{"id":2161249,"date":"2026-11-01T23:11:41","date_gmt":"2026-11-01T22:11:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/?page_id=2161249"},"modified":"2026-11-04T19:44:02","modified_gmt":"2026-11-04T18:44:02","slug":"competition-law-lawyer-paris","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/competition-law-lawyer-paris\/","title":{"rendered":"Competition law lawyer in Paris: SMEs facing a cartel or abuse"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"2161249\" class=\"elementor elementor-2161249 elementor-2160672\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-v5bd59a e-con-full e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"v5bd59a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-v5bd59aw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"v5bd59aw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"kcv\" id=\"kci-root\" data-refresh-marker=\"expertise-fr-avocat-droit-de-la-concurrence-paris-20261101\">\n<section class=\"kcv-hero\" aria-labelledby=\"kch-h1\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-in\">\n    <div class=\"kcv-head\">\n      <p class=\"kk\">SME hit by a cartel or an abuse: complaint to the Authority, interim measures, compensation<\/p>\n      <h1 id=\"kch-h1\"><em>Competition law lawyer<\/em> in Paris:<span class=\"kcv-tail\"> SMEs facing a cartel or abuse.<\/span><\/h1>\n      <p class=\"kcv-sub\">A supplier you cannot do without that imposes its terms, competitors who agree to push you out, a dominant distributor that closes off access to the market: a competition law lawyer in Paris will tell an SME that it has two routes, a referral to the French Competition Authority (Autorit\u00e9 de la concurrence) and an action for damages before the court. The choice depends on the evidence already gathered and on the economic urgency.<\/p>\n      <div class=\"kcv-btns\">\n        <a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a>\n        <a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kch-form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a>\n      <\/div>\n      <p class=\"kcv-urg\">A referral to the Authority is judged on the material submitted to it, and the request for interim measures stands or falls with it. Gather contracts, invoices, correspondence and figures before writing to the party responsible for the practice.<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcv-stagewrap\"><div class=\"kcv-stageshadow\"><div class=\"kcv-stage\">\n      <link rel=\"preload\" as=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kohen-v3-expertises\/kohen-fr-droit-bancaire-paysage-20261025.webp\" media=\"(min-width:761px)\" fetchpriority=\"high\">\n      <link rel=\"preload\" as=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kohen-v3-expertises\/kohen-fr-droit-bancaire-paysage-1080-20261025.webp\" media=\"(max-width:760px)\" fetchpriority=\"high\">\n      <div class=\"kcv-media\" aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"--kcv-img:url('https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kohen-v3-expertises\/kohen-fr-droit-bancaire-paysage-20261025.webp');--kcv-img-m:url('https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kohen-v3-expertises\/kohen-fr-droit-bancaire-paysage-1080-20261025.webp')\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"kcv-panel kcv-glass\" id=\"kch-form\">\n        <div class=\"kcv-panel-head\">\n          <div>\n            <p class=\"kcv-panel-k\">Competition law \u00b7 Paris<\/p>\n            <h2 class=\"kcv-panel-t\">Get a <em>first analysis<\/em><\/h2>\n            <p class=\"kcv-panel-l\">Send the contracts, general terms, price scales, invoices, emails and the trend in your turnover with the partner concerned: the firm will examine the possible legal characterisation and the most suitable route.<\/p>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"kcv-chip kcv-glass\"><p class=\"kcv-chip-n\">24 \u00e0 48 h<\/p><p class=\"kcv-chip-x\">first legal<br>review<\/p><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"kcf-wrap\">\n<form id=\"kcf-2form\" data-kcf data-api-url=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-json\/kohen-form\/v1\/submit\" data-vps-url=\"https:\/\/upload-fr.46-224-152-225.sslip.io\/submit\" data-max-size=\"1073741824\" data-max-files=\"500\" novalidate enctype=\"multipart\/form-data\">\n  <input type=\"hidden\" name=\"rendered_at\" value=\"1776847557\">\n  <div class=\"kcf-hp\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><label for=\"kcf-2website\">Do not fill in<\/label><input id=\"kcf-2website\" name=\"website\" type=\"text\" tabindex=\"-1\" autocomplete=\"off\"><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcf-price\">\n    <span class=\"kcf-price-amount\">\u20ac80<small>incl. VAT<\/small><\/span>\n    <div class=\"kcf-price-body\">\n      <p class=\"kcf-price-text\"><strong>Preliminary review of your case.<\/strong> Examination of your documents and a first written analysis by Reda Kohen, within 24 to 48 business hours. Payment is made online after this form is sent.<\/p>\n      <ul class=\"kcf-price-meta\">\n        <li>Up to 1 GB of documents, folders and subfolders accepted<\/li>\n        <li>Secure payment, no banking data stored<\/li>\n        <li><a href=\"\/conditions-etude-prealable\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Terms and fee agreement<\/a><\/li>\n      <\/ul>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcf-row\">\n    <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n      <label class=\"kcf-label\" for=\"kcf-2name\">Full name<\/label>\n      <input class=\"kcf-input\" type=\"text\" id=\"kcf-2name\" name=\"name\" placeholder=\"Your name\" required autocomplete=\"name\" aria-describedby=\"kcf-2name-err\">\n      <p class=\"kcf-field-error\" id=\"kcf-2name-err\" role=\"alert\"><\/p>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n      <label class=\"kcf-label\" for=\"kcf-2phone\">Telephone <span class=\"kcf-optional\">(optional)<\/span><\/label>\n      <input class=\"kcf-input\" type=\"tel\" inputmode=\"tel\" id=\"kcf-2phone\" name=\"phone\" placeholder=\"06 00 00 00 00\" autocomplete=\"tel\" aria-describedby=\"kcf-2phone-err\">\n      <p class=\"kcf-field-error\" id=\"kcf-2phone-err\" role=\"alert\"><\/p>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n    <label class=\"kcf-label\" for=\"kcf-2email\">Email address<\/label>\n    <input class=\"kcf-input\" type=\"email\" id=\"kcf-2email\" name=\"email\" placeholder=\"your@email.com\" required autocomplete=\"email\" spellcheck=\"false\" autocapitalize=\"off\" aria-describedby=\"kcf-2email-err\">\n    <p class=\"kcf-field-error\" id=\"kcf-2email-err\" role=\"alert\"><\/p>\n  <\/div>\n  \n  <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n    <label class=\"kcf-label\" for=\"kcf-2message\">Message<\/label>\n    <textarea class=\"kcf-textarea\" id=\"kcf-2message\" name=\"message\" placeholder=\"Briefly describe your situation...\" required aria-describedby=\"kcf-2message-err\"><\/textarea>\n    <p class=\"kcf-field-error\" id=\"kcf-2message-err\" role=\"alert\"><\/p>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n    <label class=\"kcf-label\">Attachments <span class=\"kcf-optional\">(optional, 500 files max, 1 GB)<\/span><\/label>\n    <div class=\"kcf-dropzone\" id=\"kcf-2dropzone\">\n      <svg class=\"kcf-dropzone-icon\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M21 15v4a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-4\"\/><polyline points=\"17 8 12 3 7 8\"\/><line x1=\"12\" y1=\"3\" x2=\"12\" y2=\"15\"\/><\/svg>\n      <p class=\"kcf-dropzone-text\"><strong>Click<\/strong> or drag your files here<br>All formats accepted (PDF, Word, images, etc.)<\/p>\n      <input type=\"file\" name=\"attachments\" id=\"kcf-2files\" multiple>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcf-file-list\" id=\"kcf-2filelist\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcf-progress\" id=\"kcf-2progress\">\n      <div class=\"kcf-progress-bar\"><div class=\"kcf-progress-fill\" id=\"kcf-2progressfill\"><\/div><\/div>\n      <p class=\"kcf-progress-text\" id=\"kcf-2progresstext\">Sending...<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n  <button type=\"submit\" class=\"kcf-btn\">\n    <span class=\"kcf-spinner\"><\/span>\n    <span class=\"kcf-btn-text\">Pay \u20ac80 and send my case<\/span>\n  <\/button>\n  <div class=\"kcf-msg\" role=\"status\" aria-live=\"polite\" aria-atomic=\"true\" tabindex=\"-1\"><\/div>\n  <p class=\"kcf-note\">Payment constitutes a request for immediate performance of your analysis. 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p.knp__watchlink{margin:0 0 2px;padding:0;line-height:17px}.kcv-press.knp a.knp__videos{gap:5px;padding:0;border:0;border-radius:0;background:none;box-shadow:none;font-size:11.5px;letter-spacing:.02em;line-height:17px;transform:none}.kcv-press.knp a.knp__videos:hover{background:none;box-shadow:none;transform:none}.kcv-press.knp a.knp__videos:hover span{text-decoration:underline;text-underline-offset:3px}.kcv-press.knp a.knp__videos svg{width:13px;height:13px}.knp .knp__vc{display:none}@media (max-width:900px){.kcv-press.knp .knp__vl{display:none}.kcv-press.knp .knp__vc{display:inline}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){.knp a.knp__videos{transition:none}.knp a.knp__videos:hover{transform:none}}<\/style><p class=\"knp__watchlink\"><a class=\"knp__videos\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/media\/\" aria-label=\"Watch the videos and their transcripts\"><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><circle cx=\"10\" cy=\"10\" 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l'\u00c9tat.\",\"auteur\":\"data.gouv.fr\",\"paraphrase\":true,\"libelle\":\"Voir la fiche sur data.gouv.fr\"},{\"titre\":\"Commentaires des d\u00e9cisions de justice par l'IA g\u00e9n\u00e9rative\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.data.gouv.fr\/reuses\/commentaires-des-decisions-de-justice-par-lia-generative\",\"citation\":\"R\u00e9utilisation des donn\u00e9es publiques de justice publi\u00e9e par Kohen Avocats et r\u00e9f\u00e9renc\u00e9e sur data.gouv.fr.\",\"auteur\":\"data.gouv.fr\",\"paraphrase\":true,\"libelle\":\"Voir la r\u00e9utilisation sur data.gouv.fr\"}]},\"awwwards\":{\"nom\":\"Awwwards\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Kohen Avocats, site nomm\u00e9 aux Awwwards\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.awwwards.com\/sites\/kohen-avocats\",\"citation\":\"Le site du cabinet figure parmi les sites nomm\u00e9s (\u00ab Nominee \u00bb) par Awwwards, r\u00e9f\u00e9rence internationale du design web.\",\"auteur\":\"Awwwards\",\"paraphrase\":true,\"libelle\":\"Voir la fiche sur Awwwards\"}]},\"pappers\":{\"nom\":\"Pappers\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Divorce du dirigeant : ce que le r\u00e9gime matrimonial change pour votre soci\u00e9t\u00e9\",\"date\":\"2026-09-04\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.pappers.fr\/gestion-entreprise\/divorce-dirigeant-regime-matrimonial\",\"citation\":\"Le dirigeant a int\u00e9r\u00eat \u00e0 faire travailler ensemble son expert-comptable, son notaire et un avocat sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 en droit de la famille \u00e0 Paris.\",\"auteur\":\"Pappers\",\"paraphrase\":true},{\"titre\":\"Ma\u00eetre KOHEN Reda, avocat \u00e0 Paris\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/justice.pappers.fr\/avocat\/kohen-reda-75017\",\"citation\":\"Fiche de Me Reda Kohen sur Pappers Justice, avec les d\u00e9cisions de justice publi\u00e9es o\u00f9 il est intervenu.\",\"auteur\":\"Pappers Justice\",\"paraphrase\":true,\"libelle\":\"Voir la fiche sur Pappers Justice\"}]},\"leboncoin\":{\"nom\":\"Leboncoin\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Bouilloires thermiques : bient\u00f4t interdites \u00e0 la location ?\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.leboncoin.fr\/guide\/immobilier\/bouilloires-thermiques-bientot-interdites-a-la-location-hfpj70o6.html\",\"citation\":\"Le guide immobilier cite une analyse de kohenavocats.fr parmi ses sources.\",\"auteur\":\"Leboncoin\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"femme-actuelle\":{\"nom\":\"Femme Actuelle\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"S\u00e9paration ou divorce : quelle banque et quel cr\u00e9dit pour repartir sur de bonnes bases ?\",\"date\":\"2026-09-30\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.femmeactuelle.fr\/vie-pratique\/news-vie-pratique\/separation-ou-divorce-quelle-banque-et-quel-credit-pour-repartir-sur-de-bonnes-bases-2211980\",\"citation\":\"L'article cite une analyse de kohenavocats.com parmi ses sources.