off\" aria-describedby=\"kcf-2email-err\">\n    <p class=\"kcf-field-error\" id=\"kcf-2email-err\" role=\"alert\"><\/p>\n  <\/div>\n  \n  <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n    <label class=\"kcf-label\" for=\"kcf-2message\">Message<\/label>\n    <textarea class=\"kcf-textarea\" id=\"kcf-2message\" name=\"message\" placeholder=\"Briefly describe your situation...\" required aria-describedby=\"kcf-2message-err\"><\/textarea>\n    <p class=\"kcf-field-error\" id=\"kcf-2message-err\" role=\"alert\"><\/p>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n    <label class=\"kcf-label\">Attachments <span class=\"kcf-optional\">(optional, 500 files max, 1 GB)<\/span><\/label>\n    <div class=\"kcf-dropzone\" id=\"kcf-2dropzone\">\n      <svg class=\"kcf-dropzone-icon\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M21 15v4a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-4\"\/><polyline points=\"17 8 12 3 7 8\"\/><line x1=\"12\" y1=\"3\" x2=\"12\" y2=\"15\"\/><\/svg>\n      <p class=\"kcf-dropzone-text\"><strong>Click<\/strong> or drag your files here<br>All formats accepted (PDF, Word, images, etc.)<\/p>\n      <input type=\"file\" name=\"attachments\" id=\"kcf-2files\" multiple>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcf-file-list\" id=\"kcf-2filelist\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcf-progress\" id=\"kcf-2progress\">\n      <div class=\"kcf-progress-bar\"><div class=\"kcf-progress-fill\" id=\"kcf-2progressfill\"><\/div><\/div>\n      <p class=\"kcf-progress-text\" id=\"kcf-2progresstext\">Sending...<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n  <button type=\"submit\" class=\"kcf-btn\">\n    <span class=\"kcf-spinner\"><\/span>\n    <span class=\"kcf-btn-text\">Pay \u20ac80 and send my case<\/span>\n  <\/button>\n  <div class=\"kcf-msg\" role=\"status\" aria-live=\"polite\" aria-atomic=\"true\" tabindex=\"-1\"><\/div>\n  <p class=\"kcf-note\">Payment constitutes a request for immediate performance of your analysis. 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l'\u00c9tat.\",\"auteur\":\"data.gouv.fr\",\"paraphrase\":true,\"libelle\":\"Voir la fiche sur data.gouv.fr\"},{\"titre\":\"Commentaires des d\u00e9cisions de justice par l'IA g\u00e9n\u00e9rative\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.data.gouv.fr\/reuses\/commentaires-des-decisions-de-justice-par-lia-generative\",\"citation\":\"R\u00e9utilisation des donn\u00e9es publiques de justice publi\u00e9e par Kohen Avocats et r\u00e9f\u00e9renc\u00e9e sur data.gouv.fr.\",\"auteur\":\"data.gouv.fr\",\"paraphrase\":true,\"libelle\":\"Voir la r\u00e9utilisation sur data.gouv.fr\"}]},\"awwwards\":{\"nom\":\"Awwwards\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Kohen Avocats, site nomm\u00e9 aux Awwwards\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.awwwards.com\/sites\/kohen-avocats\",\"citation\":\"Le site du cabinet figure parmi les sites nomm\u00e9s (\u00ab Nominee \u00bb) par Awwwards, r\u00e9f\u00e9rence internationale du design web.\",\"auteur\":\"Awwwards\",\"paraphrase\":true,\"libelle\":\"Voir la fiche sur 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\u00e0 la location ?\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.leboncoin.fr\/guide\/immobilier\/bouilloires-thermiques-bientot-interdites-a-la-location-hfpj70o6.html\",\"citation\":\"Le guide immobilier cite une analyse de kohenavocats.fr parmi ses sources.\",\"auteur\":\"Leboncoin\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"femme-actuelle\":{\"nom\":\"Femme Actuelle\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"S\u00e9paration ou divorce : quelle banque et quel cr\u00e9dit pour repartir sur de bonnes bases ?\",\"date\":\"2026-09-30\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.femmeactuelle.fr\/vie-pratique\/news-vie-pratique\/separation-ou-divorce-quelle-banque-et-quel-credit-pour-repartir-sur-de-bonnes-bases-2211980\",\"citation\":\"L'article cite une analyse de kohenavocats.com parmi ses sources.\",\"auteur\":\"Femme Actuelle\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"economie-matin\":{\"nom\":\"\u00c9conomie Matin\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Nouveau bail 2026 : ce que les propri\u00e9taires doivent anticiper d\u00e8s 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l\u2019obligation de d\u00e9livrer un logement d\u00e9cent pendant toute la dur\u00e9e du bail et l\u2019ordonnance du tribunal judiciaire de B\u00e9ziers du 31 mars 2026 sur une climatisation install\u00e9e sans autorisation.\",\"auteur\":\"Science \\u0026 Vie\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"frandroid\":{\"nom\":\"Frandroid\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Fin de Rakuten France : comment r\u00e9cup\u00e9rer vos factures, vos garanties et vos points Club R\",\"date\":\"2026-09-30\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.frandroid.com\/culture-tech\/web\/3266559_fin-de-rakuten-france-comment-recuperer-vos-factures-vos-garanties-et-vos-points-club-r\",\"citation\":\"Le cabinet Kohen Avocats leur conseille de retirer cet argent et de t\u00e9l\u00e9charger tout leur historique avant le 10 novembre.\",\"auteur\":\"Frandroid\",\"paraphrase\":true},{\"titre\":\"Goutte-\u00e0-goutte et inondation : que faire quand la climatisation du voisin ruine votre terrasse 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Voil\u00e0 pourquoi\",\"date\":\"2026-10-25\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.magicmaman.com\/vous-vivez-en-immeuble-et-vous-n-avez-toujours-pas-de-chauffage-cet-automne-voila-pourquoi,3787269.asp\",\"citation\":\"Cette date nationale n\u2019existe pas. La loi ne fixe pas un calendrier d\u2019allumage commun \u00e0 tous les immeubles.\",\"auteur\":\"Cabinet Kohen Avocats\"}]},\"next\":{\"nom\":\"Next\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Fin de Bloctel, interdiction du d\u00e9marchage d\u00e8s le 11 ao\u00fbt : on fait le point\",\"date\":\"2026-08-04\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/next.ink\/249950\/fin-de-bloctel-interdiction-du-demarchage-des-le-11-aout-on-fait-le-point\/\",\"citation\":\"Selon le cabinet Kohen Avocats, les jurisprudences dans ce secteur devraient \u00ab \u00e9clairer la port\u00e9e du futur r\u00e9gime \u00bb.\",\"auteur\":\"Next\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"actu-juridique\":{\"nom\":\"Actu-Juridique\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Magistrature et franc-ma\u00e7onnerie : que dit le droit ?\",\"date\":\"2026-09-22\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.actu-juridique.fr\/professions\/magistrats\/magistrature-et-franc-maconnerie-stupeur-et-evitements\/\",\"citation\":\"L\u2019article cite en r\u00e9f\u00e9rence l\u2019analyse de Ma\u00eetre Hassan Kohen, avocat en droit p\u00e9nal \u00e0 Paris, sur l\u2019avis du Coll\u00e8ge de d\u00e9ontologie du 9 juin 2026.\",\"auteur\":\"Actu-Juridique\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"batiweb\":{\"nom\":\"Batiweb\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Mayotte : Lecornu veut un \u00ab choc de mises en chantier \u00bb\",\"date\":\"2026-08-27\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.batiweb.com\/actualites\/urbanisme\/reconstruction-mayotte-lecornu-choc-mises-chantier-49208\",\"citation\":\"Sur les autorisations d\u2019urbanisme n\u00e9cessaires \u00e0 la reconstruction de Mayotte, l\u2019article cite les explications de Me Reda Kohen.\",\"auteur\":\"Batiweb\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"berliner-zeitung\":{\"nom\":\"Berliner Zeitung\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Null Euro Miete, daf\u00fcr Quizabende mit Rentnern: Wie eine 18-J\u00e4hrige ins Seniorenheim zog\",\"date\":\"2026-09-21\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.berliner-zeitung.de\/article\/null-euro-miete-dafuer-quizabende-mit-rentnern-wie-eine-18-jaehrige-ins-seniorenheim-zog-10414380\",\"citation\":\"Der Pariser Anwalt Reda Kohen ordnet das Modell als Gebrauchsleihe ein: Die Wohnung wird \u00fcberlassen, nicht vermietet.\",\"auteur\":\"Berliner Zeitung\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"startupitalia\":{\"nom\":\"StartupItalia\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Quasi 13 miliardi di dollari di Nvidia per la sconosciuta Hugging Face. 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if(e.key==='ArrowLeft'&&actuel>0){e.preventDefault();aller(actuel-1);}});\ns.querySelectorAll('button.knp__logo').forEach(function(b){b.addEventListener('click',function(e){ouvrir(b,e.detail===0&&b.tabIndex>=0);});});\n}\ndocument.querySelectorAll('.knp').forEach(lier);\n})();\n<\/script>\n<\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"kcv-tabs\" id=\"kcv-cabinet\" aria-label=\"Energy infrastructure lawyer in Paris\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-in\">\n    <div class=\"kcv-tabs-head\">\n      <p class=\"kk\">Kohen Avocats, Paris 17<\/p>\n      <h2>Solar project: <em>what determines authorisation and grid connection<\/em><\/h2>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcv-bar\"><div class=\"kcv-chips\" role=\"tablist\" aria-label=\"Case sections\"><button class=\"kcv-chip-t on\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-avocat\" aria-controls=\"kcv-avocat\" aria-selected=\"true\" tabindex=\"0\">The lawyer<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p1\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p1\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The rules<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p2\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p2\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Your documents<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p3\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p3\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The method<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p4\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p4\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The timetable<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p5\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p5\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The checks<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-synthese\" aria-controls=\"kcv-synthese\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Summary<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-faq\" aria-controls=\"kcv-faq\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Questions<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-textes\" aria-controls=\"kcv-textes\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Legal texts<\/button><\/div><\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcv-track\"><div class=\"kcv-slide kcv-on\" id=\"kcv-avocat\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-avocat\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<div class=\"kcv-pro\">\n  <figure class=\"kcv-pro-photo\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" src=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/kohen-footer\/portrait-reda-20260920-lignes-orange.jpg\" alt=\"Reda Kohen, lawyer at the Paris Bar\" width=\"1122\" height=\"1402\" loading=\"eager\" decoding=\"async\">\n    <figcaption class=\"kcv-pro-cap kcv-glass\"><span class=\"kcv-pro-capn\">Reda Kohen<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pro-capr\">Lawyer at the Paris Bar<\/span><\/figcaption>\n  <\/figure>\n  <div class=\"kcv-pro-body\">\n    <p class=\"kk\">Public law \u00b7 Paris 17th arrondissement<\/p>\n    <h2>What an <em>energy infrastructure lawyer<\/em> in Paris does<\/h2>\n    <ul class=\"kcv-pro-tags\"><li>Paris Bar<\/li><li>Public law<\/li><li>Planning and energy<\/li><\/ul>\n    <p class=\"kcv-p\">Reda Kohen, avocat at the Paris Bar, can act for solar project developers, landowners, farmers and municipalities, on the authorisations for a photovoltaic project and on its connection to the public electricity grid.