{"id":2161257,"date":"2026-11-01T23:11:41","date_gmt":"2026-11-01T22:11:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/?page_id=2161257"},"modified":"2026-11-04T19:43:59","modified_gmt":"2026-11-04T18:43:59","slug":"trademark-lawyer-paris","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/trademark-lawyer-paris\/","title":{"rendered":"Trademark lawyer in France: choose, use and defend your brand"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"2161257\" class=\"elementor elementor-2161257 elementor-2160675\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-v5bd59a e-con-full e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"v5bd59a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-v5bd59aw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"v5bd59aw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"kcv\" id=\"kci-root\" data-refresh-marker=\"expertise-fr-avocat-droit-des-marques-paris-20261101\">\n<section class=\"kcv-hero\" aria-labelledby=\"kch-h1\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-in\">\n    <div class=\"kcv-head\">\n      <p class=\"kk\">Trade name, product mark, shop sign: SMEs, start-ups and retailers<\/p>\n      <h1 id=\"kch-h1\"><em>Trademark lawyer<\/em> in France:<span class=\"kcv-tail\"> choose, use and defend your brand.<\/span><\/h1>\n      <p class=\"kcv-sub\">The name under which an SME sells its products quickly becomes its most exposed asset. A trademark lawyer in France looks first at whether it was available on the filing date, is registered in the right person's name, is genuinely used, and can be defended without excess against those who come close to it.<\/p>\n      <div class=\"kcv-btns\">\n        <a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a>\n        <a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kch-form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a>\n      <\/div>\n      <p class=\"kcv-urg\">Before changing your name, writing to a competitor's customers or letting a copy go by, gather dated evidence of use: the chronology often decides the outcome.<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcv-stagewrap\"><div class=\"kcv-stageshadow\"><div class=\"kcv-stage\">\n      <link rel=\"preload\" as=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kohen-v3-expertises\/kohen-fr-assurance-paysage-20261025.webp\" media=\"(min-width:761px)\" fetchpriority=\"high\">\n      <link rel=\"preload\" as=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kohen-v3-expertises\/kohen-fr-assurance-paysage-1080-20261025.webp\" media=\"(max-width:760px)\" fetchpriority=\"high\">\n      <div class=\"kcv-media\" aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"--kcv-img:url('https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kohen-v3-expertises\/kohen-fr-assurance-paysage-20261025.webp');--kcv-img-m:url('https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kohen-v3-expertises\/kohen-fr-assurance-paysage-1080-20261025.webp')\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"kcv-panel kcv-glass\" id=\"kch-form\">\n        <div class=\"kcv-panel-head\">\n          <div>\n            <p class=\"kcv-panel-k\">Trademark law \u00b7 Paris<\/p>\n            <h2 class=\"kcv-panel-t\">Get a <em>first analysis<\/em><\/h2>\n            <p class=\"kcv-panel-l\">Send the registration certificate or filing notice, the articles of association, dated examples of use and, if there is a dispute, the opposing sign: the firm examines ownership, validity and the options available.<\/p>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"kcv-chip kcv-glass\"><p class=\"kcv-chip-n\">24 \u00e0 48 h<\/p><p class=\"kcv-chip-x\">first legal<br>review<\/p><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"kcf-wrap\">\n<form id=\"kcf-2form\" data-kcf data-api-url=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-json\/kohen-form\/v1\/submit\" data-vps-url=\"https:\/\/upload-fr.46-224-152-225.sslip.io\/submit\" data-max-size=\"1073741824\" data-max-files=\"500\" novalidate enctype=\"multipart\/form-data\">\n  <input type=\"hidden\" name=\"rendered_at\" value=\"1776847557\">\n  <div class=\"kcf-hp\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><label for=\"kcf-2website\">Do not fill in<\/label><input id=\"kcf-2website\" name=\"website\" type=\"text\" tabindex=\"-1\" autocomplete=\"off\"><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcf-price\">\n    <span class=\"kcf-price-amount\">\u20ac80<small>incl. VAT<\/small><\/span>\n    <div class=\"kcf-price-body\">\n      <p class=\"kcf-price-text\"><strong>Preliminary review of your case.<\/strong> Examination of your documents and a first written analysis by Reda Kohen, within 24 to 48 business hours. Payment is made online after this form is sent.<\/p>\n      <ul class=\"kcf-price-meta\">\n        <li>Up to 1 GB of documents, folders and subfolders accepted<\/li>\n        <li>Secure payment, no banking data stored<\/li>\n        <li><a href=\"\/conditions-etude-prealable\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Terms and fee agreement<\/a><\/li>\n      <\/ul>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcf-row\">\n    <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n      <label class=\"kcf-label\" for=\"kcf-2name\">Full name<\/label>\n      <input class=\"kcf-input\" type=\"text\" id=\"kcf-2name\" name=\"name\" placeholder=\"Your name\" required autocomplete=\"name\" aria-describedby=\"kcf-2name-err\">\n      <p class=\"kcf-field-error\" id=\"kcf-2name-err\" role=\"alert\"><\/p>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n      <label class=\"kcf-label\" for=\"kcf-2phone\">Telephone <span class=\"kcf-optional\">(optional)<\/span><\/label>\n      <input class=\"kcf-input\" type=\"tel\" inputmode=\"tel\" id=\"kcf-2phone\" name=\"phone\" placeholder=\"06 00 00 00 00\" autocomplete=\"tel\" aria-describedby=\"kcf-2phone-err\">\n      <p class=\"kcf-field-error\" id=\"kcf-2phone-err\" role=\"alert\"><\/p>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n    <label class=\"kcf-label\" for=\"kcf-2email\">Email address<\/label>\n    <input class=\"kcf-input\" type=\"email\" id=\"kcf-2email\" name=\"email\" placeholder=\"your@email.com\" required autocomplete=\"email\" spellcheck=\"false\" autocapitalize=\"off\" aria-describedby=\"kcf-2email-err\">\n    <p class=\"kcf-field-error\" id=\"kcf-2email-err\" role=\"alert\"><\/p>\n  <\/div>\n  \n  <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n    <label class=\"kcf-label\" for=\"kcf-2message\">Message<\/label>\n    <textarea class=\"kcf-textarea\" id=\"kcf-2message\" name=\"message\" placeholder=\"Briefly describe your situation...\" required aria-describedby=\"kcf-2message-err\"><\/textarea>\n    <p class=\"kcf-field-error\" id=\"kcf-2message-err\" role=\"alert\"><\/p>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n    <label class=\"kcf-label\">Attachments <span class=\"kcf-optional\">(optional, 500 files max, 1 GB)<\/span><\/label>\n    <div class=\"kcf-dropzone\" id=\"kcf-2dropzone\">\n      <svg class=\"kcf-dropzone-icon\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M21 15v4a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-4\"\/><polyline points=\"17 8 12 3 7 8\"\/><line x1=\"12\" y1=\"3\" x2=\"12\" y2=\"15\"\/><\/svg>\n      <p class=\"kcf-dropzone-text\"><strong>Click<\/strong> or drag your files here<br>All formats accepted (PDF, Word, images, etc.)<\/p>\n      <input type=\"file\" name=\"attachments\" id=\"kcf-2files\" multiple>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcf-file-list\" id=\"kcf-2filelist\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcf-progress\" id=\"kcf-2progress\">\n      <div class=\"kcf-progress-bar\"><div class=\"kcf-progress-fill\" id=\"kcf-2progressfill\"><\/div><\/div>\n      <p class=\"kcf-progress-text\" id=\"kcf-2progresstext\">Sending...<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n  <button type=\"submit\" class=\"kcf-btn\">\n    <span class=\"kcf-spinner\"><\/span>\n    <span class=\"kcf-btn-text\">Pay \u20ac80 and send my case<\/span>\n  <\/button>\n  <div class=\"kcf-msg\" role=\"status\" aria-live=\"polite\" aria-atomic=\"true\" tabindex=\"-1\"><\/div>\n  <p class=\"kcf-note\">Payment constitutes a request for immediate performance of your analysis. 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l'\u00c9tat.\",\"auteur\":\"data.gouv.fr\",\"paraphrase\":true,\"libelle\":\"Voir la fiche sur data.gouv.fr\"},{\"titre\":\"Commentaires des d\u00e9cisions de justice par l'IA g\u00e9n\u00e9rative\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.data.gouv.fr\/reuses\/commentaires-des-decisions-de-justice-par-lia-generative\",\"citation\":\"R\u00e9utilisation des donn\u00e9es publiques de justice publi\u00e9e par Kohen Avocats et r\u00e9f\u00e9renc\u00e9e sur data.gouv.fr.\",\"auteur\":\"data.gouv.fr\",\"paraphrase\":true,\"libelle\":\"Voir la r\u00e9utilisation sur data.gouv.fr\"}]},\"awwwards\":{\"nom\":\"Awwwards\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Kohen Avocats, site nomm\u00e9 aux Awwwards\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.awwwards.com\/sites\/kohen-avocats\",\"citation\":\"Le site du cabinet figure parmi les sites nomm\u00e9s (\u00ab Nominee \u00bb) par Awwwards, r\u00e9f\u00e9rence internationale du design web.\",\"auteur\":\"Awwwards\",\"paraphrase\":true,\"libelle\":\"Voir la fiche sur 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\u00e0 la location ?\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.leboncoin.fr\/guide\/immobilier\/bouilloires-thermiques-bientot-interdites-a-la-location-hfpj70o6.html\",\"citation\":\"Le guide immobilier cite une analyse de kohenavocats.fr parmi ses sources.\",\"auteur\":\"Leboncoin\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"femme-actuelle\":{\"nom\":\"Femme Actuelle\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"S\u00e9paration ou divorce : quelle banque et quel cr\u00e9dit pour repartir sur de bonnes bases ?\",\"date\":\"2026-09-30\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.femmeactuelle.fr\/vie-pratique\/news-vie-pratique\/separation-ou-divorce-quelle-banque-et-quel-credit-pour-repartir-sur-de-bonnes-bases-2211980\",\"citation\":\"L'article cite une analyse de kohenavocats.com parmi ses sources.\",\"auteur\":\"Femme Actuelle\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"economie-matin\":{\"nom\":\"\u00c9conomie Matin\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Nouveau bail 2026 : ce que les propri\u00e9taires doivent anticiper d\u00e8s 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l\u2019obligation de d\u00e9livrer un logement d\u00e9cent pendant toute la dur\u00e9e du bail et l\u2019ordonnance du tribunal judiciaire de B\u00e9ziers du 31 mars 2026 sur une climatisation install\u00e9e sans autorisation.\",\"auteur\":\"Science \\u0026 Vie\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"frandroid\":{\"nom\":\"Frandroid\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Fin de Rakuten France : comment r\u00e9cup\u00e9rer vos factures, vos garanties et vos points Club R\",\"date\":\"2026-09-30\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.frandroid.com\/culture-tech\/web\/3266559_fin-de-rakuten-france-comment-recuperer-vos-factures-vos-garanties-et-vos-points-club-r\",\"citation\":\"Le cabinet Kohen Avocats leur conseille de retirer cet argent et de t\u00e9l\u00e9charger tout leur historique avant le 10 novembre.