\",\"auteur\":\"Femme Actuelle\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"economie-matin\":{\"nom\":\"\u00c9conomie Matin\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Nouveau bail 2026 : ce que les propri\u00e9taires doivent anticiper d\u00e8s maintenant\",\"date\":\"2026-09-10\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.economiematin.fr\/bail-nouveau-2026-proprietaires-anticiper\",\"citation\":\"Sur le d\u00e9cret n\u00b0 2026-596 du 7 juillet 2026, l'article renvoie \u00e0 l'analyse publi\u00e9e par le cabinet.\",\"auteur\":\"\u00c9conomie Matin\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"la-voix-du-nord\":{\"nom\":\"La Voix du Nord\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Que risquent les personnes qui ach\u00e8tent des objets vol\u00e9s le 17 octobre ?\",\"date\":\"2026-10-19\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.lavoixdunord.fr\/1747700\/article\/2026-10-19\/que-risquent-les-personnes-qui-achetent-des-objets-voles-le-17-octobre\",\"citation\":\"L\u2019infraction suppose la connaissance de l\u2019origine : savoir que l\u2019objet provient d\u2019un vol.\",\"auteur\":\"Me Hassan Kohen\"}]},\"sortir-a-paris\":{\"nom\":\"Sortir \u00e0 Paris\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Manifestation du 24 octobre \u00e0 Paris : parcours, nouvelles stations ferm\u00e9es, les infos\",\"date\":\"2026-10-20\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.sortiraparis.com\/actualites\/a-paris\/articles\/355171-manifestation-du-24-octobre-a-paris-parcours-nouvelles-stations-fermees-les-infos\",\"citation\":\"Sur le d\u00e9lai de d\u00e9claration d\u2019une manifestation \u00e0 Paris, l\u2019article renvoie \u00e0 l\u2019analyse du cabinet, pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 comme \u00ab un avocat p\u00e9naliste parisien \u00bb.\",\"auteur\":\"Sortir \u00e0 Paris\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"science-et-vie\":{\"nom\":\"Science \\u0026 Vie\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Canicule : sans climatisation, ces quelques gestes simples permettraient de faire chuter la temp\u00e9rature de votre logement\",\"date\":\"2026-07-07\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.science-et-vie.com\/nature-et-environnement\/climat\/canicule-sans-climatisation-quelques-gestes-simples-permettraient-de-faire-chuter-la-temperature-de-votre-logement-247975.html\",\"citation\":\"L\u2019article renvoie \u00e0 deux analyses du cabinet : l\u2019obligation de d\u00e9livrer un logement d\u00e9cent pendant toute la dur\u00e9e du bail et l\u2019ordonnance du tribunal judiciaire de B\u00e9ziers du 31 mars 2026 sur une climatisation install\u00e9e sans autorisation.\",\"auteur\":\"Science \\u0026 Vie\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"frandroid\":{\"nom\":\"Frandroid\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Fin de Rakuten France : comment r\u00e9cup\u00e9rer vos factures, vos garanties et vos points Club R\",\"date\":\"2026-09-30\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.frandroid.com\/culture-tech\/web\/3266559_fin-de-rakuten-france-comment-recuperer-vos-factures-vos-garanties-et-vos-points-club-r\",\"citation\":\"Le cabinet Kohen Avocats leur conseille de retirer cet argent et de t\u00e9l\u00e9charger tout leur historique avant le 10 novembre.\",\"auteur\":\"Frandroid\",\"paraphrase\":true},{\"titre\":\"Goutte-\u00e0-goutte et inondation : que faire quand la climatisation du voisin ruine votre terrasse 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Voil\u00e0 pourquoi\",\"date\":\"2026-10-25\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.magicmaman.com\/vous-vivez-en-immeuble-et-vous-n-avez-toujours-pas-de-chauffage-cet-automne-voila-pourquoi,3787269.asp\",\"citation\":\"Cette date nationale n\u2019existe pas. La loi ne fixe pas un calendrier d\u2019allumage commun \u00e0 tous les immeubles.\",\"auteur\":\"Cabinet Kohen Avocats\"}]},\"next\":{\"nom\":\"Next\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Fin de Bloctel, interdiction du d\u00e9marchage d\u00e8s le 11 ao\u00fbt : on fait le point\",\"date\":\"2026-08-04\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/next.ink\/249950\/fin-de-bloctel-interdiction-du-demarchage-des-le-11-aout-on-fait-le-point\/\",\"citation\":\"Selon le cabinet Kohen Avocats, les jurisprudences dans ce secteur devraient \u00ab \u00e9clairer la port\u00e9e du futur r\u00e9gime \u00bb.\",\"auteur\":\"Next\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"actu-juridique\":{\"nom\":\"Actu-Juridique\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Magistrature et franc-ma\u00e7onnerie : que dit le droit ?\",\"date\":\"2026-09-22\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.actu-juridique.fr\/professions\/magistrats\/magistrature-et-franc-maconnerie-stupeur-et-evitements\/\",\"citation\":\"L\u2019article cite en r\u00e9f\u00e9rence l\u2019analyse de Ma\u00eetre Hassan Kohen, avocat en droit p\u00e9nal \u00e0 Paris, sur l\u2019avis du Coll\u00e8ge de d\u00e9ontologie du 9 juin 2026.\",\"auteur\":\"Actu-Juridique\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"batiweb\":{\"nom\":\"Batiweb\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Mayotte : Lecornu veut un \u00ab choc de mises en chantier \u00bb\",\"date\":\"2026-08-27\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.batiweb.com\/actualites\/urbanisme\/reconstruction-mayotte-lecornu-choc-mises-chantier-49208\",\"citation\":\"Sur les autorisations d\u2019urbanisme n\u00e9cessaires \u00e0 la reconstruction de Mayotte, l\u2019article cite les explications de Me Reda Kohen.\",\"auteur\":\"Batiweb\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"berliner-zeitung\":{\"nom\":\"Berliner Zeitung\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Null Euro Miete, daf\u00fcr Quizabende mit Rentnern: Wie eine 18-J\u00e4hrige ins Seniorenheim zog\",\"date\":\"2026-09-21\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.berliner-zeitung.de\/article\/null-euro-miete-dafuer-quizabende-mit-rentnern-wie-eine-18-jaehrige-ins-seniorenheim-zog-10414380\",\"citation\":\"Der Pariser Anwalt Reda Kohen ordnet das Modell als Gebrauchsleihe ein: Die Wohnung wird \u00fcberlassen, nicht vermietet.\",\"auteur\":\"Berliner Zeitung\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"startupitalia\":{\"nom\":\"StartupItalia\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Quasi 13 miliardi di dollari di Nvidia per la sconosciuta Hugging Face. 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if(e.key==='ArrowLeft'&&actuel>0){e.preventDefault();aller(actuel-1);}});\ns.querySelectorAll('button.knp__logo').forEach(function(b){b.addEventListener('click',function(e){ouvrir(b,e.detail===0&&b.tabIndex>=0);});});\n}\ndocument.querySelectorAll('.knp').forEach(lier);\n})();\n<\/script>\n<\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"kcv-tabs\" id=\"kcv-cabinet\" aria-label=\"Competition law lawyer in Paris\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-in\">\n    <div class=\"kcv-tabs-head\">\n      <p class=\"kk\">Kohen Avocats, Paris 17<\/p>\n      <h2>Victim of an anticompetitive practice: <em>what an SME should do<\/em><\/h2>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcv-bar\"><div class=\"kcv-chips\" role=\"tablist\" aria-label=\"Case sections\"><button class=\"kcv-chip-t on\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-avocat\" aria-controls=\"kcv-avocat\" aria-selected=\"true\" tabindex=\"0\">The lawyer<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p1\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p1\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The rules<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p2\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p2\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Your documents<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p3\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p3\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The method<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p4\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p4\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The timetable<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p5\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p5\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The checks<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-synthese\" aria-controls=\"kcv-synthese\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Summary<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-faq\" aria-controls=\"kcv-faq\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Questions<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-textes\" aria-controls=\"kcv-textes\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Legal texts<\/button><\/div><\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcv-track\"><div class=\"kcv-slide kcv-on\" id=\"kcv-avocat\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-avocat\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<div class=\"kcv-pro\">\n  <figure class=\"kcv-pro-photo\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" src=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/kohen-footer\/portrait-reda-20260920-lignes-orange.jpg\" alt=\"Reda Kohen, lawyer at the Paris Bar\" width=\"1122\" height=\"1402\" loading=\"eager\" decoding=\"async\">\n    <figcaption class=\"kcv-pro-cap kcv-glass\"><span class=\"kcv-pro-capn\">Reda Kohen<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pro-capr\">Lawyer at the Paris Bar<\/span><\/figcaption>\n  <\/figure>\n  <div class=\"kcv-pro-body\">\n    <p class=\"kk\">Business law \u00b7 Paris 17th arrondissement<\/p>\n    <h2>What a <em>competition law lawyer<\/em> in Paris does<\/h2>\n    <ul class=\"kcv-pro-tags\"><li>Paris Bar<\/li><li>Business law<\/li><li>Cartels and abuse of dominance<\/li><\/ul>\n    <p class=\"kcv-p\">Reda Kohen, lawyer at the Paris Bar, can act for small and medium-sized enterprises that suffer a cartel, an abuse of a dominant position or the exploitation of their economic dependence.<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-p\">The difficulty rarely lies in the principle. It lies in the evidence: identifying the market, showing the partner's real share of the business, dating the terms imposed and linking the loss suffered to a specific practice.<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-p\">The firm first checks whether the facts fall under <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006231970\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006231970\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 420-1<\/a> or <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000038725501\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000038725501\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 420-2 of the French Commercial Code (Code de commerce)<\/a>, then chooses between a complaint to the Competition Authority, an action for damages before a specialised court, or a combination of the two.<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-p\">Send what you have, even if incomplete: the firm will prioritise and complete the file with you. In an emergency, call <a href=\"tel:+33646605822\">06 46 60 58 22<\/a>.<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-pro-meta\"><a href=\"https:\/\/consultation.avocat.fr\/avocat-paris\/reda-kohen-54670.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Official profile in the directory of French lawyers (CNB)<\/a><span>Firm at 11 rue Margueritte, 75017 Paris<\/span><\/p>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-cards\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-card\"><h3>Characterise before acting<\/h3><p>A cartel, a dominant position and economic dependence are not subject to the same conditions. A wrong characterisation exposes the SME to a rejection without any examination of the merits.<\/p><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-card\"><h3>A properly documented referral<\/h3><p>The Authority may reject a complaint whose facts are not supported by sufficiently probative evidence. The file is built for the Authority, not only for the later challenge.<\/p><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-card\"><h3>Compensation before the court<\/h3><p>An action for damages falls within the courts designated by decree. The loss is demonstrated with figures, item by item.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p1\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The rules<\/p>\n<h2>Cartel, abuse, dependence: <em>the conditions to be met<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">Five rules govern the strategy of an SME that believes it is the victim of an anticompetitive practice.