{"id":2161239,"date":"2026-11-01T23:35:54","date_gmt":"2026-11-01T22:35:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/?page_id=2161239"},"modified":"2026-11-04T19:48:58","modified_gmt":"2026-11-04T18:48:58","slug":"administrative-law-lawyer-paris","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/administrative-law-lawyer-paris\/","title":{"rendered":"Administrative law lawyer in Paris: defending individuals and businesses against the administration"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"2161239\" class=\"elementor elementor-2161239 elementor-2160668\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-v5bd59a e-con-full e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"v5bd59a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-v5bd59aw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"v5bd59aw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"kcv\" id=\"kci-root\" data-refresh-marker=\"expertise-fr-avocat-droit-administratif-paris-20261101\">\n<section class=\"kcv-hero\" aria-labelledby=\"kch-h1\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-in\">\n    <div class=\"kcv-head\">\n      <p class=\"kk\">Individuals and SMEs facing the administration: application, silence, refusal, sanction, withdrawal<\/p>\n      <h1 id=\"kch-h1\"><em>Administrative law lawyer<\/em> Paris:<span class=\"kcv-tail\"> defending individuals and businesses against the administration.<\/span><\/h1>\n      <p class=\"kcv-sub\">An application left unanswered, a refusal of authorisation, a sanction announced by letter or an authorisation withdrawn after the event: before the administrative court, dealings with the administration follow precise rules. As an administrative law lawyer in Paris, the firm examines those rules for individuals and SMEs alike.<\/p>\n      <div class=\"kcv-btns\">\n        <a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a>\n        <a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kch-form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a>\n      <\/div>\n      <p class=\"kcv-urg\">Keep the envelope, the acknowledgement of receipt and the exact date of each mailing. The two-month time limit is often calculated from these documents, and an informal administrative appeal with the wrong date can let it expire.<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcv-stagewrap\"><div class=\"kcv-stageshadow\"><div class=\"kcv-stage\">\n      <link rel=\"preload\" as=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kohen-v3-expertises\/kohen-fr-trouble-de-voisinage-paysage-20261025.webp\" media=\"(min-width:761px)\" fetchpriority=\"high\">\n      <link rel=\"preload\" as=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kohen-v3-expertises\/kohen-fr-trouble-de-voisinage-paysage-1080-20261025.webp\" media=\"(max-width:760px)\" fetchpriority=\"high\">\n      <div class=\"kcv-media\" aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"--kcv-img:url('https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kohen-v3-expertises\/kohen-fr-trouble-de-voisinage-paysage-20261025.webp');--kcv-img-m:url('https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kohen-v3-expertises\/kohen-fr-trouble-de-voisinage-paysage-1080-20261025.webp')\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"kcv-panel kcv-glass\" id=\"kch-form\">\n        <div class=\"kcv-panel-head\">\n          <div>\n            <p class=\"kcv-panel-k\">Administrative law \u00b7 Paris<\/p>\n            <h2 class=\"kcv-panel-t\">Get a <em>first analysis<\/em><\/h2>\n            <p class=\"kcv-panel-l\">Send the application filed, the acknowledgement of receipt, the decision or letter received and your exchanges with the department: the firm examines the time limits, the regularity of the procedure and the appropriate means of challenge.<\/p>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"kcv-chip kcv-glass\"><p class=\"kcv-chip-n\">24 \u00e0 48 h<\/p><p class=\"kcv-chip-x\">first legal<br>review<\/p><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"kcf-wrap\">\n<form id=\"kcf-2form\" data-kcf data-api-url=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-json\/kohen-form\/v1\/submit\" data-vps-url=\"https:\/\/upload-fr.46-224-152-225.sslip.io\/submit\" data-max-size=\"1073741824\" data-max-files=\"500\" novalidate enctype=\"multipart\/form-data\">\n  <input type=\"hidden\" name=\"rendered_at\" value=\"1776847557\">\n  <div class=\"kcf-hp\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><label for=\"kcf-2website\">Do not fill in<\/label><input id=\"kcf-2website\" name=\"website\" type=\"text\" tabindex=\"-1\" autocomplete=\"off\"><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcf-price\">\n    <span class=\"kcf-price-amount\">\u20ac80<small>incl. VAT<\/small><\/span>\n    <div class=\"kcf-price-body\">\n      <p class=\"kcf-price-text\"><strong>Preliminary review of your case.<\/strong> Examination of your documents and a first written analysis by Reda Kohen, within 24 to 48 business hours. Payment is made online after this form is sent.<\/p>\n      <ul class=\"kcf-price-meta\">\n        <li>Up to 1 GB of documents, folders and subfolders accepted<\/li>\n        <li>Secure payment, no banking data stored<\/li>\n        <li><a href=\"\/conditions-etude-prealable\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Terms and fee agreement<\/a><\/li>\n      <\/ul>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcf-row\">\n    <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n      <label class=\"kcf-label\" for=\"kcf-2name\">Full name<\/label>\n      <input class=\"kcf-input\" type=\"text\" id=\"kcf-2name\" name=\"name\" placeholder=\"Your name\" required autocomplete=\"name\" aria-describedby=\"kcf-2name-err\">\n      <p class=\"kcf-field-error\" id=\"kcf-2name-err\" role=\"alert\"><\/p>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n      <label class=\"kcf-label\" for=\"kcf-2phone\">Telephone <span class=\"kcf-optional\">(optional)<\/span><\/label>\n      <input class=\"kcf-input\" type=\"tel\" inputmode=\"tel\" id=\"kcf-2phone\" name=\"phone\" placeholder=\"06 00 00 00 00\" autocomplete=\"tel\" aria-describedby=\"kcf-2phone-err\">\n      <p class=\"kcf-field-error\" id=\"kcf-2phone-err\" role=\"alert\"><\/p>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n    <label class=\"kcf-label\" for=\"kcf-2email\">Email address<\/label>\n    <input class=\"kcf-input\" type=\"email\" id=\"kcf-2email\" name=\"email\" placeholder=\"your@email.com\" required autocomplete=\"email\" spellcheck=\"false\" autocapitalize=\"off\" aria-describedby=\"kcf-2email-err\">\n    <p class=\"kcf-field-error\" id=\"kcf-2email-err\" role=\"alert\"><\/p>\n  <\/div>\n  \n  <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n    <label class=\"kcf-label\" for=\"kcf-2message\">Message<\/label>\n    <textarea class=\"kcf-textarea\" id=\"kcf-2message\" name=\"message\" placeholder=\"Briefly describe your situation...\" required aria-describedby=\"kcf-2message-err\"><\/textarea>\n    <p class=\"kcf-field-error\" id=\"kcf-2message-err\" role=\"alert\"><\/p>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n    <label class=\"kcf-label\">Attachments <span class=\"kcf-optional\">(optional, 500 files max, 1 GB)<\/span><\/label>\n    <div class=\"kcf-dropzone\" id=\"kcf-2dropzone\">\n      <svg class=\"kcf-dropzone-icon\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M21 15v4a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-4\"\/><polyline points=\"17 8 12 3 7 8\"\/><line x1=\"12\" y1=\"3\" x2=\"12\" y2=\"15\"\/><\/svg>\n      <p class=\"kcf-dropzone-text\"><strong>Click<\/strong> or drag your files here<br>All formats accepted (PDF, Word, images, etc.)<\/p>\n      <input type=\"file\" name=\"attachments\" id=\"kcf-2files\" multiple>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcf-file-list\" id=\"kcf-2filelist\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcf-progress\" id=\"kcf-2progress\">\n      <div class=\"kcf-progress-bar\"><div class=\"kcf-progress-fill\" id=\"kcf-2progressfill\"><\/div><\/div>\n      <p class=\"kcf-progress-text\" id=\"kcf-2progresstext\">Sending...<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n  <button type=\"submit\" class=\"kcf-btn\">\n    <span class=\"kcf-spinner\"><\/span>\n    <span class=\"kcf-btn-text\">Pay \u20ac80 and send my case<\/span>\n  <\/button>\n  <div class=\"kcf-msg\" role=\"status\" aria-live=\"polite\" aria-atomic=\"true\" tabindex=\"-1\"><\/div>\n  <p class=\"kcf-note\">Payment constitutes a request for immediate performance of your analysis. 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p.knp__watchlink{margin:0 0 2px;padding:0;line-height:17px}.kcv-press.knp a.knp__videos{gap:5px;padding:0;border:0;border-radius:0;background:none;box-shadow:none;font-size:11.5px;letter-spacing:.02em;line-height:17px;transform:none}.kcv-press.knp a.knp__videos:hover{background:none;box-shadow:none;transform:none}.kcv-press.knp a.knp__videos:hover span{text-decoration:underline;text-underline-offset:3px}.kcv-press.knp a.knp__videos svg{width:13px;height:13px}.knp .knp__vc{display:none}@media (max-width:900px){.kcv-press.knp .knp__vl{display:none}.kcv-press.knp .knp__vc{display:inline}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){.knp a.knp__videos{transition:none}.knp a.knp__videos:hover{transform:none}}<\/style><p class=\"knp__watchlink\"><a class=\"knp__videos\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/media\/\" aria-label=\"Watch the videos and their transcripts\"><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><circle cx=\"10\" cy=\"10\" r=\"9\" fill=\"#1F4FA8\"\/><path d=\"M8.3 6.4v7.2l5.6-3.6z\" fill=\"#fff\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"knp__vl\">Watch the videos and their transcripts<\/span><span class=\"knp__vc\">Videos<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n        <div class=\"knp__piste\"><ul class=\"knp__ruban\" role=\"list\"><li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"france-2\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"France 2: watch the report featuring Hassan Kohen\"><img class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/france-2.svg\" alt=\"France 2\" style=\"--h:30px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li>\n<li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"tf1\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"TF1: watch the news excerpt featuring Hassan Kohen\"><img class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/tf1.svg\" alt=\"TF1\" style=\"--h:36px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li><li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"france-tv\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"France T\u00e9l\u00e9visions: watch the excerpt featuring Reda Kohen\"><img class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/france-tv.svg\" alt=\"France T\u00e9l\u00e9visions\" style=\"--h:28px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li><li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"bfm\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"BFMTV: watch the excerpt featuring Reda Kohen\"><img class=\"skip-lazy knp--fixe\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/bfm.svg\" alt=\"BFMTV\" style=\"--h:30px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li><li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"le-point\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"Le Point: see the 2 publications\"><img class=\"skip-lazy knp--fixe\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" 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l'\u00c9tat.\",\"auteur\":\"data.gouv.fr\",\"paraphrase\":true,\"libelle\":\"Voir la fiche sur data.gouv.fr\"},{\"titre\":\"Commentaires des d\u00e9cisions de justice par l'IA g\u00e9n\u00e9rative\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.data.gouv.fr\/reuses\/commentaires-des-decisions-de-justice-par-lia-generative\",\"citation\":\"R\u00e9utilisation des donn\u00e9es publiques de justice publi\u00e9e par Kohen Avocats et r\u00e9f\u00e9renc\u00e9e sur data.gouv.fr.\",\"auteur\":\"data.gouv.fr\",\"paraphrase\":true,\"libelle\":\"Voir la r\u00e9utilisation sur data.gouv.fr\"}]},\"awwwards\":{\"nom\":\"Awwwards\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Kohen Avocats, site nomm\u00e9 aux Awwwards\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.awwwards.com\/sites\/kohen-avocats\",\"citation\":\"Le site du cabinet figure parmi les sites nomm\u00e9s (\u00ab Nominee \u00bb) par Awwwards, r\u00e9f\u00e9rence internationale du design web.\",\"auteur\":\"Awwwards\",\"paraphrase\":true,\"libelle\":\"Voir la fiche sur 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\u00e0 la location ?