{"id":2161245,"date":"2026-11-01T23:11:41","date_gmt":"2026-11-01T22:11:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/?page_id=2161245"},"modified":"2026-11-04T19:48:23","modified_gmt":"2026-11-04T18:48:23","slug":"image-rights-lawyer-paris","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/image-rights-lawyer-paris\/","title":{"rendered":"Image rights lawyer in Paris: employees, property and company brands"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"2161245\" class=\"elementor elementor-2161245 elementor-2160667\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-v5bd59a e-con-full e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"v5bd59a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-v5bd59aw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"v5bd59aw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"kcv\" id=\"kci-root\" data-refresh-marker=\"expertise-fr-avocat-droit-a-l-image-paris-20261101\">\n<section class=\"kcv-hero\" aria-labelledby=\"kch-h1\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-in\">\n    <div class=\"kcv-head\">\n      <p class=\"kk\">Image of an employee, a property, premises or a brand: the company and its image<\/p>\n      <h1 id=\"kch-h1\"><em>Image rights<\/em> lawyer in Paris:<span class=\"kcv-tail\"> employees, property and company brands.<\/span><\/h1>\n      <p class=\"kcv-sub\">A photograph of an employee on the website or in a brochure, a video shot on company premises, a picture of a building used in an advertisement, a campaign's visuals misappropriated: each situation rests on a distinct legal basis. Before any removal request, the firm, as an image rights lawyer in Paris, examines the authorisation, the medium and the right relied on.<\/p>\n      <div class=\"kcv-btns\">\n        <a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a>\n        <a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kch-form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a>\n      <\/div>\n      <p class=\"kcv-urg\">An image authorisation is read in its exact terms: duration, media, territory and excluded contexts. Keep the signed document, the dated screenshots and the precise address of each publication before any removal.<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcv-stagewrap\"><div class=\"kcv-stageshadow\"><div class=\"kcv-stage\">\n      <link rel=\"preload\" as=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kohen-v3-expertises\/kohen-fr-assurance-paysage-20261025.webp\" media=\"(min-width:761px)\" fetchpriority=\"high\">\n      <link rel=\"preload\" as=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kohen-v3-expertises\/kohen-fr-assurance-paysage-1080-20261025.webp\" media=\"(max-width:760px)\" fetchpriority=\"high\">\n      <div class=\"kcv-media\" aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"--kcv-img:url('https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kohen-v3-expertises\/kohen-fr-assurance-paysage-20261025.webp');--kcv-img-m:url('https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kohen-v3-expertises\/kohen-fr-assurance-paysage-1080-20261025.webp')\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"kcv-panel kcv-glass\" id=\"kch-form\">\n        <div class=\"kcv-panel-head\">\n          <div>\n            <p class=\"kcv-panel-k\">Image rights \u00b7 Paris<\/p>\n            <h2 class=\"kcv-panel-t\">Get a <em>first analysis<\/em><\/h2>\n            <p class=\"kcv-panel-l\">Send the signed authorisation, the dated screenshots, the employment or service contract and the exchanges about removal: the firm reviews the applicable legal basis and the evidence available.<\/p>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"kcv-chip kcv-glass\"><p class=\"kcv-chip-n\">24 \u00e0 48 h<\/p><p class=\"kcv-chip-x\">first legal<br>review<\/p><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"kcf-wrap\">\n<form id=\"kcf-2form\" data-kcf data-api-url=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-json\/kohen-form\/v1\/submit\" data-vps-url=\"https:\/\/upload-fr.46-224-152-225.sslip.io\/submit\" data-max-size=\"1073741824\" data-max-files=\"500\" novalidate enctype=\"multipart\/form-data\">\n  <input type=\"hidden\" name=\"rendered_at\" value=\"1776847557\">\n  <div class=\"kcf-hp\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><label for=\"kcf-2website\">Do not fill in<\/label><input id=\"kcf-2website\" name=\"website\" type=\"text\" tabindex=\"-1\" autocomplete=\"off\"><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcf-price\">\n    <span class=\"kcf-price-amount\">\u20ac80<small>incl. VAT<\/small><\/span>\n    <div class=\"kcf-price-body\">\n      <p class=\"kcf-price-text\"><strong>Preliminary review of your case.<\/strong> Examination of your documents and a first written analysis by Reda Kohen, within 24 to 48 business hours. Payment is made online after this form is sent.<\/p>\n      <ul class=\"kcf-price-meta\">\n        <li>Up to 1 GB of documents, folders and subfolders accepted<\/li>\n        <li>Secure payment, no banking data stored<\/li>\n        <li><a href=\"\/conditions-etude-prealable\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Terms and fee agreement<\/a><\/li>\n      <\/ul>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcf-row\">\n    <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n      <label class=\"kcf-label\" for=\"kcf-2name\">Full name<\/label>\n      <input class=\"kcf-input\" type=\"text\" id=\"kcf-2name\" name=\"name\" placeholder=\"Your name\" required autocomplete=\"name\" aria-describedby=\"kcf-2name-err\">\n      <p class=\"kcf-field-error\" id=\"kcf-2name-err\" role=\"alert\"><\/p>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n      <label class=\"kcf-label\" for=\"kcf-2phone\">Telephone <span class=\"kcf-optional\">(optional)<\/span><\/label>\n      <input class=\"kcf-input\" type=\"tel\" inputmode=\"tel\" id=\"kcf-2phone\" name=\"phone\" placeholder=\"06 00 00 00 00\" autocomplete=\"tel\" aria-describedby=\"kcf-2phone-err\">\n      <p class=\"kcf-field-error\" id=\"kcf-2phone-err\" role=\"alert\"><\/p>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n    <label class=\"kcf-label\" for=\"kcf-2email\">Email address<\/label>\n    <input class=\"kcf-input\" type=\"email\" id=\"kcf-2email\" name=\"email\" placeholder=\"your@email.com\" required autocomplete=\"email\" spellcheck=\"false\" autocapitalize=\"off\" aria-describedby=\"kcf-2email-err\">\n    <p class=\"kcf-field-error\" id=\"kcf-2email-err\" role=\"alert\"><\/p>\n  <\/div>\n  \n  <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n    <label class=\"kcf-label\" for=\"kcf-2message\">Message<\/label>\n    <textarea class=\"kcf-textarea\" id=\"kcf-2message\" name=\"message\" placeholder=\"Briefly describe your situation...\" required aria-describedby=\"kcf-2message-err\"><\/textarea>\n    <p class=\"kcf-field-error\" id=\"kcf-2message-err\" role=\"alert\"><\/p>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n    <label class=\"kcf-label\">Attachments <span class=\"kcf-optional\">(optional, 500 files max, 1 GB)<\/span><\/label>\n    <div class=\"kcf-dropzone\" id=\"kcf-2dropzone\">\n      <svg class=\"kcf-dropzone-icon\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M21 15v4a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-4\"\/><polyline points=\"17 8 12 3 7 8\"\/><line x1=\"12\" y1=\"3\" x2=\"12\" y2=\"15\"\/><\/svg>\n      <p class=\"kcf-dropzone-text\"><strong>Click<\/strong> or drag your files here<br>All formats accepted (PDF, Word, images, etc.)<\/p>\n      <input type=\"file\" name=\"attachments\" id=\"kcf-2files\" multiple>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcf-file-list\" id=\"kcf-2filelist\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcf-progress\" id=\"kcf-2progress\">\n      <div class=\"kcf-progress-bar\"><div class=\"kcf-progress-fill\" id=\"kcf-2progressfill\"><\/div><\/div>\n      <p class=\"kcf-progress-text\" id=\"kcf-2progresstext\">Sending...<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n  <button type=\"submit\" class=\"kcf-btn\">\n    <span class=\"kcf-spinner\"><\/span>\n    <span class=\"kcf-btn-text\">Pay \u20ac80 and send my case<\/span>\n  <\/button>\n  <div class=\"kcf-msg\" role=\"status\" aria-live=\"polite\" aria-atomic=\"true\" tabindex=\"-1\"><\/div>\n  <p class=\"kcf-note\">Payment constitutes a request for immediate performance of your analysis. 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p.knp__watchlink{margin:0 0 2px;padding:0;line-height:17px}.kcv-press.knp a.knp__videos{gap:5px;padding:0;border:0;border-radius:0;background:none;box-shadow:none;font-size:11.5px;letter-spacing:.02em;line-height:17px;transform:none}.kcv-press.knp a.knp__videos:hover{background:none;box-shadow:none;transform:none}.kcv-press.knp a.knp__videos:hover span{text-decoration:underline;text-underline-offset:3px}.kcv-press.knp a.knp__videos svg{width:13px;height:13px}.knp .knp__vc{display:none}@media (max-width:900px){.kcv-press.knp .knp__vl{display:none}.kcv-press.knp .knp__vc{display:inline}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){.knp a.knp__videos{transition:none}.knp a.knp__videos:hover{transform:none}}<\/style><p class=\"knp__watchlink\"><a class=\"knp__videos\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/media\/\" aria-label=\"Watch the videos and their transcripts\"><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><circle cx=\"10\" cy=\"10\" 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class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"france-tv\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"France T\u00e9l\u00e9visions: watch the excerpt featuring Reda Kohen\"><img class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/france-tv.svg\" alt=\"France T\u00e9l\u00e9visions\" style=\"--h:28px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li><li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"bfm\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"BFMTV: watch the excerpt featuring Reda Kohen\"><img class=\"skip-lazy knp--fixe\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/bfm.svg\" alt=\"BFMTV\" style=\"--h:30px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li><li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"le-point\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"Le Point: see the 2 publications\"><img class=\"skip-lazy knp--fixe\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" 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l'\u00c9tat.