<\/p>\n<ol class=\"kcv-conds\">\n  <li>A reseller's economic dependence on its supplier is assessed on several cumulative criteria. The Court of Cassation recalls that \"the existence of such a state on the part of a supplier is assessed by taking into account the reputation of the supplier's brand, the importance of its share in the relevant market and in the reseller's turnover, and the reseller's inability to obtain, within a reasonable time, a technically and economically equivalent alternative to the contractual relations it has entered into with that supplier\" (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/6a043ef3cdc6046d47919fc5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 13 May 2026, No. 22-22.623<\/a>) (our translation). It thus dismisses the appeals against the judgment that had found such dependence for specialised resellers.<\/li>\n  <li>Share of turnover is not enough. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000038725501\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000038725501\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 420-2, paragraph 2<\/a> also requires an abuse and a possible effect on competition. The Paris Court of Appeal requires \"the existence of a situation of economic dependence of one undertaking on another, an abusive exploitation of that situation and a real or potential effect on the functioning or structure of competition\" and, despite 95.5% of turnover being made with a single customer, concludes that \"It follows from the foregoing that the conditions of an abuse of economic dependence are not met\" (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/6645a37698cdd000080653d4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CA Paris, p\u00f4le 5 ch. 4, 15 May 2024, No. 22\/06672<\/a>) (our translation). That decision went against the company that claimed to be dependent.<\/li>\n  <li>Refusing entry to a selective network is not, in itself, a prohibited practice. The Court of Cassation holds that \"Neither European nor national competition law prohibits the mere refusal, by the operator heading a qualitative selective distribution network, to approve distributors that meet the selection criteria\" (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/620ca2d5c61f23729bcf61e3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 16 February 2022, No. 20-11.754<\/a>) (our translation). The discriminatory application of the criteria, like the refusal itself, falls under <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006231970\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006231970\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 420-1<\/a> only if its object or effect is to distort competition.<\/li>\n  <li>The Authority may dismiss a referral that is too thinly supported, without examining the merits (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000043539844\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000043539844\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 462-8 of the Commercial Code<\/a>). When seised of a challenge to such a rejection, the Paris Court of Appeal \"must only verify whether the facts relied on, as submitted to the Authority, were supported by sufficiently probative evidence\" (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/66f3a7d95c2cfc5a084ac60b\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 25 September 2024, No. 23-13.067<\/a>) (our translation). A document produced for the first time before the court, without having been submitted to the Authority, therefore does not cure a poorly supported complaint.<\/li>\n  <li>The interim measures under <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000043539816\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000043539816\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 464-1<\/a> require serious and immediate harm. The Paris Court of Appeal states that \"interim measures may be ordered only if the practice in question is the direct and certain cause of the serious and immediate harm at issue\" (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/6ae4427b7a10202137d42169\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CA Paris, p\u00f4le 5 ch. 7, 29 October 2026, No. 26\/12581<\/a>) (our translation). They may be requested only as an ancillary to a referral on the merits (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000019799213\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000019799213\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article R. 464-1 of the Commercial Code<\/a>).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"kcv-callout\"><span class=\"kcv-callout-i\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M9.6 6C6.5 7.4 4.5 10 4.5 13.4V18h6v-6H7.6c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L9.6 6zm9 0c-3.1 1.4-5.1 4-5.1 7.4V18h6v-6h-2.9c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L18.6 6z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><p>An SME may refer a case to the Authority and also bring an action for damages before the court. The two routes do not have the same purpose, the same timetable or the same burden of proof.<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p2\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Your documents<\/p>\n<h2>The documents to gather according to <em>your situation<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">The quality of the complaint or the writ of summons depends on the documents collected before any letter is sent to the party responsible for the practice.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-duel\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-opt kcv-opt-a\"><p class=\"kcv-opt-k\">Situation A<\/p><p class=\"kcv-opt-t\">The practice is continuing<\/p><ul><li>Contracts, general terms, price scales and successive amendments with the partner concerned<\/li><li>Turnover achieved with it over several financial years and its share of total activity<\/li><li>Emails, minutes and written refusals showing the terms imposed or the exclusion<\/li><li>Searches for replacement suppliers or customers, with the replies received<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-or\" aria-hidden=\"true\">or<\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-opt kcv-opt-b\"><p class=\"kcv-opt-k\">Situation B<\/p><p class=\"kcv-opt-t\">An Authority decision exists<\/p><ul><li>Reference of the penalty decision and the status of any challenges brought against it<\/li><li>Purchase or sales invoices covering the period of the established practice<\/li><li>Annual accounts, margins and material allowing the situation without the practice to be reconstructed<\/li><li>Correspondence showing the date on which the company became aware of the practice and of its loss<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-callout\"><span class=\"kcv-callout-i\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M9.6 6C6.5 7.4 4.5 10 4.5 13.4V18h6v-6H7.6c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L9.6 6zm9 0c-3.1 1.4-5.1 4-5.1 7.4V18h6v-6h-2.9c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L18.6 6z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><p>Do not send a detailed formal notice to the alleged perpetrator before you have kept a dated copy of your exchanges, your invoices and your turnover tables.<\/p><\/div>\n<p class=\"kcv-p\">The firm also handles:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"kcv-pro-tags\"><li>Distribution agreements<\/li><li>Franchise<\/li><li>DGCCRF investigations<\/li><li>Commercial litigation<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p3\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The method<\/p>\n<h2>How the firm <em>builds the file<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">Characterise, prove, choose the route, then quantify the loss.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-rows\">\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 1<\/p><h3>Reading the contracts and the figures<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">The firm goes back over the relationship in order: contracts, terms imposed, changes in volumes, refusals and exchanges. It distinguishes what is proved in writing from what remains to be established.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 2<\/p><h3>Characterising the practice<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">Horizontal or vertical cartel, abuse of a dominant position, exploitation of economic dependence or abusively low prices: each characterisation has its own conditions and its own proof.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 3<\/p><h3>Choice of route<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">A complaint to the Authority with or without interim measures, an action for damages before a specialised court, or a preliminary investigative measure based on Article 145 of the French Code of Civil Procedure (Code de proc\u00e9dure civile).<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 4<\/p><h3>Quantification and follow-up<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">The loss is reconstructed from invoices, margins and a comparison scenario. The firm then follows the investigation, any challenges and the discussion of a possible settlement.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-callout\"><span class=\"kcv-callout-i\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M9.6 6C6.5 7.4 4.5 10 4.5 13.4V18h6v-6H7.6c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L9.6 6zm9 0c-3.1 1.4-5.1 4-5.1 7.4V18h6v-6h-2.9c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L18.6 6z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><p>A complaint to the Authority aims to put an end to the practice and to have it penalised. It does not compensate the SME, which must seek damages from the court.<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p4\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The timetable<\/p>\n<h2>The timetable <em>of an SME action<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">From the first signs to the decision, each stage has its own constraint.<\/p>\n<ol class=\"kcv-hs\"><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">First signs<\/p><p><strong>From the moment terms are imposed.<\/strong> Keep contracts, price scales, emails and turnover statements before making any claim.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Characterisation<\/p><p>The firm checks the market, the partner's position, the alleged dependence and the possible effect on competition.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Referral to the Authority<\/p><p>The complaint sets out the facts and attaches the probative evidence; a request for interim measures may accompany it.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Challenge<\/p><p><strong>Ten days or one month.<\/strong> The challenge before the Paris Court of Appeal is subject to a time limit of ten days for an urgent-measures decision, and one month for a rejection of a referral.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Action for damages<\/p><p><strong>Five years.<\/strong> The period starts when the claimant becomes aware of the practice, the loss and the perpetrator; it does not run while the practice has not ceased.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Expert assessment and decision<\/p><p>The judge may order an expert assessment to quantify the overcharge, the loss of margin or the loss of a chance.<\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p5\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The checks<\/p>\n<h2>What the firm checks <em>before the complaint<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">A weak referral can close off the route to interim measures.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-split\">\n  <ul class=\"kcv-check\"><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Relevant market: products, geographical area and the real competitors of the partner complained of.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>The partner's position: market share, reputation, network, and the alternatives actually available to the SME.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>The specific practice: a clause, refusal, instruction, tariff or dated agreement, with the document that establishes it.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Effect on competition: foreclosure, closing off an outlet, a price increase, and not merely an individual loss.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Loss: overcharge paid, lost margin, loss of a chance or non-material harm, each supported by documents suited to its nature.