\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.leboncoin.fr\/guide\/immobilier\/bouilloires-thermiques-bientot-interdites-a-la-location-hfpj70o6.html\",\"citation\":\"Le guide immobilier cite une analyse de kohenavocats.fr parmi ses sources.\",\"auteur\":\"Leboncoin\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"femme-actuelle\":{\"nom\":\"Femme Actuelle\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"S\u00e9paration ou divorce : quelle banque et quel cr\u00e9dit pour repartir sur de bonnes bases ?\",\"date\":\"2026-09-30\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.femmeactuelle.fr\/vie-pratique\/news-vie-pratique\/separation-ou-divorce-quelle-banque-et-quel-credit-pour-repartir-sur-de-bonnes-bases-2211980\",\"citation\":\"L'article cite une analyse de kohenavocats.com parmi ses sources.\",\"auteur\":\"Femme Actuelle\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"economie-matin\":{\"nom\":\"\u00c9conomie Matin\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Nouveau bail 2026 : ce que les propri\u00e9taires doivent anticiper d\u00e8s 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l\u2019obligation de d\u00e9livrer un logement d\u00e9cent pendant toute la dur\u00e9e du bail et l\u2019ordonnance du tribunal judiciaire de B\u00e9ziers du 31 mars 2026 sur une climatisation install\u00e9e sans autorisation.\",\"auteur\":\"Science \\u0026 Vie\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"frandroid\":{\"nom\":\"Frandroid\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Fin de Rakuten France : comment r\u00e9cup\u00e9rer vos factures, vos garanties et vos points Club R\",\"date\":\"2026-09-30\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.frandroid.com\/culture-tech\/web\/3266559_fin-de-rakuten-france-comment-recuperer-vos-factures-vos-garanties-et-vos-points-club-r\",\"citation\":\"Le cabinet Kohen Avocats leur conseille de retirer cet argent et de t\u00e9l\u00e9charger tout leur historique avant le 10 novembre.\",\"auteur\":\"Frandroid\",\"paraphrase\":true},{\"titre\":\"Goutte-\u00e0-goutte et inondation : que faire quand la climatisation du voisin ruine votre terrasse 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aria-controls=\"kcv-p1\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The rules<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p2\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p2\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Your documents<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p3\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p3\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The method<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p4\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p4\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The timetable<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p5\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p5\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The checks<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-synthese\" aria-controls=\"kcv-synthese\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Summary<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-faq\" aria-controls=\"kcv-faq\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Questions<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-textes\" aria-controls=\"kcv-textes\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Legal texts<\/button><\/div><\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcv-track\"><div class=\"kcv-slide kcv-on\" id=\"kcv-avocat\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-avocat\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<div class=\"kcv-pro\">\n  <figure class=\"kcv-pro-photo\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" src=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/kohen-footer\/portrait-reda-20260920-lignes-orange.jpg\" alt=\"Reda Kohen, lawyer at the Paris Bar\" width=\"1122\" height=\"1402\" loading=\"eager\" decoding=\"async\">\n    <figcaption class=\"kcv-pro-cap kcv-glass\"><span class=\"kcv-pro-capn\">Reda Kohen<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pro-capr\">Lawyer at the Paris Bar<\/span><\/figcaption>\n  <\/figure>\n  <div class=\"kcv-pro-body\">\n    <p class=\"kk\">Public law \u00b7 Paris 17th<\/p>\n    <h2>What an <em>administrative law lawyer<\/em> in Paris does<\/h2>\n    <ul class=\"kcv-pro-tags\"><li>Paris Bar<\/li><li>Administrative law<\/li><li>Individuals and SMEs<\/li><\/ul>\n    <p class=\"kcv-p\">Reda Kohen, lawyer (avocat) at the Paris Bar, acts in the relations between individuals, businesses and public authorities, from the first application through to the challenge.<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-p\">The steps taken and the time limits that precede the hearing can decide the outcome of an administrative dispute. An incomplete application, a missing acknowledgement of receipt, a decision without reasons or an informal administrative appeal posted too late change the course of the case, sometimes definitively.<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-p\">The firm therefore reviews the procedure followed by the administration against the Code of Relations between the Public and the Administration (Code des relations entre le public et l'administration): silence amounting to approval or refusal (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367611\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367611\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 231-1<\/a>), reasons for adverse decisions (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367505\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367505\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 211-2<\/a>), adversarial procedure (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367431\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367431\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 122-1<\/a>) and the conditions for withdrawing an authorisation (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367657\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367657\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 242-1<\/a>).<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-p\">Send what you have, even if incomplete: the firm will prioritise and complete the file with you. In an emergency, call <a href=\"tel:+33646605822\">06 46 60 58 22<\/a>.<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-pro-meta\"><a href=\"https:\/\/consultation.avocat.fr\/avocat-paris\/reda-kohen-54670.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Official profile in the directory of French lawyers (CNB)<\/a><span>Firm at 11 rue Margueritte, 75017 Paris<\/span><\/p>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-cards\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-card\"><h3>The administration's silence<\/h3><p>Depending on the application, two months of silence amount to approval or refusal. Knowing which determines what you can do and the time limit running against you.<\/p><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-card\"><h3>The procedure before the decision<\/h3><p>A sanction or the withdrawal of an authorisation in principle requires that you have been able to submit your observations; some regimes also require that you be given access to the file.<\/p><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-card\"><h3>The right challenge at the right time<\/h3><p>Informal administrative appeal, mandatory prior appeal, referral to the CADA (the body ruling on access to administrative documents) or the court: each route has its own time limit and its own effect on the rest of the challenge.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p1\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The rules<\/p>\n<h2>Application, silence, sanction, withdrawal: <em>the rules that protect the individual dealing with the administration<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">Five rules of the Code of Relations between the Public and the Administration shape most cases.<\/p>\n<ol class=\"kcv-conds\">\n  <li>In principle, every application addressed to the administration, including an informal or hierarchical administrative appeal, calls for an acknowledgement of receipt (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367314\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367314\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 110-1<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367338\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367338\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 112-3<\/a> of the Code of Relations between the Public and the Administration), except for abusive applications and certain applications defined by decree that the latter article excludes. Where that acknowledgement was not sent or omits the required information, the time limits for challenge cannot be enforced against the applicant, unless an express decision was duly notified before an implied decision arose (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367340\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367340\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 112-6<\/a>).<\/li>\n  <li>Silence kept for two months in principle amounts to acceptance (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367611\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367611\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 231-1<\/a>). It amounts to rejection, on the contrary, for a financial application, a complaint, an administrative appeal or the cases set by decree (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367619\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367619\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 231-4<\/a>), and the acceptance period runs only from receipt of the missing documents required by the applicable provisions (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367402\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367402\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 114-5<\/a>). The Council of State (Conseil d'\u00c9tat) held that a special procedure in the Heritage Code prevented an implied certificate from arising because the applicant had not provided the required proof, and dismissed the appeal (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000053483454\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000053483454\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">CE, 13 February 2026, No. 497557<\/a>).<\/li>\n  <li>A sanction, a withdrawal or a refusal of authorisation must be reasoned in writing, in law and in fact (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367505\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367505\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 211-2<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367513\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367513\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 211-5<\/a>). A sanction or a withdrawal is taken only after the person has been able to submit observations, assisted by counsel if they wish (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367424\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367424\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 121-1<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367431\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367431\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 122-1<\/a>), subject to the exceptions in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367426\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367426\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 121-2<\/a>; a refusal of an application, by contrast, falls outside this ordinary adversarial procedure. In a vocational training inspection, the Council of State held that an administration relying on information from third parties must state its source and content, or only its content where disclosure would seriously harm those who supplied it (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000044234303\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000044234303\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">CE, 20 October 2021, No. 438193<\/a>).