\",\"auteur\":\"data.gouv.fr\",\"paraphrase\":true,\"libelle\":\"Voir la fiche sur data.gouv.fr\"},{\"titre\":\"Commentaires des d\u00e9cisions de justice par l'IA g\u00e9n\u00e9rative\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.data.gouv.fr\/reuses\/commentaires-des-decisions-de-justice-par-lia-generative\",\"citation\":\"R\u00e9utilisation des donn\u00e9es publiques de justice publi\u00e9e par Kohen Avocats et r\u00e9f\u00e9renc\u00e9e sur data.gouv.fr.\",\"auteur\":\"data.gouv.fr\",\"paraphrase\":true,\"libelle\":\"Voir la r\u00e9utilisation sur data.gouv.fr\"}]},\"awwwards\":{\"nom\":\"Awwwards\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Kohen Avocats, site nomm\u00e9 aux Awwwards\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.awwwards.com\/sites\/kohen-avocats\",\"citation\":\"Le site du cabinet figure parmi les sites nomm\u00e9s (\u00ab Nominee \u00bb) par Awwwards, r\u00e9f\u00e9rence internationale du design web.\",\"auteur\":\"Awwwards\",\"paraphrase\":true,\"libelle\":\"Voir la fiche sur 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\u00e0 la location ?\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.leboncoin.fr\/guide\/immobilier\/bouilloires-thermiques-bientot-interdites-a-la-location-hfpj70o6.html\",\"citation\":\"Le guide immobilier cite une analyse de kohenavocats.fr parmi ses sources.\",\"auteur\":\"Leboncoin\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"femme-actuelle\":{\"nom\":\"Femme Actuelle\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"S\u00e9paration ou divorce : quelle banque et quel cr\u00e9dit pour repartir sur de bonnes bases ?\",\"date\":\"2026-09-30\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.femmeactuelle.fr\/vie-pratique\/news-vie-pratique\/separation-ou-divorce-quelle-banque-et-quel-credit-pour-repartir-sur-de-bonnes-bases-2211980\",\"citation\":\"L'article cite une analyse de kohenavocats.com parmi ses sources.\",\"auteur\":\"Femme Actuelle\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"economie-matin\":{\"nom\":\"\u00c9conomie Matin\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Nouveau bail 2026 : ce que les propri\u00e9taires doivent anticiper d\u00e8s 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aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The rules<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p2\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p2\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Your documents<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p3\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p3\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The method<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p4\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p4\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The timetable<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p5\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p5\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The checks<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-synthese\" aria-controls=\"kcv-synthese\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Summary<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-faq\" aria-controls=\"kcv-faq\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Questions<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-textes\" aria-controls=\"kcv-textes\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Legal texts<\/button><\/div><\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcv-track\"><div class=\"kcv-slide kcv-on\" id=\"kcv-avocat\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-avocat\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<div class=\"kcv-pro\">\n  <figure class=\"kcv-pro-photo\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" src=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/kohen-footer\/portrait-reda-20260920-lignes-orange.jpg\" alt=\"Reda Kohen, lawyer at the Paris Bar\" width=\"1122\" height=\"1402\" loading=\"eager\" decoding=\"async\">\n    <figcaption class=\"kcv-pro-cap kcv-glass\"><span class=\"kcv-pro-capn\">Reda Kohen<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pro-capr\">Lawyer at the Paris Bar<\/span><\/figcaption>\n  <\/figure>\n  <div class=\"kcv-pro-body\">\n    <p class=\"kk\">Intellectual property \u00b7 Paris 17th<\/p>\n    <h2>What an <em>image rights lawyer<\/em> in Paris does<\/h2>\n    <ul class=\"kcv-pro-tags\"><li>Paris Bar<\/li><li>Intellectual property<\/li><li>Image and business<\/li><\/ul>\n    <p class=\"kcv-p\">Reda Kohen, a lawyer (avocat) at the Paris Bar, advises on intellectual property and on the image issues that arise in the life of a business.<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-p\">The firm starts from a simple question: which image, belonging to whom, published by whom and on what medium? An employee's portrait, a building's facade and a brand's poster are not governed by the same rules, and a wrong choice of legal basis undermines the claim from the formal notice onwards.<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-p\">The protection of a natural person's image rests on <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006419288\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006419288\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 9 of the French Civil Code (Code civil)<\/a>. The image of a property falls under the right of ownership in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006428859\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006428859\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 544<\/a> and the requirement of an abnormal disturbance. A brand's visuals are defended through civil liability under <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032041571\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032041571\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1240<\/a>, on the grounds of parasitism (parasitisme) or disparagement, and sometimes through copyright.<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-p\">Send what you have, even if incomplete: the firm will prioritise and complete the file with you. In an emergency, call <a href=\"tel:+33646605822\">06 46 60 58 22<\/a>.<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-pro-meta\"><a href=\"https:\/\/consultation.avocat.fr\/avocat-paris\/reda-kohen-54670.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Official profile in the directory of French lawyers (CNB)<\/a><span>Firm at 11 rue Margueritte, 75017 Paris<\/span><\/p>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-cards\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-card\"><h3>An employee's image<\/h3><p>An authorisation given during the contract is not unlimited: its duration, its media and its link with the performance of the contract determine its scope.<\/p><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-card\"><h3>The image of a property or premises<\/h3><p>The owner has no exclusive right over the image of their property, but may act against a use that causes an abnormal disturbance.<\/p><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-card\"><h3>A brand's image<\/h3><p>A company cannot invoke privacy. It protects its visuals and its reputation by other means, which must be chosen with care.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p1\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The rules<\/p>\n<h2>Employee, property, brand: <em>the applicable rules<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">Five rules structure the analysis according to the nature of the image concerned.<\/p>\n<ol class=\"kcv-conds\">\n  <li>An employee keeps a right over their image during and after the contract. The Social Chamber of the Court of Cassation (Cour de cassation) upheld a court of appeal which, noting that the limits of an authorisation given with no time limit had not been stipulated clearly enough as to its duration, concluded that \u201cthe said authorisation had to cease on termination of the employment contract\u201d (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/6a043d5dcdc6046d479174bd\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. soc., 13 May 2026, No. 24-19.117<\/a>). Each document must therefore be read in its own terms, and the photograph kept on the website after termination gave rise to compensation under <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006419288\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006419288\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 9 of the Civil Code<\/a>.<\/li>\n  <li>For a person's image, compensation does not depend on proof of a separate harm. The Court of Cassation quashed a judgment that required personal harm, on the ground that \u201cthe mere finding of an infringement of the right to one\u2019s image entitles the person to compensation\u201d (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/61e7b7eba41da869de68a30e\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. soc., 19 January 2022, No. 20-12.420<\/a>). The judgment recognises the right to compensation without setting a scale or criteria for calculating the amount.<\/li>\n  <li>The image of a property does not belong exclusively to its owner. The plenary assembly of the Court of Cassation (assembl\u00e9e pl\u00e9ni\u00e8re) holds that \u201cthe owner of a thing has no exclusive right over the image of it\u201d (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/60793b359ba5988459c3c46e\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. ass. pl\u00e9n., 7 May 2004, No. 02-10.450<\/a>) and reserves an action for cases where use by a third party causes an abnormal disturbance, the proof of which lies with the owner.