<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-p\">A solar project is not judged on a single rule. The firm checks, in order, the planning regime that applies according to capacity, compatibility with agricultural, natural or coastal zoning, any protected-species derogation, and then the technical and financial conditions of the connection.<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-p\">Disputes do not all go to the same court. The permit and the derogation are challenged before the administrative courts, whereas a dispute with Enedis or RTE over access to the grid goes to the dispute settlement committee of the Energy Regulatory Commission, and then to the Paris Court of Appeal.<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-p\">Send what you have, even if incomplete: the firm will prioritise and complete the file with you. In an emergency, call <a href=\"tel:+33646605822\">06 46 60 58 22<\/a>.<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-pro-meta\"><a href=\"https:\/\/consultation.avocat.fr\/avocat-paris\/reda-kohen-54670.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Official profile in the directory of French lawyers (CNB)<\/a><span>Firm at 11 rue Margueritte, 75017 Paris<\/span><\/p>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-cards\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-card\"><h3>The right planning route<\/h3><p>Peak capacity, ground-mounted or carport installation and height determine whether the project is exempt, requires a prior declaration or a building permit, and which authority is competent.<\/p><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-card\"><h3>The land and its protections<\/h3><p>Agricultural zones, the departmental framework document, coastal municipalities and protected species each require a distinct demonstration, which must be prepared from the application stage.<\/p><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-card\"><h3>The grid and its regulator<\/h3><p>The connection contribution, the share under the regional scheme and the conditions of access are discussed with the operator, and then before the CoRDiS when the disagreement persists.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p1\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The rules<\/p>\n<h2>Planning, environment, grid: <em>the applicable rules<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">Four sets of rules govern the authorisation and connection of a solar project.<\/p>\n<ol class=\"kcv-conds\">\n  <li>Outside remarkable heritage sites, the surroundings of listed historic monuments and classified sites, ground-mounted solar structures and carports of less than three kilowatt-peak and no more than one metre eighty high are exempt from any formality (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000050497056\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000050497056\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article R*421-2 of the French Planning Code<\/a>). Under this ordinary regime, a prior declaration is sufficient below three kilowatt-peak above one metre eighty, and from three kilowatt-peak up to less than three megawatts (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000050497051\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000050497051\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article R421-9, h<\/a>), and a building permit is required from three megawatts (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000051190132\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000051190132\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article R421-1<\/a>). In the protected areas, a prior declaration is sufficient only below three kilowatt-peak (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000050497040\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000050497040\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article R421-11, I, b<\/a>), and a permit is in principle required above that. The prefect is competent where the energy is not mainly intended for the applicant and for projects presented as agrivoltaic (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000049906638\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000049906638\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article R*422-2<\/a>).<\/li>\n  <li>In an agricultural, natural or forest zone, the installation must not be incompatible with the agricultural activity of the land nor harm landscapes (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000047303685\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000047303685\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L151-11 of the French Planning Code<\/a>). This compatibility is assessed at the level of contiguous plots belonging to the same farm, and outside agrivoltaics no solar structure may be built outside the areas of the departmental framework document (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000047298109\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000047298109\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L111-29<\/a>). For an application filed in 2022, before this scheme, the Toulouse Administrative Court of Appeal annulled a refusal based on the absence of significant agricultural activity, in view of a genuinely organised sheep farm (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000051490621\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000051490621\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">CAA Toulouse, 17 April 2025, No. 24TL02067<\/a>).<\/li>\n  <li>Where the site shelters protected species, the derogation requires the absence of any other satisfactory solution, the maintenance of the populations and an imperative reason of overriding public interest (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000054715973\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000054715973\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L411-2 of the French Environmental Code<\/a>). Renewable energy projects and their connection works are deemed to meet that requirement when they satisfy the conditions set by decree (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000047297434\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000047297434\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L211-2-1 of the French Energy Code<\/a>). The Council of State (Conseil d'\u00c9tat) held that a site outside the municipality was not an alternative to the municipal project of Cruis (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000054049214\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000054049214\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">CE, 7 May 2026, No. 496357<\/a>).<\/li>\n  <li>Connection comprises extension, service-connection or reinforcement works, which form part of the public networks (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000047993944\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000047993944\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L342-1 of the French Energy Code<\/a>), and the regional renewable energy connection scheme sets a pooled unit share (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000047993922\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000047993922\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L342-3<\/a>). The articles of the Energy Code, in their wording then applicable, \"require only that the connection form part of a Regional Scheme and not that it fall within the pooling perimeter defined by it\" (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/624d2ebb12d01a2df91a337c\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 6 April 2022, No. 20-23.163<\/a>) (our translation). A disagreement over access to the grid may be referred to the CoRDiS (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000051214473\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000051214473\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L134-19<\/a>).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"kcv-callout\"><span class=\"kcv-callout-i\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M9.6 6C6.5 7.4 4.5 10 4.5 13.4V18h6v-6H7.6c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L9.6 6zm9 0c-3.1 1.4-5.1 4-5.1 7.4V18h6v-6h-2.9c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L18.6 6z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><p>A permit does not guarantee either the connection or its cost: the grid operator's proposal must be examined as soon as it is received, because it often determines the economic balance of the project.<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p2\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Your documents<\/p>\n<h2>What to send depending on <em>the blocked stage<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">The file is rebuilt from the administrative acts, the studies and the exchanges with the grid operator.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-duel\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-opt kcv-opt-a\"><p class=\"kcv-opt-k\">Position A<\/p><p class=\"kcv-opt-t\">Your authorisation is refused or challenged<\/p><ul><li>Permit application or prior declaration, with the notice, the plans and the declared peak capacity<\/li><li>Decision refusing, deferring or granting the permit, with the notification and display dates<\/li><li>Extracts of the local urban plan, the departmental framework document and the opinion of the competent commission<\/li><li>Agricultural study, impact assessment, wildlife surveys and any derogation application<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-or\" aria-hidden=\"true\">or<\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-opt kcv-opt-b\"><p class=\"kcv-opt-k\">Position B<\/p><p class=\"kcv-opt-t\">Your connection is blocked or challenged<\/p><ul><li>Complete connection application, acknowledgement of receipt and technical and financial proposal received<\/li><li>Connection agreement, grid injection access contract and special conditions<\/li><li>Calculation of the contribution, amount of the regional share and applicable regional scheme<\/li><li>Exchanges with Enedis, RTE or the local distribution authority, notices of works and records of outages<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-callout\"><span class=\"kcv-callout-i\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M9.6 6C6.5 7.4 4.5 10 4.5 13.4V18h6v-6H7.6c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L9.6 6zm9 0c-3.1 1.4-5.1 4-5.1 7.4V18h6v-6h-2.9c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L18.6 6z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><p>Do not let the period for accepting the connection proposal expire during an informal discussion: set out your reservations in writing and keep proof that they were sent.