{"id":2161215,"date":"2026-11-01T23:11:41","date_gmt":"2026-11-01T22:11:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/?page_id=2161215"},"modified":"2026-11-04T19:42:48","modified_gmt":"2026-11-04T18:42:48","slug":"distribution-agreement-lawyer-paris","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/distribution-agreement-lawyer-paris\/","title":{"rendered":"Distribution agreement lawyer Paris: for resellers and distributors"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"2161215\" class=\"elementor elementor-2161215 elementor-2160654\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-v5bd59a e-con-full e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"v5bd59a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-v5bd59aw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"v5bd59aw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"kcv\" id=\"kci-root\" data-refresh-marker=\"expertise-fr-avocat-contrat-distribution-paris-20261101\">\n<section class=\"kcv-hero\" aria-labelledby=\"kch-h1\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-in\">\n    <div class=\"kcv-head\">\n      <p class=\"kk\">Selective and exclusive distribution, from the standpoint of the authorised reseller and the exclusive distributor<\/p>\n      <h1 id=\"kch-h1\"><em>Distribution agreement lawyer<\/em> Paris:<span class=\"kcv-tail\"> for resellers and distributors.<\/span><\/h1>\n      <p class=\"kcv-sub\">Refusal of approval, circumvented territorial exclusivity, a supplier that sells its brand, shortened notice, unsold stock or a non-compete clause after leaving the network: as a distribution agreement lawyer in Paris, the firm examines the selective or exclusive distribution agreement from the position of the party that resells, not from that of the network operator.<\/p>\n      <div class=\"kcv-btns\">\n        <a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a>\n        <a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kch-form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a>\n      <\/div>\n      <p class=\"kcv-urg\">Before replying to a termination letter, signing an amendment or stopping orders, keep the agreement, its annexes, the general terms and the history of volumes: these documents fix the duration of the relationship, the notice due and the competent court.<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcv-stagewrap\"><div class=\"kcv-stageshadow\"><div class=\"kcv-stage\">\n      <link rel=\"preload\" as=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kohen-v3-expertises\/kohen-fr-droit-bancaire-paysage-20261025.webp\" media=\"(min-width:761px)\" fetchpriority=\"high\">\n      <link rel=\"preload\" as=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kohen-v3-expertises\/kohen-fr-droit-bancaire-paysage-1080-20261025.webp\" media=\"(max-width:760px)\" fetchpriority=\"high\">\n      <div class=\"kcv-media\" aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"--kcv-img:url('https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kohen-v3-expertises\/kohen-fr-droit-bancaire-paysage-20261025.webp');--kcv-img-m:url('https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kohen-v3-expertises\/kohen-fr-droit-bancaire-paysage-1080-20261025.webp')\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"kcv-panel kcv-glass\" id=\"kch-form\">\n        <div class=\"kcv-panel-head\">\n          <div>\n            <p class=\"kcv-panel-k\">Distribution agreement \u00b7 Paris<\/p>\n            <h2 class=\"kcv-panel-t\">Get a <em>first analysis<\/em><\/h2>\n            <p class=\"kcv-panel-l\">Send the distribution agreement, its amendments, the termination or refusal letter, and the history of orders and turnover: the firm checks how the network is characterised, the clauses relied on against you and the time limits.