<\/li>\n  <li>A video shot on premises without authorisation may justify an urgent application (r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9) based on <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006428859\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006428859\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 544 of the Civil Code<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000042597284\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000042597284\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 835 of the Code of Civil Procedure (Code de proc\u00e9dure civile)<\/a>. The First Civil Chamber accepts a manifestly unlawful disturbance, subject to a balancing exercise with freedom of expression, already required in 2024 (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/668e2422fcf93851fdd644bf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. 1re civ., 10 July 2024, No. 22-23.170<\/a>) and clarified in 2026 (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/6acf41817a1020213740ec6e\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. 1re civ., 14 October 2026, No. 25-16.277<\/a>).<\/li>\n  <li>A legal entity has no right to privacy. The Court of Cassation holds that \u201conly natural persons may rely on an infringement of privacy within the meaning of Article 9 of the Civil Code\u201d (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/5fd93e30f9f188240e3693d7\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. 1re civ., 17 March 2016, No. 15-14.072<\/a>). The company then protects its name, its premises, its reputation and its campaigns on other grounds.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"kcv-callout\"><span class=\"kcv-callout-i\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M9.6 6C6.5 7.4 4.5 10 4.5 13.4V18h6v-6H7.6c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L9.6 6zm9 0c-3.1 1.4-5.1 4-5.1 7.4V18h6v-6h-2.9c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L18.6 6z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><p>The same picture may combine the image of an employee, that of premises and a protected work: each right calls for its own evidence and its own holder, and a claim wrongly based on one cannot always be rescued by another.<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p2\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Your documents<\/p>\n<h2>What to send, depending on <em>your position<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">The documents differ depending on whether you are the person depicted, the owner of the property or the company publishing the image.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-duel\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-opt kcv-opt-a\"><p class=\"kcv-opt-k\">Position A<\/p><p class=\"kcv-opt-t\">Your image or your property is being used<\/p><ul><li>Dated screenshots of each publication, with the exact page address and the medium used<\/li><li>Signed authorisation, employment contract, amendment or email by which consent is said to have been given<\/li><li>Date of departure from the company or end of the engagement, and removal requests already sent<\/li><li>Title deed, plans or photographs showing the boundaries of the property or of the premises filmed<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-or\" aria-hidden=\"true\">or<\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-opt kcv-opt-b\"><p class=\"kcv-opt-k\">Position B<\/p><p class=\"kcv-opt-t\">Your company publishes the image or is challenged<\/p><ul><li>Authorisations obtained, with their duration, media, territory and excluded contexts<\/li><li>List of the media where the image appears: website, social networks, brochures, presentations, trade fairs<\/li><li>Formal notice or writ of summons received, with the date of the first claim<\/li><li>Contracts with the photographer, the agency or the image library, and the corresponding licences<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-callout\"><span class=\"kcv-callout-i\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M9.6 6C6.5 7.4 4.5 10 4.5 13.4V18h6v-6H7.6c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L9.6 6zm9 0c-3.1 1.4-5.1 4-5.1 7.4V18h6v-6h-2.9c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L18.6 6z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><p>Do not delete a contested image before keeping dated proof of its publication: the duration and extent of the use serve to assess compensation, in one direction or the other.<\/p><\/div>\n<p class=\"kcv-p\">The firm also handles:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"kcv-pro-tags\"><li>Copyright<\/li><li>Trade mark law<\/li><li>Audiovisual law<\/li><li>Intellectual property<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p3\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The method<\/p>\n<h2>How the firm <em>supports you<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">Identify the image, read the authorisation, choose the legal basis, then act proportionately.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-rows\">\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 1<\/p><h3>Identify the image and its holder<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">Recognisable natural person, building, interior of premises, logo or campaign: the nature of the image determines the right invoked and the person who may act.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 2<\/p><h3>Read the authorisation<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">The firm compares each publication with the written limits of the agreement: duration, media, territory, excluded contexts and link with the performance of the contract.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 3<\/p><h3>Choose the legal basis<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">Article 9 of the Civil Code for a person, Article 544 and abnormal disturbance for a property, Article 1240 for parasitism or disparagement, copyright for a work.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 4<\/p><h3>Request removal or defend the claim<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">A targeted formal notice, negotiation of a removal or a licence, an urgent application where the disturbance is manifest, or proceedings on the merits for compensation.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-callout\"><span class=\"kcv-callout-i\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M9.6 6C6.5 7.4 4.5 10 4.5 13.4V18h6v-6H7.6c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L9.6 6zm9 0c-3.1 1.4-5.1 4-5.1 7.4V18h6v-6h-2.9c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L18.6 6z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><p>A single publication may engage several rights: the employee's image, that of the premises and the photograph itself. Each right has its holder and its evidence.<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p4\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The timetable<\/p>\n<h2>The timeline <em>of an image dispute<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">From the discovery of the publication to the agreement or the decision.<\/p>\n<ol class=\"kcv-hs\"><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Discovery of the publication<\/p><p><strong>As soon as it is noticed.<\/strong> Dated screenshots, precise address, medium and context of each publication, without waiting for any removal.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Reading the authorisation<\/p><p>Search for the document, its limits and the end date of the employment or service contract.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Legal classification<\/p><p>Image of a person, a property, premises or a brand: choice of the legal basis and of the court.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Formal notice<\/p><p>Targeted removal request and, depending on the case, a proposal to regularise the situation through an authorisation or a licence.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Urgent application if necessary<\/p><p>Where the disturbance is manifest and the publication continues, a request for removal under a daily penalty before the urgent applications judge.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Compensation<\/p><p>Proceedings on the merits, in principle within the five-year period under Article 2224 of the Civil Code, running from the day the holder knew or should have known the facts, or a settlement.<\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p5\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The checks<\/p>\n<h2>What the firm checks <em>before acting<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">No claim should rest on an isolated screenshot or a presumed agreement.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-split\">\n  <ul class=\"kcv-check\"><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Identification: is the person recognisable, and are the property or premises identifiable in the published image.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Authorisation: existence of a document, duration, media, territory, excluded contexts and link with the performance of the contract.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Right holder: employee, owner, operator of the premises, company holding the campaign, photographer or architect.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Context of publication: commercial use, public information, debate of general interest, internal or external publication.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Dates: first publication, end of the contract, removal request, actual removal and starting point of the limitation period.