<\/p><\/div>\n<p class=\"kcv-p\">The firm also handles:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"kcv-pro-tags\"><li>Administrative court<\/li><li>Administrative law<\/li><li>Local authorities<\/li><li>Public law<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p3\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The method<\/p>\n<h2>How the firm <em>examines your project<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">Identifying the blocking stage, the applicable text and the competent court before taking any step.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-rows\">\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 1<\/p><h3>Reading the file and the dates<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">The firm notes the capacity, the location, the zoning, the decisions received and their notification dates, so as to establish at once the time limits still open.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 2<\/p><h3>Identifying the applicable regime<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">Planning authorisation, the prefect's competence, the agricultural framework document, the Coastal Act, the protected-species derogation or a connection dispute: each question is given its exact legal basis.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 3<\/p><h3>Administrative appeal or negotiation<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">Depending on the case, the firm prepares an informal administrative appeal, a new and better-supported application, a regularisation measure or a reasoned complaint to the grid operator.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 4<\/p><h3>Going to court or to the regulator<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">If the blockage persists, the firm may bring the matter before the competent administrative court or administrative court of appeal, or the CoRDiS, and then follow the challenge before the Paris Court of Appeal.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-callout\"><span class=\"kcv-callout-i\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M9.6 6C6.5 7.4 4.5 10 4.5 13.4V18h6v-6H7.6c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L9.6 6zm9 0c-3.1 1.4-5.1 4-5.1 7.4V18h6v-6h-2.9c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L18.6 6z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><p>Jurisdiction changed for acts taken from 1 July 2026 concerning plants of at least five megawatts, earlier acts remaining subject to the former regime: checking the date of the act and the court of first instance is part of the initial analysis.<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p4\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The timetable<\/p>\n<h2>The stages of <em>a solar project<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">From securing the land to commissioning, each stage opens its own challenges.<\/p>\n<ol class=\"kcv-hs\"><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Securing the land<\/p><p><strong>Before any application.<\/strong> Promise of lease, long-term emphyteutic lease or occupancy agreement: the term, the conditions precedent and the allocation of responsibilities are fixed at this stage.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Studies and file<\/p><p>The agricultural study, the environmental assessment depending on the project, surveys and zoning analysis prepare a complete and consistent application.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Examination and decision<\/p><p>The prior declaration or permit is examined, often by State services, with the opinions of the departmental commissions concerned.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Grid connection<\/p><p>The complete application triggers the operator's proposal, followed by the connection agreement and the grid access contract.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Challenges and commissioning<\/p><p>Third parties have two months from the first day of a continuous two-month period of regular display on the land, and the court may, under certain conditions, stay its ruling to allow a regularisation.<\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p5\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The checks<\/p>\n<h2>What the firm checks <em>before acting<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">Each argument must rest on an identified document, date and text.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-split\">\n  <ul class=\"kcv-check\"><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Peak capacity and location: exemption, prior declaration or permit, and the authority competent to decide.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Zoning of the land: local urban plan rules, departmental framework document, coastal municipality and eligible brownfield sites.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Wildlife issues: surveys, avoidance and reduction measures, and whether a protected-species derogation is really needed.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Connection: completeness of the application, costed contribution, share under the regional scheme and clauses of the access contract.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Time limits and court: notification date, time limit to challenge, court of first instance and route before the Paris Court of Appeal.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n  <aside class=\"kcv-act\">\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-k\">Case documents<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-t\">Send what you have, even if incomplete<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-p\">Submit your documents through the confidential form at the top of the page: the firm will prioritise and complete the file with you.<\/p>\n    <div class=\"kcv-act-b\"><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kch-form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n  <\/aside>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-synthese\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-synthese\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Summary<\/p>\n<h2>Situation, evidence, <em>response<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">Six common situations and the first priority in each.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-rows\">\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Ground-mounted plant refused in an agricultural zone<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Agricultural study, costed farm plan, agreement with the farmer and soil characteristics.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time limit:<\/strong> Two months from notification of the refusal.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Informal administrative appeal or court challenge showing significant agricultural activity, or a new, better-supported application.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Agrivoltaic project in preparation<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Services provided to the plot, main agricultural production, reversibility and the farmer's income.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time limit:<\/strong> Before filing, as the classification determines the competent authority.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Check the criteria of Article L314-36 and of the decree of 8 April 2024 before presenting the project.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Solar farm in a coastal municipality<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Location plan, density of neighbouring urban development, any brownfield status.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time limit:<\/strong> From the preliminary design stage, as continuity determines feasibility.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Show continuity with an urbanised area or examine the derogation specific to brownfield sites.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Protected species on the site<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Surveys, alternatives studied, avoidance, reduction and monitoring measures.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time limit:<\/strong> Before the application, to decide whether a derogation is required.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Document the alternatives against the project's objectives and the imperative reason of overriding public interest.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Share or contribution disputed<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Connection proposal, applicable regional scheme, detail of the works invoiced.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time limit:<\/strong> Written reservations before acceptance, then referral to the CoRDiS if necessary.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Check the link to the scheme and the calculation, without waiting for commissioning.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Outages imposed by the operator<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Grid injection access contract, special conditions, notices of works and production losses.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time limit:<\/strong> According to the applicable limitation period, which runs from the day the facts enabling action were known or should have been known.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Compare each outage with the commitments in the contract, then claim compensation.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-faq\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-faq\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Frequently asked questions<\/p>\n<h2>Your questions: <em>energy law<\/em><\/h2>\n<div class=\"kcv-faqgrid\">\n  <aside class=\"kcv-act kcv-act-sticky\">\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-k\">13 questions<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-t\">A situation not listed here?<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-p\">Every case has its own features. The firm reads your documents before answering you.<\/p>\n    <div class=\"kcv-act-b\"><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kch-form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n  <\/aside>\n  <div class=\"kcv-faq\"><details><summary>What planning authorisation is needed for a ground-mounted photovoltaic plant?