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n  <aside class=\"kcv-act\">\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-k\">Case documents<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-t\">Send what you have, even if incomplete<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-p\">Submit your documents through the confidential form at the top of the page: the firm will prioritise and complete the file with you.<\/p>\n    <div class=\"kcv-act-b\"><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kch-form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n  <\/aside>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-synthese\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-synthese\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Summary<\/p>\n<h2>Situation, evidence, <em>course of action<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">The situations most often faced by an SME and the first priority in each.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-rows\">\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>A supplier you cannot do without that tightens its terms<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> The supplier's share of turnover, its reputation, the absence of alternatives and the terms imposed in writing.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Timing:<\/strong> Document the searches for a replacement before the contract ends.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Analysis under Article L. 420-2, paragraph 2, then a complaint or an action for damages.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Competitors who agree to push you out<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Exchanges, coordinated refusals, aligned prices or terms, testimony from customers or distributors.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Timing:<\/strong> The time limit for the action does not start before the cartel ends.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Referral to the Authority, possibly with interim measures, and reservation of the action for damages.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Refusal of approval in a distribution network<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Published selection criteria, the application file, the supplier's reply and the treatment of the other candidates.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Timing:<\/strong> Keep the exchanges from the first application.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Show that the application of the criteria or the refusal has the object or effect of distorting competition, failing which the refusal remains lawful.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Overcharge paid to suppliers that were penalised<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> An Authority decision that has become final, the invoices for the period and the prices charged after the practice.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Timing:<\/strong> Five years from knowledge of the facts, the loss and the perpetrator.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Action for damages before the specialised court, with a request for documents if necessary.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>A dominant operator that closes off access to the market<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Conditions of access, refusals, compared tariffs and the consequences for your growth.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Timing:<\/strong> Economic urgency is proved by the company's recent figures.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> A complaint with a request for interim measures if the harm is serious and immediate.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-faq\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-faq\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Frequently asked questions<\/p>\n<h2>Your questions: <em>SMEs and anticompetitive practices<\/em><\/h2>\n<div class=\"kcv-faqgrid\">\n  <aside class=\"kcv-act kcv-act-sticky\">\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-k\">14 questions<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-t\">A situation not listed here?<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-p\">Every case has its own features. The firm reads your documents before answering you.<\/p>\n    <div class=\"kcv-act-b\"><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kch-form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n  <\/aside>\n  <div class=\"kcv-faq\"><details><summary>Can an SME bring a complaint before the Competition Authority on its own?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Yes. Section II of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000052093602\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000052093602\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 462-5 of the Commercial Code<\/a> allows companies to refer to the Authority any practice falling in particular under Articles L. 420-1, L. 420-2 and L. 420-5. An SME does not need to wait for an administrative investigation or for the intervention of the minister responsible for the economy, who has their own right of referral.<\/p><p>The referral must nonetheless pass several filters. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000043539844\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000043539844\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 462-8<\/a> allows the Authority to declare it inadmissible if its author lacks standing or an interest in bringing proceedings, if the facts are time-barred or if they fall outside its jurisdiction. It also allows the Authority to reject it where the facts are not supported by sufficiently probative evidence or, for a referral by a company, where it does not regard them as a priority. Other grounds concern the handling of the same facts by the minister or by another competition authority.<\/p><p>The word \"complaint\" is in common use, but the act is a contentious referral. It describes the market, the position of the company concerned, the specific practice and its effects, and attaches the documents that establish them. The Authority does not compensate the SME for its loss. It may order the practice to stop, accept commitments or impose a financial penalty.<\/p><p>The firm first examines whether the facts really fall within the law on anticompetitive practices. A purely contractual dispute or a simple breakdown of a relationship is governed by other rules, and calls for a different strategy, before the commercial judge.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Which documents should be attached to the referral to limit the risk of rejection?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Rejection for insufficient evidence is a risk an SME should anticipate. The Authority may dismiss a referral whose documents do not sufficiently support the alleged facts (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000043539844\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000043539844\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 462-8 of the Commercial Code<\/a>). The file must therefore be substantiated before the Authority itself, preferably from the moment it is sent.<\/p><p>The Court of Cassation states that the Paris Court of Appeal, when seised of a challenge to that rejection, \"must only verify whether the facts relied on, as submitted to the Authority, were supported by sufficiently probative evidence\" (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/66f3a7d95c2cfc5a084ac60b\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 25 September 2024, No. 23-13.067<\/a>) (our translation). Material presented for the first time before the court may therefore not be taken into account.<\/p><p>The useful documents are concrete: contracts and general terms, successive price scales, emails of refusal or instructions, invoices, price comparisons, and turnover tables over several financial years. To these are added the material describing the market, such as the competitors present, the available market shares and the real alternatives.<\/p><p>The firm sorts these documents by alleged fact, so that each assertion in the referral points to a specific document. An isolated clue is still described as a clue in the referral, which preserves the credibility of the file as a whole.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>What happens to the request for interim measures if the referral is rejected?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>It falls with the referral. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000019799213\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000019799213\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article R. 464-1 of the Commercial Code<\/a> admits a request for interim measures only as an ancillary to a referral on the merits. The fate of the urgent request therefore depends entirely on the strength of the main complaint.<\/p><p>In a case heard by the Court of Cassation, the judgment records that, \"considering that the facts relied on were not supported by sufficiently probative evidence, the Authority, on the basis of Article L. 462-8, paragraph 2, of the Commercial Code, rejected that referral and, as a consequence, the request for interim measures\" (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/66445072b94eb60008b3d0fd\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 15 May 2024, No. 22-23.616<\/a>) (our translation). The Court there goes on to rule on the admissibility of an intervention in the appeal, but the facts show the sequence of events.<\/p><p>The Paris Court of Appeal ruled in the same way on a referral declared inadmissible. It holds that \"the inadmissibility of the referral under Article L. 462-8 of the Commercial Code entails, as a consequence, that of the request for interim measures, without examination of the latter\" (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/6789f55db7cff8efb7357605\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CA Paris, p\u00f4le 5 ch. 7, 16 January 2025, No. 22\/17546<\/a>) (our translation). The appeal was dismissed in its entirety, an outcome unfavourable to the party that made the referral.<\/p><p>For an SME, the lesson is practical. An urgent request attached to a fragile referral will not be examined, whatever the seriousness of the economic situation relied on. The firm therefore prepares the two documents together.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>In which cases can the Authority order urgent measures?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000043539816\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000043539816\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 464-1 of the Commercial Code<\/a> authorises the Authority, in particular at the request of a company, to take interim measures. The text reserves them for practices that cause serious and immediate harm to the general economy, to the sector concerned, to the interest of consumers or to the complaining company. They remain limited to what the urgency requires.<\/p><p>The link between the practice and the harm must be established. In a recent decision, the Paris Court of Appeal recalls that \"interim measures may be ordered only if the practice in question is the direct and certain cause of the serious and immediate harm at issue\" (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/6ae4427b7a10202137d42169\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CA Paris, p\u00f4le 5 ch. 7, 29 October 2026, No. 26\/12581<\/a>) (our translation). It rejects the grounds directed against the injunctions issued against a social network operator.<\/p><p>Under the text, they may include suspension of the practice and an injunction to return to the previous state of affairs. In the case decided in 2026, the Authority had also ordered the operator to negotiate in good faith the remuneration of the press's neighbouring rights. These measures do not decide the merits, which are investigated afterwards.<\/p><p>The decision may be challenged within a short time limit: at most ten days after notification, before the Paris Court of Appeal, under <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000019905681\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000019905681\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 464-7<\/a>. The SME must demonstrate urgency with its recent figures: a fall in orders, cash position, lost contracts, rather than a general concern.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Our largest customer accounts for most of our turnover: are we in a situation of economic dependence?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Not necessarily. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000038725501\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000038725501\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 420-2, paragraph 2, of the Commercial Code<\/a> prohibits the abusive exploitation of the dependence of a customer or a supplier, where such conduct may disrupt competition or the structure of the market. A high share of turnover is an indication, not sufficient proof.<\/p><p>The Paris Court of Appeal requires \"the existence of a situation of economic dependence of one undertaking on another, an abusive exploitation of that situation and a real or potential effect on the functioning or structure of competition\" (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/6645a37698cdd000080653d4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CA Paris, p\u00f4le 5 ch. 4, 15 May 2024, No. 22\/06672<\/a>) (our translation). In that case, a production company made 95.5% of its turnover with a single broadcaster. The court notes that no clause prevented it from working with others and that it had not sought to diversify its outlets. It concludes that \"It follows from the foregoing that the conditions of an abuse of economic dependence are not met\".<\/p><p>This unfavourable decision shows the importance of proving alternatives. An SME must be able to show that it looked for other partners, that clauses or specific investments prevented it from using them, and that the situation does not result from a deliberate choice to concentrate its activity.<\/p><p>The firm also examines the abuse itself, such as a refusal to sell, discriminatory terms or a unilateral change in prices, as well as the possible effect on competition.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can a branded supplier impose its terms on its approved resellers?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>It may organise its network, but it may not abusively exploit its resellers' dependence. The Court of Cassation has recalled, in a case concerning specialised resellers of an electronics brand, that \"the existence of such a state on the part of a supplier is assessed by taking into account the reputation of the supplier's brand, the importance of its share in the relevant market and in the reseller's turnover, and the reseller's inability to obtain, within a reasonable time, a technically and economically equivalent alternative to the contractual relations it has entered into with that supplier\" (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/6a043ef3cdc6046d47919fc5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 13 May 2026, No. 22-22.623<\/a>) (our translation).<\/p><p>In that case, the judgment of the court of appeal had noted a strong brand reputation and a share of its products of between 78 and 90% of the resellers' turnover, depending on the sources. It also found that there was no replacement supplier on comparable terms. The clauses limiting the display of competing products and the cost of converting the shop weighed in the same direction.<\/p><p>The Court of Cassation dismisses the appeals, which leaves in place the court of appeal's assessment on this point. The ruling is useful to an SME distributor, provided it gathers the same types of evidence: reputation, share of turnover, restrictive clauses, specific investments and the absence of an alternative within a reasonable time.<\/p><p>The firm reconstructs these elements from the contracts, the accounts and the approaches made to other suppliers.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Is a refusal of approval in a selective distribution network unlawful?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Not in itself. The Court of Cassation holds that \"Neither European nor national competition law prohibits the mere refusal, by the operator heading a qualitative selective distribution network, to approve distributors that meet the selection criteria\" (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/620ca2d5c61f23729bcf61e3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 16 February 2022, No. 20-11.754<\/a>) (our translation). A discriminatory application of the criteria, like the refusal itself, is prohibited by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006231970\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006231970\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 420-1 of the Commercial Code<\/a> only if its object or effect is to distort competition.<\/p><p>In that case, a garage owner who had applied for an approved repairer contract had not specified how the refusal distorted competition. The appeal to the Court of Cassation was dismissed, an outcome unfavourable to the rejected candidate.<\/p><p>To challenge a refusal, the SME must therefore show more than personal harm. It compares its file with that of approved distributors, identifies the criteria applied unequally and, in every case, establishes the anticompetitive object or effect of the refusal on the market.<\/p><p>The firm asks for the selection criteria, keeps the application and the supplier's reply, and looks for approvals granted to comparable companies. Without these elements, the action risks being rejected at the evidence stage.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Competitors are agreeing to shut us out of a market: what can we do?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>An agreement or concerted action that limits other companies' access to the market falls within the practices prohibited by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006231970\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006231970\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 420-1 of the Commercial Code<\/a>. The text also covers the sharing of markets or sources of supply and obstruction of the setting of prices by the market.<\/p><p>The SME has two levers. The first is a referral to the Authority, possibly accompanied by interim measures if the exclusion threatens the company's survival. The second is an action for damages against the participants, before the specialised court.<\/p><p>As regards damages, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000034161986\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000034161986\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 481-7<\/a> presumes that an agreement between competitors has caused harm, while leaving the perpetrator the possibility of proving the contrary. This presumption, which comes from the ordinance of 9 March 2017, does not apply to practices committed before its entry into force (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/649d24ef9624cb05db7aeab3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CA Paris, p\u00f4le 5 ch. 4, 28 June 2023, No. 21\/13172<\/a>), and it never removes the need to quantify the loss.<\/p><p>The evidence is often indirect: coordinated refusals by suppliers or distributors, a sudden alignment of terms, messages passed on by customers. The firm assembles it in chronological order and distinguishes established facts from mere hypotheses before any step is taken.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Should we wait for an Authority decision before claiming damages?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>No, but such a decision makes proof easier. Under <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000034161976\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000034161976\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 481-2 of the Commercial Code<\/a>, where the Authority or the court ruling on a challenge has recognised the practice and attributed it to a company, by a decision that can no longer be challenged by ordinary appeal, that finding is binding on the civil court, and no proof to the contrary is possible.<\/p><p>The right to compensation also exists without a prior decision. The Court of Cassation states that \"anyone is entitled to claim compensation for the harm suffered where there is a causal link between that harm and an agreement or practice prohibited by those articles\" (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/65faad879bc3510008fa666d\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 20 March 2024, No. 22-11.648<\/a>) (our translation). The victim must then prove the practice itself, which makes the evidence heavier.<\/p><p>The Authority's acts have another effect. Under <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000043539852\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000043539852\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 462-7<\/a>, any act aimed at the investigation, establishment or penalisation of the practices, carried out by the Authority, by another competition authority of the Union or by the European Commission, interrupts the limitation period before the Authority. The same text extends that interruption to the civil action.<\/p><p>Conversely, a rejection of a referral for insufficient evidence does not protect the perpetrator of the practice. In that case, the Court of Cassation holds, \"no presumption, even a merely rebuttable one, arose from it\", and the court seised had to examine the alleged abuse itself (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/66f3a7d95c2cfc5a084ac60b\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 25 September 2024, No. 23-13.067<\/a>) (our translation).<\/p><p>The firm therefore compares the cost and duration of the two routes. An SME may refer the matter to the Authority, wait for the decision and then claim damages on that basis, or bring the civil action directly where the evidence is already available.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Which court hears an SME's action for damages?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Disputes relating to cartels and abuses are assigned to civil or commercial courts whose seat and territorial jurisdiction are set by decree of the Council of State (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000049571161\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000049571161\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 420-7 of the Commercial Code<\/a>). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006266509\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006266509\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article R. 420-3<\/a> refers to a table annexed to the Code, and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006266526\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006266526\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article R. 420-5<\/a> gives jurisdiction to the Paris Court of Appeal for appeals.<\/p><p>In 2018, the Court of Cassation held that \"actions for compensation for harm arising from anticompetitive practices are brought before the specialised courts designated in Article R. 420-3 of the Commercial Code and that only the Paris Court of Appeal has the jurisdictional power to rule on appeals against the decisions of those courts\" (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/5fca896842d4057b05893553\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 10 July 2018, No. 17-16.365<\/a>) (our translation). It then penalised the error by a bar to proceedings (fin de non-recevoir) and declared inadmissible the appeal brought before another court of appeal.<\/p><p>The characterisation has since changed. For the neighbouring rule on restrictive practices, the Court of Cassation now holds that it \"establishes a rule of exclusive subject-matter jurisdiction and not a bar to proceedings\" (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/6799cf3eda62992b3320cf49\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 29 January 2025, No. 23-15.842<\/a>) (our translation). The Versailles Court of Appeal applied that reasoning to Articles L. 420-7 and R. 420-3, then referred the dispute to the Paris commercial court (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/671b35bd2edfb0b58c05f12c\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CA Versailles, 24 October 2024, No. 23\/07846<\/a>).<\/p><p>It is therefore necessary to check, from the writ of summons onwards, that the court seised is among those designated, and never to bring the appeal before the court of the usual territorial jurisdiction. Article L. 420-7 also covers disputes in which these rules are merely invoked, such as the counterclaim heard at Versailles.<\/p><p>The firm checks this point before any writ of summons, because an error of court, treated as inadmissibility or lack of jurisdiction, delays examination of the merits.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>How is an SME's loss quantified?