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n  <aside class=\"kcv-act\">\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-k\">Case documents<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-t\">Send what you have, even if incomplete<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-p\">Submit your documents through the confidential form at the top of the page: the firm will prioritise and complete the file with you.<\/p>\n    <div class=\"kcv-act-b\"><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kch-form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n  <\/aside>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-synthese\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-synthese\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Summary<\/p>\n<h2>Situation, evidence, <em>response<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">The common configurations make it possible to set the first priority of the case.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-rows\">\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Photo of a former employee still online<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Dated screenshots, signed authorisation, date the contract ended and removal request.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Timing:<\/strong> Continued use after termination should be documented from the moment of leaving the company.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Formal notice to remove, then a claim for compensation under Article 9.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Employee photographed for a sales brochure<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Brochure, date of the shoot, instructions received and the absence or content of the authorisation.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Timing:<\/strong> Each campaign or reprint is a separate use to be dated.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Check consent for each use, then regularise the position or claim compensation.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>CCTV footage used against an employee<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Information notice, stated purpose, consultation of staff representatives and other evidence available.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Timing:<\/strong> The challenge is raised from the disciplinary or employment tribunal proceedings onwards.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Argue the lawfulness and proportionality of the evidence produced.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Building or shop used in an advertisement<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Advertising medium, place of the image, possible confusion and concrete consequences for the enjoyment of the property.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Timing:<\/strong> Record the state of the publication before any change to the medium.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Demonstrate an abnormal disturbance, or give up a claim bound to fail.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Video shot on premises without authorisation<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Record of the publication, plans of the premises, conditions of access and repercussions of the publication.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Timing:<\/strong> An urgent application can end a manifestly unlawful disturbance or prevent imminent damage; acting quickly above all preserves the evidence.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Urgent application based on Article 544 of the Civil Code and Article 835 of the Code of Civil Procedure.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Brand campaign or visuals misappropriated<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Campaign investments, launch dates, the third party's copying and the confusion created.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Timing:<\/strong> The chronology between the campaign and its copying must be established.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Action for parasitism or disparagement, and copyright if the visuals are original.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-faq\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-faq\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Frequently asked questions<\/p>\n<h2>Your questions: <em>image rights<\/em><\/h2>\n<div class=\"kcv-faqgrid\">\n  <aside class=\"kcv-act kcv-act-sticky\">\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-k\">13 questions<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-t\">A situation not listed here?<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-p\">Every case has its own features. The firm reads your documents before answering you.<\/p>\n    <div class=\"kcv-act-b\"><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kch-form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n  <\/aside>\n  <div class=\"kcv-faq\"><details><summary>Can my employer put my photo on the company website without a signed document?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The right a person has over their image derives from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006419288\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006419288\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 9 of the French Civil Code (Code civil)<\/a> and covers the capture, retention, reproduction and use of that image. The relationship of subordination does not give the employer a right to use its employees' faces for its communication. The Social Chamber of the Court of Cassation (Cour de cassation) quashed a judgment that refused any compensation to employees photographed with their team for the website, recalling that \u201cthe mere finding of an infringement of the right to one\u2019s image entitles the person to compensation\u201d (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/61e7b7eba41da869de68a30e\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. soc., 19 January 2022, No. 20-12.420<\/a>). No statute requires a written document, but it is the only reliable way to prove consent and to set its limits. An oral or tacit agreement remains open to dispute, and it is for the party publishing the image to establish it. The firm examines the date of the photograph, the use made of it and any exchanges, then advises whether a removal request or a regularisation is the most suitable route.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>I signed an authorisation with no duration: is it still valid after I leave?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The Court of Cassation ruled on this precise situation on 13 May 2026 (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/6a043d5dcdc6046d479174bd\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. soc., 13 May 2026, No. 24-19.117<\/a>). An employee had signed in 2014 a document authorising their employer to use their image with no time limit, and their photograph had remained on the website after the contract ended. The Social Chamber upholds the court of appeal in finding that the limits of the authorisation had not been stipulated clearly enough as to its duration. It endorses the conclusion that \u201cthe said authorisation had to cease on termination of the employment contract\u201d (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/6a043d5dcdc6046d479174bd\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. soc., 13 May 2026, No. 24-19.117<\/a>). The later use therefore gave rise to compensation. The ruling does not condemn every broad authorisation: the Court recalls that the parties remain at liberty to set clearly the duration, territory, media and excluded contexts. The firm reads the signed document clause by clause and compares it with each publication after the departure.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Does having posed at the company photo shoot amount to consent to every use?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>No, taking part in a shoot does not by itself prove consent to all later uses. The court of appeal of Versailles held, for an employee photographed in a studio and later featured in brochures sent to clients, that \u201cthe fact that he accepted having the photographs taken is not sufficient to establish his tacit consent to their retention, reproduction and use\u201d (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/6789f228e53fca3659f67226\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CA Versailles, ch. soc. 4-4, 15 January 2025, No. 24\/01138<\/a>). It noted that the employer had decided on the shoot in the exercise of its managerial authority and awarded 2,000 euros for each of the two campaigns. This appeal decision rests on specific facts and does not set a scale. It nevertheless shows that a brochure reserved for clients is still a use of the image. For the company, the practical consequence is simple: have an authorisation signed before the shoot that describes the intended uses and their duration.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>What should an authorisation to use an employee's image contain?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The judgment of 13 May 2026 provides the framework: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006419288\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006419288\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 9 of the Civil Code<\/a> alone applies to the assignment of the right to one's image, to the exclusion in particular of the Intellectual Property Code, and falls within contractual freedom. The authorisation stands where the parties have stipulated clearly enough its duration, its geographical scope, the nature of the media and the exclusion of certain contexts. The Court adds that \u201ca breach of that provision may be relied on where the publication in dispute is not connected with the performance of the contract\u201d (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/6a043d5dcdc6046d479174bd\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. soc., 13 May 2026, No. 24-19.117<\/a>). A useful clause therefore specifies the media covered (website, social networks, brochures, trade fairs), the duration, what happens to the image at the end of the contract and the possibility of removal. It must remain proportionate to the aim pursued, in accordance with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006900785\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006900785\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 1121-1 of the Labour Code (Code du travail)<\/a>. The firm drafts or reviews these clauses so that they match the company's actual uses.