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The regime depends first on peak capacity and location. Ground-mounted solar structures and carports of less than three kilowatt-peak, with a height not exceeding one metre eighty, are exempt from any formality, except in a remarkable heritage site, in the surroundings of a listed historic monument or in a classified site (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000050497056\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000050497056\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article R*421-2 of the Planning Code<\/a>). Under the ordinary regime, a prior declaration is required for structures of less than three kilowatt-peak that exceed one metre eighty, and for those from three kilowatt-peak to less than three megawatts, whatever their height (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000050497051\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000050497051\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article R421-9, h<\/a>). From three megawatts, the principle of the building permit applies (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000051190132\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000051190132\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article R421-1<\/a>). In a remarkable heritage site, in the surroundings of a listed historic monument or in a classified site, these thresholds do not apply: a prior declaration covers only structures of less than three kilowatt-peak (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000050497040\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000050497040\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article R421-11, I, b<\/a>), and a permit is in principle necessary above that. These thresholds result from the wording in force since 16 November 2024, which must be checked at the date of filing. An installation placed on an existing roof calls for a different analysis, which is not covered here. The planning authorisation does not exhaust the authorisations required: depending on the project, an environmental assessment, a protected-species derogation or land clearance may be added. The firm therefore checks the declared capacity, the height, the location and the protections of the site before choosing the procedure.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>The mayor or the prefect: who decides on a solar project?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>In a municipality with a local urban plan, the mayor in principle issues planning authorisations on behalf of the municipality (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000028810368\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000028810368\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L422-1 of the Planning Code<\/a>). The Code nevertheless reserves several categories of projects to the prefect. The prefect is competent for facilities producing, transmitting, distributing and storing energy where that energy is not mainly intended for direct use by the applicant (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000049906638\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000049906638\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article R*422-2, b, of the Planning Code<\/a>). A plant that feeds its output into the public grid therefore most often falls within the prefect's competence. The same article gives the prefect the installations presented by the applicant as agrivoltaic within the meaning of the Energy Code, since the wording in force on 7 July 2024. Conversely, an installation mainly for self-consumption may fall within the mayor's competence. This allocation has practical consequences: the authority that signs the decision, the department that examines the file, the opinions sought and the person to whom an informal administrative appeal is addressed. An error as to the competent authority may render the decision unlawful for lack of competence. The firm identifies the competent authority from the real use of the electricity produced and the classification given to the project.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can a solar plant be installed on agricultural land?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>It is possible, but under strict conditions. In an agricultural, natural or forest zone, the local urban plan regulations may allow installations necessary for public facilities that are not incompatible with the agricultural activity of the land and do not harm landscapes (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000047303685\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000047303685\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L151-11 of the Planning Code<\/a>). Since the law of 10 March 2023, this compatibility is assessed at the level of contiguous plots of the same farm, and no solar structure, outside agrivoltaics, may be built outside the areas identified by the prefectoral framework document (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000047298109\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000047298109\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L111-29<\/a>). The corresponding regulatory rules apply only to applications filed from one month after publication of the department's framework document (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/loda\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000049387352\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/loda\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000049387352\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 8 of Decree No. 2024-318 of 8 April 2024<\/a>): the filing date therefore fixes the regime applicable to the file. The administrative court examines the projected agricultural activity in concrete terms. For an application filed on 1 August 2022, the Toulouse Administrative Court of Appeal annulled a permit refusal for a 9.9 megawatt-peak plant, holding that an organised sheep farm, with a building, paddocks and an agreement with a breeder, was not limited to maintaining the site; it ordered the prefect to issue the permit (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000051490621\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000051490621\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">CAA Toulouse, 17 April 2025, No. 24TL02067<\/a>). This is a decision on its own facts: the file must demonstrate the area, the footprint, the nature of the soils, local uses and the reality of the activity.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>What is an agrivoltaic installation within the meaning of the law?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>An agrivoltaic installation is a solar installation whose modules, located on an agricultural plot, contribute lastingly to the establishment, maintenance or development of agricultural production (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000047298015\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000047298015\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L314-36 of the Energy Code<\/a>). It must directly provide the plot with at least one service: improving agronomic potential, adapting to climate change, protection against hazards or animal welfare. It must also guarantee an active farmer significant agricultural production and a lasting income. It loses this classification if it causes substantial harm to one of these services or limited harm to two of them, if agricultural production is no longer the main activity of the plot or if the installation is not reversible. The plot taken into account is the continuous perimeter of the panels with the same agricultural characteristics (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000049387831\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000049387831\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article R314-108<\/a>). The Council of State rejected the Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration paysanne's challenge to the decree of 8 April 2024, specifying that the agronomic service requires two cumulative criteria, the agronomic quality of the soil and yield (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000053684468\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000053684468\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">CE, 16 March 2026, No. 494941<\/a>). The firm checks each criterion before filing, because the agrivoltaic classification also changes the competent authority.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Is a photovoltaic farm possible in a coastal municipality?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>In a coastal municipality, urbanisation is extended in continuity with existing towns and villages (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037667305\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037667305\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L121-8 of the Planning Code<\/a>). The Council of State holds that installing photovoltaic panels constitutes an extension of urbanisation within the meaning of this provision, and can therefore be authorised only in continuity with an area already urbanised, characterised by a significant number and density of buildings. In the Narbonne case, it set aside for distortion the judgment that had annulled the permit, although the land adjoined a large built-up industrial zone, and referred the case back to the court (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000047191922\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000047191922\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">CE, 17 February 2023, No. 452346<\/a>). Since 12 March 2023, a derogation allows solar structures to be authorised on certain brownfield sites listed by decree (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000047298044\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000047298044\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L121-12-1<\/a>). The authorisation then falls to the State, after the opinion of the departmental commission for nature, landscapes and sites. The applicant must also show that the project is preferable, for reasons of general interest, to a technically feasible renaturation. The firm therefore begins by placing the land in relation to existing urbanisation.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>When is a protected-species derogation needed for a solar project?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Destroying or disturbing protected species and their habitats is prohibited, unless a derogation is granted. This requires three cumulative conditions: the absence of any other satisfactory solution, the maintenance of the populations in a favourable conservation status and one of the grounds provided for, including an imperative reason of overriding public interest (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000054715973\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000054715973\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L411-2 of the Environmental Code<\/a>). Renewable energy projects and their connection works are deemed to meet this reason when they satisfy the conditions set by decree; the existence of an acceleration zone does not, by itself, constitute another satisfactory solution (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000047297434\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000047297434\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L211-2-1 of the Energy Code<\/a>). In its version in force since 19 August 2026, the Code specifies that the derogation is not required where sufficiently guaranteed avoidance and reduction measures make the risk insufficiently characterised, with a monitoring system (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000054702403\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000054702403\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L411-2-1<\/a>). For a 10.66 megawatt-peak farm, the Council of State assessed the alternative solutions against the objectives specific to the municipal project and recognised the imperative reason of overriding public interest (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000054049214\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000054049214\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">CE, 7 May 2026, No. 496357<\/a>). The firm first examines the surveys and the alternatives studied.