<\/li>\n  <li>A decision creating rights may be withdrawn or repealed of the administration's own motion only if it is unlawful and within four months of being taken (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367657\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367657\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 242-1<\/a>), subject to the exceptions in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367659\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367659\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 242-2<\/a>, to an act obtained by fraud, which may be withdrawn at any time (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367651\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367651\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 241-2<\/a>), and to the special provisions reserved by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367649\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367649\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 241-1<\/a>. The annulment of a withdrawal by the court does not reopen that four-month period (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000037254055\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000037254055\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">CE, opinion, 26 July 2018, No. 419204<\/a>). For a late withdrawal of an implied authorisation, decided under the Law of 12 April 2000, the Council of State refused to allow the court to dismiss compensation on the ground that the same decision could have been lawfully taken (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000054978973\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000054978973\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">CE, 12 October 2026, No. 498435<\/a>).<\/li>\n  <li>An informal or hierarchical administrative appeal brought within the time limit for judicial challenge interrupts that time limit (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367829\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367829\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 411-2<\/a>), and the relevant date is the date of dispatch, the postmark being proof (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000051831121\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000051831121\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">CE, 30 June 2025, No. 494573<\/a>). Where a prior appeal is mandatory, the decision taken on that appeal replaces the initial decision (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367855\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367855\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 412-7<\/a>), but any irregularity in the procedure followed at the outset can still be relied on against it (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000042115653\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000042115653\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">CE, 3 July 2020, No. 431922<\/a>).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"kcv-callout\"><span class=\"kcv-callout-i\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M9.6 6C6.5 7.4 4.5 10 4.5 13.4V18h6v-6H7.6c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L9.6 6zm9 0c-3.1 1.4-5.1 4-5.1 7.4V18h6v-6h-2.9c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L18.6 6z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><p>The articles of the Code of Relations between the Public and the Administration are cited in the version in force on 1 November 2026. The Code came into force on 1 January 2016, subject to provisions whose application the ordinance that created it deferred (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000037254055\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000037254055\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">CE, opinion, 26 July 2018, No. 419204<\/a>); an earlier decision, taken notably under the Law of 12 April 2000, is assessed against the text then applicable, whose time limits could differ.<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p2\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Your documents<\/p>\n<h2>What to gather, <em>depending on your situation<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">Dates and procedural documents matter as much as the substance of the case.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-duel\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-opt kcv-opt-a\"><p class=\"kcv-opt-k\">Situation A<\/p><p class=\"kcv-opt-t\">You are an individual<\/p><ul><li>The application filed, proof that it was sent and the acknowledgement of receipt or receipt slip<\/li><li>The decision received with its envelope or the date it was consulted online<\/li><li>The letters exchanged with the department, the town hall or the prefecture<\/li><li>The documents showing your situation on the date of the application<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-or\" aria-hidden=\"true\">or<\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-opt kcv-opt-b\"><p class=\"kcv-opt-k\">Situation B<\/p><p class=\"kcv-opt-t\">You run an SME<\/p><ul><li>The authorisation, approval or licence in question and its history<\/li><li>The inspection report, the letter of complaints or the invitation to submit observations<\/li><li>The replies already sent and proof of the date they were sent<\/li><li>The figures for the loss: turnover, lost contracts, costs incurred<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-callout\"><span class=\"kcv-callout-i\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M9.6 6C6.5 7.4 4.5 10 4.5 13.4V18h6v-6H7.6c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L9.6 6zm9 0c-3.1 1.4-5.1 4-5.1 7.4V18h6v-6h-2.9c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L18.6 6z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><p>Do not reply to a letter of complaints or an invitation to submit observations without first asking for the file: the reply often sets the ground for the discussion.<\/p><\/div>\n<p class=\"kcv-p\">The firm also handles:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"kcv-pro-tags\"><li>Access to administrative documents<\/li><li>Administrative sanctions<\/li><li>Authorisations and approvals<\/li><li>Liability of the administration<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p3\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The method<\/p>\n<h2>How the firm <em>supports you<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">Date it, classify the decision, choose the most useful route.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-rows\">\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 1<\/p><h3>Reconstructing the chronology<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">The firm dates the application, the acknowledgement of receipt, the decision and each letter, then calculates the time limits still open from these documents.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 2<\/p><h3>Classifying the decision<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">Tacit approval, implied refusal, express decision, sanction or withdrawal: the nature of the act governs the time limit, the reasons required and the procedure owed.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 3<\/p><h3>Acting with the administration<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">Depending on the case, the firm drafts the observations, asks for the reasons for an implied refusal, refers the matter to the CADA or brings an informal or mandatory administrative appeal.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 4<\/p><h3>Preparing for the judge<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">If the administration maintains its position, the case is built for the administrative court, with, where appropriate, an application for suspension or a prior claim for compensation.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-callout\"><span class=\"kcv-callout-i\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M9.6 6C6.5 7.4 4.5 10 4.5 13.4V18h6v-6H7.6c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L9.6 6zm9 0c-3.1 1.4-5.1 4-5.1 7.4V18h6v-6h-2.9c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L18.6 6z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><p>A well-drafted administrative appeal serves a double purpose: it gives the administration the opportunity to correct its decision and it prepares the arguments that will be put to the judge.<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p4\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The timetable<\/p>\n<h2>The timeline <em>of a dispute with the administration<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">From the application to the judge's decision, the stages that set the time limits.<\/p>\n<ol class=\"kcv-hs\"><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Application<\/p><p><strong>Day 0.<\/strong> File a complete application and keep proof of its date; the acknowledgement of receipt states whether silence will amount to approval or refusal and, in the latter case, the time limits and means of challenge (Article R. 112-5).<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Missing documents<\/p><p>If the administration asks for missing documents required by the applicable provisions, the tacit-approval period runs only from their receipt; the implied-rejection period is merely suspended during the time allowed.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Two months of silence<\/p><p>Depending on the application, an implied decision of approval or rejection arises; check the applicable regime before acting.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Decision or observations<\/p><p>An express decision falling within the categories of Article L. 211-2 must state its reasons, an implied refusal not being unlawful for want of reasons; a sanction or a withdrawal in principle requires prior observations.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Administrative appeal<\/p><p>Brought within the time limit for judicial challenge, in principle two months, an informal or hierarchical administrative appeal interrupts that time limit.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Court<\/p><p>Failing a solution, the matter is referred to the administrative court, in principle within two months of notification of the express rejection or of the arising of the implied rejection, if the routes and time limits were properly indicated.<\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p5\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The checks<\/p>\n<h2>What the firm checks <em>before challenging<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">A solid challenge starts with the procedure the administration followed.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-split\">\n  <ul class=\"kcv-check\"><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Competence of the author of the decision and the existence of a valid delegation of signature.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Written reasons, in law and in fact, for any adverse decision listed in Article L. 211-2.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Adversarial procedure: invitation to submit observations, time allowed, access to the file and to information from third parties.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Time limits: date of notification, statement of the routes and time limits for challenge, interruption by an administrative appeal.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Type of appeal: informal, hierarchical, mandatory prior appeal or referral to the CADA depending on the applicable text.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n  <aside class=\"kcv-act\">\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-k\">Case documents<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-t\">Send what you have, even if incomplete<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-p\">Submit your documents through the confidential form at the top of the page: the firm will prioritise and complete the file with you.<\/p>\n    <div class=\"kcv-act-b\"><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kch-form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n  <\/aside>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-synthese\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-synthese\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Summary<\/p>\n<h2>Situation, evidence, <em>response<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">Common situations and the first priority in each.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-rows\">\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Application left unanswered<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Key evidence:<\/strong> Filing date, acknowledgement of receipt and the information it contains.