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can the employer film employees and use the footage against them?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006900861\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006900861\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 1222-4 of the Labour Code<\/a> prohibits collecting personal information about an employee through a system that has not been brought to their attention beforehand. CCTV not disclosed to employees therefore provides unlawful evidence, which does not automatically lead to its rejection. The Social Chamber requires the judge to carry out a multi-stage review: \u201cthe judge must first ask whether the monitoring carried out by the employer was legitimate and verify whether there were concrete reasons justifying the use of surveillance and its extent\u201d (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/64085bcc66b1bafb02f11fae\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. soc., 8 March 2023, No. 21-17.802<\/a>). The judge then examines whether a less intrusive means could have achieved the same result, and assesses the proportionality of the interference. In that case, the recordings were set aside because the employer had an audit that it had not produced. This concerns evidence and the employee's personal life, not the use of their image, but the question often arises in the same case.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can an employee post on their social media an image of a company product or collection?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The question no longer concerns the employee's image rights but their obligations towards the employer. In a case heard by the Social Chamber, an employee had published the photograph of a still-confidential collection on a private account with more than two hundred professional contacts in fashion (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/5fca32299c3644b39432cda9\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. soc., 30 September 2020, No. 19-12.058<\/a>). The contract contained a confidentiality clause. The Court upholds the court of appeal in finding that \u201cthis publication amounted to a breach of the employee's contractual obligation of confidentiality and constituted gross misconduct making it impossible to keep her in the company\u201d (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/5fca32299c3644b39432cda9\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. soc., 30 September 2020, No. 19-12.058<\/a>). The decision is unfavourable to the employee: publishing a product image may justify dismissal. It also admits evidence taken from a private account where its production is indispensable to the right to evidence and proportionate. The firm checks the confidentiality clause, whether the information was public or not, and how the evidence was obtained.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can a company rely on image rights or on privacy?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Not on the ground of privacy, and the answer is unfavourable to companies that try. The Court of Cassation quashed a judgment that had ordered the removal of a camera in the name of a bakery's privacy, holding that \u201conly natural persons may rely on an infringement of privacy within the meaning of Article 9 of the Civil Code\u201d (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/5fd93e30f9f188240e3693d7\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. 1re civ., 17 March 2016, No. 15-14.072<\/a>). It does recognise that legal entities have a right to the protection of their name, domicile, correspondence and reputation. The company therefore acts on other grounds: the right of ownership under <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006428859\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006428859\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 544 of the Civil Code<\/a> for its premises, liability under <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032041571\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032041571\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1240<\/a> for disparagement or parasitism, trade mark law or copyright for its signs and visuals. The choice of legal basis determines whether the claim is admissible and which court has jurisdiction. The firm settles it before any formal notice.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can a third party use a photo of our building or shop in its advertising?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The principle works against the owner: the plenary assembly holds that \u201cthe owner of a thing has no exclusive right over the image of it\u201d (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/60793b359ba5988459c3c46e\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. ass. pl\u00e9n., 7 May 2004, No. 02-10.450<\/a>). The owner may only object to the use of that image by a third party where it causes an abnormal disturbance. In that case, a listed mansion appeared on a developer's leaflet to illustrate the surroundings of a neighbouring programme, and the claim was dismissed because no disturbance was established. The court of appeal of Aix-en-Provence, by contrast, ordered in urgent proceedings the removal of five photographs presenting a neighbour's park as part of the hotel put up for sale, holding that \u201cmore than an infringement of the image of the park, the unlawfulness of the disturbance results from the use of images showing the park as an integral part of the hotel\u201d (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/690d99a4bb81cebe2e841bc2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CA Aix-en-Provence, ch. 1-2, 6 November 2025, No. 24\/14250<\/a>). It refused the removal of the facade views and a ban on any future use. The disturbance is therefore proved by confusion or concrete interference with enjoyment of the property, not by the mere reproduction.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can a video shot on our premises without authorisation be removed through an urgent application?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Yes, subject to conditions. The First Civil Chamber holds, on the basis of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006428859\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006428859\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 544 of the Civil Code<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000042597284\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000042597284\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 835 of the Code of Civil Procedure<\/a>, that an owner may object to the publication of a video made on their property. It specifies: \u201cThe publication of a video shot inside its premises without its authorisation may constitute such a disturbance, whether or not it was shot during an intrusion and whether or not its author is identified\u201d (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/668e2422fcf93851fdd644bf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. 1re civ., 10 July 2024, No. 22-23.170<\/a>). The appeal to the Court of Cassation by the association that made the video was dismissed. The urgent applications judge may put an end to a manifestly unlawful disturbance or prevent imminent damage, provided there is a record of the publication and proof that the images were indeed taken on the premises without consent. The judge must nevertheless weigh this right against freedom of expression, as this judgment already recalls and as the Court clarified in 2026. The firm prepares the record, the plans and the chronology before the application is made.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can an association or a media outlet publish images of our facilities in the name of the public interest?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Freedom of expression protects the publication of information on a subject of general interest, and the judge must reconcile it with the right of property. On 14 October 2026, the First Civil Chamber clarified that the removal of a video shot in livestock premises is justified only if, after balancing the interests, that measure meets a pressing social need (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/6acf41817a1020213740ec6e\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. 1re civ., 14 October 2026, No. 25-16.277<\/a>). It nevertheless quashed the judgment that had dismissed the company's claims, because the court of appeal had ruled \u201cwithout addressing the matters raised as to the repercussions of the publication of the video\u201d (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/6acf41817a1020213740ec6e\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. 1re civ., 14 October 2026, No. 25-16.277<\/a>). Those repercussions consisted of violent online reactions and leaflets targeting the company and its employees. The case is sent back to the court of appeal of Rennes: nothing has yet been decided on the merits. For a company, the lesson concerns evidence: document precisely the consequences of the publication for the business, the employees and security.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>A competitor or third party copies our visuals or our campaign: what action is available?