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>How can the connection cost or the regional share be challenged?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Connection comprises, as the case may be, the creation of extension or service-connection works and the reinforcement of existing networks (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000047993944\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000047993944\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L342-1 of the Energy Code<\/a>). The regional renewable energy grid connection scheme defines the works to be created and a unit share approved by the State (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000047993922\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000047993922\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L342-3<\/a>). The Court of Cassation held that the provisions, in their wording then applicable, \"require only that the connection form part of a Regional Scheme and not that it fall within the pooling perimeter defined by it\" (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/624d2ebb12d01a2df91a337c\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 6 April 2022, No. 20-23.163<\/a>) (our translation). This outcome is unfavourable to the producer who claimed to escape the share because it did not directly benefit from the pooled works. The Paris Court of Appeal applied it, recalling that \"the obligation to pay the share is subject to the dual condition that the connection\" serves a renewable installation and forms part of a regional scheme (our translation); it reformed the CoRDiS decision and held the producer liable (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/65af67eeb6c6260008b53072\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CA Paris, p\u00f4le 5 ch. 7, 18 January 2024, No. 20\/05171<\/a>). A challenge remains worthwhile on other grounds: scope of the dedicated works, accuracy of the calculation, scheme applicable at the date of the application. The firm checks these points before the proposal is accepted.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>What can be done if there is a disagreement with Enedis or RTE over grid access?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The dispute settlement committee of the Energy Regulatory Commission, the CoRDiS, may be seized of a dispute between a public network operator and a user, in particular in case of refusal of access or disagreement over the conclusion, interpretation or performance of contracts; the limitation rules of the Civil Code apply to such claims (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000051214473\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000051214473\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L134-19 of the Energy Code<\/a>). The committee in principle rules within two months, extended to four months if documents are requested, and its decision may carry periodic penalty payments (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000042144890\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000042144890\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L134-20<\/a>). At the request of the party bringing the matter, it may take effect from a date before the referral, but not earlier than the first formal challenge raised by one of the parties, nor more than two years before the referral. The Court of Cassation approved an order requiring RTE to conclude a connection agreement, holding that the CoRDiS \"has, in carrying out its dispute-settlement mission, the power to impose requirements and orders affecting the conclusion, content or performance of agreements\" (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/5fca6c81d3c15557474bbc50\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 19 June 2019, No. 17-20.269<\/a>) (our translation). A written, documented complaint to the operator usefully precedes the referral, because it fixes the date of the challenge and the scope of the dispute.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>What is the time limit to challenge a CoRDiS decision?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>CoRDiS decisions in dispute settlement are challenged before the Paris Court of Appeal (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000042144901\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000042144901\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L134-24 of the Energy Code<\/a>). The challenge is brought within one month, by written declaration filed with the court registry; on pain of inadmissibility raised by the court of its own motion, the declaration states its purpose and contains a summary statement of the grounds, the full statement having to be filed within the following month (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031747693\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031747693\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article R134-22<\/a>). This is not an ordinary appeal. The Court of Cassation approved the court of appeal for holding that \"CoRDiS decisions may be challenged only by the specific challenge that the above provisions provide for\", and held inadmissible the claims of a company that had merely submitted observations out of time (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/62318cc4bbb52634840950da\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 16 March 2022, No. 20-16.257<\/a>) (our translation). This formal requirement is strict: a party that wishes to obtain the reformation of a decision must itself bring its challenge. The president of the CoRDiS may submit observations and appeal to the Court of Cassation against the judgment that annuls or reforms the decision. The firm calculates the time limit from notification and prepares the declaration and the statement of grounds in parallel.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Does a delay in connecting a plant give a right to compensation?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The answer depends on the harm claimed, and the case law on the December 2010 moratorium is unfavourable to producers. The decree of 9 December 2010 suspended the obligation to purchase photovoltaic electricity, and many project developers complained that the grid operator had processed their application too slowly. The Court of Cassation held that the purchase obligation arising from the order of 12 January 2010 constituted State aid not notified to the European Commission, so that the claimants could not rely on the loss of a chance to benefit from it, \"such harm not being recoverable\" (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/5fca67b1c864315129fc468c\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 18 September 2019, No. 18-12.601<\/a>) (our translation). The Montpellier Court of Appeal upheld the dismissal of a comparable claim, holding that \"the harm of losing the chance to benefit from a tariff arising from this unlawful State aid is not recoverable damage, whatever the basis of liability relied on\" (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/69c385fecdc6046d47dc7ec1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CA Montpellier, ch. com., 24 March 2026, No. 24\/05823<\/a>) (our translation). These decisions concern the loss of a tariff arising from that aid; they do not, on their own, decide every other head of loss. The firm therefore examines the exact nature of the damage, the applicable contract and limitation before claiming compensation.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Do grid outages for works engage the operator's liability?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>A producer connected to the public distribution grid signs a grid injection access contract, whose general conditions govern outages. In the contracts examined by the Court of Cassation, the operator undertook to limit outages for works to two per calendar year, of less than eight hours in total, with fifteen days' notice. A court of appeal had ruled out Enedis's liability by linking the renewal of primary substations to the heavy maintenance clause. The Court of Cassation set that judgment aside for breach of the binding force of the contract, on the ground that \"Articles 5.1.1.1 and 5.1.1.1.1 of the general conditions did not provide for any condition relating to the scale of the renewal works\", and that these works were not listed in the special conditions (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/69bad4cecdc6046d471a789e\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 18 March 2026, No. 25-13.293<\/a>) (our translation). The case concerned wind farms, but the reasoning bears on how the access contract is read. The outcome therefore depends on the precise wording of the general and special conditions signed. The firm compares each outage, its notification and its duration with the contractual commitments, then quantifies the production losses before any claim.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Which court and what time limit to challenge the permit of a solar plant?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>An action for annulment for abuse of power (recours pour exc\u00e8s de pouvoir) is brought within two months (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039807005\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039807005\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article R421-1 of the Code of Administrative Justice<\/a>), which runs against third parties from the first day of a continuous two-month period during which the permit is displayed on the land (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006820365\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006820365\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article R*600-2 of the Planning Code<\/a>). For acts taken from 1 July 2026, the administrative courts of appeal rule at first and last instance on disputes, other than compensation claims, concerning the acts on which photovoltaic installations of at least five megawatts and their connection works depend (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000053927633\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000053927633\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article R311-5 of the Code of Administrative Justice<\/a>); acts taken before that date remain subject to the earlier rules, even if the challenge is brought later (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/loda\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000053926684\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/loda\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000053926684\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 8 of Decree No. 2026-302 of 21 April 2026<\/a>). For a smaller installation, the administrative court remains in principle competent. A neighbour who challenges must show that the project directly affects the conditions of occupation, use or enjoyment of their property (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037667999\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037667999\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L600-1-2 of the Planning Code<\/a>). Where the other grounds are unfounded and a defect appears to be capable of regularisation, the court stays its ruling, after inviting the parties to submit observations, and sets a time limit for regularisation, without prejudice to a partial annulment (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037667990\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037667990\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L600-5-1<\/a>). Both the project developer and the third party therefore have an interest in checking from the outset the capacity of the project, the competent court and the grounds that can genuinely lead to annulment.