\",\"auteur\":\"Frandroid\",\"paraphrase\":true},{\"titre\":\"Goutte-\u00e0-goutte et inondation : que faire quand la climatisation du voisin ruine votre terrasse 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La loi ne fixe pas un calendrier d\u2019allumage commun \u00e0 tous les immeubles.\",\"auteur\":\"Cabinet Kohen Avocats\"}]},\"next\":{\"nom\":\"Next\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Fin de Bloctel, interdiction du d\u00e9marchage d\u00e8s le 11 ao\u00fbt : on fait le point\",\"date\":\"2026-08-04\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/next.ink\/249950\/fin-de-bloctel-interdiction-du-demarchage-des-le-11-aout-on-fait-le-point\/\",\"citation\":\"Selon le cabinet Kohen Avocats, les jurisprudences dans ce secteur devraient \u00ab \u00e9clairer la port\u00e9e du futur r\u00e9gime \u00bb.\",\"auteur\":\"Next\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"actu-juridique\":{\"nom\":\"Actu-Juridique\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Magistrature et franc-ma\u00e7onnerie : que dit le droit ?\",\"date\":\"2026-09-22\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.actu-juridique.fr\/professions\/magistrats\/magistrature-et-franc-maconnerie-stupeur-et-evitements\/\",\"citation\":\"L\u2019article cite en r\u00e9f\u00e9rence l\u2019analyse de Ma\u00eetre Hassan Kohen, avocat en droit p\u00e9nal \u00e0 Paris, sur l\u2019avis du Coll\u00e8ge de d\u00e9ontologie du 9 juin 2026.\",\"auteur\":\"Actu-Juridique\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"batiweb\":{\"nom\":\"Batiweb\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Mayotte : Lecornu veut un \u00ab choc de mises en chantier \u00bb\",\"date\":\"2026-08-27\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.batiweb.com\/actualites\/urbanisme\/reconstruction-mayotte-lecornu-choc-mises-chantier-49208\",\"citation\":\"Sur les autorisations d\u2019urbanisme n\u00e9cessaires \u00e0 la reconstruction de Mayotte, l\u2019article cite les explications de Me Reda Kohen.\",\"auteur\":\"Batiweb\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"berliner-zeitung\":{\"nom\":\"Berliner Zeitung\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Null Euro Miete, daf\u00fcr Quizabende mit Rentnern: Wie eine 18-J\u00e4hrige ins Seniorenheim zog\",\"date\":\"2026-09-21\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.berliner-zeitung.de\/article\/null-euro-miete-dafuer-quizabende-mit-rentnern-wie-eine-18-jaehrige-ins-seniorenheim-zog-10414380\",\"citation\":\"Der Pariser Anwalt Reda Kohen ordnet das Modell als Gebrauchsleihe ein: Die Wohnung wird \u00fcberlassen, nicht vermietet.\",\"auteur\":\"Berliner Zeitung\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"startupitalia\":{\"nom\":\"StartupItalia\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Quasi 13 miliardi di dollari di Nvidia per la sconosciuta Hugging Face. 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aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The rules<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p2\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p2\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Your documents<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p3\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p3\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The method<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p4\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p4\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The timetable<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p5\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p5\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The checks<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-synthese\" aria-controls=\"kcv-synthese\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Summary<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-faq\" aria-controls=\"kcv-faq\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Questions<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-textes\" aria-controls=\"kcv-textes\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Legal texts<\/button><\/div><\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcv-track\"><div class=\"kcv-slide kcv-on\" id=\"kcv-avocat\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-avocat\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<div class=\"kcv-pro\">\n  <figure class=\"kcv-pro-photo\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" src=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/kohen-footer\/portrait-reda-20260920-lignes-orange.jpg\" alt=\"Reda Kohen, lawyer at the Paris Bar\" width=\"1122\" height=\"1402\" loading=\"eager\" decoding=\"async\">\n    <figcaption class=\"kcv-pro-cap kcv-glass\"><span class=\"kcv-pro-capn\">Reda Kohen<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pro-capr\">Lawyer at the Paris Bar<\/span><\/figcaption>\n  <\/figure>\n  <div class=\"kcv-pro-body\">\n    <p class=\"kk\">Intellectual property \u00b7 Paris 17th<\/p>\n    <h2>What a <em>trademark lawyer<\/em> in Paris does<\/h2>\n    <ul class=\"kcv-pro-tags\"><li>Paris Bar<\/li><li>Intellectual property<\/li><li>Trademarks and distinctive signs<\/li><\/ul>\n    <p class=\"kcv-p\">Reda Kohen, a lawyer at the Paris Bar, acts for businesses that need to choose, use or defend a trademark, from choosing the name through to litigation.<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-p\">A small business often discovers the value of its trademark at the moment it believes it to be under threat. The firm then examines three questions in order: is the sign valid, does it belong to the right person, and can use of it be proved?<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-p\">Ownership of a trademark arises from registration, for a renewable period of ten years (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006279687\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006279687\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 712-1 of the French Intellectual Property Code<\/a>). A company name, a shop sign or a domain name do not confer the same right: they can stand in the way of a later trademark, but on narrower conditions than registration.<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-p\">Send what you have, even if incomplete: the firm will prioritise and complete the file with you. In an emergency, call <a href=\"tel:+33646605822\">06 46 60 58 22<\/a>.<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-pro-meta\"><a href=\"https:\/\/consultation.avocat.fr\/avocat-paris\/reda-kohen-54670.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Official profile in the directory of French lawyers (CNB)<\/a><span>Firm at 11 rue Margueritte, 75017 Paris<\/span><\/p>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-cards\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-card\"><h3>Choosing a defensible name<\/h3><p>A sign too close to a description of the product, or already used by another business, weakens the whole commercial strategy built around it.<\/p><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-card\"><h3>Using it to keep it<\/h3><p>Five years without genuine use or proper reasons, counted at the earliest from registration, expose the mark to revocation and can make an infringement action inadmissible: evidence of use is built up over the course of the business.<\/p><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-card\"><h3>Defending it without putting yourself in the wrong<\/h3><p>A badly targeted warning letter, excessive tolerance or an ill-founded action can turn against the proprietor itself.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p1\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The rules<\/p>\n<h2>Choose, use, defend: <em>the rules that apply<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">Five rules shape the life of a business trademark, from its creation to its first dispute.<\/p>\n<ol class=\"kcv-conds\">\n  <li>A trademark must not encroach on an earlier company name, nor on a trade name, shop sign or domain name known beyond a purely local setting, where the public risks confusing the signs (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039381537\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039381537\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 711-3 of the CPI<\/a>). Ruling under the earlier wording of these provisions, the Court of Cassation (Cour de cassation) held that \u201cthe proprietor of an earlier right may bring an action for nullity of the registered mark if there is a risk of confusion in the mind of the public, even where the proprietor of the challenged mark holds a right older than that of the third party challenging it\u201d (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/659e41055537980008846f71\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 10 January 2024, No. 22-21.716<\/a>).<\/li>\n  <li>The chosen sign must allow the customer to identify the business: a name that merely describes a quality or intended purpose of the product is null, unless use has given it that capacity (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039381542\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039381542\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 711-2<\/a>). Even when maintained, a weak mark protects little: for a European Union trademark, the Paris court of appeal held that the consumer, \u201cgiven the weakly distinctive character of all the word elements contained in the signs at issue, will turn their attention to the graphic elements of the signs\u201d (our translation), and rejected infringement (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/684a63f578b2e7f2d685aeae\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CA Paris, p\u00f4le 5 ch. 1, 11 June 2025, No. 23\/17122<\/a>).<\/li>\n  <li>The proprietor faces revocation if it has not made genuine use of its mark for five years, and it is for the proprietor to prove use (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039381616\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039381616\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Articles L. 714-5<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039378036\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039378036\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">L. 716-3-1<\/a>). The Versailles court of appeal upheld the total revocation of a perfume trademark whose documents \u201cdo not make it possible, in the absence of any evidence of genuine availability of the products to the public, to characterise genuine use of the mark\u201d (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/67c93a3dacb0afb9b1331600\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CA Versailles, ch. com. 3-1, 5 March 2025, No. 23\/05640<\/a>).