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>An advertising campaign does not fall under image rights within the meaning of Article 9, but it may be protected by civil liability. The Commercial Chamber admits an action for parasitism, based on <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032041571\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032041571\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1240 of the Civil Code<\/a>, whatever the status or activity of the parties, \u201cwhere the author places itself in the wake of the victim by unduly taking advantage of its efforts, know-how, reputation or investments\u201d (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/620ca2d5c61f23729bcf61e2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 16 February 2022, No. 20-13.542<\/a>). In that case, posters of an animal protection association had been misappropriated a few days after their launch for the benefit of other causes, and the judgment against the defendant was upheld. The evidence concerns the investments made, the reputation of the campaign, the date of the copying and the weakening of the message. If the visuals are original, copyright may be added, as may trade mark law where the conditions of an infringement of the mark are met, which the mere reproduction of the sign is not enough to establish. The firm combines these grounds without confusing them.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can a recent building be photographed for commercial use?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Two rights may coexist over a building: the owner's, limited to abnormal disturbance, and the architect's where the structure is an original work still under protection. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000048603495\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000048603495\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 122-5, 11\u00b0, of the Intellectual Property Code (Code de la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 intellectuelle)<\/a> permits reproductions of architectural works permanently located on a public road, but only where made by natural persons and excluding any commercial use. A company that places the photograph of a recent building at the centre of an advertisement therefore does not benefit from this exception. It must check the architect's identity, the date of the work and the role of the image in the medium. A merely incidental presence in an urban landscape does not raise the same questions as a central reproduction. The firm also examines the photographer's licence, which is often separate from the rights in the building depicted. A photograph bought from an image library covers only the rights the seller actually held, which requires reading the licence terms before any campaign. If the image also shows recognisable persons, their consent remains a separate question.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>A former employee claims compensation for a photo published several years ago: is the claim out of time?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>An action for compensation for an infringement of image rights falls in principle under <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000019017112\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000019017112\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 2224 of the Civil Code<\/a>: five years from the day the holder knew or should have known the facts. The starting point depends on knowledge of the publication, which does not always coincide with the date it went online. The Versailles judgment compensates separately two distinct uses, in 2012 and in 2015, without deciding on limitation or on the effect of continued online display on its starting point (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/6789f228e53fca3659f67226\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CA Versailles, ch. soc. 4-4, 15 January 2025, No. 24\/01138<\/a>). The company must therefore reconstruct the date of each use, the date the contract ended and that of the first claim. The time limit is checked according to the basis of the action: publication in a medium alone does not subject an infringement of image rights to the regime of the Law of 29 July 1881, as the judgment of 10 July 2024 shows for an action based on ownership (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/668e2422fcf93851fdd644bf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. 1re civ., 10 July 2024, No. 22-23.170<\/a>). The firm establishes this chronology before replying to a formal notice or bringing an action. On the company's side, removing the image as soon as the claim is made limits the duration of the use in dispute, without erasing earlier publications.<\/p><\/div><\/details><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-textes\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-textes\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Sources and related pages<\/p>\n<h2>Official texts and <em>related pages<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">The sources for this page and the firm's related areas of practice.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-arts\"><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006419288\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006419288\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article 9 of the Civil Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">privacy and image of the natural person<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006428859\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006428859\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article 544 of the Civil Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">right of ownership, image of property and premises<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032041571\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032041571\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article 1240 of the Civil Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">liability for fault, parasitism and disparagement<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000042597284\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000042597284\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article 835 of the Code of Civil Procedure<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">urgent application and manifestly unlawful disturbance<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006900785\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006900785\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 1121-1 of the Labour Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">justified and proportionate restrictions<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006900861\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006900861\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 1222-4 of the Labour Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">prior information of the employee<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000048603495\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000048603495\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 122-5 of the Intellectual Property Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">exception for architectural works on public roads<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000019017112\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000019017112\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article 2224 of the Civil Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">general limitation period<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<h3 class=\"kcv-center\">Further reading<\/h3>\n<div class=\"kcv-pgs\"><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/intellectual-property-lawyer-paris\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Intellectual property<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">Firm's expertise<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/copyright-lawyer-paris\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Copyright<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">Firm's expertise<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/trademark-lawyer-paris\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Trade mark law<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">Firm's expertise<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/audiovisual-law-lawyer-paris\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Audiovisual law<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">Firm's expertise<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<p class=\"kcv-small kcv-center\">Page updated on 1 November 2026.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"kcv-cta\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-in\">\n    <div class=\"kcv-cta-card\">\n      <h2>An image to remove, an authorisation to check? <em>Take stock today<\/em>.<\/h2>\n      <p>Send the authorisation, the dated screenshots and the exchanges you have already gathered: the firm identifies the legal basis, the evidence to preserve and the appropriate response.<\/p>\n      <div class=\"kcv-btns\">\n        <a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a>\n        <a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kch-form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n<div class=\"kcv-news-band\"><h2>The latest <em>news.<\/em><\/h2><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\", \"@type\": \"FAQPage\", \"mainEntity\": [{\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Can my employer put my photo on the company website without a signed document?