{"id":2161229,"date":"2026-11-01T23:35:54","date_gmt":"2026-11-01T22:35:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/?page_id=2161229"},"modified":"2026-11-04T19:42:44","modified_gmt":"2026-11-04T18:42:44","slug":"cybersecurity-lawyer-paris","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/cybersecurity-lawyer-paris\/","title":{"rendered":"Cybersecurity lawyer Paris: SME obligations and cyber insurance"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"2161229\" class=\"elementor elementor-2161229 elementor-2160662\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-v5bd59a e-con-full e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"v5bd59a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-v5bd59aw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"v5bd59aw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"kcv\" id=\"kci-root\" data-refresh-marker=\"expertise-fr-avocat-cybersecurite-paris-20261101\">\n<section class=\"kcv-hero\" aria-labelledby=\"kch-h1\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-in\">\n    <div class=\"kcv-head\">\n      <p class=\"kk\">Security obligations, cyber policy, refusal of cover and claims against the IT provider<\/p>\n      <h1 id=\"kch-h1\"><em>Cybersecurity lawyer<\/em> Paris:<span class=\"kcv-tail\"> SME obligations and cyber insurance.<\/span><\/h1>\n      <p class=\"kcv-sub\">An SME is answerable for the security of the data it processes, and often finds out only after an attack what its cyber policy really covers. A cybersecurity lawyer in Paris can help because the questionnaire signed at underwriting, the exclusions, the criminal complaint within 72 hours and the notification of the loss decide whether the insurer pays.<\/p>\n      <div class=\"kcv-btns\">\n        <a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a>\n        <a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kch-form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a>\n      <\/div>\n      <p class=\"kcv-urg\">A cyber attack starts several time limits at once: the criminal complaint, notification to the insurer and, where applicable, notification to the CNIL (the French data protection authority). Keep the policy, the underwriting questionnaire and the technical logs before anything is restored.<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcv-stagewrap\"><div class=\"kcv-stageshadow\"><div class=\"kcv-stage\">\n      <link rel=\"preload\" as=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kohen-v3-expertises\/kohen-fr-indivision-paysage-20261025.webp\" media=\"(min-width:761px)\" fetchpriority=\"high\">\n      <link rel=\"preload\" as=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kohen-v3-expertises\/kohen-fr-indivision-paysage-1080-20261025.webp\" media=\"(max-width:760px)\" fetchpriority=\"high\">\n      <div class=\"kcv-media\" aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"--kcv-img:url('https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kohen-v3-expertises\/kohen-fr-indivision-paysage-20261025.webp');--kcv-img-m:url('https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kohen-v3-expertises\/kohen-fr-indivision-paysage-1080-20261025.webp')\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"kcv-panel kcv-glass\" id=\"kch-form\">\n        <div class=\"kcv-panel-head\">\n          <div>\n            <p class=\"kcv-panel-k\">SME cybersecurity \u00b7 Paris<\/p>\n            <h2 class=\"kcv-panel-t\">Get a <em>first analysis<\/em><\/h2>\n            <p class=\"kcv-panel-l\">Send the cyber policy, the underwriting questionnaire, the insurer's letter of refusal and your IT provider's contract: the firm reviews the cover, the time limits and the arguments available.<\/p>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"kcv-chip kcv-glass\"><p class=\"kcv-chip-n\">24 \u00e0 48 h<\/p><p class=\"kcv-chip-x\">first legal<br>review<\/p><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"kcf-wrap\">\n<form id=\"kcf-2form\" data-kcf data-api-url=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-json\/kohen-form\/v1\/submit\" data-vps-url=\"https:\/\/upload-fr.46-224-152-225.sslip.io\/submit\" data-max-size=\"1073741824\" data-max-files=\"500\" novalidate enctype=\"multipart\/form-data\">\n  <input type=\"hidden\" name=\"rendered_at\" value=\"1776847557\">\n  <div class=\"kcf-hp\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><label for=\"kcf-2website\">Do not fill in<\/label><input id=\"kcf-2website\" name=\"website\" type=\"text\" tabindex=\"-1\" autocomplete=\"off\"><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcf-price\">\n    <span class=\"kcf-price-amount\">\u20ac80<small>incl. VAT<\/small><\/span>\n    <div class=\"kcf-price-body\">\n      <p class=\"kcf-price-text\"><strong>Preliminary review of your case.<\/strong> Examination of your documents and a first written analysis by Reda Kohen, within 24 to 48 business hours. Payment is made online after this form is sent.<\/p>\n      <ul class=\"kcf-price-meta\">\n        <li>Up to 1 GB of documents, folders and subfolders accepted<\/li>\n        <li>Secure payment, no banking data stored<\/li>\n        <li><a href=\"\/conditions-etude-prealable\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Terms and fee agreement<\/a><\/li>\n      <\/ul>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcf-row\">\n    <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n      <label class=\"kcf-label\" for=\"kcf-2name\">Full name<\/label>\n      <input class=\"kcf-input\" type=\"text\" id=\"kcf-2name\" name=\"name\" placeholder=\"Your name\" required autocomplete=\"name\" aria-describedby=\"kcf-2name-err\">\n      <p class=\"kcf-field-error\" id=\"kcf-2name-err\" role=\"alert\"><\/p>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n      <label class=\"kcf-label\" for=\"kcf-2phone\">Telephone <span class=\"kcf-optional\">(optional)<\/span><\/label>\n      <input class=\"kcf-input\" type=\"tel\" inputmode=\"tel\" id=\"kcf-2phone\" name=\"phone\" placeholder=\"06 00 00 00 00\" autocomplete=\"tel\" aria-describedby=\"kcf-2phone-err\">\n      <p class=\"kcf-field-error\" id=\"kcf-2phone-err\" role=\"alert\"><\/p>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n    <label class=\"kcf-label\" for=\"kcf-2email\">Email address<\/label>\n    <input class=\"kcf-input\" type=\"email\" id=\"kcf-2email\" name=\"email\" placeholder=\"your@email.com\" required autocomplete=\"email\" spellcheck=\"false\" autocapitalize=\"off\" aria-describedby=\"kcf-2email-err\">\n    <p class=\"kcf-field-error\" id=\"kcf-2email-err\" role=\"alert\"><\/p>\n  <\/div>\n  \n  <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n    <label class=\"kcf-label\" for=\"kcf-2message\">Message<\/label>\n    <textarea class=\"kcf-textarea\" id=\"kcf-2message\" name=\"message\" placeholder=\"Briefly describe your situation...\" required aria-describedby=\"kcf-2message-err\"><\/textarea>\n    <p class=\"kcf-field-error\" id=\"kcf-2message-err\" role=\"alert\"><\/p>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n    <label class=\"kcf-label\">Attachments <span class=\"kcf-optional\">(optional, 500 files max, 1 GB)<\/span><\/label>\n    <div class=\"kcf-dropzone\" id=\"kcf-2dropzone\">\n      <svg class=\"kcf-dropzone-icon\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M21 15v4a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-4\"\/><polyline points=\"17 8 12 3 7 8\"\/><line x1=\"12\" y1=\"3\" x2=\"12\" y2=\"15\"\/><\/svg>\n      <p class=\"kcf-dropzone-text\"><strong>Click<\/strong> or drag your files here<br>All formats accepted (PDF, Word, images, etc.)<\/p>\n      <input type=\"file\" name=\"attachments\" id=\"kcf-2files\" multiple>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcf-file-list\" id=\"kcf-2filelist\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcf-progress\" id=\"kcf-2progress\">\n      <div class=\"kcf-progress-bar\"><div class=\"kcf-progress-fill\" id=\"kcf-2progressfill\"><\/div><\/div>\n      <p class=\"kcf-progress-text\" id=\"kcf-2progresstext\">Sending...<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n  <button type=\"submit\" class=\"kcf-btn\">\n    <span class=\"kcf-spinner\"><\/span>\n    <span class=\"kcf-btn-text\">Pay \u20ac80 and send my case<\/span>\n  <\/button>\n  <div class=\"kcf-msg\" role=\"status\" aria-live=\"polite\" aria-atomic=\"true\" tabindex=\"-1\"><\/div>\n  <p class=\"kcf-note\">Payment constitutes a request for immediate performance of your analysis. Your data is used only to process your request. <a href=\"\/conditions-etude-prealable\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Terms<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"\/politique-de-confidentialite\/\">Privacy policy<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/form>\n      <\/div>\n      <\/div><\/div>\n      <div class=\"kcv-press knp\">\n<style>\n    .kcv-press.knp ul.knp__ruban{animation-duration:132s}@media (max-width:600px){.kcv-press.knp ul.knp__ruban{animation-duration:96s}}\n    .knp .knp__piste:hover ul.knp__ruban,.knp.knp--ouvert ul.knp__ruban{animation-play-state:paused}\n    .knp .knp__piste:has(button:focus-visible) ul.knp__ruban{animation:none}\n    .knp button.knp__logo{all:unset;box-sizing:border-box;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;height:100%;cursor:pointer;transition:transform .2s ease}\n    .knp button.knp__logo:hover{transform:scale(1.05)}\n    .knp button.knp__logo:active{transform:scale(.97)}\n    .knp button.knp__logo:focus-visible{outline:2px solid 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p.knp__watchlink{margin:0 0 2px;padding:0;line-height:17px}.kcv-press.knp a.knp__videos{gap:5px;padding:0;border:0;border-radius:0;background:none;box-shadow:none;font-size:11.5px;letter-spacing:.02em;line-height:17px;transform:none}.kcv-press.knp a.knp__videos:hover{background:none;box-shadow:none;transform:none}.kcv-press.knp a.knp__videos:hover span{text-decoration:underline;text-underline-offset:3px}.kcv-press.knp a.knp__videos svg{width:13px;height:13px}.knp .knp__vc{display:none}@media (max-width:900px){.kcv-press.knp .knp__vl{display:none}.kcv-press.knp .knp__vc{display:inline}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){.knp a.knp__videos{transition:none}.knp a.knp__videos:hover{transform:none}}<\/style><p class=\"knp__watchlink\"><a class=\"knp__videos\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/media\/\" aria-label=\"Watch the videos and their transcripts\"><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><circle cx=\"10\" cy=\"10\" 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class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"france-tv\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"France T\u00e9l\u00e9visions: watch the excerpt featuring Reda Kohen\"><img class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/france-tv.svg\" alt=\"France T\u00e9l\u00e9visions\" style=\"--h:28px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li><li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"bfm\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"BFMTV: watch the excerpt featuring Reda Kohen\"><img class=\"skip-lazy knp--fixe\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/bfm.svg\" alt=\"BFMTV\" style=\"--h:30px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li><li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"le-point\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"Le Point: see the 2 publications\"><img class=\"skip-lazy knp--fixe\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" 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l'\u00c9tat.\",\"auteur\":\"data.gouv.fr\",\"paraphrase\":true,\"libelle\":\"Voir la fiche sur data.gouv.fr\"},{\"titre\":\"Commentaires des d\u00e9cisions de justice par l'IA g\u00e9n\u00e9rative\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.data.gouv.fr\/reuses\/commentaires-des-decisions-de-justice-par-lia-generative\",\"citation\":\"R\u00e9utilisation des donn\u00e9es publiques de justice publi\u00e9e par Kohen Avocats et r\u00e9f\u00e9renc\u00e9e sur data.gouv.fr.