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000034162062\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000034162062\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 481-3 of the Commercial Code<\/a> lists the heads of loss that can be compensated: the loss incurred, in particular the overcharge paid or the reduction in the price received, the lost profit, the lost chance and non-material harm. Economic losses are quantified from the company's accounts, and each head, including non-material harm, is supported by documents suited to its nature.<\/p><p>For the buyer, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000034161980\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000034161980\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 481-4<\/a> lays down a favourable rule: the buyer is presumed to have borne the overcharge, and it is for the perpetrator to show that it was passed on further down the chain. This rule protects the SME that resells the products it bought at too high a price, but only for practices committed after the ordinance of 9 March 2017 came into force.<\/p><p>For a cartel on floor coverings committed from 2001 to 2011, the Paris Court of Appeal set aside these presumptions and required the buyers to prove their loss. It nonetheless reversed the judgment, found fault on the part of the penalised company and ordered a court-appointed expert assessment to quantify the loss (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/649d24ef9624cb05db7aeab3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CA Paris, p\u00f4le 5 ch. 4, 28 June 2023, No. 21\/13172<\/a>). It also held admissible the alternative claim based on the lost chance of obtaining better prices.<\/p><p>The firm prepares this quantification with the invoices for the period, the margins, the prices charged before and after the practice and, if necessary, the opinion of an economist or chartered accountant.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>How can we obtain documents held by the party responsible for the practice?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The SME often holds only part of the evidence. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000034163432\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000034163432\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 483-1 of the Commercial Code<\/a> governs requests for disclosure of documents made by a victim who makes plausible the harm suffered as a result of an anticompetitive practice.<\/p><p>The judge then assesses the usefulness of the documents requested and the legitimate interests of the parties and of third parties. The judge reconciles the right to compensation with the protection of confidentiality and the effectiveness of the competition authorities' action.<\/p><p>Before any proceedings, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000051869339\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000051869339\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 145 of the Code of Civil Procedure<\/a> also allows a preliminary investigative measure to be obtained where there is a legitimate reason to preserve or establish the evidence of facts on which the outcome of a dispute depends. The application is made by petition or in urgent proceedings (r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9).<\/p><p>The firm targets precise categories of documents: internal tariffs, commercial instructions, exchanges with competitors or distributors. An overly broad request is more easily refused, and a precise request is easier to defend before the judge.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Within what time limit must an SME act?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Before the court, an action for damages is subject to a five-year limitation period (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000034162078\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000034162078\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 482-1 of the Commercial Code<\/a>). The period starts when the company knew, or should have known, both the facts and their anticompetitive nature, the existence of its loss and the identity of one of the perpetrators.<\/p><p>The limitation period does not run while the practice has not ceased. An SME suffering from a cartel that is still active is therefore not yet caught by the time limit, but it is in its interest to build its file without delay.<\/p><p>Before the Authority, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000043539852\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000043539852\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 462-7<\/a> bars a referral for facts more than five years old where no act aimed at their investigation, establishment or penalisation has taken place.<\/p><p>Challenges to the Authority's decisions are subject to much shorter time limits, which run from notification. The challenge must be brought within one month before the Paris Court of Appeal against a rejection of a referral or a penalty (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000042624087\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000042624087\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 464-8<\/a>). That time limit falls to ten days for a decision on interim measures (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000019905681\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000019905681\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 464-7<\/a>).<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Which company should be sued where the perpetrator has sold its business?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The question often arises where the practice is old and the business concerned has been sold or restructured. The SME must direct its action against the entity that is liable for it, failing which its claim will be dismissed.<\/p><p>The Court of Cassation states that \"anyone is entitled to claim compensation for the harm suffered where there is a causal link between that harm and an agreement or practice prohibited by those articles\" (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/65faad879bc3510008fa666d\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 20 March 2024, No. 22-11.648<\/a>) (our translation). It holds that the determination of the entity required to pay compensation is governed by the principles of European Union law. The legal entity that ran the business at the time of the abuse is liable where it continues to exist legally, even after the transfer of some assets.<\/p><p>The judgment of the court of appeal, which had ruled out the liability of the transferring company, is set aside. The ruling benefits the victim, who may target the perpetrator of the practice rather than the acquirer of the business.<\/p><p>The firm therefore checks the history of the companies concerned: transfers, mergers, subsidiaries and parent companies. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000034161974\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000034161974\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 481-1 of the Commercial Code<\/a> makes liable for the harm any natural or legal person forming an undertaking that committed the practice.<\/p><\/div><\/details><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-textes\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-textes\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Sources and related pages<\/p>\n<h2>Official texts and <em>related pages<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">The sources for this page and the firm's related areas of practice.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-arts\"><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006231970\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006231970\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 420-1 of the Commercial Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">prohibited cartels and concerted practices<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000038725501\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000038725501\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 420-2 of the Commercial Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">abuse of dominance and exploitation of dependence<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000049571161\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000049571161\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 420-7 of the Commercial Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">specialised courts<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000052093602\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000052093602\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 462-5 of the Commercial Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">referral to the Authority by companies<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000043539844\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000043539844\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 462-8 of the Commercial Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">inadmissibility and rejection of the referral<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000043539816\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000043539816\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 464-1 of the Commercial Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">interim measures<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000019799213\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000019799213\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article R. 464-1 of the Commercial Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">ancillary request for interim measures<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000034161976\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000034161976\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 481-2 of the Commercial Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">effect of the Authority's decisions before the court<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000034162062\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000034162062\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 481-3 of the Commercial Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">heads of loss<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000034162078\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000034162078\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 482-1 of the Commercial Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">limitation period for the action for damages<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000034163432\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000034163432\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 483-1 of the Commercial Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">disclosure of documents<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<h3 class=\"kcv-center\">Further reading<\/h3>\n<div class=\"kcv-pgs\"><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/business-law-attorneys-paris-75017\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Business law<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">The firm's practice area<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/distribution-agreement-lawyer-paris\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Distribution agreements<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">The firm's practice area<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/dgccrf-lawyer-paris\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">DGCCRF investigations<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">The firm's practice area<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/commercial-litigation-lawyer-paris\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Commercial litigation<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">The firm's practice area<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<p class=\"kcv-small kcv-center\">Page updated on 1 November 2026.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"kcv-cta\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-in\">\n    <div class=\"kcv-cta-card\">\n      <h2>Is a cartel or an abuse weighing on your business? <em>Take stock today<\/em>.<\/h2>\n      <p>Send the contracts, invoices, exchanges and figures you have already gathered: the firm checks the characterisation, the missing evidence and the most suitable route.<\/p>\n      <div class=\"kcv-btns\">\n        <a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a>\n        <a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kch-form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n<div class=\"kcv-news-band\"><h2>The latest <em>news.