<\/li>\n  <li>A mark that has become, through its proprietor's own conduct, the common designation of the product is lost (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039381632\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039381632\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 714-6<\/a>). The Court of Cassation approved a revocation, noting that \u201cthrough its inactivity, Tennis d'Aquitaine contributed to the degeneration of its mark\u201d (our translation), despite use of the \u00ae symbol and a few formal notices (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/691595cb5cc9fa7cae5a84ea\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 13 November 2025, No. 24-14.449<\/a>).<\/li>\n  <li>Anyone who knowingly allows a more recent registered mark to be used for five consecutive years loses the right to have it annulled or to bring proceedings against it, except where the filing was in bad faith (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039377714\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039377714\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Articles L. 716-2-8<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039378266\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039378266\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">L. 716-4-5<\/a>). Under the earlier provision, the Court of Cassation clarified that \u201cProof that the proprietor of the earlier mark knew of the use of the later mark after its registration may result from general knowledge, in the economic sector concerned, of such use\u201d (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/665fffbc2bde7b00080c313c\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 5 June 2024, No. 23-15.380<\/a>).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"kcv-callout\"><span class=\"kcv-callout-i\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M9.6 6C6.5 7.4 4.5 10 4.5 13.4V18h6v-6H7.6c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L9.6 6zm9 0c-3.1 1.4-5.1 4-5.1 7.4V18h6v-6h-2.9c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L18.6 6z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><p>A registration is not permanent protection: a mark is lost through lack of use or through inaction in the face of generic uses, and excessive tolerance closes off certain actions against a more recent mark.<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p2\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Your documents<\/p>\n<h2>The documents that help, depending on <em>your situation<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">Ownership, date and evidence of use form the foundation of every trademark file.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-duel\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-opt kcv-opt-a\"><p class=\"kcv-opt-k\">Situation A<\/p><p class=\"kcv-opt-t\">You are launching or using the mark<\/p><ul><li>Filing notice, registration certificate and the exact wording of the goods and services covered<\/li><li>Articles of association, Kbis extract (extrait Kbis) and documents showing who filed: the company, the director or a shareholder<\/li><li>Dated invoices, catalogues, website pages and advertisements showing the mark on the products sold<\/li><li>Prior-rights searches carried out, domain names reserved and shop signs already in use<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-or\" aria-hidden=\"true\">or<\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-opt kcv-opt-b\"><p class=\"kcv-opt-k\">Situation B<\/p><p class=\"kcv-opt-t\">A dispute has started or is looming<\/p><ul><li>Formal notice, opposition, writ of summons or letter received, with its date of receipt<\/li><li>Dated screenshots of the opposing sign, its products, its website and its social media<\/li><li>Timeline of when you became aware of the opposing sign: first contact, trade fairs, shared customers<\/li><li>Turnover achieved under the mark and material allowing loss to be assessed<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-callout\"><span class=\"kcv-callout-i\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M9.6 6C6.5 7.4 4.5 10 4.5 13.4V18h6v-6H7.6c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L9.6 6zm9 0c-3.1 1.4-5.1 4-5.1 7.4V18h6v-6h-2.9c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L18.6 6z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><p>Do not write to a competitor's customers or distributors before your rights have been checked: a premature warning may be characterised as disparagement.<\/p><\/div>\n<p class=\"kcv-p\">The firm also handles:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"kcv-pro-tags\"><li>Intellectual property<\/li><li>Trademark filing<\/li><li>Domain name<\/li><li>Industrial property<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p3\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The method<\/p>\n<h2>How the firm <em>examines your trademark<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">Check the right, link it to the right person, then choose a proportionate response.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-rows\">\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 1<\/p><h3>Reviewing the title and ownership<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">The firm checks the certificate, the wording, the filing date and the name of the applicant, then compares these against the reality of the business that uses the sign.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 2<\/p><h3>Checking validity and prior rights<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">Distinctiveness, earlier rights, company names, shop signs and domain names are examined to gauge the strength of the sign before any investment or action.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 3<\/p><h3>Building the evidence of use<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">Documents showing use are sorted by five-year period and by product, in order to answer a revocation claim or a plea of inadmissibility.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 4<\/p><h3>A response suited to the dispute<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">Depending on the file, the firm may act by a targeted formal notice, an opposition, an application to the National Institute of Industrial Property (INPI), an infringement seizure (saisie-contrefa\u00e7on) or an action before the competent judicial court (tribunal judiciaire).<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-callout\"><span class=\"kcv-callout-i\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M9.6 6C6.5 7.4 4.5 10 4.5 13.4V18h6v-6H7.6c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L9.6 6zm9 0c-3.1 1.4-5.1 4-5.1 7.4V18h6v-6h-2.9c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L18.6 6z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><p>A trademark that looks solid on paper may prove fragile before a judge if nobody has kept a record of its actual use.<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p4\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The timetable<\/p>\n<h2>The time limits <em>that mark the life of a trademark<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">Some deadlines are set by the Code, others arise from the conduct of the parties.<\/p>\n<ol class=\"kcv-hs\"><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Publication of the application<\/p><p><strong>Two months.<\/strong> The proprietor of an earlier right listed by law has two months from publication to file an opposition with the INPI (Articles L. 712-4 and L. 712-4-1 of the CPI).<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Claiming a fraudulent filing<\/p><p><strong>Five years.<\/strong> The claim must be brought within five years of publication, except where the applicant acted in bad faith (Article L. 712-6 of the CPI).<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Genuine use<\/p><p><strong>Five years.<\/strong> An uninterrupted period of five years without genuine use or proper reasons, running at the earliest from registration, exposes the proprietor to revocation and may make its infringement action inadmissible (Articles L. 714-5 and L. 716-4-3 of the CPI).<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Tolerance of a competing mark<\/p><p><strong>Five years.<\/strong> Five years of knowing tolerance bar the nullity action and the infringement action against a later mark registered in good faith.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Infringement action<\/p><p><strong>Five years.<\/strong> The five-year period runs from the date on which the proprietor knew, or should have known, of the last act complained of (Article L. 716-4-2 of the CPI).<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Renewal<\/p><p><strong>Ten years.<\/strong> Protection lasts ten years from filing and may be renewed an unlimited number of times (Article L. 712-1 of the CPI).<\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p5\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The checks<\/p>\n<h2>What the firm checks <em>before acting<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">A trademark action is prepared on documents, never on the mere impression of a resemblance.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-split\">\n  <ul class=\"kcv-check\"><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Ownership: is the mark registered in the name of the company that uses it, the director or a third party, and is that position documented?<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Validity: is the sign distinctive for the goods concerned, and does no earlier right threaten its registration?<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Use: do the documents cover each product relied on over the five relevant years, with verifiable dates and volumes?<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Past conduct: since when has the opposing sign been known, has it been tolerated, and have letters already been sent to third parties?<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Basis of the action: infringement, nullity, revocation, claim to ownership, unfair competition or parasitism, each with its own conditions.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n  <aside class=\"kcv-act\">\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-k\">Case documents<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-t\">Send what you have, even if incomplete<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-p\">Submit your documents through the confidential form at the top of the page: the firm will prioritise and complete the file with you.<\/p>\n    <div class=\"kcv-act-b\"><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kch-form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n  <\/aside>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-synthese\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-synthese\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Summary<\/p>\n<h2>Situation, evidence, <em>first response<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">Common SME situations help to set the priority of the file.