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time limit:<\/strong> In principle two months from receipt; for tacit approval, from the documents required, the rejection period being merely suspended.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Determine whether silence amounts to approval or refusal, then either assert the approval or ask for the reasons for the refusal.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Sanction announced to a business<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Key evidence:<\/strong> Inspection report, letter of complaints, third-party documents referred to.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time limit:<\/strong> The one set by the administration for submitting observations.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Ask for the file and the source of the third-party information, then reply point by point.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Authorisation withdrawn after the event<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Key evidence:<\/strong> Express authorisation or proof of the tacit approval, date of signature, withdrawal letter.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time limit:<\/strong> Four months for withdrawal of an unlawful decision of the administration's own motion, subject to exceptions.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Challenge a withdrawal made out of time or not preceded by observations, and quantify the loss.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Refusal to disclose a document<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Key evidence:<\/strong> Request for disclosure, refusal or silence, date on which the referral to the CADA was registered.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time limit:<\/strong> Two months to refer the matter to the CADA after the refusal; without an express reply, the refusal is confirmed two months after the referral is registered, followed by two months to go to court.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Refer the matter to the CADA, a mandatory first step, then to the court against the confirmed refusal.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Prosecution for breaching an order<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Key evidence:<\/strong> The order in question, official report, summons or collection notice.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time limit:<\/strong> Those of the criminal procedure under way.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Raise before the criminal court the unlawfulness of the administrative act on which the prosecution depends.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-faq\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-faq\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Frequently asked questions<\/p>\n<h2>Your questions: <em>administrative law<\/em><\/h2>\n<div class=\"kcv-faqgrid\">\n  <aside class=\"kcv-act kcv-act-sticky\">\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-k\">14 questions<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-t\">A situation not listed here?<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-p\">Every case has its own features. The firm reads your documents before answering you.<\/p>\n    <div class=\"kcv-act-b\"><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kch-form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n  <\/aside>\n  <div class=\"kcv-faq\"><details><summary>The administration never sent me an acknowledgement of receipt: what are the consequences?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>In principle, every application addressed to the administration must receive an acknowledgement of receipt (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367338\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367338\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 112-3<\/a> of the Code of Relations between the Public and the Administration), except for abusive applications and certain applications defined by decree. The text also covers complaints and informal or hierarchical administrative appeals, which are applications within the meaning of the same Code (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367314\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367314\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 110-1<\/a>). The absence of this acknowledgement is not without effect: the time limits for challenge cannot be enforced against the applicant where the acknowledgement was not sent or does not contain the required information (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367340\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367340\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 112-6<\/a>). There is, however, a qualification. If the administration duly notified an express decision before the end of the period after which an implied decision could arise, the lack of an acknowledgement no longer protects the applicant. The firm therefore starts by gathering proof of the filing date, then checks whether an express reply was notified, and on what date. This check is worthwhile even when the application seems old, because the unenforceability of the time limits can reopen a challenge thought to be closed. The court does, however, accept limits based on legal certainty, presented below for decisions notified without any statement of time limits.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Does the administration's silence always amount to approval?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>No. The principle laid down in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367611\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367611\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 231-1<\/a> of the Code of Relations between the Public and the Administration is that silence kept for two months amounts to acceptance. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367619\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367619\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 231-4<\/a> nevertheless sets that principle aside in several cases: an application that does not seek an individual decision, an application that does not form part of any procedure provided for by a text, a complaint or administrative appeal, an application of a financial nature, relations between the administration and its staff, and cases set by decree. The period itself may change: where the application is incomplete, the acceptance period runs only from receipt of the documents required by the applicable provisions and requested by the administration (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367402\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367402\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 114-5<\/a>). Finally, some legislation provides its own procedure. The Council of State (Conseil d'\u00c9tat) thus held, for an export certificate for cultural goods, that the suspension procedure provided by the Heritage Code prevented a tacit approval from arising where the applicant did not provide the required proof, and dismissed the appeal (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000053483454\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000053483454\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">CE, 13 February 2026, No. 497557<\/a>). Before relying on an approval, the firm identifies the text governing the application, the list of exceptions that applies and the date on which the file was actually complete.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>How can I find out the reasons for a refusal arising from silence?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>An implied decision of rejection is not unlawful merely because no reasons are given, even where an express decision would have had to state them (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367639\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367639\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 232-4<\/a> of the Code of Relations between the Public and the Administration). The same article nevertheless provides a simple step: the person concerned may ask for the reasons for that decision, provided they do so within the time limit for judicial challenge. The administration must then provide them within one month of the request. This step affects the timetable: the time limit for challenging the implied decision is extended until two months have elapsed from the day the reasons were provided. For a business awaiting an authorisation, the benefit is twofold. It learns what the refusal rests on, which makes it possible to correct the file or target the challenge, and it keeps the time needed to go to court. The firm sends this request by a means that allows its date to be proved, then compares the reasons provided with the documents filed and with the conditions laid down by the applicable text.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can a business be sanctioned without having been heard?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>In principle, no. Decisions imposing a sanction must state their reasons (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367505\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367505\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 211-2<\/a> of the Code of Relations between the Public and the Administration) and, on that basis, they are taken only after the person concerned has been enabled to submit written observations, and oral ones on request (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367431\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367431\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 122-1<\/a>). The person may be assisted by counsel or represented by an agent of their choice. The adversarial principle is not limited to an exchange of letters. In a vocational training inspection, the Council of State held that an administration intending to rely on information obtained from third parties must inform the body inspected of its source and content, in sufficient detail for it to be able to discuss it; it annulled the remainder of the repayment decision (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000044234303\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000044234303\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">CE, 20 October 2021, No. 438193<\/a>). Some sanction regimes add their own safeguards, which must be read alongside the general code. The firm requests disclosure of the file, identifies the third-party documents used, then drafts observations that answer each complaint and, if necessary, prepare the challenge before the court.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can the administration go back on an authorisation it has already granted?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>It can, but within a narrow framework. Of its own initiative or at a third party's request, the administration may withdraw or repeal a decision creating rights only if it is unlawful and within four months of its being taken (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367657\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367657\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 242-1<\/a> of the Code of Relations between the Public and the Administration). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367659\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367659\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 242-2<\/a> provides two exceptions with no time condition: the repeal of a decision whose continuation depends on a condition that is no longer met, and the withdrawal of a subsidy whose conditions were not complied with. An act obtained by fraud may also be withdrawn or repealed at any time (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367651\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367651\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 241-2<\/a>), and special texts may set other rules (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367649\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367649\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 241-1<\/a>). The Council of State has clarified that the judicial annulment of a withdrawal does not start a new four-month period for withdrawing the reinstated decision again (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000037254055\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000037254055\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">CE, opinion, 26 July 2018, No. 419204<\/a>). An irregular withdrawal may also engage the liability of the administration. In a case decided under the former Law of 12 April 2000, which then set a two-month period for withdrawing a tacit authorisation where third parties had not been informed, the Council of State quashed the judgment that had dismissed the causal link even though the withdrawal was late, and referred the case back (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000054978973\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000054978973\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">CE, 12 October 2026, No. 498435<\/a>). The firm checks the date of the authorisation, whether it was express or tacit and the procedure followed before the withdrawal.