<\/em><\/h2><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\", \"@type\": \"FAQPage\", \"mainEntity\": [{\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Can an SME bring a complaint before the Competition Authority on its own?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Yes. Section II of Article L. 462-5 of the Commercial Code allows companies to refer to the Authority any practice falling in particular under Articles L. 420-1, L. 420-2 and L. 420-5. An SME does not need to wait for an administrative investigation or for the intervention of the minister responsible for the economy, who has their own right of referral. The referral must nonetheless pass several filters. Article L. 462-8 allows the Authority to declare it inadmissible if its author lacks standing or an interest in bringing proceedings, if the facts are time-barred or if they fall outside its jurisdiction. It also allows the Authority to reject it where the facts are not supported by sufficiently probative evidence or, for a referral by a company, where it does not regard them as a priority. Other grounds concern the handling of the same facts by the minister or by another competition authority. The word \\\"complaint\\\" is in common use, but the act is a contentious referral. It describes the market, the position of the company concerned, the specific practice and its effects, and attaches the documents that establish them. The Authority does not compensate the SME for its loss. It may order the practice to stop, accept commitments or impose a financial penalty. The firm first examines whether the facts really fall within the law on anticompetitive practices. A purely contractual dispute or a simple breakdown of a relationship is governed by other rules, and calls for a different strategy, before the commercial judge.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Which documents should be attached to the referral to limit the risk of rejection?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Rejection for insufficient evidence is a risk an SME should anticipate. The Authority may dismiss a referral whose documents do not sufficiently support the alleged facts (Article L. 462-8 of the Commercial Code). The file must therefore be substantiated before the Authority itself, preferably from the moment it is sent. The Court of Cassation states that the Paris Court of Appeal, when seised of a challenge to that rejection, \\\"must only verify whether the facts relied on, as submitted to the Authority, were supported by sufficiently probative evidence\\\" (Cass. com., 25 September 2024, No. 23-13.067) (our translation). Material presented for the first time before the court may therefore not be taken into account. The useful documents are concrete: contracts and general terms, successive price scales, emails of refusal or instructions, invoices, price comparisons, and turnover tables over several financial years. To these are added the material describing the market, such as the competitors present, the available market shares and the real alternatives. The firm sorts these documents by alleged fact, so that each assertion in the referral points to a specific document. An isolated clue is still described as a clue in the referral, which preserves the credibility of the file as a whole.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What happens to the request for interim measures if the referral is rejected?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"It falls with the referral. Article R. 464-1 of the Commercial Code admits a request for interim measures only as an ancillary to a referral on the merits. The fate of the urgent request therefore depends entirely on the strength of the main complaint. In a case heard by the Court of Cassation, the judgment records that, \\\"considering that the facts relied on were not supported by sufficiently probative evidence, the Authority, on the basis of Article L. 462-8, paragraph 2, of the Commercial Code, rejected that referral and, as a consequence, the request for interim measures\\\" (Cass. com., 15 May 2024, No. 22-23.616) (our translation). The Court there goes on to rule on the admissibility of an intervention in the appeal, but the facts show the sequence of events. The Paris Court of Appeal ruled in the same way on a referral declared inadmissible. It holds that \\\"the inadmissibility of the referral under Article L. 462-8 of the Commercial Code entails, as a consequence, that of the request for interim measures, without examination of the latter\\\" (CA Paris, p\u00f4le 5 ch. 7, 16 January 2025, No. 22\/17546) (our translation). The appeal was dismissed in its entirety, an outcome unfavourable to the party that made the referral. For an SME, the lesson is practical. An urgent request attached to a fragile referral will not be examined, whatever the seriousness of the economic situation relied on. The firm therefore prepares the two documents together.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"In which cases can the Authority order urgent measures?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Article L. 464-1 of the Commercial Code authorises the Authority, in particular at the request of a company, to take interim measures. The text reserves them for practices that cause serious and immediate harm to the general economy, to the sector concerned, to the interest of consumers or to the complaining company. They remain limited to what the urgency requires. The link between the practice and the harm must be established. In a recent decision, the Paris Court of Appeal recalls that \\\"interim measures may be ordered only if the practice in question is the direct and certain cause of the serious and immediate harm at issue\\\" (CA Paris, p\u00f4le 5 ch. 7, 29 October 2026, No. 26\/12581) (our translation). It rejects the grounds directed against the injunctions issued against a social network operator. Under the text, they may include suspension of the practice and an injunction to return to the previous state of affairs. In the case decided in 2026, the Authority had also ordered the operator to negotiate in good faith the remuneration of the press's neighbouring rights. These measures do not decide the merits, which are investigated afterwards. The decision may be challenged within a short time limit: at most ten days after notification, before the Paris Court of Appeal, under Article L. 464-7. The SME must demonstrate urgency with its recent figures: a fall in orders, cash position, lost contracts, rather than a general concern.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Our largest customer accounts for most of our turnover: are we in a situation of economic dependence?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Not necessarily. Article L. 420-2, paragraph 2, of the Commercial Code prohibits the abusive exploitation of the dependence of a customer or a supplier, where such conduct may disrupt competition or the structure of the market. A high share of turnover is an indication, not sufficient proof. The Paris Court of Appeal requires \\\"the existence of a situation of economic dependence of one undertaking on another, an abusive exploitation of that situation and a real or potential effect on the functioning or structure of competition\\\" (CA Paris, p\u00f4le 5 ch. 4, 15 May 2024, No. 22\/06672) (our translation). In that case, a production company made 95.5% of its turnover with a single broadcaster. The court notes that no clause prevented it from working with others and that it had not sought to diversify its outlets. It concludes that \\\"It follows from the foregoing that the conditions of an abuse of economic dependence are not met\\\". This unfavourable decision shows the importance of proving alternatives. An SME must be able to show that it looked for other partners, that clauses or specific investments prevented it from using them, and that the situation does not result from a deliberate choice to concentrate its activity. The firm also examines the abuse itself, such as a refusal to sell, discriminatory terms or a unilateral change in prices, as well as the possible effect on competition.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Can a branded supplier impose its terms on its approved resellers?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"It may organise its network, but it may not abusively exploit its resellers' dependence. The Court of Cassation has recalled, in a case concerning specialised resellers of an electronics brand, that \\\"the existence of such a state on the part of a supplier is assessed by taking into account the reputation of the supplier's brand, the importance of its share in the relevant market and in the reseller's turnover, and the reseller's inability to obtain, within a reasonable time, a technically and economically equivalent alternative to the contractual relations it has entered into with that supplier\\\" (Cass. com., 13 May 2026, No. 22-22.623) (our translation). In that case, the judgment of the court of appeal had noted a strong brand reputation and a share of its products of between 78 and 90% of the resellers' turnover, depending on the sources. It also found that there was no replacement supplier on comparable terms. The clauses limiting the display of competing products and the cost of converting the shop weighed in the same direction. The Court of Cassation dismisses the appeals, which leaves in place the court of appeal's assessment on this point. The ruling is useful to an SME distributor, provided it gathers the same types of evidence: reputation, share of turnover, restrictive clauses, specific investments and the absence of an alternative within a reasonable time. The firm reconstructs these elements from the contracts, the accounts and the approaches made to other suppliers.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Is a refusal of approval in a selective distribution network unlawful?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Not in itself. The Court of Cassation holds that \\\"Neither European nor national competition law prohibits the mere refusal, by the operator heading a qualitative selective distribution network, to approve distributors that meet the selection criteria\\\" (Cass. com., 16 February 2022, No. 20-11.754) (our translation). A discriminatory application of the criteria, like the refusal itself, is prohibited by Article L. 420-1 of the Commercial Code only if its object or effect is to distort competition. In that case, a garage owner who had applied for an approved repairer contract had not specified how the refusal distorted competition. The appeal was dismissed, an outcome unfavourable to the rejected candidate. To challenge a refusal, the SME must therefore show more than personal harm. It compares its file with that of approved distributors, identifies the criteria applied unequally and, in every case, establishes the anticompetitive object or effect of the refusal on the market. The firm asks for the selection criteria, keeps the application and the supplier's reply, and looks for approvals granted to comparable companies. Without these elements, the action risks being rejected at the evidence stage.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Competitors are agreeing to shut us out of a market: what can we do?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"An agreement or concerted action that limits other companies' access to the market falls within the practices prohibited by Article L. 420-1 of the Commercial Code. The text also covers the sharing of markets or sources of supply and obstruction of the setting of prices by the market. The SME has two levers. The first is a referral to the Authority, possibly accompanied by interim measures if the exclusion threatens the company's survival. The second is an action for damages against the participants, before the specialised court. As regards damages, Article L. 481-7 presumes that an agreement between competitors has caused harm, while leaving the perpetrator the possibility of proving the contrary. This presumption, which comes from the ordinance of 9 March 2017, does not apply to practices committed before its entry into force (CA Paris, p\u00f4le 5 ch. 4, 28 June 2023, No. 21\/13172), and it never removes the need to quantify the loss. The evidence is often indirect: coordinated refusals by suppliers or distributors, a sudden alignment of terms, messages passed on by customers. The firm assembles it in chronological order and distinguishes established facts from mere hypotheses before any step is taken.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Should we wait for an Authority decision before claiming damages?