\",\"auteur\":\"data.gouv.fr\",\"paraphrase\":true,\"libelle\":\"Voir la r\u00e9utilisation sur data.gouv.fr\"}]},\"awwwards\":{\"nom\":\"Awwwards\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Kohen Avocats, site nomm\u00e9 aux Awwwards\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.awwwards.com\/sites\/kohen-avocats\",\"citation\":\"Le site du cabinet figure parmi les sites nomm\u00e9s (\u00ab Nominee \u00bb) par Awwwards, r\u00e9f\u00e9rence internationale du design web.\",\"auteur\":\"Awwwards\",\"paraphrase\":true,\"libelle\":\"Voir la fiche sur 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\u00e0 la location ?\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.leboncoin.fr\/guide\/immobilier\/bouilloires-thermiques-bientot-interdites-a-la-location-hfpj70o6.html\",\"citation\":\"Le guide immobilier cite une analyse de kohenavocats.fr parmi ses sources.\",\"auteur\":\"Leboncoin\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"femme-actuelle\":{\"nom\":\"Femme Actuelle\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"S\u00e9paration ou divorce : quelle banque et quel cr\u00e9dit pour repartir sur de bonnes bases ?\",\"date\":\"2026-09-30\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.femmeactuelle.fr\/vie-pratique\/news-vie-pratique\/separation-ou-divorce-quelle-banque-et-quel-credit-pour-repartir-sur-de-bonnes-bases-2211980\",\"citation\":\"L'article cite une analyse de kohenavocats.com parmi ses sources.\",\"auteur\":\"Femme Actuelle\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"economie-matin\":{\"nom\":\"\u00c9conomie Matin\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Nouveau bail 2026 : ce que les propri\u00e9taires doivent anticiper d\u00e8s 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if(e.key==='ArrowLeft'&&actuel>0){e.preventDefault();aller(actuel-1);}});\ns.querySelectorAll('button.knp__logo').forEach(function(b){b.addEventListener('click',function(e){ouvrir(b,e.detail===0&&b.tabIndex>=0);});});\n}\ndocument.querySelectorAll('.knp').forEach(lier);\n})();\n<\/script>\n<\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"kcv-tabs\" id=\"kcv-cabinet\" aria-label=\"Cybersecurity lawyer Paris\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-in\">\n    <div class=\"kcv-tabs-head\">\n      <p class=\"kk\">Kohen Avocats, Paris 17<\/p>\n      <h2>SME cybersecurity: <em>what the insurer and the CNIL examine<\/em><\/h2>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcv-bar\"><div class=\"kcv-chips\" role=\"tablist\" aria-label=\"Case sections\"><button class=\"kcv-chip-t on\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-avocat\" aria-controls=\"kcv-avocat\" aria-selected=\"true\" tabindex=\"0\">The lawyer<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p1\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p1\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The rules<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p2\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p2\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Your documents<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p3\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p3\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The method<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p4\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p4\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The timetable<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p5\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p5\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The checks<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-synthese\" aria-controls=\"kcv-synthese\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Summary<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-faq\" aria-controls=\"kcv-faq\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Questions<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-textes\" aria-controls=\"kcv-textes\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Legal texts<\/button><\/div><\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcv-track\"><div class=\"kcv-slide kcv-on\" id=\"kcv-avocat\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-avocat\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<div class=\"kcv-pro\">\n  <figure class=\"kcv-pro-photo\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" src=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/kohen-footer\/portrait-reda-20260920-lignes-orange.jpg\" alt=\"Reda Kohen, lawyer at the Paris Bar\" width=\"1122\" height=\"1402\" loading=\"eager\" decoding=\"async\">\n    <figcaption class=\"kcv-pro-cap kcv-glass\"><span class=\"kcv-pro-capn\">Reda Kohen<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pro-capr\">Lawyer at the Paris Bar<\/span><\/figcaption>\n  <\/figure>\n  <div class=\"kcv-pro-body\">\n    <p class=\"kk\">Digital law \u00b7 Paris 17th<\/p>\n    <h2>What a <em>cybersecurity lawyer<\/em> in Paris does<\/h2>\n    <ul class=\"kcv-pro-tags\"><li>Paris Bar<\/li><li>Digital law<\/li><li>SME cyber insurance<\/li><\/ul>\n    <p class=\"kcv-p\">Reda Kohen, lawyer (avocat) at the Paris Bar, can act for SMEs on their IT security obligations, their cyber insurance policy and the disputes that follow an attack.<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-p\">A small business with no legal department and no information systems security officer still signs an insurance questionnaire describing its backups, its passwords and its remote access. The firm reads that document together with the policy, because the insurer comes back to it on the day it has to pay.<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-p\">After the incident, the question changes. The time limits for the complaint and the notification must be met, it must be checked whether the damage suffered falls within a cover that was taken out, an exclusion or a nullity relied on by the insurer must be challenged, and then, where appropriate, the liability of the IT provider or the broker must be explored.<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-p\">Send what you have, even if incomplete: the firm will prioritise and complete the file with you. In an emergency, call <a href=\"tel:+33646605822\">06 46 60 58 22<\/a>.<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-pro-meta\"><a href=\"https:\/\/consultation.avocat.fr\/avocat-paris\/reda-kohen-54670.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Official profile in the directory of French lawyers (CNB)<\/a><span>Firm at 11 rue Margueritte, 75017 Paris<\/span><\/p>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-cards\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-card\"><h3>The signed questionnaire<\/h3><p>As a rule, the insurer can rely on an intentional false declaration only if it results from the answers to the questions asked at underwriting, or from a spontaneous statement recorded in signed special conditions: this is the first document to re-read.<\/p><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-card\"><h3>What the policy covers<\/h3><p>Crisis management costs, business interruption losses, liability to third parties, transfer fraud: each cover has its own definition, and a loss may fall within none of them.<\/p><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-card\"><h3>The security required by the GDPR<\/h3><p>Any business that processes personal data must put in place measures appropriate to the risk, whatever its size and even without cyber insurance.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p1\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The rules<\/p>\n<h2>Security, underwriting, claims: <em>the rules that bind the SME<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">Four rules govern an SME's position before and after a cyber attack.<\/p>\n<ol class=\"kcv-conds\">\n  <li>The controller and its processor implement technical and organisational measures ensuring a level of security appropriate to the risk, such as encryption, data restoration or regular testing of protections (<a href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/FR\/TXT\/?uri=CELEX:32016R0679\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Article 32 of the GDPR<\/a>). In a case concerning a company whose website let third parties view prospective tenants' supporting documents by changing a URL, the Council of State (Conseil d'\u00c9tat) held a fine of \u20ac400,000 to be proportionate, which also penalised excessive data retention, noting that these failings could have been prevented by simple security measures, such as user authentication, and by archiving measures (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000042499856\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000042499856\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">CE, 10th and 9th chambers combined, 4 November 2020, No. 433311<\/a>).<\/li>\n  <li>At underwriting, the policyholder answers accurately the questions put by the insurer, in particular in the risk declaration form (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000035731302\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000035731302\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">French Insurance Code (Code des assurances), Article L. 113-2, 2\u00b0<\/a>). The Court of Cassation holds that \u201cthe insurer may rely on the policyholder's concealment or intentional false declaration only if they result from the answers given to those questions\u201d (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/5fca7dd9d0d30c6ce14af1d5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. 2e civ., 13 December 2018, No. 17-28.093<\/a>) (our translation). The penalty is nullity in the case of bad faith (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006792058\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006792058\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 113-8<\/a>) and, otherwise, a proportionate reduction of the indemnity if the inaccuracy is discovered after the loss (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006792066\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006792066\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 113-9<\/a>).<\/li>\n  <li>Exclusions must be formal and limited (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006791984\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006791984\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Insurance Code, Article L. 113-1<\/a>) and appear in very conspicuous characters (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006791931\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006791931\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 112-4<\/a>). The Court of Cassation states that \u201cAn exclusion clause is not limited where it empties the cover of its substance, in that once applied it leaves only a derisory cover.\u201d (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/638852d601d0fb05d44b0982\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. 2e civ., 1 December 2022, No. 21-15.392<\/a>) (our translation). In that case, however, it upheld the exclusion in dispute, because it left other situations within the scope of the cover.<\/li>\n  <li>For a business, payment by the insurer after an IT intrusion requires a criminal complaint filed within seventy-two hours of its discovery (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000047048152\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000047048152\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Insurance Code, Article L. 12-10-1<\/a>). Notice of the loss to the insurer is subject to a different time limit, set by the policy, which as a rule cannot be shorter than five business days, this minimum being reduced to two business days in the case of theft (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000035731302\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000035731302\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 113-2, 4\u00b0<\/a>).