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-rows\">\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>The director filed the mark in their own name<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Registration certificate, articles of association, minutes and agreements between the company and its director.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time limit:<\/strong> A claim to ownership is limited to five years after publication, except in cases of bad faith.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Arrange a written assignment or licence, or consider a claim to ownership if fraud can be shown.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>A competitor files a name close to yours<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Kbis extract, first invoices, dated website and shop sign, proof that the applicant knew of your name.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time limit:<\/strong> Opposition within two months of publication, nullity thereafter.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Opposition before the INPI, an application for nullity or a claim to ownership, depending on the earlier rights available.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Your mark is little used or not used at all<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Invoices, catalogues, advertisements and sales figures linked to each registered product.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time limit:<\/strong> The five years preceding the revocation application, or preceding the infringement action where the defendant challenges use.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Resume real, documented use without delay: use resumed within the three months preceding an announced revocation application may be neutralised (Article L. 716-3 of the CPI).<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Your name is becoming a common term in the sector<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Records of generic use by competitors, the press and professional customers.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time limit:<\/strong> Each year of inaction increases the risk of revocation.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Measured written reminders, corrections requested from third parties and, if need be, targeted actions.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>A copy is discovered online or in a shop<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Dated reports, test purchases, screenshots of the website and social media, volume figures.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time limit:<\/strong> Five years to act, but prolonged tolerance closes off certain routes.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Formal notice to the copier, infringement seizure if necessary, then an action on the merits.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>You are accused of infringement<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Date of your first uses, searches carried out, evidence that the claimant knew of your use.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time limit:<\/strong> Reply quickly to prepare the defence and preserve your own evidence, as an ex parte measure remains possible.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Challenge the opponent's genuine use, rely on tolerance, or bring an application for revocation or nullity.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-faq\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-faq\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Frequently asked questions<\/p>\n<h2>Your questions: <em>business trademarks<\/em><\/h2>\n<div class=\"kcv-faqgrid\">\n  <aside class=\"kcv-act kcv-act-sticky\">\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-k\">13 questions<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-t\">A situation not listed here?<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-p\">Every case has its own features. The firm reads your documents before answering you.<\/p>\n    <div class=\"kcv-act-b\"><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kch-form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n  <\/aside>\n  <div class=\"kcv-faq\"><details><summary>Should the trademark be filed in the director's name or in the company's name?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The proprietor of a trademark is the person in whose name it was registered, under <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006279687\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006279687\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 712-1 of the CPI<\/a>. Where the manager alone files the name of the shop sign used by their company, they become the proprietor, and the company is merely a user for as long as no contract governs the position. In the event of a falling-out or a sale of the business, this mismatch weighs heavily. The company may claim the mark if the filing was made in fraud of its rights, but <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000028717103\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000028717103\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 712-6<\/a> limits the action to five years after publication, except where the applicant acted in bad faith. Proof of fraud remains demanding: in 2023, the Paris court of appeal held that \u201cMere knowledge of the earlier right or simple negligence is not enough to establish bad faith; an intention to harm the proprietor of earlier rights must also be shown\u201d (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/6440d81de704a005d1ed70bf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CA Paris, p\u00f4le 5 ch. 1, 19 April 2023, No. 21\/06272<\/a>). Since bad faith was not established, the company's request for transfer was dismissed as time-barred, and the operating companies were held liable for infringement towards the director who held the mark. Since then, the Court of Cassation has clarified that bad faith is assessed on objective indicia gathered at the filing date and that it \u201cdoes not require, in order to be established, that a particular third party be targeted\u201d (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/691597ab5cc9fa7cae5ac130\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 13 November 2025, No. 24-14.355<\/a>). The firm therefore checks, as soon as the company is created or on a fundraising, who actually holds the mark, and then proposes a suitable written assignment or licence.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Is our company name enough to protect the business name?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Registration gives a right in the company name, but that right is not equivalent to a trademark. It allows the company to oppose a later mark, or to seek its nullity, only if the public risks confusing the two signs, as provided by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039381537\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039381537\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 711-3 of the CPI<\/a>, 3\u00b0. The Court of Cassation accepted this for the benefit of regional companies whose acronym had been filed as a trademark by a sister company. Under the earlier wording of the Code, it held that \u201cthe proprietor of an earlier right may bring an action for nullity of the registered mark if there is a risk of confusion in the mind of the public, even where the proprietor of the challenged mark holds a right older than that of the third party challenging it\u201d (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/659e41055537980008846f71\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 10 January 2024, No. 22-21.716<\/a>). This protection is assessed by reference to the activities actually carried on. It does not allow a trademark infringement action against a competitor who uses the same name for related products, but wrongdoing by that competitor may support an unfair competition action under <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032041571\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032041571\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1240 of the French Civil Code (Code civil)<\/a>. The firm therefore examines whether the company name is sufficient for the current business, or whether a filing is needed before a geographic expansion, a new range or the arrival of investors.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Does a shop sign used for years protect against a trademark filed by a third party?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>A shop sign, trade name or domain name can stand in the way of a later trademark, but only if it is known beyond a local setting and the public risks confusing the signs, under <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039381537\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039381537\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 711-3<\/a>. Proving that reach is often difficult for a neighbourhood business. In a dispute concerning a European Union trademark, the Paris judicial court (tribunal judiciaire) held that the trader relying on its earlier signs did not show that they had any reputation beyond the local: \u201cPlein Tubes provides no evidence that it enjoys a recognition extending beyond the local setting\u201d (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/67db1a3598e0f07586587806\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">TJ Paris, 3e ch. 3e sect., 19 March 2025, No. 22\/05128<\/a>). Examining nullity under the provision in force at the time of the 2017 filing, the court dismissed the application and held the trader liable for infringement, with a ban on using the sign for the goods covered by the mark, even though it relied on use of the name since 1986. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039381590\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039381590\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 713-6<\/a> nevertheless preserves earlier use of a sign of local reach, within the limits of the territory where it is recognised. The firm assesses with you the invoices, the customer base outside the town and the online visibility before choosing between negotiation, defence or a prompt filing.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can a name that describes the product become a useful trademark for an SME?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>A descriptive name reassures the customer because it explains what is being sold, but it protects the business poorly. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039381542\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039381542\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 711-2 of the CPI<\/a> excludes signs that merely describe a characteristic of the product, unless use has made them distinctive. Even where the registration survives, the protection remains narrow. In a dispute concerning a European Union trademark, the Paris court of appeal upheld the sign but rejected infringement, holding that the consumer, \u201cgiven the weakly distinctive character of all the word elements contained in the signs at issue, will turn their attention to the graphic elements of the signs\u201d (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/684a63f578b2e7f2d685aeae\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CA Paris, p\u00f4le 5 ch. 1, 11 June 2025, No. 23\/17122<\/a>). In that case, very similar word signs were able to coexist, given their weak distinctiveness and the differences in structure and overall presentation. For an SME, choosing an arbitrary or suggestive term avoids this trap and makes later defence easier. The firm can review several name options against the goods concerned before the commercial materials are printed.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>How can evidence that the mark is used be kept over the years?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039381616\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039381616\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 714-5 of the CPI<\/a> penalises the absence of genuine use for five years, for each product or service covered, with revocation. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039378036\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039378036\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 716-3-1<\/a> places the burden of proving use on the proprietor, who may do so by any means. Plans, prototypes and presentations are not always enough. The Versailles court of appeal upheld the revocation of a perfume trademark, finding that the documents produced \u201cdo not make it possible, in the absence of any evidence of genuine availability of the products to the public, to characterise genuine use of the mark\u201d (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/67c93a3dacb0afb9b1331600\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CA Versailles, ch. com. 3-1, 5 March 2025, No. 23\/05640<\/a>). The health difficulties relied on were not accepted as proper reasons for non-use. An SME is therefore well advised to keep, every year, invoices, catalogues, dated website pages and advertisements showing the mark on the products actually sold. The firm can organise this filing by product and by period, so that the evidence is ready the day a competitor applies for revocation before the INPI.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can a copier be sued with a mark that is little used?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The defendant in an infringement action may require the proprietor to prove genuine use of its mark during the five years preceding the claim, for the goods relied on. Failing that, and unless there are proper reasons, the action is inadmissible under <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039378229\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039378229\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 716-4-3 of the CPI<\/a>. The Paris judicial court applied this rule to real estate services, recalling that \u201cGenuine use of the mark must be established for each of the goods or services covered by its registration and targeted by the infringement claim\u201d (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/6946c3de75782d5f06ff555e\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">TJ Paris, 3e chambre 1re section, 18 December 2025, No. 23\/13626<\/a>). A simple sales brochure was not enough, and the mark was also declared revoked for all goods and services. The action brought to protect the name therefore led to its loss. Before issuing a writ of summons, the firm checks the evidence of use product by product and assesses the risk of a counterclaim. It may then advise limiting the action to the goods actually used, or basing the claim on another right, such as unfair competition.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Our trademark is becoming a common word in the sector: can it still be saved?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Under <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039381632\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039381632\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 714-6 of the CPI<\/a>, the proprietor loses its rights where the mark has become, through its own conduct, the common designation of the product in the trade. The proprietor's conduct includes its inaction in the face of generic uses. The Court of Cassation approved the revocation of a mark designating multi-sport courts, noting that \u201cthrough its inactivity, Tennis d'Aquitaine contributed to the degeneration of its mark\u201d (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/691595cb5cc9fa7cae5a84ea\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 13 November 2025, No. 24-14.449<\/a>). The proprietor did affix the \u00ae symbol and had sent three formal notices, which the judges found insufficient given the many uses identified. This risk mainly concerns SMEs that have created a new product and whose name took hold before the competition. The response must be regular and measured: written reminders to distributors, requests for correction to publishers and local authorities, selective actions where the use persists. The firm can draw up a record of uses and prioritise the steps to take.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>A competitor has registered our name to block us: what can be done?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>A filing made in bad faith is a ground of nullity under <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039381542\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039381542\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 711-2<\/a>, 11\u00b0, and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000028717103\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000028717103\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 712-6<\/a> gives a claim to ownership to anyone who considers they have a right in the mark. In a case concerning closures, the Court of Cassation quashed the judgment that had ruled out bad faith on the part of a company that had filed a sign already used by a third party. It held that \u201cbad faith does not require, in order to be established, that a particular third party be targeted\u201d (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/691597ab5cc9fa7cae5ac130\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 13 November 2025, No. 24-14.355<\/a>), and criticised the judges for not examining whether the applicant intended to use the mark. The wish to protect a family name was not, on its own, enough to rule out bad faith. For an SME, the evidence rests on objective indicia gathered at the filing date: knowledge of earlier use, absence of use, later formal notices. The firm reconstructs this timeline and chooses between nullity, a claim to ownership and negotiating an assignment.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Does waiting several years before reacting to a similar mark mean losing your rights?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Yes, beyond five years of knowing tolerance. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039377714\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039377714\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Articles L. 716-2-8<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039378266\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039378266\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">L. 716-4-5 of the Intellectual Property Code<\/a> bar the nullity action and the infringement action against a later registered mark whose use has been tolerated for five consecutive years, except where the filing was in bad faith. The decisive question then becomes the date on which the proprietor learned of that use. In a school supplies case decided under the earlier provision, the Court of Cassation held that \u201cProof that the proprietor of the earlier mark knew of the use of the later mark after its registration may result from general knowledge, in the economic sector concerned, of such use\u201d (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/665fffbc2bde7b00080c313c\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 5 June 2024, No. 23-15.380<\/a>). The presence of the products on the same supermarket shelves was enough to establish that knowledge, and the proprietor of the earlier mark lost its action. An SME that discovers a similar sign must therefore record the date of its discovery and decide quickly how to react. The firm can help you weigh a coexistence agreement, opposition, nullity or an action.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can you warn a competitor's customers that it is selling copies?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The temptation is strong to write to resellers to encourage them to withdraw the products at issue. The risk is real: informing third parties of an infringement that no judge has yet found can make the author liable under <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032041571\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032041571\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1240 of the French Civil Code (Code civil)<\/a>. In a case concerning copyright, the Court of Cassation held that \u201cthe mere fact of informing third parties of a possible infringement of those rights constitutes disparagement of the products alleged to infringe\u201d (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/6ab38335c27382d099072f35\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 23 September 2026, No. 22-23.833<\/a>). It quashed the judgment that had considered the letters sent to the targeted company's partners to be legitimate. That decision does not directly concern trademarks, but it calls for caution in any approach to a competitor's customers. A formal notice sent to the copier alone remains the ordinary route. Before any contact with distributors, the firm examines the strength of the rights and the risk of disparagement, because a measured tone is not enough to rule out that risk while no decision has found the infringement.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>If trademark infringement is ruled out, is there still an action against the copier?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Yes, where the competitor's conduct is wrongful. An action for unfair competition or parasitism rests on <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032041571\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032041571\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1240 of the Civil Code<\/a> and not on an exclusive right. The Court of Cassation recalls that \u201ceconomic parasitism is a form of disloyalty, constituting wrongdoing, which consists, for an economic operator, in placing itself in the wake of another in order to profit unduly from its efforts, its know-how, its acquired reputation or its investments\u201d (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/69bad384cdc6046d471a6127\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 18 March 2026, No. 24-17.016<\/a>). In that same judgment, it now held that such claims pursue the same ends as the infringement action where they rest on the same facts. A party whose infringement action was rejected for lack of an exclusive right, here because its trademarks had been annulled, can therefore bring a parasitism claim based on the same facts for the first time on appeal; the case was referred back to the Versailles court of appeal. The two actions may also be combined if they concern distinct facts: the Court held that \u201cFacts committed in different periods are distinct facts\u201d (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/691597ab5cc9fa7cae5ac130\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 13 November 2025, No. 24-14.355<\/a>). The firm can build the writ of summons by distinguishing from the outset the acts that fall under trademark law from those that fall under wrongdoing.