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Does an informal administrative appeal posted on the last day of the time limit still protect me?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Yes, if the date of dispatch can be proved. Any administrative decision may be the subject, within the time limit for judicial challenge, of an informal or hierarchical administrative appeal which interrupts that time limit (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367829\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367829\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 411-2<\/a> of the Code of Relations between the Public and the Administration). The Council of State held, in a decision published in its reports, that in assessing whether an administrative appeal sent by post preserves the time limit, the date to be taken into account is the date of dispatch, the postmark being proof; it annulled the judgment that had relied on the date of receipt at the town hall (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000051831121\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000051831121\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">CE, 30 June 2025, No. 494573<\/a>). This rule is without prejudice to particular texts, such as those that set time limits in hours. In practice, a registered letter with acknowledgement of receipt, kept with its proof of posting, remains the safest way of dating the appeal. Silence kept for two months on an informal administrative appeal amounts to rejection (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367619\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367619\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 231-4<\/a>), and a new two-month period then opens to go to court. The firm calculates these deadlines from the documents and sets a dispatch date that leaves a margin, rather than relying on the last day.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Is it compulsory to bring an administrative appeal before going to court?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Not as a general rule. An informal or hierarchical administrative appeal is optional: it interrupts the time limit for judicial challenge, but the court can be seized directly. Some texts, on the contrary, impose a mandatory prior administrative appeal before any referral to the court. In that case, the decision taken on that appeal replaces the initial decision (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367855\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367855\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 412-7<\/a> of the Code of Relations between the Public and the Administration) and it is that decision that must be challenged. The refusal of such an appeal must, moreover, state its reasons (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367505\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367505\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 211-2<\/a>, 8\u00b0). The substitution does not remove the irregularities committed at the outset. The Council of State (Conseil d'\u00c9tat) held that an architect struck off the register could rely, against the decision taken on their mandatory appeal, on the irregularity of the procedure followed before the striking off, in particular the absence of an adversarial procedure; it annulled the contrary judgment and referred the case back (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000042115653\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000042115653\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">CE, 3 July 2020, No. 431922<\/a>). The firm checks in the applicable text whether the prior appeal is mandatory, before which authority and within what time limit, because a direct referral to the court would then be inadmissible.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>How can I obtain the documents the administration holds on my case?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Administrations are required to disclose the administrative documents they hold to those who request them, subject to the exceptions provided by the Code (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000033218946\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000033218946\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 311-1<\/a> of the Code of Relations between the Public and the Administration). Some documents can be disclosed only to the person concerned, in particular those touching on private life or commercial secrecy or containing an assessment of a person (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037269056\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037269056\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 311-6<\/a>). In the event of refusal, referral to the Commission for Access to Administrative Documents (CADA) is a mandatory first step before any judicial challenge (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000045213381\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000045213381\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 342-1<\/a>). The timetable that follows is precise. The Council of State held that, in the absence of an express decision, an implied decision confirming the refusal arises two months after the CADA's request for an opinion is registered, and that the two-month time limit for challenge runs from that date; it annulled the order that had set the time limit too early (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000042040560\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000042040560\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">CE, 19 June 2020, No. 435004<\/a>). For an SME, a request for disclosure often makes it possible to obtain the inspection report or technical opinions before replying. The firm words the request so as to designate the documents precisely, then follows the CADA and court time limits.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Does a first error in a declaration necessarily lead to a sanction?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Not necessarily. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037309224\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037309224\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 123-1<\/a> of the Code of Relations between the Public and the Administration lays down what is known as the right to make an error. A person who has failed for the first time to comply with a rule applicable to their situation, or who has made a clerical error in declaring their situation, cannot be sanctioned by a financial penalty or by the loss of all or part of a benefit where they have regularised their situation, on their own initiative or after being invited to do so within the time set. The safeguard has limits written into the text. It does not apply in cases of bad faith or fraud. Nor does it apply to sanctions required by European Union law, to those that directly protect public health, the safety of persons and property or the environment, to sanctions provided for by a contract, or to sanctions imposed by regulatory authorities on the professionals they supervise. The firm therefore first checks whether the error is the first, whether it was regularised and within what time, then whether the sanction regime in question is among the exclusions, before asserting this protection with the department.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can the administration be held to its own circular or published doctrine?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Yes, on certain conditions. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037309778\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037309778\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 312-3<\/a> of the Code of Relations between the Public and the Administration allows anyone to rely on the interpretation of a rule, even an erroneous one, contained in an instruction or circular of the central and decentralised State administrations published on the websites designated by decree, for as long as that interpretation has not been changed. The Council of State, in a published opinion, clarified the scope of this safeguard: the interpretation must be relied on in accordance with its terms, and it must not affect the situation of third parties or stand in the way of rules that directly protect public health, safety or the environment (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000046431867\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000046431867\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">CE, opinion, 14 October 2022, No. 462784<\/a>). The same opinion also sets its limit. The general guidelines defined for granting a measure of favour, to which the person has no entitlement, cannot be relied on in this way, even if published; the opinion so held for a circular on the regularisation of foreign nationals. It specifies, by contrast, that guidelines may be relied on before the court without any condition of publication on those websites. The firm checks the publication of the document, its date and the exact nature of its content before relying on it.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can a promise by the municipality that was not kept give rise to compensation?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>It can, even though it creates no right to its fulfilment. A logistics company argued that a municipality had not provided the rail connection it had promised and that it had had to bear extra transport costs. The administrative court of appeal had dismissed the causal link solely on the ground that a promise is not a decision creating rights. The Council of State held that reasoning to be wrong, annulled the judgment and referred the case back (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000047720909\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000047720909\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">CE, 23 June 2023, No. 454844<\/a>). The ruling does not fix the compensation: the court to which the case was referred must still assess the loss claimed and its direct and certain link with the fault. Before asking the court for a sum of money, a prior claim must be addressed to the administration, since the application is admissible only after its decision (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039807005\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039807005\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article R. 421-1 of the Code of Administrative Justice<\/a>). Before the court of first instance, this type of claim in principle requires a lawyer to act (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000033340889\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000033340889\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article R. 431-2<\/a>), subject to the exceptions in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000050760054\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000050760054\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article R. 431-3<\/a>, including disputes where the defendant is a local authority. The firm gathers the written commitment, the exchanges that preceded it and the accounting evidence of the loss.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Prosecuted for breaching an order, can I challenge its lawfulness before the criminal court?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Yes. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006417179\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006417179\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 111-5 of the Criminal Code<\/a> gives the criminal court jurisdiction to interpret administrative acts and assess their lawfulness where the outcome of the trial depends on it. The Criminal Chamber restated this in these terms: \u201cCriminal courts have jurisdiction to interpret administrative acts, whether regulatory or individual, and to assess their lawfulness where the outcome of the criminal trial before them depends on that examination\u201d (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/67aafddc42a8f52cc5087e01\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. crim., 11 February 2025, No. 24-81.272<\/a>). In that planning-penalty case, the court of appeal had refused to examine the lawfulness of the recovery notices for lack of prior challenges; the Court of Cassation quashed the judgment, holding that it was for the court to assess that lawfulness \u201cwithout being able to set against it the absence of prior challenges\u201d (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/67aafddc42a8f52cc5087e01\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. crim., 11 February 2025, No. 24-81.272<\/a>). The Criminal Chamber has also accepted that a criminal court may examine the conformity of a decree with the Constitution where the law it applies merely refers to the regulatory power; it noted that the legislative text \u201cdid not in itself contain any substantive rule that would prevent the conformity of the decree with constitutional norms from being examined by the criminal court\u201d (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/5fca79e072f6d36807f4028c\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. crim., 29 January 2019, No. 17-84.366<\/a>). The firm examines the act on which the prosecution is based before building the criminal defence.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>When can the ordinary courts be seized of a dispute with the administration?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>A dispute with an administration in principle falls within the jurisdiction of the administrative court. Voie de fait (unlawful administrative action so serious that it removes the administrative character of the act) is the best-known exception: it requires an infringement of individual liberty or the extinction of a right of property, caused by the irregular forced execution of a decision or by a decision manifestly incapable of being linked to a power of the administration. The conditions remain strict, as a decision unfavourable to the owners shows. Private individuals complained that a municipality had felled, without authority, a hedge planted on their land and asked the ordinary court to order restoration. The Third Civil Chamber raised of its own motion that the ordinary court had no jurisdiction, on the ground that this felling, even without authority, \u201cdoes not stem from an act manifestly incapable of being linked to a power belonging to the administration and does not have the effect of extinguishing a right of property\u201d (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/5fca645e2c27f04cd3745917\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. 3e civ., 24 October 2019, No. 17-13.550<\/a>). The owners were referred to the administrative courts. Going to the wrong court wastes time and can jeopardise time limits. The firm therefore classifies the interference before choosing the court; outside voie de fait, the administrative court can be seized, where appropriate by urgent application (r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9) if the conditions of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006449326\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006449326\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 521-1<\/a> or of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006449327\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006449327\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 521-2 of the Code of Administrative Justice<\/a> are met.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can an old decision, notified without any statement of time limits, still be challenged?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Time limits for challenge can be enforced only if they were stated, together with the available routes of challenge, in the notification of the decision (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006449946\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006449946\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article R. 421-5 of the Code of Administrative Justice<\/a>). This rule does not, however, open an unlimited period. The Council of State holds that the principle of legal certainty prevents an individual decision that has been notified, or of which the person concerned has become aware, from being challenged indefinitely. As a general rule, and unless the applicant relies on particular circumstances, the challenge must be brought within a reasonable time which cannot exceed one year from notification or from the knowledge acquired. It is for the applicant to rely on the circumstances that would justify a longer period, failing which the application may be rejected by order. In the case decided, a civil servant had applied to the court in June 2014 against orders of which they had become aware in 2011; even accepting that the routes and time limits had not been indicated to them, the application was rejected and so was their appeal (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000041555220\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000041555220\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">CE, 10 February 2020, No. 429343<\/a>). The outcome is therefore unfavourable to anyone who waits. Where an old decision raises difficulty, the firm looks for the date on which you became aware of it, the administrative appeals already brought and any particular circumstances, before assessing whether a challenge remains possible.<\/p><\/div><\/details><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-textes\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-textes\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Sources and related pages<\/p>\n<h2>Official texts and <em>related pages<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">The sources for this page and the firm's related areas of practice.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-arts\"><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367340\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367340\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 112-6 CRPA<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">acknowledgement of receipt and time limits for challenge<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367611\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367611\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 231-1 CRPA<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">silence amounting to acceptance<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367619\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367619\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 231-4 CRPA<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">cases where silence amounts to rejection<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367639\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367639\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 232-4 CRPA<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">reasons for an implied decision<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367505\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367505\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 211-2 CRPA<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">decisions that must state reasons<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367431\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367431\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 122-1 CRPA<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">observations before a decision<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037309224\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037309224\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 123-1 CRPA<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">right to make an error<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367657\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367657\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 242-1 CRPA<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">withdrawal and repeal of decisions creating rights<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037309778\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037309778\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 312-3 CRPA<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">circulars that can be relied on<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000045213381\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000045213381\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 342-1 CRPA<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">prior referral to the CADA<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367829\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367829\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 411-2 CRPA<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">informal and hierarchical administrative appeals<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367855\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000031367855\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 412-7 CRPA<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">effect of the mandatory prior appeal<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039807005\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039807005\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article R. 421-1 CJA<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">time limit for challenge and prior claim<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006417179\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006417179\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article 111-5 of the Criminal Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">plea of unlawfulness before the criminal court<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<h3 class=\"kcv-center\">Further reading<\/h3>\n<div class=\"kcv-pgs\"><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/public-law-lawyer-paris\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Public law<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">The firm's practice<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/administrative-court-lawyer-paris\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Administrative court<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">The firm's practice<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/state-liability-lawyer-paris\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">State liability<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">The firm's practice<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/2026\/10\/14\/mairie-silence-rejet-implicite-permis-paris-ile-de-france-contester-motifs-recours-2026\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Town hall silence and implied refusal<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">The firm's practice<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/2026\/10\/13\/consulter-dossier-permis-construire-mairie-communication-cada-recours-paris-ile-de-france-2026\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Disclosure of documents and the CADA<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">The firm's practice<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<p class=\"kcv-small kcv-center\">Page updated on 1 November 2026.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"kcv-cta\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-in\">\n    <div class=\"kcv-cta-card\">\n      <h2>A decision of the administration to review? Take stock <em>today<\/em>.<\/h2>\n      <p>Send the application, the acknowledgement of receipt, the decision and your exchanges: the firm checks the time limits, the procedure followed and the means of challenge suited to your situation.<\/p>\n      <div class=\"kcv-btns\">\n        <a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a>\n        <a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kch-form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n<div class=\"kcv-news-band\"><h2>The latest <em>news.