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"kcv-callout\"><span class=\"kcv-callout-i\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M9.6 6C6.5 7.4 4.5 10 4.5 13.4V18h6v-6H7.6c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L9.6 6zm9 0c-3.1 1.4-5.1 4-5.1 7.4V18h6v-6h-2.9c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L18.6 6z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><p>Insurance does not replace the security obligation. A cyber policy often assumes that the measures declared at underwriting actually exist on the day of the attack.<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p2\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Your documents<\/p>\n<h2>What to send, <em>depending on your situation<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">The same documents are used to discuss cover with the insurer and the provider's liability.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-duel\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-opt kcv-opt-a\"><p class=\"kcv-opt-k\">Situation A<\/p><p class=\"kcv-opt-t\">Your SME has just suffered an attack<\/p><ul><li>Complete insurance policy: general conditions, special conditions, special agreements and schedule of cover<\/li><li>Underwriting questionnaire or declarations, with their date and signature<\/li><li>Complaint receipt, notification of the loss, exchanges with the insurer and its expert<\/li><li>IT provider's contract, technical reports and quantification of the losses<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-or\" aria-hidden=\"true\">or<\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-opt kcv-opt-b\"><p class=\"kcv-opt-k\">Situation B<\/p><p class=\"kcv-opt-t\">You are taking out or renewing a cyber policy<\/p><ul><li>Draft policy, information notice and list of exclusions<\/li><li>Underwriting questionnaire to complete, setting out the measures actually in place<\/li><li>Inventory of the group companies, sites and activities to be covered<\/li><li>Current hosting, managed IT services and maintenance contracts<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-callout\"><span class=\"kcv-callout-i\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M9.6 6C6.5 7.4 4.5 10 4.5 13.4V18h6v-6H7.6c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L9.6 6zm9 0c-3.1 1.4-5.1 4-5.1 7.4V18h6v-6h-2.9c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L18.6 6z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><p>Do not answer the insurer's questionnaire on the basis of measures that are planned or being installed: only the actual situation on the day of signature should appear in it.<\/p><\/div>\n<p class=\"kcv-p\">The firm also handles:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"kcv-pro-tags\"><li>GDPR for SMEs<\/li><li>CNIL inspections<\/li><li>IT contracts<\/li><li>IT litigation<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p3\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The method<\/p>\n<h2>How the firm <em>supports you<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">Read the policy, meet the time limits, then discuss the cover or the liability.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-rows\">\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 1<\/p><h3>Review of the policy and the questionnaire<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">The firm compares the covers taken out, the definitions, the exclusions and the declarations made at underwriting, before any discussion with the insurer.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 2<\/p><h3>The time limits of the crisis<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">Complaint within 72 hours, notification of the loss within the contractual time limit, possible notification to the CNIL: each step is dated and kept on file.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 3<\/p><h3>Discussing the cover<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">If the insurer refuses, the firm checks the ground relied on: lack of cover, exclusion, nullity, forfeiture of rights or proportionate reduction, which are governed by different rules.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 4<\/p><h3>Challenge and action<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">Depending on the file, the firm prepares a reasoned complaint or an action against the insurer, against the IT provider or against the intermediary who advised on the policy.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-callout\"><span class=\"kcv-callout-i\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M9.6 6C6.5 7.4 4.5 10 4.5 13.4V18h6v-6H7.6c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L9.6 6zm9 0c-3.1 1.4-5.1 4-5.1 7.4V18h6v-6h-2.9c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L18.6 6z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><p>The burden of proof differs according to the argument raised: the policyholder proves that the loss falls within the cover, and the insurer proves the exclusion it relies on.<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p4\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The timetable<\/p>\n<h2>The timeline <em>of a cyber policy<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">From underwriting to settlement of the claim or to trial.<\/p>\n<ol class=\"kcv-hs\"><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Underwriting<\/p><p><strong>Before signing.<\/strong> Read the exclusions and answer the questionnaire on the basis of the measures actually in place: backups, two-factor authentication, remote access, updates.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Life of the contract<\/p><p>A new circumstance that aggravates the risk or creates a new one, and makes the answers given to the insurer inaccurate or obsolete, must be declared within fifteen days of becoming aware of it, by registered letter or electronic registered delivery, under Article L. 113-2, 3\u00b0.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Discovery of the attack<\/p><p>Note the date and time at which you became aware of the breach, isolate the logs and keep the attackers' messages without deleting them.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Seventy-two hours<\/p><p>File a criminal complaint to preserve the insurance indemnity and, at the same time, examine whether notification to the CNIL is due under Article 33 of the GDPR, whose 72-hour time limit runs from awareness of the personal data breach.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Notification of the loss<\/p><p>Notify the insurer of the attack as soon as possible and at the latest within the time limit set by the policy, enclosing the first available information.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Discussion or trial<\/p><p>As a rule, an action against the insurer is subject to a two-year limitation period running from the event giving rise to it, under Article L. 114-1 of the Insurance Code.<\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p5\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The checks<\/p>\n<h2>What the firm checks <em>before acting<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">A refusal of cover is discussed on the basis of the contract, never on the basis of the insurer's letter alone.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-split\">\n  <ul class=\"kcv-check\"><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Insured: whether the company attacked falls within the policy's definition of insureds, by name or through a clause covering group companies.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Applicable cover: crisis costs, business interruption, liability or fraud, each with its own definition and limits.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Questionnaire: the questions actually asked, the answers given, the signature of the special conditions.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Exclusion relied on: precise wording, very conspicuous characters, cover that retains real content.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Time limits: complaint within 72 hours, notification of the loss, forfeiture clause compliant with the Insurance Code.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n  <aside class=\"kcv-act\">\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-k\">Case documents<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-t\">Send what you have, even if incomplete<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-p\">Submit your documents through the confidential form at the top of the page: the firm will prioritise and complete the file with you.<\/p>\n    <div class=\"kcv-act-b\"><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kch-form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n  <\/aside>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-synthese\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-synthese\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Summary<\/p>\n<h2>Situation, evidence, <em>response<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">The common configurations make it possible to set the first priority of the case.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-rows\">\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Ransomware that halts the business<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Date of awareness, technical report, logs, accounts showing the drop in turnover.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time limit:<\/strong> Complaint within 72 hours and notification within the policy's time limit.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Call on the crisis costs and the business interruption cover, checking their conditions.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Hijacked telephone line or server<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Operator's invoices, incident report, server configuration on the day of the attack.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time limit:<\/strong> Establish the technical cause quickly, before any reconfiguration.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Check whether the policy covers these costs and look into the fault of the provider who configured the equipment.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Fraudulent transfer after an email account compromise<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Fraudulent emails, transfer orders, exchanges with the bank and with the creditor company.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time limit:<\/strong> Immediate complaint and request to the bank to recall the funds.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Identify the company that is the real victim and the applicable cover, fraud or liability.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Leak of customer or employee data<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Scope of the data affected, security measures in place, chronology of the discovery.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time limit:<\/strong> Notification to the CNIL without undue delay and, where feasible, no later than 72 hours after becoming aware of the breach, unless there is no risk.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Notify, inform the individuals concerned where the risk is high, and declare any claim to the insurer.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Refusal for false declaration<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Signed questionnaire, special conditions, actual state of the measures on the day of underwriting.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time limit:<\/strong> Reply to the refusal in writing and preserve the two-year limitation period.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Challenge the nullity if the declaration answers no specific question and does not appear in signed special conditions, or if bad faith is not established.