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The right a person has over their image derives from Article 9 of the French Civil Code (Code civil) and covers the capture, retention, reproduction and use of that image. The relationship of subordination does not give the employer a right to use its employees' faces for its communication. The Social Chamber of the Court of Cassation (Cour de cassation) quashed a judgment that refused any compensation to employees photographed with their team for the website, recalling that \u201cthe mere finding of an infringement of the right to one\u2019s image entitles the person to compensation\u201d (our translation) (Cass. soc., 19 January 2022, No. 20-12.420). No statute requires a written document, but it is the only reliable way to prove consent and to set its limits. An oral or tacit agreement remains open to dispute, and it is for the party publishing the image to establish it. The firm examines the date of the photograph, the use made of it and any exchanges, then advises whether a removal request or a regularisation is the most suitable route.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"I signed an authorisation with no duration: is it still valid after I leave?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The Court of Cassation ruled on this precise situation on 13 May 2026 (Cass. soc., 13 May 2026, No. 24-19.117). An employee had signed in 2014 a document authorising their employer to use their image with no time limit, and their photograph had remained on the website after the contract ended. The Social Chamber upholds the court of appeal in finding that the limits of the authorisation had not been stipulated clearly enough as to its duration. It endorses the conclusion that \u201cthe said authorisation had to cease on termination of the employment contract\u201d (our translation) (Cass. soc., 13 May 2026, No. 24-19.117). The later use therefore gave rise to compensation. The ruling does not condemn every broad authorisation: the Court recalls that the parties remain at liberty to set clearly the duration, territory, media and excluded contexts. The firm reads the signed document clause by clause and compares it with each publication after the departure.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Does having posed at the company photo shoot amount to consent to every use?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"No, taking part in a shoot does not by itself prove consent to all later uses. The court of appeal of Versailles held, for an employee photographed in a studio and later featured in brochures sent to clients, that \u201cthe fact that he accepted having the photographs taken is not sufficient to establish his tacit consent to their retention, reproduction and use\u201d (our translation) (CA Versailles, ch. soc. 4-4, 15 January 2025, No. 24\/01138). It noted that the employer had decided on the shoot in the exercise of its managerial authority and awarded 2,000 euros for each of the two campaigns. This appeal decision rests on specific facts and does not set a scale. It nevertheless shows that a brochure reserved for clients is still a use of the image. For the company, the practical consequence is simple: have an authorisation signed before the shoot that describes the intended uses and their duration.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What should an authorisation to use an employee's image contain?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The judgment of 13 May 2026 provides the framework: Article 9 of the Civil Code alone applies to the assignment of the right to one's image, to the exclusion in particular of the Intellectual Property Code, and falls within contractual freedom. The authorisation stands where the parties have stipulated clearly enough its duration, its geographical scope, the nature of the media and the exclusion of certain contexts. The Court adds that \u201ca breach of that provision may be relied on where the publication in dispute is not connected with the performance of the contract\u201d (our translation) (Cass. soc., 13 May 2026, No. 24-19.117). A useful clause therefore specifies the media covered (website, social networks, brochures, trade fairs), the duration, what happens to the image at the end of the contract and the possibility of removal. It must remain proportionate to the aim pursued, in accordance with Article L. 1121-1 of the Labour Code (Code du travail). The firm drafts or reviews these clauses so that they match the company's actual uses.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Can the employer film employees and use the footage against them?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Article L. 1222-4 of the Labour Code prohibits collecting personal information about an employee through a system that has not been brought to their attention beforehand. CCTV not disclosed to employees therefore provides unlawful evidence, which does not automatically lead to its rejection. The Social Chamber requires the judge to carry out a multi-stage review: \u201cthe judge must first ask whether the monitoring carried out by the employer was legitimate and verify whether there were concrete reasons justifying the use of surveillance and its extent\u201d (our translation) (Cass. soc., 8 March 2023, No. 21-17.802). The judge then examines whether a less intrusive means could have achieved the same result, and assesses the proportionality of the interference. In that case, the recordings were set aside because the employer had an audit that it had not produced. This concerns evidence and the employee's personal life, not the use of their image, but the question often arises in the same case.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Can an employee post on their social media an image of a company product or collection?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The question no longer concerns the employee's image rights but their obligations towards the employer. In a case heard by the Social Chamber, an employee had published the photograph of a still-confidential collection on a private account with more than two hundred professional contacts in fashion (Cass. soc., 30 September 2020, No. 19-12.058). The contract contained a confidentiality clause. The Court upholds the court of appeal in finding that \u201cthis publication amounted to a breach of the employee's contractual obligation of confidentiality and constituted gross misconduct making it impossible to keep her in the company\u201d (our translation) (Cass. soc., 30 September 2020, No. 19-12.058). The decision is unfavourable to the employee: publishing a product image may justify dismissal. It also admits evidence taken from a private account where its production is indispensable to the right to evidence and proportionate. The firm checks the confidentiality clause, whether the information was public or not, and how the evidence was obtained.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Can a company rely on image rights or on privacy?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Not on the ground of privacy, and the answer is unfavourable to companies that try. The Court of Cassation quashed a judgment that had ordered the removal of a camera in the name of a bakery's privacy, holding that \u201conly natural persons may rely on an infringement of privacy within the meaning of Article 9 of the Civil Code\u201d (our translation) (Cass. 1re civ., 17 March 2016, No. 15-14.072). It does recognise that legal entities have a right to the protection of their name, domicile, correspondence and reputation. The company therefore acts on other grounds: the right of ownership under Article 544 of the Civil Code for its premises, liability under Article 1240 for disparagement or parasitism, trade mark law or copyright for its signs and visuals. The choice of legal basis determines whether the claim is admissible and which court has jurisdiction. The firm settles it before any formal notice.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Can a third party use a photo of our building or shop in its advertising?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The principle works against the owner: the plenary assembly holds that \u201cthe owner of a thing has no exclusive right over the image of it\u201d (our translation) (Cass. ass. pl\u00e9n., 7 May 2004, No. 02-10.450). The owner may only object to the use of that image by a third party where it causes an abnormal disturbance. In that case, a listed mansion appeared on a developer's leaflet to illustrate the surroundings of a neighbouring programme, and the claim was dismissed because no disturbance was established. The court of appeal of Aix-en-Provence, by contrast, ordered in urgent proceedings the removal of five photographs presenting a neighbour's park as part of the hotel put up for sale, holding that \u201cmore than an infringement of the image of the park, the unlawfulness of the disturbance results from the use of images showing the park as an integral part of the hotel\u201d (our translation) (CA Aix-en-Provence, ch. 1-2, 6 November 2025, No. 24\/14250). It refused the removal of the facade views and a ban on any future use. The disturbance is therefore proved by confusion or concrete interference with enjoyment of the property, not by the mere reproduction.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Can a video shot on our premises without authorisation be removed through an urgent application?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Yes, subject to conditions. The First Civil Chamber holds, on the basis of Article 544 of the Civil Code and Article 835 of the Code of Civil Procedure, that an owner may object to the publication of a video made on their property. It specifies: \u201cThe publication of a video shot inside its premises without its authorisation may constitute such a disturbance, whether or not it was shot during an intrusion and whether or not its author is identified\u201d (our translation) (Cass. 1re civ., 10 July 2024, No. 22-23.170). The appeal to the Court of Cassation by the association that made the video was dismissed. The urgent applications judge may put an end to a manifestly unlawful disturbance or prevent imminent damage, provided there is a record of the publication and proof that the images were indeed taken on the premises without consent. The judge must nevertheless weigh this right against freedom of expression, as this judgment already recalls and as the Court clarified in 2026. The firm prepares the record, the plans and the chronology before the application is made.