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Long-term emphyteutic lease and solar panels: who sues in case of defects?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Solar projects often rest on a long-term emphyteutic lease (bail emphyt\u00e9otique) granted by the owner of the land or building. This lease, for a term of more than eighteen years, gives the tenant a real right and responsibility for improving the property. The Court of Cassation holds that, unless otherwise stipulated, \"an emphyteutic lease carries with it, by itself, from the start of enjoyment by effect of the lease and throughout its term, the transfer from the lessor to the tenant of the actions under the ten-year liability guarantee and for compensation for defects affecting the works let\" (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/668f75b29b65e642c58782f6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. 3e civ., 11 July 2024, No. 23-12.491<\/a>) (our translation). In that case, the lease covered the footprint of photovoltaic panels, their accessories and the space above them; the tenant therefore had standing to sue the insurer under the ten-year guarantee. The outcome turns on the wording of the lease: a clause may reserve certain actions to the lessor. The owner who hosts an installation and the developer who operates it have an interest in setting out clearly the allocation of actions, insurance and maintenance. The firm checks these clauses, together with the conditions precedent linked to the permit and the connection, before the promise or the lease is signed.<\/p><\/div><\/details><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-textes\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-textes\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Sources and related pages<\/p>\n<h2>Official texts and <em>related pages<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">The sources for this page and the firm's related areas of practice.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-arts\"><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000050497051\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000050497051\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article R421-9 of the Planning Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">prior declaration for ground-mounted solar structures and carports<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000049906638\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000049906638\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article R*422-2 of the Planning Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">prefect's competence for energy production facilities<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000047303685\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000047303685\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L151-11 of the Planning Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">public facilities in agricultural, natural or forest zones<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000047298109\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000047298109\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L111-29 of the Planning Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">solar structures and the departmental framework document<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037667305\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037667305\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L121-8 of the Planning Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">continuity of urbanisation in coastal municipalities<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000047298044\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000047298044\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L121-12-1 of the Planning Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">solar structures on brownfield sites in coastal municipalities<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000047298015\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000047298015\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L314-36 of the Energy Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">definition of an agrivoltaic installation<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000054715973\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000054715973\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L411-2 of the Environmental Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">derogation from species protection<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000047297434\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000047297434\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L211-2-1 of the Energy Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">imperative reason of overriding public interest for renewable projects<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000047994041\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000047994041\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L141-5-3 of the Energy Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">renewable energy acceleration zones<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000047993922\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000047993922\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L342-3 of the Energy Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">regional connection scheme and share<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000051214473\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000051214473\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L134-19 of the Energy Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">disputes referred to the CoRDiS<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031747693\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031747693\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article R134-22 of the Energy Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">one-month challenge before the Paris Court of Appeal<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006820365\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006820365\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article R*600-2 of the Planning Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">start of the time limit for third-party challenges<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000053927633\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000053927633\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article R311-5 of the Code of Administrative Justice<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">administrative court of appeal as court of first instance<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<h3 class=\"kcv-center\">Further reading<\/h3>\n<div class=\"kcv-pgs\"><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/public-law-lawyer-paris\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Public law<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">Practice area of the firm<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/administrative-court-lawyer-paris\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Administrative court<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">Practice area of the firm<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/administrative-law-lawyer-paris\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Administrative law<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">Practice area of the firm<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/local-authority-lawyer-paris\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Local authorities<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">Practice area of the firm<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<p class=\"kcv-small kcv-center\">Page updated on 1 November 2026.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"kcv-cta\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-in\">\n    <div class=\"kcv-cta-card\">\n      <h2>A blocked solar project? <em>Take stock today<\/em>.<\/h2>\n      <p>Send the decision received, the application filed and the connection proposal: the firm identifies the blocking stage, the time limit still open and the appropriate legal route.<\/p>\n      <div class=\"kcv-btns\">\n        <a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a>\n        <a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kch-form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n<div class=\"kcv-news-band\"><h2>The latest <em>news.<\/em><\/h2><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\", \"@type\": \"FAQPage\", \"mainEntity\": [{\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What planning authorisation is needed for a ground-mounted photovoltaic plant?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The regime depends first on peak capacity and location. Ground-mounted solar structures and carports of less than three kilowatt-peak, with a height not exceeding one metre eighty, are exempt from any formality, except in a remarkable heritage site, in the surroundings of a listed historic monument or in a classified site (Article R*421-2 of the Planning Code). Under the ordinary regime, a prior declaration is required for structures of less than three kilowatt-peak that exceed one metre eighty, and for those from three kilowatt-peak to less than three megawatts, whatever their height (Article R421-9, h). From three megawatts, the principle of the building permit applies (Article R421-1). In a remarkable heritage site, in the surroundings of a listed historic monument or in a classified site, these thresholds do not apply: a prior declaration covers only structures of less than three kilowatt-peak (Article R421-11, I, b), and a permit is in principle necessary above that. These thresholds result from the wording in force since 16 November 2024, which must be checked at the date of filing. An installation placed on an existing roof calls for a different analysis, which is not covered here. The planning authorisation does not exhaust the authorisations required: depending on the project, an environmental assessment, a protected-species derogation or land clearance may be added. The firm therefore checks the declared capacity, the height, the location and the protections of the site before choosing the procedure.