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Managed IT provider held to account<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Service contract, scope of the security assignment, forensic reports, technical exchanges.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time limit:<\/strong> Obtain the provider's technical position before any trial.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Action for breach of contract, or a claim by the insurer who has paid out and is subrogated.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-faq\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-faq\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Frequently asked questions<\/p>\n<h2>Your questions: <em>cybersecurity and cyber insurance<\/em><\/h2>\n<div class=\"kcv-faqgrid\">\n  <aside class=\"kcv-act kcv-act-sticky\">\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-k\">14 questions<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-t\">A situation not listed here?<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-p\">Every case has its own features. The firm reads your documents before answering you.<\/p>\n    <div class=\"kcv-act-b\"><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kch-form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n  <\/aside>\n  <div class=\"kcv-faq\"><details><summary>What should you check in a cyber insurance policy before signing it?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Start with the list of covers actually taken out, because a cyber policy often groups several distinct blocks: crisis management costs, business interruption, liability to third parties, sometimes transfer fraud. Each has its own definition, limits and deductibles, and a loss may fall within none of them. Then read the exclusions, which must be formal and limited, and which the Insurance Code requires to appear in very conspicuous characters (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006791984\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006791984\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 113-1<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006791931\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006791931\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 112-4<\/a>). Finally, check the underwriting questionnaire: it describes the backups, remote access, authentication and updates, and the insurer refers back to it after the attack. The insurance distributor must specify in writing the policyholder's requirements and needs and advise a contract consistent with them (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000036920558\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000036920558\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Insurance Code, Article L. 521-4<\/a>). For an SME, three points deserve particular attention: the designation of all the companies to be insured, the definition of the business interruption loss covered, and the clause setting the time limit for notifying a loss. The firm reviews these documents before signing, on the basis of the measures the business actually applies.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can the answers to the underwriting questionnaire lead to the cyber policy being annulled?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Yes, but only under strict conditions. The policyholder must answer accurately the questions put by the insurer when the contract is concluded (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000035731302\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000035731302\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Insurance Code, Article L. 113-2, 2\u00b0<\/a>). Concealment or an intentional false declaration that changes the subject of the risk or diminishes the insurer's assessment of it results in nullity, even if the omitted risk had no influence on the loss (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006792058\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006792058\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 113-8<\/a>). Case law nevertheless requires that the false declaration result from the policyholder's answers to the insurer's questions, or from a statement made on the policyholder's own initiative. The Court of Cassation quashed a judgment that had ordered nullity without finding that the insurer had put, at underwriting, specific questions requiring the disclosure of the information complained of (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/5fca7dd9d0d30c6ce14af1d5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. 2e civ., 13 December 2018, No. 17-28.093<\/a>). It accepts that pre-printed statements may be taken into account, but on conditions: the court may take them into account, \u201cprovided, first, that it finds that, by their precision and individualisation, these statements resulted from specific questions put by the insurer or it finds that these statements had been made by the policyholder, on its own initiative alone, when the contract was concluded\u201d (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/69c4db6fcdc6046d47010568\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. 3e civ., 26 March 2026, No. 24-16.175<\/a>) (our translation), the other condition being that the special conditions were signed by the policyholder. A spontaneous statement by the policyholder can therefore be held against it without any prior question. The firm examines the exact content of the question, that of the declaration and the evidence that the policyholder adopted them before discussing nullity.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>The backup declared to the insurer did not exist on the day of the attack: what does the business risk?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Everything depends on the nature of the inaccuracy and on how the policy is drafted. If the business declared in bad faith a measure that did not exist, the insurer may invoke nullity of the contract under the Insurance Code (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006792058\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006792058\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 113-8<\/a>), provided it proves intent and the link with a specific question. Without proven bad faith, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006792066\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006792066\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 113-9<\/a> provides that an inaccuracy found after the loss reduces the indemnity in proportion to the premiums paid compared with those that would have been due. The position is different where the policy makes the backup a condition of cover. The Versailles Court of Appeal states that \u201cIt is for the policyholder to show that the conditions for application of the cover are met, bearing in mind that the burden of proof rests on the insurer when it intends to set up an exclusion clause against the policyholder.\u201d (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/693a64503e607b3c2110bf99\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CA Versailles, ch. com. 3-1, 10 December 2025, No. 24\/02259<\/a>) (our translation). In that case, which had nothing to do with cyber risk, it dismissed the policyholder's claim for lack of prior physical damage. The clause must therefore be characterised before replying to the insurer: condition, exclusion or mere declaration of the risk. A measure in place, even an imperfect one, should be documented precisely, and the firm distinguishes what was promised from what existed.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>The insurer relies on an exclusion in the cyber policy: can it be challenged?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>An exclusion is first challenged on its form: the Insurance Code validates an exclusion clause only if it appears in very conspicuous characters (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006791931\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006791931\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Insurance Code, Article L. 112-4<\/a>). The Court of Cassation quashed a judgment that had not examined, as it had been asked to do, \u201cwhether the clause in dispute appeared in very conspicuous characters so as to draw the policyholder's attention specifically to the exclusion it laid down\u201d (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/5fca8f6aaf45d78283a7773b\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. 2e civ., 24 May 2018, No. 17-16.431<\/a>) (our translation). It is then challenged on substance, because <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006791984\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006791984\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 113-1<\/a> requires a clause that is formal, understood without interpretation, and limited. A clause that requires interpretation is not formal, and a clause that leaves only a derisory cover in place is not limited. The outcome of the dispute is not decided in advance: in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/638852d601d0fb05d44b0982\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. 2e civ., 1 December 2022, No. 21-15.392<\/a>, the Court of Cassation held the exclusion in dispute to be valid, on the ground that it left other situations within the scope of the cover. In case of doubt, a standard-form contract is interpreted against the party who proposed it (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032041260\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032041260\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">French Civil Code (Code civil), Article 1190<\/a>), but a clear and precise clause is not interpreted, on pain of distortion (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032041250\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032041250\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Civil Code, Article 1192<\/a>). The firm re-reads the clause within the complete policy, checks its physical presentation and measures what the cover still includes once it is applied.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Does the business's multi-risk or liability insurance cover a cyber attack?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Not necessarily, and this should be checked before an incident. A multi-risk policy often protects physical property and the business interruption losses that follow physical damage, which a cyber attack does not always cause. The Versailles Court of Appeal held, for a business interruption cover subject to prior physical damage to the insured property, that this condition had to be proved by the policyholder, and dismissed its claim (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/693a64503e607b3c2110bf99\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CA Versailles, ch. com. 3-1, 10 December 2025, No. 24\/02259<\/a>). Professional liability cover may also rule out IT risk. The Lyon judicial court, known as the tribunal judiciaire, examined the policy of software publishers hacked by a third party and found that \u201cthe risk of a cyber attack by a third party, in all its forms, is clearly excluded from the cover taken out\u201d (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/6a8895d6195da062e075ef2e\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">TJ Lyon, 20 August 2026, No. 22\/10048<\/a>) (our translation). The policyholders' claims were rejected, and the court added that the contract was not devoid of purpose, since it covered many other professional risks. An SME that believes it is protected by its general contracts must therefore look for the exact words: data breach, IT fraud, reconstitution costs, service interruption. The firm draws up this map of existing covers and of risks left uncovered.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Are business interruption losses after a hack always compensated under the cyber policy?