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Should you go to the INPI or to the court to bring down an obstructive trademark?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039381671\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039381671\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 716-5 of the CPI<\/a> reserves to the INPI applications for nullity based on absolute grounds and on several earlier rights, notably a trademark, a company name or a shop sign, as well as applications for revocation for non-use or degeneration. Other actions, and in particular infringement, fall to the specialised judicial courts designated by decree. The court again becomes exclusively competent for nullity or revocation where those applications are connected to another claim within its jurisdiction, notably an infringement or unfair competition action, or where evidentiary, interim or protective measures ordered to stop an infringement of the trademark are being carried out before an action on the merits is brought. An action for nullity is subject to no limitation period under <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039377634\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039377634\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 716-2-6<\/a>, subject to tolerance and to the five-year period running from registration imposed on the proprietor of a well-known mark, except where the filing was in bad faith (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039377651\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039377651\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 716-2-7<\/a>). For an SME, the choice between the INPI and the court therefore depends on the ground relied on and on the other claims brought or contemplated. The firm examines the ground available and the most suitable procedural route.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>How can evidence of a copy be gathered and the loss assessed?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Infringement may be proved by any means. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039378333\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039378333\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 716-4-7 of the CPI<\/a> also allows an infringement seizure (saisie-contrefa\u00e7on) to be obtained from the judge on application: a detailed description or actual seizure of the products and documents, by a court bailiff (commissaire de justice), who may be assisted by an expert. If the action on the merits is not brought within the regulatory period, the seizure is annulled at the request of the person seized. As to loss, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039378411\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039378411\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 716-4-10<\/a> requires the judge to take separate account of losses and lost profits, non-pecuniary loss and the infringer's profits. Alternatively, and at the request of the injured party, the judge may award a lump sum higher than the royalties that would have been due, without excluding compensation for non-pecuniary loss. In the closures case already cited, the Court of Cassation left it to the lower courts to assess, in their sovereign discretion, non-pecuniary loss including damage to image, under unfair competition and in the absence of proven loss, while quashing the infringement award. The firm therefore gathers dated reports, test purchases and sales data to quantify each head of loss before acting. A serious assessment from the outset also makes it possible to weigh the benefit of a settlement against the cost of lengthy proceedings.<\/p><\/div><\/details><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-textes\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-textes\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Sources and related pages<\/p>\n<h2>Official texts and <em>related pages<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">The sources for this page and the firm's related areas of practice.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-arts\"><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039381542\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039381542\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 711-2 of the French Intellectual Property Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">excluded signs, distinctiveness, filing in bad faith<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039381537\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039381537\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 711-3 of the French Intellectual Property Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">earlier rights, company name, shop sign, domain name<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006279687\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006279687\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 712-1 of the French Intellectual Property Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">ownership through registration, ten-year term<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000028717103\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000028717103\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 712-6 of the French Intellectual Property Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">claim to ownership of a fraudulent filing<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039381590\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039381590\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 713-6 of the French Intellectual Property Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">limits of the right, earlier use of local reach<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039381616\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039381616\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 714-5 of the French Intellectual Property Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">revocation for lack of genuine use<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039381632\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039381632\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 714-6 of the French Intellectual Property Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">revocation for degeneration or deceptive character<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039377714\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039377714\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 716-2-8 of the French Intellectual Property Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">time bar on nullity through tolerance<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039378229\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039378229\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 716-4-3 of the French Intellectual Property Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">inadmissibility for lack of genuine use<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039378266\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039378266\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 716-4-5 of the French Intellectual Property Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">time bar on infringement through tolerance<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039378333\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039378333\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 716-4-7 of the French Intellectual Property Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">infringement seizure<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039381671\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039381671\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 716-5 of the French Intellectual Property Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">division of jurisdiction between the INPI and the courts<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032041571\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032041571\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article 1240 of the French Civil Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">unfair competition, parasitism, disparagement<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<h3 class=\"kcv-center\">Further reading<\/h3>\n<div class=\"kcv-pgs\"><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/intellectual-property-lawyer-paris\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Intellectual property<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">Firm practice area<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/trademark-registration-lawyer-paris\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Trademark filing<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">Firm practice area<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/domain-name-lawyer-paris\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Domain name<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">Firm practice area<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/industrial-property-lawyer-paris\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Industrial property<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">Firm practice area<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/copyright-lawyer-paris\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Copyright<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">Firm practice area<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<p class=\"kcv-small kcv-center\">Page updated on 1 November 2026.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"kcv-cta\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-in\">\n    <div class=\"kcv-cta-card\">\n      <h2>A trademark to choose, secure or defend? Take stock of <em>your rights<\/em>.<\/h2>\n      <p>Send the title, the articles of association and a few dated proofs of use: the firm checks ownership, validity and the response suited to your situation.<\/p>\n      <div class=\"kcv-btns\">\n        <a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a>\n        <a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kch-form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n<div class=\"kcv-news-band\"><h2>The latest <em>news.