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"The mayor or the prefect: who decides on a solar project?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"In a municipality with a local urban plan, the mayor in principle issues planning authorisations on behalf of the municipality (Article L422-1 of the Planning Code). The Code nevertheless reserves several categories of projects to the prefect. The prefect is competent for facilities producing, transmitting, distributing and storing energy where that energy is not mainly intended for direct use by the applicant (Article R*422-2, b, of the Planning Code). A plant that feeds its output into the public grid therefore most often falls within the prefect's competence. The same article gives the prefect the installations presented by the applicant as agrivoltaic within the meaning of the Energy Code, since the wording in force on 7 July 2024. Conversely, an installation mainly for self-consumption may fall within the mayor's competence. This allocation has practical consequences: the authority that signs the decision, the department that examines the file, the opinions sought and the person to whom an informal administrative appeal is addressed. An error as to the competent authority may render the decision unlawful for lack of competence. The firm identifies the competent authority from the real use of the electricity produced and the classification given to the project.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Can a solar plant be installed on agricultural land?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"It is possible, but under strict conditions. In an agricultural, natural or forest zone, the local urban plan regulations may allow installations necessary for public facilities that are not incompatible with the agricultural activity of the land and do not harm landscapes (Article L151-11 of the Planning Code). Since the law of 10 March 2023, this compatibility is assessed at the level of contiguous plots of the same farm, and no solar structure, outside agrivoltaics, may be built outside the areas identified by the prefectoral framework document (Article L111-29). The corresponding regulatory rules apply only to applications filed from one month after publication of the department's framework document (Article 8 of Decree No. 2024-318 of 8 April 2024): the filing date therefore fixes the regime applicable to the file. The administrative court examines the projected agricultural activity in concrete terms. For an application filed on 1 August 2022, the Toulouse Administrative Court of Appeal annulled a permit refusal for a 9.9 megawatt-peak plant, holding that an organised sheep farm, with a building, paddocks and an agreement with a breeder, was not limited to maintaining the site; it ordered the prefect to issue the permit (CAA Toulouse, 17 April 2025, No. 24TL02067). This is a decision on its own facts: the file must demonstrate the area, the footprint, the nature of the soils, local uses and the reality of the activity.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What is an agrivoltaic installation within the meaning of the law?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"An agrivoltaic installation is a solar installation whose modules, located on an agricultural plot, contribute lastingly to the establishment, maintenance or development of agricultural production (Article L314-36 of the Energy Code). It must directly provide the plot with at least one service: improving agronomic potential, adapting to climate change, protection against hazards or animal welfare. It must also guarantee an active farmer significant agricultural production and a lasting income. It loses this classification if it causes substantial harm to one of these services or limited harm to two of them, if agricultural production is no longer the main activity of the plot or if the installation is not reversible. The plot taken into account is the continuous perimeter of the panels with the same agricultural characteristics (Article R314-108). The Council of State rejected the Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration paysanne's challenge to the decree of 8 April 2024, specifying that the agronomic service requires two cumulative criteria, the agronomic quality of the soil and yield (CE, 16 March 2026, No. 494941). The firm checks each criterion before filing, because the agrivoltaic classification also changes the competent authority.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Is a photovoltaic farm possible in a coastal municipality?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"In a coastal municipality, urbanisation is extended in continuity with existing towns and villages (Article L121-8 of the Planning Code). The Council of State holds that installing photovoltaic panels constitutes an extension of urbanisation within the meaning of this provision, and can therefore be authorised only in continuity with an area already urbanised, characterised by a significant number and density of buildings. In the Narbonne case, it set aside for distortion the judgment that had annulled the permit, although the land adjoined a large built-up industrial zone, and referred the case back to the court (CE, 17 February 2023, No. 452346). Since 12 March 2023, a derogation allows solar structures to be authorised on certain brownfield sites listed by decree (Article L121-12-1). The authorisation then falls to the State, after the opinion of the departmental commission for nature, landscapes and sites. The applicant must also show that the project is preferable, for reasons of general interest, to a technically feasible renaturation. The firm therefore begins by placing the land in relation to existing urbanisation.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"When is a protected-species derogation needed for a solar project?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Destroying or disturbing protected species and their habitats is prohibited, unless a derogation is granted. This requires three cumulative conditions: the absence of any other satisfactory solution, the maintenance of the populations in a favourable conservation status and one of the grounds provided for, including an imperative reason of overriding public interest (Article L411-2 of the Environmental Code). Renewable energy projects and their connection works are deemed to meet this reason when they satisfy the conditions set by decree; the existence of an acceleration zone does not, by itself, constitute another satisfactory solution (Article L211-2-1 of the Energy Code). In its version in force since 19 August 2026, the Code specifies that the derogation is not required where sufficiently guaranteed avoidance and reduction measures make the risk insufficiently characterised, with a monitoring system (Article L411-2-1). For a 10.66 megawatt-peak farm, the Council of State assessed the alternative solutions against the objectives specific to the municipal project and recognised the imperative reason of overriding public interest (CE, 7 May 2026, No. 496357). The firm first examines the surveys and the alternatives studied.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"How can the connection cost or the regional share be challenged?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Connection comprises, as the case may be, the creation of extension or service-connection works and the reinforcement of existing networks (Article L342-1 of the Energy Code). The regional renewable energy grid connection scheme defines the works to be created and a unit share approved by the State (Article L342-3). The Court of Cassation held that the provisions, in their wording then applicable, \\\"require only that the connection form part of a Regional Scheme and not that it fall within the pooling perimeter defined by it\\\" (Cass. com., 6 April 2022, No. 20-23.163) (our translation). This outcome is unfavourable to the producer who claimed to escape the share because it did not directly benefit from the pooled works. The Paris Court of Appeal applied it, recalling that \\\"the obligation to pay the share is subject to the dual condition that the connection\\\" serves a renewable installation and forms part of a regional scheme (our translation); it reformed the CoRDiS decision and held the producer liable (CA Paris, p\u00f4le 5 ch. 7, 18 January 2024, No. 20\/05171). A challenge remains worthwhile on other grounds: scope of the dedicated works, accuracy of the calculation, scheme applicable at the date of the application. The firm checks these points before the proposal is accepted.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What can be done if there is a disagreement with Enedis or RTE over grid access?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The dispute settlement committee of the Energy Regulatory Commission, the CoRDiS, may be seized of a dispute between a public network operator and a user, in particular in case of refusal of access or disagreement over the conclusion, interpretation or performance of contracts; the limitation rules of the Civil Code apply to such claims (Article L134-19 of the Energy Code). The committee in principle rules within two months, extended to four months if documents are requested, and its decision may carry periodic penalty payments (Article L134-20). At the request of the party bringing the matter, it may take effect from a date before the referral, but not earlier than the first formal challenge raised by one of the parties, nor more than two years before the referral. The Court of Cassation approved an order requiring RTE to conclude a connection agreement, holding that the CoRDiS \\\"has, in carrying out its dispute-settlement mission, the power to impose requirements and orders affecting the conclusion, content or performance of agreements\\\" (Cass. com., 19 June 2019, No. 17-20.269) (our translation). A written, documented complaint to the operator usefully precedes the referral, because it fixes the date of the challenge and the scope of the dispute.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What is the time limit to challenge a CoRDiS decision?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"CoRDiS decisions in dispute settlement are challenged before the Paris Court of Appeal (Article L134-24 of the Energy Code). The challenge is brought within one month, by written declaration filed with the court registry; on pain of inadmissibility raised by the court of its own motion, the declaration states its purpose and contains a summary statement of the grounds, the full statement having to be filed within the following month (Article R134-22). This is not an ordinary appeal. The Court of Cassation approved the court of appeal for holding that \\\"CoRDiS decisions may be challenged only by the specific challenge that the above provisions provide for\\\", and held inadmissible the claims of a company that had merely submitted observations out of time (Cass. com., 16 March 2022, No. 20-16.257) (our translation). This formal requirement is strict: a party that wishes to obtain the reformation of a decision must itself bring its challenge. The president of the CoRDiS may submit observations and appeal to the Court of Cassation against the judgment that annuls or reforms the decision. The firm calculates the time limit from notification and prepares the declaration and the statement of grounds in parallel.