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Can an association or a media outlet publish images of our facilities in the name of the public interest?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Freedom of expression protects the publication of information on a subject of general interest, and the judge must reconcile it with the right of property. On 14 October 2026, the First Civil Chamber clarified that the removal of a video shot in livestock premises is justified only if, after balancing the interests, that measure meets a pressing social need (Cass. 1re civ., 14 October 2026, No. 25-16.277). It nevertheless quashed the judgment that had dismissed the company's claims, because the court of appeal had ruled \u201cwithout addressing the matters raised as to the repercussions of the publication of the video\u201d (our translation) (Cass. 1re civ., 14 October 2026, No. 25-16.277). Those repercussions consisted of violent online reactions and leaflets targeting the company and its employees. The case is sent back to the court of appeal of Rennes: nothing has yet been decided on the merits. For a company, the lesson concerns evidence: document precisely the consequences of the publication for the business, the employees and security.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"A competitor or third party copies our visuals or our campaign: what action is available?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"An advertising campaign does not fall under image rights within the meaning of Article 9, but it may be protected by civil liability. The Commercial Chamber admits an action for parasitism, based on Article 1240 of the Civil Code, whatever the status or activity of the parties, \u201cwhere the author places itself in the wake of the victim by unduly taking advantage of its efforts, know-how, reputation or investments\u201d (our translation) (Cass. com., 16 February 2022, No. 20-13.542). In that case, posters of an animal protection association had been misappropriated a few days after their launch for the benefit of other causes, and the judgment against the defendant was upheld. The evidence concerns the investments made, the reputation of the campaign, the date of the copying and the weakening of the message. If the visuals are original, copyright may be added, as may trade mark law where the conditions of an infringement of the mark are met, which the mere reproduction of the sign is not enough to establish. The firm combines these grounds without confusing them.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Can a recent building be photographed for commercial use?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Two rights may coexist over a building: the owner's, limited to abnormal disturbance, and the architect's where the structure is an original work still under protection. Article L. 122-5, 11\u00b0, of the Intellectual Property Code (Code de la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 intellectuelle) permits reproductions of architectural works permanently located on a public road, but only where made by natural persons and excluding any commercial use. A company that places the photograph of a recent building at the centre of an advertisement therefore does not benefit from this exception. It must check the architect's identity, the date of the work and the role of the image in the medium. A merely incidental presence in an urban landscape does not raise the same questions as a central reproduction. The firm also examines the photographer's licence, which is often separate from the rights in the building depicted. A photograph bought from an image library covers only the rights the seller actually held, which requires reading the licence terms before any campaign. If the image also shows recognisable persons, their consent remains a separate question.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"A former employee claims compensation for a photo published several years ago: is the claim out of time?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"An action for compensation for an infringement of image rights falls in principle under Article 2224 of the Civil Code: five years from the day the holder knew or should have known the facts. The starting point depends on knowledge of the publication, which does not always coincide with the date it went online. The Versailles judgment compensates separately two distinct uses, in 2012 and in 2015, without deciding on limitation or on the effect of continued online display on its starting point (CA Versailles, ch. soc. 4-4, 15 January 2025, No. 24\/01138). The company must therefore reconstruct the date of each use, the date the contract ended and that of the first claim. The time limit is checked according to the basis of the action: publication in a medium alone does not subject an infringement of image rights to the regime of the Law of 29 July 1881, as the judgment of 10 July 2024 shows for an action based on ownership (Cass. 1re civ., 10 July 2024, No. 22-23.170). The firm establishes this chronology before replying to a formal notice or bringing an action. On the company's side, removing the image as soon as the claim is made limits the duration of the use in dispute, without erasing earlier publications.\"}}]}<\/script><script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\", \"@type\": \"LegalService\", \"name\": \"Image rights lawyer in Paris \u2014 Kohen Avocats\", \"url\": \"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/image-rights-lawyer-paris\/\", \"telephone\": \"+33646605822\", \"email\": \"contact@kohenavocats.fr\", \"address\": {\"@type\": \"PostalAddress\", \"streetAddress\": \"11 rue Margueritte\", \"postalCode\": \"75017\", \"addressLocality\": \"Paris\", \"addressCountry\": \"FR\"}, \"areaServed\": \"The Paris region (\u00cele-de-France)\", \"founder\": {\"@type\": \"Person\", \"name\": \"Reda Kohen\", \"jobTitle\": \"Lawyer at the Paris Bar\", \"sameAs\": [\"https:\/\/consultation.avocat.fr\/avocat-paris\/reda-kohen-54670.html\"]}, \"openingHours\": \"Mo-Su 00:00-24:00\"}<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f3b7639 scroll-horizontal e-con-full e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"f3b7639\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;gradient&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f285e18 elementor-grid-3 elementor-grid-tablet-2 elementor-grid-mobile-1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-loop-grid\" data-id=\"f285e18\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" 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Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2157055 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2157055 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/allison-saeng-Hpw4nI_QUWQ-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2157055 post-2157055 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/25\/foreign-company-france-corporate-bank-account-refusal-abroad\/\">Your French Bank Won&#8217;t Open a Corporate Account While You Live Abroad: Right to an Account, Banque de France Designation and the Anti-Money-Laundering Wall<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2157013 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2157013 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/getty-images-p1ZW7qeVRyE-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2157013 post-2157013 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/25\/foreign-company-france-sas-pay-abroad-salary-dividends-management-fees\/\">Your French SAS Pays You While You Live Abroad: Salary, Dividends or Management Fees<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2156883 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2156883 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/getty-images-p1ZW7qeVRyE-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2156883 post-2156883 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/25\/foreign-company-france-sas-capital-increase-cash-call-filing-abroad\/\">Your French SAS Needs Cash From Abroad: Increase Capital, Call Up Unpaid Shares or Lend Instead \u2014 Filing and New Kbis Without Flying to Paris<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2156702 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2156702 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/pawel-czerwinski-mIT9kEQBC6Q-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2156702 post-2156702 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/24\/foreign-company-france-hire-first-employee-dpae-contract-trial-pay-abroad\/\">Hiring Your First French Employee While You Live Abroad: DPAE, Contract, Trial Period, Pay and Registration<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2156668 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2156668 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/alex-vasey-F5HtPjpBb9k-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2156668 post-2156668 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/24\/foreign-company-france-management-fees-transfer-pricing-file-defence-abroad\/\">Your French Subsidiary Pays Management Fees to Its Foreign Parent While You Live Abroad: Transfer Pricing File, Deduction and Reassessment Defence<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2156642 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2156642 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/shubham-dhage-ICCn56-jyuw-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2156642 post-2156642 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/24\/foreign-company-france-shareholder-loan-compte-courant-abroad\/\">Your French Subsidiary Needs Cash From Abroad: Shareholder Loans (Compte Courant d&#8217;Associe), Interest, Approval and Getting Repaid<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. 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