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>No. The business interruption cover of a cyber policy generally compensates the loss of gross margin linked to a fall in turnover, and the costs incurred to limit it. A real loss may fall outside that definition. The Bobigny commercial court, known as the tribunal de commerce, ruled on the hacking of a telecommunications company's telephony platform: the hackers had made numerous calls abroad, re-invoiced by the operator for more than \u20ac214,000. The court noted that the attack had neither stopped nor disrupted the business, that no fall in turnover had been shown and that \u201cthe only costs covered by the contract must have the aim of reducing the policyholder's fall in turnover\u201d (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/69f1a195cdc6046d47ee76ff\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">T. com. Bobigny, 25 February 2025, No. 2023F01983<\/a>) (our translation). The company's claims were dismissed and it was ordered to pay the costs. This first-instance decision shows that each head of loss must be tied to a specific cover: loss of margin, additional costs, reconstitution costs, liability to third parties. Before quantifying the claim, the firm compares the business's accounts, the chronology of the attack and the policy's definitions, so as to present a claim that matches what the insurer undertook to pay.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Does a complaint filed after 72 hours forfeit the insurance indemnity?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The text is drafted as a condition of payment. Any indemnity provided by a clause covering the consequences of an IT intrusion is due only if the victim filed a criminal complaint within seventy-two hours of the time it became aware of the breach (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000047048152\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000047048152\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Insurance Code, Article L. 12-10-1<\/a>). The intrusions concerned are those punished in particular by the Criminal Code (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000047052655\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000047052655\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Criminal Code, Article 323-1<\/a>), and the rule applies to companies as well as to professionals acting in the course of their activity. The time limit runs from awareness of the breach, not from the day the attackers entered the system. The date of discovery must therefore be established by objective evidence: antivirus alert, ransom message, report from a customer or report from the provider. A late complaint is not a mere missed formality: the insurer may rely on it to refuse payment. If the business is unsure of the exact date of awareness, it is better to file a complaint without waiting for the end of the technical investigations, and then supplement it. The firm helps to fix that date and to draft a precise complaint, which will also serve before the insurer and the court.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can the insurer refuse to pay because the loss was notified too late?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Only within a narrow framework. The Code requires the insurer to be notified as soon as the loss is known, within the time limit set by the contract, which cannot be shorter than five business days, apart from the shorter minimums the text provides for, including two business days in the case of theft (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000035731302\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000035731302\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Insurance Code, Article L. 113-2, 4\u00b0<\/a>). The penalty for lateness must appear in a clause of the policy, and the insurer must prove that the delay actually prejudiced it. A fortuitous event (cas fortuit) or force majeure event that caused the delay also prevents the insurer from relying on it. The Court of Cassation draws from this that \u201cthe insurer cannot set up against the policyholder a forfeiture for late notification where the applicable contract contains no clause providing for it or where the clause providing for it does not comply with these provisions\u201d (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/600fe712aec60b7d2e0100de\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. 2e civ., 21 January 2021, No. 19-13.347<\/a>) (our translation). In that case, the clause provided for a time limit shorter than the statutory minimum, and the judgment that had dismissed the policyholder's claim was quashed. This rule does not dispense with the complaint within 72 hours, which is governed by its own provision. Faced with a refusal based on delay, the firm checks the clause, the starting point used by the insurer and the reality of the prejudice it alleges.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Is the broker who placed the policy liable if the attack is not covered?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>It may be, but the business must prove a fault, a loss and a link between the two. The insurance distributor specifies in writing the policyholder's requirements and needs and advises a contract consistent with them (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000036920558\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000036920558\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Insurance Code, Article L. 521-4<\/a>). The Rennes Court of Appeal recalls that the broker is bound by a duty to inform and advise: \u201cIt must thus give its client all the objective elements for choosing cover appropriate to its risk and ensure that the cover is suited to the risks presented.\u201d (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/693a787b3e607b3c21128441\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CA Rennes, 5e ch., 10 December 2025, No. 22\/06509<\/a>) (our translation). It nevertheless upheld the dismissal of the claim, for lack of a demonstrated loss of chance, the loss being capable of analysis only as a loss of the chance to take out suitable cover. The Lyon judicial court likewise recalled that the duty to advise rested on the broker involved at underwriting, and not on the insurer, while rejecting the complaint made against the latter (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/6a8895d6195da062e075ef2e\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">TJ Lyon, 20 August 2026, No. 22\/10048<\/a>). To act effectively, it is therefore necessary to reconstruct what the business had expressed as its needs, what the broker proposed to it and what suitable cover would have paid. The firm gathers these elements before assessing whether an action is worthwhile.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Does one company's cyber policy cover the other companies in the group?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Not automatically. The policy covers the company that took it out and the persons it defines as insured, and insurance may also be taken out on behalf of another (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006791878\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006791878\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Insurance Code, Article L. 112-1<\/a>). Another company run by the same manager is therefore covered only if the contract includes it. The Rennes Court of Appeal ruled on a fake-executive fraud: an assistant, deceived by emails imitating the manager's address, had made two transfers from the accounts of a group company. Only another company in the group had taken out the cyber policy, which included a liability cover for breach of privacy or data confidentiality. The court noted that breach of the privacy of a legal entity could not be conceived in that case, that breach of confidentiality had not been shown and that the liability of the insured company towards the victim company was apparent from no document. It upheld the rejection of all the claims, including those against the broker (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/693a787b3e607b3c21128441\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CA Rennes, 5e ch., 10 December 2025, No. 22\/06509<\/a>). Where several companies share the same email system, the same equipment and the same administrative staff, it must be checked that the policy includes them all, by name or through a clause covering group companies. The firm checks the list of insureds, any fraud cover and the company that actually suffered the loss.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can the insurer that compensated the business claim against the IT provider?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Yes. The insurer that has paid the indemnity is subrogated, up to the amount paid, to the policyholder's rights and actions against third parties whose act caused the loss (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000051786012\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000051786012\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Insurance Code, Article L. 121-12<\/a>). The provider will then have to answer as it would have done to its client, on the basis of contractual liability (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032010123\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032010123\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Civil Code, Article 1231-1<\/a>). The Paris economic activities court, known as the tribunal des activit\u00e9s \u00e9conomiques, ruled on a dispute of this type, between a retail chain's cyber insurer and the managed IT provider held to account after a ransomware attack. The reports produced did not clearly show the causes of the intrusion or the managed provider's share, and the court held that \u201cA technical explanation is therefore necessary for the court to be able to rule.\u201d (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/69d92d85cdc6046d47c960f4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">TAE Paris, 3 March 2025, No. J2025000100<\/a>) (our translation). It ordered the insurer to produce its expert reports, the underwriting questionnaire and its annexes, the complaint and the notification to the CNIL, then adjourned the case. For the business, the consequence is practical: its declarations to the insurer may be read by the provider. The limitation-of-liability clause in the IT contract remains subject to the Civil Code, which deems unwritten a clause that deprives the essential obligation of its substance (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032041115\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032041115\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Civil Code, Article 1170<\/a>). The firm coordinates the position of the business, the insurer and the provider.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can an SME obtain compensation from the provider that failed to secure a server properly?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Yes, where the contractual fault, the loss and the causal link are proved. A provider that breaches its contractual undertaking compensates its client, unless it justifies a case of force majeure (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032010123\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032010123\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Civil Code, Article 1231-1<\/a>). The Paris economic activities court ruled on the case of a subcontractor responsible for securing a hosted platform, which had installed a telephony server in a test phase without filtering one of the two exposed protocols. Hackers had used this opening to make nearly ten thousand calls, invoiced at more than \u20ac84,000 by the operator. The court noted that the provider had acknowledged this defect, holding that \u201cFABRIQUE IT acknowledged that it had not properly secured the server it installed on 6 April 2023\u201d (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/69cf44a7cdc6046d47f01435\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">TAE Paris, 8 October 2025, No. 2024005541<\/a>) (our translation), and ordered it to compensate its client for the amount of the fraudulent calls, excluding VAT. The evidence rested on an incident report drawn up jointly after the attack and on the provider's own written statements to its insurer. It is therefore in an SME's interest to obtain a dated technical report quickly, keep the exchanges and check the scope of security entrusted by contract. If the provider disputes the matter, a measure of inquiry can be requested before any trial (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000051869339\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000051869339\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Code of Civil Procedure, Article 145<\/a>).