<\/em><\/h2><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\", \"@type\": \"FAQPage\", \"mainEntity\": [{\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"The administration never sent me an acknowledgement of receipt: what are the consequences?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"In principle, every application addressed to the administration must receive an acknowledgement of receipt (Article L. 112-3 of the Code of Relations between the Public and the Administration), except for abusive applications and certain applications defined by decree. The text also covers complaints and informal or hierarchical administrative appeals, which are applications within the meaning of the same Code (Article L. 110-1). The absence of this acknowledgement is not without effect: the time limits for challenge cannot be enforced against the applicant where the acknowledgement was not sent or does not contain the required information (Article L. 112-6). There is, however, a qualification. If the administration duly notified an express decision before the end of the period after which an implied decision could arise, the lack of an acknowledgement no longer protects the applicant. The firm therefore starts by gathering proof of the filing date, then checks whether an express reply was notified, and on what date. This check is worthwhile even when the application seems old, because the unenforceability of the time limits can reopen a challenge thought to be closed. The court does, however, accept limits based on legal certainty, presented below for decisions notified without any statement of time limits.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Does the administration's silence always amount to approval?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"No. The principle laid down in Article L. 231-1 of the Code of Relations between the Public and the Administration is that silence kept for two months amounts to acceptance. Article L. 231-4 nevertheless sets that principle aside in several cases: an application that does not seek an individual decision, an application that does not form part of any procedure provided for by a text, a complaint or administrative appeal, an application of a financial nature, relations between the administration and its staff, and cases set by decree. The period itself may change: where the application is incomplete, the acceptance period runs only from receipt of the documents required by the applicable provisions and requested by the administration (Article L. 114-5). Finally, some legislation provides its own procedure. The Council of State (Conseil d'\u00c9tat) thus held, for an export certificate for cultural goods, that the suspension procedure provided by the Heritage Code prevented a tacit approval from arising where the applicant did not provide the required proof, and dismissed the appeal (CE, 13 February 2026, No. 497557). Before relying on an approval, the firm identifies the text governing the application, the list of exceptions that applies and the date on which the file was actually complete.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"How can I find out the reasons for a refusal arising from silence?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"An implied decision of rejection is not unlawful merely because no reasons are given, even where an express decision would have had to state them (Article L. 232-4 of the Code of Relations between the Public and the Administration). The same article nevertheless provides a simple step: the person concerned may ask for the reasons for that decision, provided they do so within the time limit for judicial challenge. The administration must then provide them within one month of the request. This step affects the timetable: the time limit for challenging the implied decision is extended until two months have elapsed from the day the reasons were provided. For a business awaiting an authorisation, the benefit is twofold. It learns what the refusal rests on, which makes it possible to correct the file or target the challenge, and it keeps the time needed to go to court. The firm sends this request by a means that allows its date to be proved, then compares the reasons provided with the documents filed and with the conditions laid down by the applicable text.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Can a business be sanctioned without having been heard?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"In principle, no. Decisions imposing a sanction must state their reasons (Article L. 211-2 of the Code of Relations between the Public and the Administration) and, on that basis, they are taken only after the person concerned has been enabled to submit written observations, and oral ones on request (Article L. 122-1). The person may be assisted by counsel or represented by an agent of their choice. The adversarial principle is not limited to an exchange of letters. In a vocational training inspection, the Council of State held that an administration intending to rely on information obtained from third parties must inform the body inspected of its source and content, in sufficient detail for it to be able to discuss it; it annulled the remainder of the repayment decision (CE, 20 October 2021, No. 438193). Some sanction regimes add their own safeguards, which must be read alongside the general code. The firm requests disclosure of the file, identifies the third-party documents used, then drafts observations that answer each complaint and, if necessary, prepare the challenge before the court.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Can the administration go back on an authorisation it has already granted?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"It can, but within a narrow framework. Of its own initiative or at a third party's request, the administration may withdraw or repeal a decision creating rights only if it is unlawful and within four months of its being taken (Article L. 242-1 of the Code of Relations between the Public and the Administration). Article L. 242-2 provides two exceptions with no time condition: the repeal of a decision whose continuation depends on a condition that is no longer met, and the withdrawal of a subsidy whose conditions were not complied with. An act obtained by fraud may also be withdrawn or repealed at any time (Article L. 241-2), and special texts may set other rules (Article L. 241-1). The Council of State has clarified that the judicial annulment of a withdrawal does not start a new four-month period for withdrawing the reinstated decision again (CE, opinion, 26 July 2018, No. 419204). An irregular withdrawal may also engage the liability of the administration. In a case decided under the former Law of 12 April 2000, which then set a two-month period for withdrawing a tacit authorisation where third parties had not been informed, the Council of State quashed the judgment that had dismissed the causal link even though the withdrawal was late, and referred the case back (CE, 12 October 2026, No. 498435). The firm checks the date of the authorisation, whether it was express or tacit and the procedure followed before the withdrawal.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Does an informal administrative appeal posted on the last day of the time limit still protect me?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Yes, if the date of dispatch can be proved. Any administrative decision may be the subject, within the time limit for judicial challenge, of an informal or hierarchical administrative appeal which interrupts that time limit (Article L. 411-2 of the Code of Relations between the Public and the Administration). The Council of State held, in a decision published in its reports, that in assessing whether an administrative appeal sent by post preserves the time limit, the date to be taken into account is the date of dispatch, the postmark being proof; it annulled the judgment that had relied on the date of receipt at the town hall (CE, 30 June 2025, No. 494573). This rule is without prejudice to particular texts, such as those that set time limits in hours. In practice, a registered letter with acknowledgement of receipt, kept with its proof of posting, remains the safest way of dating the appeal. Silence kept for two months on an informal administrative appeal amounts to rejection (Article L. 231-4), and a new two-month period then opens to go to court. The firm calculates these deadlines from the documents and sets a dispatch date that leaves a margin, rather than relying on the last day.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Is it compulsory to bring an administrative appeal before going to court?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Not as a general rule. An informal or hierarchical administrative appeal is optional: it interrupts the time limit for judicial challenge, but the court can be seized directly. Some texts, on the contrary, impose a mandatory prior administrative appeal before any referral to the court. In that case, the decision taken on that appeal replaces the initial decision (Article L. 412-7 of the Code of Relations between the Public and the Administration) and it is that decision that must be challenged. The refusal of such an appeal must, moreover, state its reasons (Article L. 211-2, 8\u00b0). The substitution does not remove the irregularities committed at the outset. The Council of State (Conseil d'\u00c9tat) held that an architect struck off the register could rely, against the decision taken on their mandatory appeal, on the irregularity of the procedure followed before the striking off, in particular the absence of an adversarial procedure; it annulled the contrary judgment and referred the case back (CE, 3 July 2020, No. 431922). The firm checks in the applicable text whether the prior appeal is mandatory, before which authority and within what time limit, because a direct referral to the court would then be inadmissible.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"How can I obtain the documents the administration holds on my case?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Administrations are required to disclose the administrative documents they hold to those who request them, subject to the exceptions provided by the Code (Article L. 311-1 of the Code of Relations between the Public and the Administration). Some documents can be disclosed only to the person concerned, in particular those touching on private life or commercial secrecy or containing an assessment of a person (Article L. 311-6). In the event of refusal, referral to the Commission for Access to Administrative Documents (CADA) is a mandatory first step before any judicial challenge (Article L. 342-1). The timetable that follows is precise. The Council of State held that, in the absence of an express decision, an implied decision confirming the refusal arises two months after the CADA's request for an opinion is registered, and that the two-month time limit for challenge runs from that date; it annulled the order that had set the time limit too early (CE, 19 June 2020, No. 435004). For an SME, a request for disclosure often makes it possible to obtain the inspection report or technical opinions before replying. The firm words the request so as to designate the documents precisely, then follows the CADA and court time limits.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Does a first error in a declaration necessarily lead to a sanction?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Not necessarily. Article L. 123-1 of the Code of Relations between the Public and the Administration lays down what is known as the right to make an error. A person who has failed for the first time to comply with a rule applicable to their situation, or who has made a clerical error in declaring their situation, cannot be sanctioned by a financial penalty or by the loss of all or part of a benefit where they have regularised their situation, on their own initiative or after being invited to do so within the time set. The safeguard has limits written into the text. It does not apply in cases of bad faith or fraud. Nor does it apply to sanctions required by European Union law, to those that directly protect public health, the safety of persons and property or the environment, to sanctions provided for by a contract, or to sanctions imposed by regulatory authorities on the professionals they supervise. The firm therefore first checks whether the error is the first, whether it was regularised and within what time, then whether the sanction regime in question is among the exclusions, before asserting this protection with the department.