<\/em><\/h2><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\", \"@type\": \"FAQPage\", \"mainEntity\": [{\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Should the trademark be filed in the director's name or in the company's name?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The proprietor of a trademark is the person in whose name it was registered, under Article L. 712-1 of the CPI. Where the manager alone files the name of the shop sign used by their company, they become the proprietor, and the company is merely a user for as long as no contract governs the position. In the event of a falling-out or a sale of the business, this mismatch weighs heavily. The company may claim the mark if the filing was made in fraud of its rights, but Article L. 712-6 limits the action to five years after publication, except where the applicant acted in bad faith. Proof of fraud remains demanding: in 2023, the Paris court of appeal held that \u201cMere knowledge of the earlier right or simple negligence is not enough to establish bad faith; an intention to harm the proprietor of earlier rights must also be shown\u201d (our translation) (CA Paris, p\u00f4le 5 ch. 1, 19 April 2023, No. 21\/06272). Since bad faith was not established, the company's request for transfer was dismissed as time-barred, and the operating companies were held liable for infringement towards the director who held the mark. Since then, the Court of Cassation has clarified that bad faith is assessed on objective indicia gathered at the filing date and that it \u201cdoes not require, in order to be established, that a particular third party be targeted\u201d (our translation) (Cass. com., 13 November 2025, No. 24-14.355). The firm therefore checks, as soon as the company is created or on a fundraising, who actually holds the mark, and then proposes a suitable written assignment or licence.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Is our company name enough to protect the business name?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Registration gives a right in the company name, but that right is not equivalent to a trademark. It allows the company to oppose a later mark, or to seek its nullity, only if the public risks confusing the two signs, as provided by Article L. 711-3 of the CPI, 3\u00b0. The Court of Cassation accepted this for the benefit of regional companies whose acronym had been filed as a trademark by a sister company. Under the earlier wording of the Code, it held that \u201cthe proprietor of an earlier right may bring an action for nullity of the registered mark if there is a risk of confusion in the mind of the public, even where the proprietor of the challenged mark holds a right older than that of the third party challenging it\u201d (our translation) (Cass. com., 10 January 2024, No. 22-21.716). This protection is assessed by reference to the activities actually carried on. It does not allow a trademark infringement action against a competitor who uses the same name for related products, but wrongdoing by that competitor may support an unfair competition action under Article 1240 of the French Civil Code (Code civil). The firm therefore examines whether the company name is sufficient for the current business, or whether a filing is needed before a geographic expansion, a new range or the arrival of investors.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Does a shop sign used for years protect against a trademark filed by a third party?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"A shop sign, trade name or domain name can stand in the way of a later trademark, but only if it is known beyond a local setting and the public risks confusing the signs, under Article L. 711-3. Proving that reach is often difficult for a neighbourhood business. In a dispute concerning a European Union trademark, the Paris judicial court (tribunal judiciaire) held that the trader relying on its earlier signs did not show that they had any reputation beyond the local: \u201cPlein Tubes provides no evidence that it enjoys a recognition extending beyond the local setting\u201d (our translation) (TJ Paris, 3e ch. 3e sect., 19 March 2025, No. 22\/05128). Examining nullity under the provision in force at the time of the 2017 filing, the court dismissed the application and held the trader liable for infringement, with a ban on using the sign for the goods covered by the mark, even though it relied on use of the name since 1986. Article L. 713-6 nevertheless preserves earlier use of a sign of local reach, within the limits of the territory where it is recognised. The firm assesses with you the invoices, the customer base outside the town and the online visibility before choosing between negotiation, defence or a prompt filing.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Can a name that describes the product become a useful trademark for an SME?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"A descriptive name reassures the customer because it explains what is being sold, but it protects the business poorly. Article L. 711-2 of the CPI excludes signs that merely describe a characteristic of the product, unless use has made them distinctive. Even where the registration survives, the protection remains narrow. In a dispute concerning a European Union trademark, the Paris court of appeal upheld the sign but rejected infringement, holding that the consumer, \u201cgiven the weakly distinctive character of all the word elements contained in the signs at issue, will turn their attention to the graphic elements of the signs\u201d (our translation) (CA Paris, p\u00f4le 5 ch. 1, 11 June 2025, No. 23\/17122). In that case, very similar word signs were able to coexist, given their weak distinctiveness and the differences in structure and overall presentation. For an SME, choosing an arbitrary or suggestive term avoids this trap and makes later defence easier. The firm can review several name options against the goods concerned before the commercial materials are printed.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"How can evidence that the mark is used be kept over the years?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Article L. 714-5 of the CPI penalises the absence of genuine use for five years, for each product or service covered, with revocation. Article L. 716-3-1 places the burden of proving use on the proprietor, who may do so by any means. Plans, prototypes and presentations are not always enough. The Versailles court of appeal upheld the revocation of a perfume trademark, finding that the documents produced \u201cdo not make it possible, in the absence of any evidence of genuine availability of the products to the public, to characterise genuine use of the mark\u201d (our translation) (CA Versailles, ch. com. 3-1, 5 March 2025, No. 23\/05640). The health difficulties relied on were not accepted as proper reasons for non-use. An SME is therefore well advised to keep, every year, invoices, catalogues, dated website pages and advertisements showing the mark on the products actually sold. The firm can organise this filing by product and by period, so that the evidence is ready the day a competitor applies for revocation before the INPI.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Can a copier be sued with a mark that is little used?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The defendant in an infringement action may require the proprietor to prove genuine use of its mark during the five years preceding the claim, for the goods relied on. Failing that, and unless there are proper reasons, the action is inadmissible under Article L. 716-4-3 of the CPI. The Paris judicial court applied this rule to real estate services, recalling that \u201cGenuine use of the mark must be established for each of the goods or services covered by its registration and targeted by the infringement claim\u201d (our translation) (TJ Paris, 3e chambre 1re section, 18 December 2025, No. 23\/13626). A simple sales brochure was not enough, and the mark was also declared revoked for all goods and services. The action brought to protect the name therefore led to its loss. Before issuing a writ of summons, the firm checks the evidence of use product by product and assesses the risk of a counterclaim. It may then advise limiting the action to the goods actually used, or basing the claim on another right, such as unfair competition.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Our trademark is becoming a common word in the sector: can it still be saved?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Under Article L. 714-6 of the CPI, the proprietor loses its rights where the mark has become, through its own conduct, the common designation of the product in the trade. The proprietor's conduct includes its inaction in the face of generic uses. The Court of Cassation approved the revocation of a mark designating multi-sport courts, noting that \u201cthrough its inactivity, Tennis d'Aquitaine contributed to the degeneration of its mark\u201d (our translation) (Cass. com., 13 November 2025, No. 24-14.449). The proprietor did affix the \u00ae symbol and had sent three formal notices, which the judges found insufficient given the many uses identified. This risk mainly concerns SMEs that have created a new product and whose name took hold before the competition. The response must be regular and measured: written reminders to distributors, requests for correction to publishers and local authorities, selective actions where the use persists. The firm can draw up a record of uses and prioritise the steps to take.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"A competitor has registered our name to block us: what can be done?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"A filing made in bad faith is a ground of nullity under Article L. 711-2, 11\u00b0, and Article L. 712-6 gives a claim to ownership to anyone who considers they have a right in the mark. In a case concerning closures, the Court of Cassation quashed the judgment that had ruled out bad faith on the part of a company that had filed a sign already used by a third party. It held that \u201cbad faith does not require, in order to be established, that a particular third party be targeted\u201d (our translation) (Cass. com., 13 November 2025, No. 24-14.355), and criticised the judges for not examining whether the applicant intended to use the mark. The wish to protect a family name was not, on its own, enough to rule out bad faith. For an SME, the evidence rests on objective indicia gathered at the filing date: knowledge of earlier use, absence of use, later formal notices. The firm reconstructs this timeline and chooses between nullity, a claim to ownership and negotiating an assignment.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Does waiting several years before reacting to a similar mark mean losing your rights?