<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>What security obligations apply to an SME with no IT department?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>A business's size does not exempt it from the GDPR rules as soon as it processes personal data of customers, employees or suppliers. <a href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/FR\/TXT\/?uri=CELEX:32016R0679\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Article 32 of the GDPR<\/a> requires technical and organisational measures appropriate to the risk, taking into account the state of the art and the costs. Article 28 requires that processing entrusted to a processor be governed by a contract or other binding legal act. Article 33 requires a data breach to be notified to the CNIL without undue delay and, where feasible, no later than 72 hours after becoming aware of it, unless there is no risk, any delay having to be justified; the processor alerts the controller without undue delay. Article 34 provides for informing the individuals concerned where the risk is high. The Council of State upheld a fine of \u20ac400,000 against a company whose website exposed supporting documents and which kept that data for too long, noting that the failings could have been prevented by simple security measures, such as user authentication, and by archiving measures, and taking into account the company's resources and the time taken to correct them (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000042499856\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/ceta\/id\/CETATEXT000042499856\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">CE, 10th and 9th chambers combined, 4 November 2020, No. 433311<\/a>). The Criminal Code also penalises processing carried out without the measures that Article 32 requires (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037825504\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037825504\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Criminal Code, Article 226-17<\/a>). As for NIS 2, Directive (EU) 2022\/2555, its French transposition is not complete: according to the legislative file consulted on 1 November 2026, the Senate voted the bill in March 2025 and the special committee of the National Assembly settled its text in September 2025, without final adoption. For an SME, the main issues today therefore concern the GDPR, contracts and the insurance policy.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>What is the time limit for taking action against an insurer that refuses cover?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Actions arising from an insurance contract are, as a rule, subject to a two-year limitation period running from the event giving rise to them (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000044607740\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000044607740\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Insurance Code, Article L. 114-1<\/a>). This period, much shorter than the ordinary-law period, means that an amicable discussion with no outcome must not be left to drag on. The text provides for some exceptions: in the case of a loss, the period runs only from the day the persons concerned became aware of it, if they prove they were unaware of it until then. Where the policyholder's action against the insurer stems from a claim by a third party, for example a customer whose data was exposed, the period runs only from the day that third party brought proceedings against the policyholder or was compensated by it. These rules combine with the obligations of the crisis: complaint within 72 hours, notification of the loss within the policy's time limit, preservation of technical evidence. A refusal of cover received by letter does not, on its own, fix the relevant date: it is necessary to go back to the event on which the claim is based. The firm reconstructs this chronology, checks the grounds of interruption that can be relied on and decides whether a writ of summons must be issued before the period expires.<\/p><\/div><\/details><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-textes\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-textes\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Sources and related pages<\/p>\n<h2>Official texts and <em>related pages<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">The sources for this page and the firm's related areas of practice.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-arts\"><a class=\"kcv-art\" href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/FR\/TXT\/?uri=CELEX:32016R0679\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Regulation (EU) 2016\/679 (GDPR)<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">Articles 28, 32, 33 and 34<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000047048152\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000047048152\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Insurance Code, Art. L. 12-10-1<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">filing a complaint required before any payment after an intrusion<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000035731302\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000035731302\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Insurance Code, Art. L. 113-2<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">questionnaire, aggravation of the risk, notice of the loss<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006792058\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006792058\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Insurance Code, Art. L. 113-8<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">nullity where the policyholder acted in bad faith<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006792066\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006792066\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Insurance Code, Art. L. 113-9<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">reduced indemnity where bad faith is not proved<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006791984\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006791984\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Insurance Code, Art. L. 113-1<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">validity of clauses excluding a cover<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006791931\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006791931\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Insurance Code, Art. L. 112-4<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">conspicuous presentation of exclusions and forfeitures<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000044607740\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000044607740\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Insurance Code, Art. L. 114-1<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">two-year limitation period for bringing an action<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000051786012\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000051786012\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Insurance Code, Art. L. 121-12<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">recourse of the insurer that has paid<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000036920558\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000036920558\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Insurance Code, Art. L. 521-4<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">duty to advise of the broker or agent<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037825504\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037825504\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Criminal Code, Art. 226-17<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">processing without the required security measures<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<h3 class=\"kcv-center\">Further reading<\/h3>\n<div class=\"kcv-pgs\"><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/digital-law-lawyer-paris\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Digital law<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">The firm's expertise<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/gdpr-lawyer-paris\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">GDPR for SMEs<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">The firm's expertise<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/cnil-lawyer-paris\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">CNIL inspections and penalties<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">The firm's expertise<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/it-contract-lawyer-paris\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">IT contracts<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">The firm's expertise<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/it-litigation-lawyer-paris\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">IT litigation<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">The firm's expertise<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<p class=\"kcv-small kcv-center\">Page updated on 1 November 2026.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"kcv-cta\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-in\">\n    <div class=\"kcv-cta-card\">\n      <h2>A cyber attack, a refusal by the insurer or a policy to review? <em>Take stock today<\/em>.<\/h2>\n      <p>Send the policy, the underwriting questionnaire and the exchanges with the insurer or the provider: the firm checks the covers, the time limits and the arguments available.<\/p>\n      <div class=\"kcv-btns\">\n        <a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a>\n        <a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kch-form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n<div class=\"kcv-news-band\"><h2>The latest <em>news.<\/em><\/h2><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\", \"@type\": \"FAQPage\", \"mainEntity\": [{\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What should you check in a cyber insurance policy before signing it?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Start with the list of covers actually taken out, because a cyber policy often groups several distinct blocks: crisis management costs, business interruption, liability to third parties, sometimes transfer fraud. Each has its own definition, limits and deductibles, and a loss may fall within none of them. Then read the exclusions, which must be formal and limited, and which the Insurance Code requires to appear in very conspicuous characters (Article L. 113-1 and Article L. 112-4). Finally, check the underwriting questionnaire: it describes the backups, remote access, authentication and updates, and the insurer refers back to it after the attack. The insurance distributor must specify in writing the policyholder's requirements and needs and advise a contract consistent with them (Insurance Code, Article L. 521-4). For an SME, three points deserve particular attention: the designation of all the companies to be insured, the definition of the business interruption loss covered, and the clause setting the time limit for notifying a loss. The firm reviews these documents before signing, on the basis of the measures the business actually applies.