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Does a delay in connecting a plant give a right to compensation?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The answer depends on the harm claimed, and the case law on the December 2010 moratorium is unfavourable to producers. The decree of 9 December 2010 suspended the obligation to purchase photovoltaic electricity, and many project developers complained that the grid operator had processed their application too slowly. The Court of Cassation held that the purchase obligation arising from the order of 12 January 2010 constituted State aid not notified to the European Commission, so that the claimants could not rely on the loss of a chance to benefit from it, \\\"such harm not being recoverable\\\" (Cass. com., 18 September 2019, No. 18-12.601) (our translation). The Montpellier Court of Appeal upheld the dismissal of a comparable claim, holding that \\\"the harm of losing the chance to benefit from a tariff arising from this unlawful State aid is not recoverable damage, whatever the basis of liability relied on\\\" (CA Montpellier, ch. com., 24 March 2026, No. 24\/05823) (our translation). These decisions concern the loss of a tariff arising from that aid; they do not, on their own, decide every other head of loss. The firm therefore examines the exact nature of the damage, the applicable contract and limitation before claiming compensation.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Do grid outages for works engage the operator's liability?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"A producer connected to the public distribution grid signs a grid injection access contract, whose general conditions govern outages. In the contracts examined by the Court of Cassation, the operator undertook to limit outages for works to two per calendar year, of less than eight hours in total, with fifteen days' notice. A court of appeal had ruled out Enedis's liability by linking the renewal of primary substations to the heavy maintenance clause. The Court of Cassation set that judgment aside for breach of the binding force of the contract, on the ground that \\\"Articles 5.1.1.1 and 5.1.1.1.1 of the general conditions did not provide for any condition relating to the scale of the renewal works\\\", and that these works were not listed in the special conditions (Cass. com., 18 March 2026, No. 25-13.293) (our translation). The case concerned wind farms, but the reasoning bears on how the access contract is read. The outcome therefore depends on the precise wording of the general and special conditions signed. The firm compares each outage, its notification and its duration with the contractual commitments, then quantifies the production losses before any claim.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Which court and what time limit to challenge the permit of a solar plant?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"An action for annulment for abuse of power (recours pour exc\u00e8s de pouvoir) is brought within two months (Article R421-1 of the Code of Administrative Justice), which runs against third parties from the first day of a continuous two-month period during which the permit is displayed on the land (Article R*600-2 of the Planning Code). For acts taken from 1 July 2026, the administrative courts of appeal rule at first and last instance on disputes, other than compensation claims, concerning the acts on which photovoltaic installations of at least five megawatts and their connection works depend (Article R311-5 of the Code of Administrative Justice); acts taken before that date remain subject to the earlier rules, even if the challenge is brought later (Article 8 of Decree No. 2026-302 of 21 April 2026). For a smaller installation, the administrative court remains in principle competent. A neighbour who challenges must show that the project directly affects the conditions of occupation, use or enjoyment of their property (Article L600-1-2 of the Planning Code). Where the other grounds are unfounded and a defect appears to be capable of regularisation, the court stays its ruling, after inviting the parties to submit observations, and sets a time limit for regularisation, without prejudice to a partial annulment (Article L600-5-1). Both the project developer and the third party therefore have an interest in checking from the outset the capacity of the project, the competent court and the grounds that can genuinely lead to annulment.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Long-term emphyteutic lease and solar panels: who sues in case of defects?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Solar projects often rest on a long-term emphyteutic lease (bail emphyt\u00e9otique) granted by the owner of the land or building. This lease, for a term of more than eighteen years, gives the tenant a real right and responsibility for improving the property. The Court of Cassation holds that, unless otherwise stipulated, \\\"an emphyteutic lease carries with it, by itself, from the start of enjoyment by effect of the lease and throughout its term, the transfer from the lessor to the tenant of the actions under the ten-year liability guarantee and for compensation for defects affecting the works let\\\" (Cass. 3e civ., 11 July 2024, No. 23-12.491) (our translation). In that case, the lease covered the footprint of photovoltaic panels, their accessories and the space above them; the tenant therefore had standing to sue the insurer under the ten-year guarantee. The outcome turns on the wording of the lease: a clause may reserve certain actions to the lessor. The owner who hosts an installation and the developer who operates it have an interest in setting out clearly the allocation of actions, insurance and maintenance. The firm checks these clauses, together with the conditions precedent linked to the permit and the connection, before the promise or the lease is signed.\"}}]}<\/script><script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\", \"@type\": \"LegalService\", \"name\": \"Energy infrastructure lawyer in Paris \u2014 Kohen Avocats\", \"url\": \"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/energy-infrastructure-lawyer-paris\/\", \"telephone\": \"+33646605822\", \"email\": \"contact@kohenavocats.fr\", \"address\": {\"@type\": \"PostalAddress\", \"streetAddress\": \"11 rue Margueritte\", \"postalCode\": \"75017\", \"addressLocality\": \"Paris\", \"addressCountry\": \"FR\"}, \"areaServed\": \"Paris region (\u00cele-de-France)\", \"founder\": {\"@type\": \"Person\", \"name\": \"Reda Kohen\", \"jobTitle\": \"Lawyer at the Paris Bar\", \"sameAs\": [\"https:\/\/consultation.avocat.fr\/avocat-paris\/reda-kohen-54670.html\"]}, \"openingHours\": \"Mo-Su 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\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n  .elementor-1983483 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 {\n    flex-shrink: 0 !important;\n    scroll-snap-align: start !important;\n    width: clamp(300px, 30vw, 400px) !important;\n    min-width: 300px !important;\n  }\n\n  @media (max-width: 767px) {\n    .elementor-1983483 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 {\n      width: 350px !important;\n      min-width: 350px !important;\n      max-width: 350px !important;\n    }\n  }\/* End custom CSS *\/<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2157105 post-2157105 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" 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data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. 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Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. 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Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2156883 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2156883 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/getty-images-p1ZW7qeVRyE-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2156883 post-2156883 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/25\/foreign-company-france-sas-capital-increase-cash-call-filing-abroad\/\">Your French SAS Needs Cash From Abroad: Increase Capital, Call Up Unpaid Shares or Lend Instead \u2014 Filing and New Kbis Without Flying to Paris<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2156702 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2156702 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/pawel-czerwinski-mIT9kEQBC6Q-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2156702 post-2156702 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/24\/foreign-company-france-hire-first-employee-dpae-contract-trial-pay-abroad\/\">Hiring Your First French Employee While You Live Abroad: DPAE, Contract, Trial Period, Pay and Registration<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2156668 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2156668 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/alex-vasey-F5HtPjpBb9k-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2156668 post-2156668 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/24\/foreign-company-france-management-fees-transfer-pricing-file-defence-abroad\/\">Your French Subsidiary Pays Management Fees to Its Foreign Parent While You Live Abroad: Transfer Pricing File, Deduction and Reassessment Defence<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. 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Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2156527 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2156527 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/mohamed-nohassi-vGTXy8FS7b0-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2156527 post-2156527 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/24\/foreign-company-france-subsidiary-insolvent-director-liability-45-days-abroad\/\">Your French Subsidiary Goes Insolvent While You Live Abroad: 45-Day Filing, Director Liability and Sanctions Defence<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. 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Ground-mounted photovoltaic plant, solar carports, agrivoltaic project or municipal solar farm: before the first production, the project goes through a planning authorisation, sometimes an environmental derogation, and then a connection procedure to the public grid. Each of these stages has [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":251031307,"featured_media":2157188,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2161267","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.2 (Yoast SEO v28.2) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Energy Infrastructure Lawyer Paris | Kohen Avocats<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Energy infrastructure lawyer Paris: Kohen Avocats advises on solar permits, grid connection and CoRDiS disputes. 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