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"No, but such a decision makes proof easier. Under Article L. 481-2 of the Commercial Code, where the Authority or the court ruling on a challenge has recognised the practice and attributed it to a company, by a decision that can no longer be challenged by ordinary appeal, that finding is binding on the civil court, and no proof to the contrary is possible. The right to compensation also exists without a prior decision. The Court of Cassation states that \\\"anyone is entitled to claim compensation for the harm suffered where there is a causal link between that harm and an agreement or practice prohibited by those articles\\\" (Cass. com., 20 March 2024, No. 22-11.648) (our translation). The victim must then prove the practice itself, which makes the evidence heavier. The Authority's acts have another effect. Under Article L. 462-7, any act aimed at the investigation, establishment or penalisation of the practices, carried out by the Authority, by another competition authority of the Union or by the European Commission, interrupts the limitation period before the Authority. The same text extends that interruption to the civil action. Conversely, a rejection of a referral for insufficient evidence does not protect the perpetrator of the practice. In that case, the Court of Cassation holds, \\\"no presumption, even a merely rebuttable one, arose from it\\\", and the court seised had to examine the alleged abuse itself (Cass. com., 25 September 2024, No. 23-13.067) (our translation). The firm therefore compares the cost and duration of the two routes. An SME may refer the matter to the Authority, wait for the decision and then claim damages on that basis, or bring the civil action directly where the evidence is already available.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Which court hears an SME's action for damages?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Disputes relating to cartels and abuses are assigned to civil or commercial courts whose seat and territorial jurisdiction are set by decree of the Council of State (Article L. 420-7 of the Commercial Code). Article R. 420-3 refers to a table annexed to the Code, and Article R. 420-5 gives jurisdiction to the Paris Court of Appeal for appeals. In 2018, the Court of Cassation held that \\\"actions for compensation for harm arising from anticompetitive practices are brought before the specialised courts designated in Article R. 420-3 of the Commercial Code and that only the Paris Court of Appeal has the jurisdictional power to rule on appeals against the decisions of those courts\\\" (Cass. com., 10 July 2018, No. 17-16.365) (our translation). It then penalised the error by a bar to proceedings (fin de non-recevoir) and declared inadmissible the appeal brought before another court of appeal. The characterisation has since changed. For the neighbouring rule on restrictive practices, the Court of Cassation now holds that it \\\"establishes a rule of exclusive subject-matter jurisdiction and not a bar to proceedings\\\" (Cass. com., 29 January 2025, No. 23-15.842) (our translation). The Versailles Court of Appeal applied that reasoning to Articles L. 420-7 and R. 420-3, then referred the dispute to the Paris commercial court (CA Versailles, 24 October 2024, No. 23\/07846). It is therefore necessary to check, from the writ of summons onwards, that the court seised is among those designated, and never to bring the appeal before the court of the usual territorial jurisdiction. Article L. 420-7 also covers disputes in which these rules are merely invoked, such as the counterclaim heard at Versailles. The firm checks this point before any writ of summons, because an error of court, treated as inadmissibility or lack of jurisdiction, delays examination of the merits.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"How is an SME's loss quantified?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Article L. 481-3 of the Commercial Code lists the heads of loss that can be compensated: the loss incurred, in particular the overcharge paid or the reduction in the price received, the lost profit, the lost chance and non-material harm. Economic losses are quantified from the company's accounts, and each head, including non-material harm, is supported by documents suited to its nature. For the buyer, Article L. 481-4 lays down a favourable rule: the buyer is presumed to have borne the overcharge, and it is for the perpetrator to show that it was passed on further down the chain. This rule protects the SME that resells the products it bought at too high a price, but only for practices committed after the ordinance of 9 March 2017 came into force. For a cartel on floor coverings committed from 2001 to 2011, the Paris Court of Appeal set aside these presumptions and required the buyers to prove their loss. It nonetheless reversed the judgment, found fault on the part of the penalised company and ordered a court-appointed expert assessment to quantify the loss (CA Paris, p\u00f4le 5 ch. 4, 28 June 2023, No. 21\/13172). It also held admissible the alternative claim based on the lost chance of obtaining better prices. The firm prepares this quantification with the invoices for the period, the margins, the prices charged before and after the practice and, if necessary, the opinion of an economist or chartered accountant.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"How can we obtain documents held by the party responsible for the practice?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The SME often holds only part of the evidence. Article L. 483-1 of the Commercial Code governs requests for disclosure of documents made by a victim who makes plausible the harm suffered as a result of an anticompetitive practice. The judge then assesses the usefulness of the documents requested and the legitimate interests of the parties and of third parties. The judge reconciles the right to compensation with the protection of confidentiality and the effectiveness of the competition authorities' action. Before any proceedings, Article 145 of the Code of Civil Procedure also allows a preliminary investigative measure to be obtained where there is a legitimate reason to preserve or establish the evidence of facts on which the outcome of a dispute depends. The application is made by petition or in urgent proceedings (r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9). The firm targets precise categories of documents: internal tariffs, commercial instructions, exchanges with competitors or distributors. An overly broad request is more easily refused, and a precise request is easier to defend before the judge.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Within what time limit must an SME act?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Before the court, an action for damages is subject to a five-year limitation period (Article L. 482-1 of the Commercial Code). The period starts when the company knew, or should have known, both the facts and their anticompetitive nature, the existence of its loss and the identity of one of the perpetrators. The limitation period does not run while the practice has not ceased. An SME suffering from a cartel that is still active is therefore not yet caught by the time limit, but it is in its interest to build its file without delay. Before the Authority, Article L. 462-7 bars a referral for facts more than five years old where no act aimed at their investigation, establishment or penalisation has taken place. Challenges to the Authority's decisions are subject to much shorter time limits, which run from notification. The challenge must be brought within one month before the Paris Court of Appeal against a rejection of a referral or a penalty (Article L. 464-8). That time limit falls to ten days for a decision on interim measures (Article L. 464-7).\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Which company should be sued where the perpetrator has sold its business?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The question often arises where the practice is old and the business concerned has been sold or restructured. The SME must direct its action against the entity that is liable for it, failing which its claim will be dismissed. The Court of Cassation states that \\\"anyone is entitled to claim compensation for the harm suffered where there is a causal link between that harm and an agreement or practice prohibited by those articles\\\" (Cass. com., 20 March 2024, No. 22-11.648) (our translation). It holds that the determination of the entity required to pay compensation is governed by the principles of European Union law. The legal entity that ran the business at the time of the abuse is liable where it continues to exist legally, even after the transfer of some assets. The judgment of the court of appeal, which had ruled out the liability of the transferring company, is set aside. The ruling benefits the victim, who may target the perpetrator of the practice rather than the acquirer of the business. The firm therefore checks the history of the companies concerned: transfers, mergers, subsidiaries and parent companies. 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\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n  .elementor-1983483 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 {\n    flex-shrink: 0 !important;\n    scroll-snap-align: start !important;\n    width: clamp(300px, 30vw, 400px) !important;\n    min-width: 300px !important;\n  }\n\n  @media (max-width: 767px) {\n    .elementor-1983483 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 {\n      width: 350px !important;\n      min-width: 350px !important;\n      max-width: 350px !important;\n    }\n  }\/* End custom CSS *\/<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2157105 post-2157105 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/25\/foreign-business-france-vat-registration-fiscal-representative-challenge-abroad\/\">Your Foreign Business Owes French VAT Without a French Company: Registration, Fiscal Representative and How to Challenge the Bill From Abroad<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. 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Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2157013 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2157013 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/getty-images-p1ZW7qeVRyE-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2157013 post-2157013 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/25\/foreign-company-france-sas-pay-abroad-salary-dividends-management-fees\/\">Your French SAS Pays You While You Live Abroad: Salary, Dividends or Management Fees<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2156883 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2156883 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/getty-images-p1ZW7qeVRyE-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2156883 post-2156883 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/25\/foreign-company-france-sas-capital-increase-cash-call-filing-abroad\/\">Your French SAS Needs Cash From Abroad: Increase Capital, Call Up Unpaid Shares or Lend Instead \u2014 Filing and New Kbis Without Flying to Paris<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. 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Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2156668 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2156668 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/alex-vasey-F5HtPjpBb9k-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2156668 post-2156668 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/24\/foreign-company-france-management-fees-transfer-pricing-file-defence-abroad\/\">Your French Subsidiary Pays Management Fees to Its Foreign Parent While You Live Abroad: Transfer Pricing File, Deduction and Reassessment Defence<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. 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Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. 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A supplier you cannot do without that imposes its terms, competitors who agree to push you out, a dominant distributor that closes off access to the market: a competition [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":251031307,"featured_media":2157182,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2161249","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.2 (Yoast SEO v28.2) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Competition Law Lawyer Paris | Kohen Avocats<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Competition law lawyer Paris: help for SMEs facing a cartel or abuse of dominance, from complaint to damages. 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