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Can the answers to the underwriting questionnaire lead to the cyber policy being annulled?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Yes, but only under strict conditions. The policyholder must answer accurately the questions put by the insurer when the contract is concluded (Insurance Code, Article L. 113-2, 2\u00b0). Concealment or an intentional false declaration that changes the subject of the risk or diminishes the insurer's assessment of it results in nullity, even if the omitted risk had no influence on the loss (Article L. 113-8). Case law nevertheless requires that the false declaration result from the policyholder's answers to the insurer's questions, or from a statement made on the policyholder's own initiative. The Court of Cassation quashed a judgment that had ordered nullity without finding that the insurer had put, at underwriting, specific questions requiring the disclosure of the information complained of (Cass. 2e civ., 13 December 2018, No. 17-28.093). It accepts that pre-printed statements may be taken into account, but on conditions: the court may take them into account, \u201cprovided, first, that it finds that, by their precision and individualisation, these statements resulted from specific questions put by the insurer or it finds that these statements had been made by the policyholder, on its own initiative alone, when the contract was concluded\u201d (Cass. 3e civ., 26 March 2026, No. 24-16.175) (our translation), the other condition being that the special conditions were signed by the policyholder. A spontaneous statement by the policyholder can therefore be held against it without any prior question. The firm examines the exact content of the question, that of the declaration and the evidence that the policyholder adopted them before discussing nullity.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"The backup declared to the insurer did not exist on the day of the attack: what does the business risk?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Everything depends on the nature of the inaccuracy and on how the policy is drafted. If the business declared in bad faith a measure that did not exist, the insurer may invoke nullity of the contract under the Insurance Code (Article L. 113-8), provided it proves intent and the link with a specific question. Without proven bad faith, Article L. 113-9 provides that an inaccuracy found after the loss reduces the indemnity in proportion to the premiums paid compared with those that would have been due. The position is different where the policy makes the backup a condition of cover. The Versailles Court of Appeal states that \u201cIt is for the policyholder to show that the conditions for application of the cover are met, bearing in mind that the burden of proof rests on the insurer when it intends to set up an exclusion clause against the policyholder.\u201d (CA Versailles, ch. com. 3-1, 10 December 2025, No. 24\/02259) (our translation). In that case, which had nothing to do with cyber risk, it dismissed the policyholder's claim for lack of prior physical damage. The clause must therefore be characterised before replying to the insurer: condition, exclusion or mere declaration of the risk. A measure in place, even an imperfect one, should be documented precisely, and the firm distinguishes what was promised from what existed.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"The insurer relies on an exclusion in the cyber policy: can it be challenged?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"An exclusion is first challenged on its form: the Insurance Code validates an exclusion clause only if it appears in very conspicuous characters (Insurance Code, Article L. 112-4). The Court of Cassation quashed a judgment that had not examined, as it had been asked to do, \u201cwhether the clause in dispute appeared in very conspicuous characters so as to draw the policyholder's attention specifically to the exclusion it laid down\u201d (Cass. 2e civ., 24 May 2018, No. 17-16.431) (our translation). It is then challenged on substance, because Article L. 113-1 requires a clause that is formal, understood without interpretation, and limited. A clause that requires interpretation is not formal, and a clause that leaves only a derisory cover in place is not limited. The outcome of the dispute is not decided in advance: in Cass. 2e civ., 1 December 2022, No. 21-15.392, the Court of Cassation held the exclusion in dispute to be valid, on the ground that it left other situations within the scope of the cover. In case of doubt, a standard-form contract is interpreted against the party who proposed it (French Civil Code (Code civil), Article 1190), but a clear and precise clause is not interpreted, on pain of distortion (Civil Code, Article 1192). The firm re-reads the clause within the complete policy, checks its physical presentation and measures what the cover still includes once it is applied.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Does the business's multi-risk or liability insurance cover a cyber attack?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Not necessarily, and this should be checked before an incident. A multi-risk policy often protects physical property and the business interruption losses that follow physical damage, which a cyber attack does not always cause. The Versailles Court of Appeal held, for a business interruption cover subject to prior physical damage to the insured property, that this condition had to be proved by the policyholder, and dismissed its claim (CA Versailles, ch. com. 3-1, 10 December 2025, No. 24\/02259). Professional liability cover may also rule out IT risk. The Lyon judicial court, known as the tribunal judiciaire, examined the policy of software publishers hacked by a third party and found that \u201cthe risk of a cyber attack by a third party, in all its forms, is clearly excluded from the cover taken out\u201d (TJ Lyon, 20 August 2026, No. 22\/10048) (our translation). The policyholders' claims were rejected, and the court added that the contract was not devoid of purpose, since it covered many other professional risks. An SME that believes it is protected by its general contracts must therefore look for the exact words: data breach, IT fraud, reconstitution costs, service interruption. The firm draws up this map of existing covers and of risks left uncovered.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Are business interruption losses after a hack always compensated under the cyber policy?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"No. The business interruption cover of a cyber policy generally compensates the loss of gross margin linked to a fall in turnover, and the costs incurred to limit it. A real loss may fall outside that definition. The Bobigny commercial court, known as the tribunal de commerce, ruled on the hacking of a telecommunications company's telephony platform: the hackers had made numerous calls abroad, re-invoiced by the operator for more than \u20ac214,000. The court noted that the attack had neither stopped nor disrupted the business, that no fall in turnover had been shown and that \u201cthe only costs covered by the contract must have the aim of reducing the policyholder's fall in turnover\u201d (T. com. Bobigny, 25 February 2025, No. 2023F01983) (our translation). The company's claims were dismissed and it was ordered to pay the costs. This first-instance decision shows that each head of loss must be tied to a specific cover: loss of margin, additional costs, reconstitution costs, liability to third parties. Before quantifying the claim, the firm compares the business's accounts, the chronology of the attack and the policy's definitions, so as to present a claim that matches what the insurer undertook to pay.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Does a complaint filed after 72 hours forfeit the insurance indemnity?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The text is drafted as a condition of payment. Any indemnity provided by a clause covering the consequences of an IT intrusion is due only if the victim filed a criminal complaint within seventy-two hours of the time it became aware of the breach (Insurance Code, Article L. 12-10-1). The intrusions concerned are those punished in particular by the Criminal Code (Criminal Code, Article 323-1), and the rule applies to companies as well as to professionals acting in the course of their activity. The time limit runs from awareness of the breach, not from the day the attackers entered the system. The date of discovery must therefore be established by objective evidence: antivirus alert, ransom message, report from a customer or report from the provider. A late complaint is not a mere missed formality: the insurer may rely on it to refuse payment. If the business is unsure of the exact date of awareness, it is better to file a complaint without waiting for the end of the technical investigations, and then supplement it. The firm helps to fix that date and to draft a precise complaint, which will also serve before the insurer and the court.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Can the insurer refuse to pay because the loss was notified too late?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Only within a narrow framework. The Code requires the insurer to be notified as soon as the loss is known, within the time limit set by the contract, which cannot be shorter than five business days, apart from the shorter minimums the text provides for, including two business days in the case of theft (Insurance Code, Article L. 113-2, 4\u00b0). The penalty for lateness must appear in a clause of the policy, and the insurer must prove that the delay actually prejudiced it. A fortuitous event (cas fortuit) or force majeure event that caused the delay also prevents the insurer from relying on it. The Court of Cassation draws from this that \u201cthe insurer cannot set up against the policyholder a forfeiture for late notification where the applicable contract contains no clause providing for it or where the clause providing for it does not comply with these provisions\u201d (Cass. 2e civ., 21 January 2021, No. 19-13.347) (our translation). In that case, the clause provided for a time limit shorter than the statutory minimum, and the judgment that had dismissed the policyholder's claim was quashed. This rule does not dispense with the complaint within 72 hours, which is governed by its own provision. Faced with a refusal based on delay, the firm checks the clause, the starting point used by the insurer and the reality of the prejudice it alleges.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Is the broker who placed the policy liable if the attack is not covered?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"It may be, but the business must prove a fault, a loss and a link between the two. The insurance distributor specifies in writing the policyholder's requirements and needs and advises a contract consistent with them (Insurance Code, Article L. 521-4). The Rennes Court of Appeal recalls that the broker is bound by a duty to inform and advise: \u201cIt must thus give its client all the objective elements for choosing cover appropriate to its risk and ensure that the cover is suited to the risks presented.\u201d (CA Rennes, 5e ch., 10 December 2025, No. 22\/06509) (our translation). It nevertheless upheld the dismissal of the claim, for lack of a demonstrated loss of chance, the loss being capable of analysis only as a loss of the chance to take out suitable cover. The Lyon judicial court likewise recalled that the duty to advise rested on the broker involved at underwriting, and not on the insurer, while rejecting the complaint made against the latter (TJ Lyon, 20 August 2026, No. 22\/10048). To act effectively, it is therefore necessary to reconstruct what the business had expressed as its needs, what the broker proposed to it and what suitable cover would have paid. The firm gathers these elements before assessing whether an action is worthwhile.