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Yes, beyond five years of knowing tolerance. Articles L. 716-2-8 and L. 716-4-5 of the Intellectual Property Code bar the nullity action and the infringement action against a later registered mark whose use has been tolerated for five consecutive years, except where the filing was in bad faith. The decisive question then becomes the date on which the proprietor learned of that use. In a school supplies case decided under the earlier provision, the Court of Cassation held that \u201cProof that the proprietor of the earlier mark knew of the use of the later mark after its registration may result from general knowledge, in the economic sector concerned, of such use\u201d (our translation) (Cass. com., 5 June 2024, No. 23-15.380). The presence of the products on the same supermarket shelves was enough to establish that knowledge, and the proprietor of the earlier mark lost its action. An SME that discovers a similar sign must therefore record the date of its discovery and decide quickly how to react. The firm can help you weigh a coexistence agreement, opposition, nullity or an action.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Can you warn a competitor's customers that it is selling copies?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The temptation is strong to write to resellers to encourage them to withdraw the products at issue. The risk is real: informing third parties of an infringement that no judge has yet found can make the author liable under Article 1240 of the French Civil Code (Code civil). In a case concerning copyright, the Court of Cassation held that \u201cthe mere fact of informing third parties of a possible infringement of those rights constitutes disparagement of the products alleged to infringe\u201d (our translation) (Cass. com., 23 September 2026, No. 22-23.833). It quashed the judgment that had considered the letters sent to the targeted company's partners to be legitimate. That decision does not directly concern trademarks, but it calls for caution in any approach to a competitor's customers. A formal notice sent to the copier alone remains the ordinary route. Before any contact with distributors, the firm examines the strength of the rights and the risk of disparagement, because a measured tone is not enough to rule out that risk while no decision has found the infringement.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"If trademark infringement is ruled out, is there still an action against the copier?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Yes, where the competitor's conduct is wrongful. An action for unfair competition or parasitism rests on Article 1240 of the Civil Code and not on an exclusive right. The Court of Cassation recalls that \u201ceconomic parasitism is a form of disloyalty, constituting wrongdoing, which consists, for an economic operator, in placing itself in the wake of another in order to profit unduly from its efforts, its know-how, its acquired reputation or its investments\u201d (our translation) (Cass. com., 18 March 2026, No. 24-17.016). In that same judgment, it now held that such claims pursue the same ends as the infringement action where they rest on the same facts. A party whose infringement action was rejected for lack of an exclusive right, here because its trademarks had been annulled, can therefore bring a parasitism claim based on the same facts for the first time on appeal; the case was referred back to the Versailles court of appeal. The two actions may also be combined if they concern distinct facts: the Court held that \u201cFacts committed in different periods are distinct facts\u201d (our translation) (Cass. com., 13 November 2025, No. 24-14.355). The firm can build the writ of summons by distinguishing from the outset the acts that fall under trademark law from those that fall under wrongdoing.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Should you go to the INPI or to the court to bring down an obstructive trademark?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Article L. 716-5 of the CPI reserves to the INPI applications for nullity based on absolute grounds and on several earlier rights, notably a trademark, a company name or a shop sign, as well as applications for revocation for non-use or degeneration. Other actions, and in particular infringement, fall to the specialised judicial courts designated by decree. The court again becomes exclusively competent for nullity or revocation where those applications are connected to another claim within its jurisdiction, notably an infringement or unfair competition action, or where evidentiary, interim or protective measures ordered to stop an infringement of the trademark are being carried out before an action on the merits is brought. An action for nullity is subject to no limitation period under Article L. 716-2-6, subject to tolerance and to the five-year period running from registration imposed on the proprietor of a well-known mark, except where the filing was in bad faith (Article L. 716-2-7). For an SME, the choice between the INPI and the court therefore depends on the ground relied on and on the other claims brought or contemplated. The firm examines the ground available and the most suitable procedural route.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"How can evidence of a copy be gathered and the loss assessed?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Infringement may be proved by any means. Article L. 716-4-7 of the CPI also allows an infringement seizure (saisie-contrefa\u00e7on) to be obtained from the judge on application: a detailed description or actual seizure of the products and documents, by a court bailiff (commissaire de justice), who may be assisted by an expert. If the action on the merits is not brought within the regulatory period, the seizure is annulled at the request of the person seized. As to loss, Article L. 716-4-10 requires the judge to take separate account of losses and lost profits, non-pecuniary loss and the infringer's profits. Alternatively, and at the request of the injured party, the judge may award a lump sum higher than the royalties that would have been due, without excluding compensation for non-pecuniary loss. In the closures case already cited, the Court of Cassation left it to the lower courts to assess, in their sovereign discretion, non-pecuniary loss including damage to image, under unfair competition and in the absence of proven loss, while quashing the infringement award. The firm therefore gathers dated reports, test purchases and sales data to quantify each head of loss before acting. A serious assessment from the outset also makes it possible to weigh the benefit of a settlement against the cost of lengthy proceedings.\"}}]}<\/script><script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\", \"@type\": \"LegalService\", \"name\": \"Trademark lawyer in Paris | Kohen Avocats\", \"url\": \"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/trademark-lawyer-paris\/\", \"telephone\": \"+33646605822\", \"email\": \"contact@kohenavocats.fr\", \"address\": {\"@type\": \"PostalAddress\", \"streetAddress\": \"11 rue Margueritte\", \"postalCode\": \"75017\", \"addressLocality\": \"Paris\", \"addressCountry\": \"FR\"}, \"areaServed\": \"The Paris region (\u00cele-de-France)\", \"founder\": {\"@type\": \"Person\", \"name\": \"Reda Kohen\", \"jobTitle\": \"Lawyer at the Paris Bar\", \"sameAs\": [\"https:\/\/consultation.avocat.fr\/avocat-paris\/reda-kohen-54670.html\"]}, \"openingHours\": \"Mo-Su 00:00-24:00\"}<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div 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Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2157083 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2157083 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/tim-schmidbauer-EnC5f7At4ac-unsplash-1-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2157083 post-2157083 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/25\/foreign-company-france-unpaid-invoice-penalties-injonction-payer-abroad\/\">Your French Client Has Not Paid: Late-Payment Penalties, the 40 Euro Fee and the Injunction-to-Pay While You Live Abroad<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2157055 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2157055 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/allison-saeng-Hpw4nI_QUWQ-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2157055 post-2157055 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/25\/foreign-company-france-corporate-bank-account-refusal-abroad\/\">Your French Bank Won&#8217;t Open a Corporate Account While You Live Abroad: Right to an Account, Banque de France Designation and the Anti-Money-Laundering Wall<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2157013 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2157013 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/getty-images-p1ZW7qeVRyE-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2157013 post-2157013 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/25\/foreign-company-france-sas-pay-abroad-salary-dividends-management-fees\/\">Your French SAS Pays You While You Live Abroad: Salary, Dividends or Management Fees<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2156883 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2156883 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/getty-images-p1ZW7qeVRyE-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2156883 post-2156883 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/25\/foreign-company-france-sas-capital-increase-cash-call-filing-abroad\/\">Your French SAS Needs Cash From Abroad: Increase Capital, Call Up Unpaid Shares or Lend Instead \u2014 Filing and New Kbis Without Flying to Paris<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2156702 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2156702 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/pawel-czerwinski-mIT9kEQBC6Q-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2156702 post-2156702 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/24\/foreign-company-france-hire-first-employee-dpae-contract-trial-pay-abroad\/\">Hiring Your First French Employee While You Live Abroad: DPAE, Contract, Trial Period, Pay and Registration<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2156668 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2156668 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/alex-vasey-F5HtPjpBb9k-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2156668 post-2156668 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/24\/foreign-company-france-management-fees-transfer-pricing-file-defence-abroad\/\">Your French Subsidiary Pays Management Fees to Its Foreign Parent While You Live Abroad: Transfer Pricing File, Deduction and Reassessment Defence<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2156642 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2156642 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/shubham-dhage-ICCn56-jyuw-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2156642 post-2156642 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/24\/foreign-company-france-shareholder-loan-compte-courant-abroad\/\">Your French Subsidiary Needs Cash From Abroad: Shareholder Loans (Compte Courant d&#8217;Associe), Interest, Approval and Getting Repaid<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. 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