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Can the administration be held to its own circular or published doctrine?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Yes, on certain conditions. Article L. 312-3 of the Code of Relations between the Public and the Administration allows anyone to rely on the interpretation of a rule, even an erroneous one, contained in an instruction or circular of the central and decentralised State administrations published on the websites designated by decree, for as long as that interpretation has not been changed. The Council of State, in a published opinion, clarified the scope of this safeguard: the interpretation must be relied on in accordance with its terms, and it must not affect the situation of third parties or stand in the way of rules that directly protect public health, safety or the environment (CE, opinion, 14 October 2022, No. 462784). The same opinion also sets its limit. The general guidelines defined for granting a measure of favour, to which the person has no entitlement, cannot be relied on in this way, even if published; the opinion so held for a circular on the regularisation of foreign nationals. It specifies, by contrast, that guidelines may be relied on before the court without any condition of publication on those websites. The firm checks the publication of the document, its date and the exact nature of its content before relying on it.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Can a promise by the municipality that was not kept give rise to compensation?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"It can, even though it creates no right to its fulfilment. A logistics company argued that a municipality had not provided the rail connection it had promised and that it had had to bear extra transport costs. The administrative court of appeal had dismissed the causal link solely on the ground that a promise is not a decision creating rights. The Council of State held that reasoning to be wrong, annulled the judgment and referred the case back (CE, 23 June 2023, No. 454844). The ruling does not fix the compensation: the court to which the case was referred must still assess the loss claimed and its direct and certain link with the fault. Before asking the court for a sum of money, a prior claim must be addressed to the administration, since the application is admissible only after its decision (Article R. 421-1 of the Code of Administrative Justice). Before the court of first instance, this type of claim in principle requires a lawyer to act (Article R. 431-2), subject to the exceptions in Article R. 431-3, including disputes where the defendant is a local authority. The firm gathers the written commitment, the exchanges that preceded it and the accounting evidence of the loss.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Prosecuted for breaching an order, can I challenge its lawfulness before the criminal court?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Yes. Article 111-5 of the Criminal Code gives the criminal court jurisdiction to interpret administrative acts and assess their lawfulness where the outcome of the trial depends on it. The Criminal Chamber restated this in these terms: \u201cCriminal courts have jurisdiction to interpret administrative acts, whether regulatory or individual, and to assess their lawfulness where the outcome of the criminal trial before them depends on that examination\u201d (our translation) (Cass. crim., 11 February 2025, No. 24-81.272). In that planning-penalty case, the court of appeal had refused to examine the lawfulness of the recovery notices for lack of prior challenges; the Court of Cassation quashed the judgment, holding that it was for the court to assess that lawfulness \u201cwithout being able to set against it the absence of prior challenges\u201d (our translation) (Cass. crim., 11 February 2025, No. 24-81.272). The Criminal Chamber has also accepted that a criminal court may examine the conformity of a decree with the Constitution where the law it applies merely refers to the regulatory power; it noted that the legislative text \u201cdid not in itself contain any substantive rule that would prevent the conformity of the decree with constitutional norms from being examined by the criminal court\u201d (our translation) (Cass. crim., 29 January 2019, No. 17-84.366). The firm examines the act on which the prosecution is based before building the criminal defence.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"When can the ordinary courts be seized of a dispute with the administration?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"A dispute with an administration in principle falls within the jurisdiction of the administrative court. Voie de fait (unlawful administrative action so serious that it removes the administrative character of the act) is the best-known exception: it requires an infringement of individual liberty or the extinction of a right of property, caused by the irregular forced execution of a decision or by a decision manifestly incapable of being linked to a power of the administration. The conditions remain strict, as a decision unfavourable to the owners shows. Private individuals complained that a municipality had felled, without authority, a hedge planted on their land and asked the ordinary court to order restoration. The Third Civil Chamber raised of its own motion that the ordinary court had no jurisdiction, on the ground that this felling, even without authority, \u201cdoes not stem from an act manifestly incapable of being linked to a power belonging to the administration and does not have the effect of extinguishing a right of property\u201d (our translation) (Cass. 3e civ., 24 October 2019, No. 17-13.550). The owners were referred to the administrative courts. Going to the wrong court wastes time and can jeopardise time limits. The firm therefore classifies the interference before choosing the court; outside voie de fait, the administrative court can be seized, where appropriate by urgent application (r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9) if the conditions of Article L. 521-1 or of Article L. 521-2 of the Code of Administrative Justice are met.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Can an old decision, notified without any statement of time limits, still be challenged?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Time limits for challenge can be enforced only if they were stated, together with the available routes of challenge, in the notification of the decision (Article R. 421-5 of the Code of Administrative Justice). This rule does not, however, open an unlimited period. The Council of State holds that the principle of legal certainty prevents an individual decision that has been notified, or of which the person concerned has become aware, from being challenged indefinitely. As a general rule, and unless the applicant relies on particular circumstances, the challenge must be brought within a reasonable time which cannot exceed one year from notification or from the knowledge acquired. It is for the applicant to rely on the circumstances that would justify a longer period, failing which the application may be rejected by order. In the case decided, a civil servant had applied to the court in June 2014 against orders of which they had become aware in 2011; even accepting that the routes and time limits had not been indicated to them, the application was rejected and so was their appeal (CE, 10 February 2020, No. 429343). The outcome is therefore unfavourable to anyone who waits. Where an old decision raises difficulty, the firm looks for the date on which you became aware of it, the administrative appeals already brought and any particular circumstances, before assessing whether a challenge remains possible.\"}}]}<\/script><script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\", \"@type\": \"LegalService\", \"name\": \"Administrative law lawyer in Paris \u2014 Kohen Avocats\", \"url\": \"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/administrative-law-lawyer-paris\/\", \"telephone\": \"+33646605822\", \"email\": \"contact@kohenavocats.fr\", \"address\": {\"@type\": \"PostalAddress\", \"streetAddress\": \"11 rue Margueritte\", \"postalCode\": \"75017\", \"addressLocality\": \"Paris\", \"addressCountry\": \"FR\"}, \"areaServed\": \"Paris region (\u00cele-de-France)\", \"founder\": {\"@type\": \"Person\", \"name\": \"Reda Kohen\", \"jobTitle\": \"Lawyer at the Paris Bar\", \"sameAs\": 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Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2157055 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2157055 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/allison-saeng-Hpw4nI_QUWQ-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2157055 post-2157055 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/25\/foreign-company-france-corporate-bank-account-refusal-abroad\/\">Your French Bank Won&#8217;t Open a Corporate Account While You Live Abroad: Right to an Account, Banque de France Designation and the Anti-Money-Laundering Wall<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2157013 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2157013 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/getty-images-p1ZW7qeVRyE-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2157013 post-2157013 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/25\/foreign-company-france-sas-pay-abroad-salary-dividends-management-fees\/\">Your French SAS Pays You While You Live Abroad: Salary, Dividends or Management Fees<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2156883 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2156883 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/getty-images-p1ZW7qeVRyE-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2156883 post-2156883 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/25\/foreign-company-france-sas-capital-increase-cash-call-filing-abroad\/\">Your French SAS Needs Cash From Abroad: Increase Capital, Call Up Unpaid Shares or Lend Instead \u2014 Filing and New Kbis Without Flying to Paris<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2156702 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2156702 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/pawel-czerwinski-mIT9kEQBC6Q-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2156702 post-2156702 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/24\/foreign-company-france-hire-first-employee-dpae-contract-trial-pay-abroad\/\">Hiring Your First French Employee While You Live Abroad: DPAE, Contract, Trial Period, Pay and Registration<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2156668 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2156668 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/alex-vasey-F5HtPjpBb9k-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2156668 post-2156668 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/24\/foreign-company-france-management-fees-transfer-pricing-file-defence-abroad\/\">Your French Subsidiary Pays Management Fees to Its Foreign Parent While You Live Abroad: Transfer Pricing File, Deduction and Reassessment Defence<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2156642 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2156642 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/shubham-dhage-ICCn56-jyuw-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2156642 post-2156642 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/24\/foreign-company-france-shareholder-loan-compte-courant-abroad\/\">Your French Subsidiary Needs Cash From Abroad: Shareholder Loans (Compte Courant d&#8217;Associe), Interest, Approval and Getting Repaid<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. 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An application left unanswered, a refusal of authorisation, a sanction announced by letter or an authorisation withdrawn after the event: before the administrative court, dealings with the administration follow precise rules. As an [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":251031307,"featured_media":2157188,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2161239","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.2 (Yoast SEO v28.2) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Administrative Law Lawyer Paris | Kohen Avocats<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Administrative law lawyer Paris: silence, refusal, sanction or withdrawal by the administration. We check time limits and routes of challenge. 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