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Does one company's cyber policy cover the other companies in the group?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Not automatically. The policy covers the company that took it out and the persons it defines as insured, and insurance may also be taken out on behalf of another (Insurance Code, Article L. 112-1). Another company run by the same manager is therefore covered only if the contract includes it. The Rennes Court of Appeal ruled on a fake-executive fraud: an assistant, deceived by emails imitating the manager's address, had made two transfers from the accounts of a group company. Only another company in the group had taken out the cyber policy, which included a liability cover for breach of privacy or data confidentiality. The court noted that breach of the privacy of a legal entity could not be conceived in that case, that breach of confidentiality had not been shown and that the liability of the insured company towards the victim company was apparent from no document. It upheld the rejection of all the claims, including those against the broker (CA Rennes, 5e ch., 10 December 2025, No. 22\/06509). Where several companies share the same email system, the same equipment and the same administrative staff, it must be checked that the policy includes them all, by name or through a clause covering group companies. The firm checks the list of insureds, any fraud cover and the company that actually suffered the loss.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Can the insurer that compensated the business claim against the IT provider?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Yes. The insurer that has paid the indemnity is subrogated, up to the amount paid, to the policyholder's rights and actions against third parties whose act caused the loss (Insurance Code, Article L. 121-12). The provider will then have to answer as it would have done to its client, on the basis of contractual liability (Civil Code, Article 1231-1). The Paris economic activities court, known as the tribunal des activit\u00e9s \u00e9conomiques, ruled on a dispute of this type, between a retail chain's cyber insurer and the managed IT provider held to account after a ransomware attack. The reports produced did not clearly show the causes of the intrusion or the managed provider's share, and the court held that \u201cA technical explanation is therefore necessary for the court to be able to rule.\u201d (TAE Paris, 3 March 2025, No. J2025000100) (our translation). It ordered the insurer to produce its expert reports, the underwriting questionnaire and its annexes, the complaint and the notification to the CNIL, then adjourned the case. For the business, the consequence is practical: its declarations to the insurer may be read by the provider. The limitation-of-liability clause in the IT contract remains subject to the Civil Code, which deems unwritten a clause that deprives the essential obligation of its substance (Civil Code, Article 1170). The firm coordinates the position of the business, the insurer and the provider.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Can an SME obtain compensation from the provider that failed to secure a server properly?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Yes, where the contractual fault, the loss and the causal link are proved. A provider that breaches its contractual undertaking compensates its client, unless it justifies a case of force majeure (Civil Code, Article 1231-1). The Paris economic activities court ruled on the case of a subcontractor responsible for securing a hosted platform, which had installed a telephony server in a test phase without filtering one of the two exposed protocols. Hackers had used this opening to make nearly ten thousand calls, invoiced at more than \u20ac84,000 by the operator. The court noted that the provider had acknowledged this defect, holding that \u201cFABRIQUE IT acknowledged that it had not properly secured the server it installed on 6 April 2023\u201d (TAE Paris, 8 October 2025, No. 2024005541) (our translation), and ordered it to compensate its client for the amount of the fraudulent calls, excluding VAT. The evidence rested on an incident report drawn up jointly after the attack and on the provider's own written statements to its insurer. It is therefore in an SME's interest to obtain a dated technical report quickly, keep the exchanges and check the scope of security entrusted by contract. If the provider disputes the matter, a measure of inquiry can be requested before any trial (Code of Civil Procedure, Article 145).\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What security obligations apply to an SME with no IT department?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"A business's size does not exempt it from the GDPR rules as soon as it processes personal data of customers, employees or suppliers. Article 32 of the GDPR requires technical and organisational measures appropriate to the risk, taking into account the state of the art and the costs. Article 28 requires that processing entrusted to a processor be governed by a contract or other binding legal act. Article 33 requires a data breach to be notified to the CNIL without undue delay and, where feasible, no later than 72 hours after becoming aware of it, unless there is no risk, any delay having to be justified; the processor alerts the controller without undue delay. Article 34 provides for informing the individuals concerned where the risk is high. The Council of State upheld a fine of \u20ac400,000 against a company whose website exposed supporting documents and which kept that data for too long, noting that the failings could have been prevented by simple security measures, such as user authentication, and by archiving measures, and taking into account the company's resources and the time taken to correct them (CE, 10th and 9th chambers combined, 4 November 2020, No. 433311). The Criminal Code also penalises processing carried out without the measures that Article 32 requires (Criminal Code, Article 226-17). As for NIS 2, Directive (EU) 2022\/2555, its French transposition is not complete: according to the legislative file consulted on 1 November 2026, the Senate voted the bill in March 2025 and the special committee of the National Assembly settled its text in September 2025, without final adoption. For an SME, the main issues today therefore concern the GDPR, contracts and the insurance policy.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What is the time limit for taking action against an insurer that refuses cover?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Actions arising from an insurance contract are, as a rule, subject to a two-year limitation period running from the event giving rise to them (Insurance Code, Article L. 114-1). This period, much shorter than the ordinary-law period, means that an amicable discussion with no outcome must not be left to drag on. The text provides for some exceptions: in the case of a loss, the period runs only from the day the persons concerned became aware of it, if they prove they were unaware of it until then. Where the policyholder's action against the insurer stems from a claim by a third party, for example a customer whose data was exposed, the period runs only from the day that third party brought proceedings against the policyholder or was compensated by it. These rules combine with the obligations of the crisis: complaint within 72 hours, notification of the loss within the policy's time limit, preservation of technical evidence. A refusal of cover received by letter does not, on its own, fix the relevant date: it is necessary to go back to the event on which the claim is based. 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data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/25\/foreign-business-france-vat-registration-fiscal-representative-challenge-abroad\/\">Your Foreign Business Owes French VAT Without a French Company: Registration, Fiscal Representative and How to Challenge the Bill From Abroad<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2157083 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2157083 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/tim-schmidbauer-EnC5f7At4ac-unsplash-1-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2157083 post-2157083 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/25\/foreign-company-france-unpaid-invoice-penalties-injonction-payer-abroad\/\">Your French Client Has Not Paid: Late-Payment Penalties, the 40 Euro Fee and the Injunction-to-Pay While You Live Abroad<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. 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Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2157013 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2157013 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/getty-images-p1ZW7qeVRyE-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2157013 post-2157013 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/25\/foreign-company-france-sas-pay-abroad-salary-dividends-management-fees\/\">Your French SAS Pays You While You Live Abroad: Salary, Dividends or Management Fees<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2156883 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2156883 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/getty-images-p1ZW7qeVRyE-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2156883 post-2156883 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/25\/foreign-company-france-sas-capital-increase-cash-call-filing-abroad\/\">Your French SAS Needs Cash From Abroad: Increase Capital, Call Up Unpaid Shares or Lend Instead \u2014 Filing and New Kbis Without Flying to Paris<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. 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Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2156668 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2156668 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/alex-vasey-F5HtPjpBb9k-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2156668 post-2156668 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/24\/foreign-company-france-management-fees-transfer-pricing-file-defence-abroad\/\">Your French Subsidiary Pays Management Fees to Its Foreign Parent While You Live Abroad: Transfer Pricing File, Deduction and Reassessment Defence<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. 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Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. 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An SME is answerable for the security of the data it processes, and often finds out only after an attack what its cyber policy really covers. A cybersecurity lawyer in Paris can help because [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":251031307,"featured_media":2157158,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2161229","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.2 (Yoast SEO v28.2) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Cybersecurity lawyer Paris | Kohen Avocats<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Cybersecurity lawyer Paris for SMEs: security obligations, cyber policy review, refusal of cover and claims. Call the firm to review your file.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/cybersecurity-lawyer-paris\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Cybersecurity lawyer Paris: SME obligations and cyber insurance\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Cybersecurity lawyer Paris for SMEs: security obligations, cyber policy review, refusal of cover and claims. 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