<\/p>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"kcv-chip kcv-glass\"><p class=\"kcv-chip-n\">24 \u00e0 48 h<\/p><p class=\"kcv-chip-x\">first legal<br>review<\/p><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"kcf-wrap\">\n<form id=\"kcf-2form\" data-kcf data-api-url=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-json\/kohen-form\/v1\/submit\" data-vps-url=\"https:\/\/upload-fr.46-224-152-225.sslip.io\/submit\" data-max-size=\"1073741824\" data-max-files=\"500\" novalidate enctype=\"multipart\/form-data\">\n  <input type=\"hidden\" name=\"rendered_at\" value=\"1776847557\">\n  <div class=\"kcf-hp\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><label for=\"kcf-2website\">Do not fill in<\/label><input id=\"kcf-2website\" name=\"website\" type=\"text\" tabindex=\"-1\" autocomplete=\"off\"><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcf-price\">\n    <span class=\"kcf-price-amount\">\u20ac80<small>incl. VAT<\/small><\/span>\n    <div class=\"kcf-price-body\">\n      <p class=\"kcf-price-text\"><strong>Preliminary review of your case.<\/strong> Examination of your documents and a first written analysis by Reda Kohen, within 24 to 48 business hours. Payment is made online after this form is sent.<\/p>\n      <ul class=\"kcf-price-meta\">\n        <li>Up to 1 GB of documents, folders and subfolders accepted<\/li>\n        <li>Secure payment, no banking data stored<\/li>\n        <li><a href=\"\/conditions-etude-prealable\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Terms and fee agreement<\/a><\/li>\n      <\/ul>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcf-row\">\n    <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n      <label class=\"kcf-label\" for=\"kcf-2name\">Full name<\/label>\n      <input class=\"kcf-input\" type=\"text\" id=\"kcf-2name\" name=\"name\" placeholder=\"Your name\" required autocomplete=\"name\" aria-describedby=\"kcf-2name-err\">\n      <p class=\"kcf-field-error\" id=\"kcf-2name-err\" role=\"alert\"><\/p>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n      <label class=\"kcf-label\" for=\"kcf-2phone\">Telephone <span class=\"kcf-optional\">(optional)<\/span><\/label>\n      <input class=\"kcf-input\" type=\"tel\" inputmode=\"tel\" id=\"kcf-2phone\" name=\"phone\" placeholder=\"06 00 00 00 00\" autocomplete=\"tel\" aria-describedby=\"kcf-2phone-err\">\n      <p class=\"kcf-field-error\" id=\"kcf-2phone-err\" role=\"alert\"><\/p>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n    <label class=\"kcf-label\" for=\"kcf-2email\">Email address<\/label>\n    <input class=\"kcf-input\" type=\"email\" id=\"kcf-2email\" name=\"email\" placeholder=\"your@email.com\" required autocomplete=\"email\" spellcheck=\"false\" autocapitalize=\"off\" aria-describedby=\"kcf-2email-err\">\n    <p class=\"kcf-field-error\" id=\"kcf-2email-err\" role=\"alert\"><\/p>\n  <\/div>\n  \n  <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n    <label class=\"kcf-label\" for=\"kcf-2message\">Message<\/label>\n    <textarea class=\"kcf-textarea\" id=\"kcf-2message\" name=\"message\" placeholder=\"Briefly describe your situation...\" required aria-describedby=\"kcf-2message-err\"><\/textarea>\n    <p class=\"kcf-field-error\" id=\"kcf-2message-err\" role=\"alert\"><\/p>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n    <label class=\"kcf-label\">Attachments <span class=\"kcf-optional\">(optional, 500 files max, 1 GB)<\/span><\/label>\n    <div class=\"kcf-dropzone\" id=\"kcf-2dropzone\">\n      <svg class=\"kcf-dropzone-icon\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M21 15v4a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-4\"\/><polyline points=\"17 8 12 3 7 8\"\/><line x1=\"12\" y1=\"3\" x2=\"12\" y2=\"15\"\/><\/svg>\n      <p class=\"kcf-dropzone-text\"><strong>Click<\/strong> or drag your files here<br>All formats accepted (PDF, Word, images, etc.)<\/p>\n      <input type=\"file\" name=\"attachments\" id=\"kcf-2files\" multiple>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcf-file-list\" id=\"kcf-2filelist\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcf-progress\" id=\"kcf-2progress\">\n      <div class=\"kcf-progress-bar\"><div class=\"kcf-progress-fill\" id=\"kcf-2progressfill\"><\/div><\/div>\n      <p class=\"kcf-progress-text\" id=\"kcf-2progresstext\">Sending...<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n  <button type=\"submit\" class=\"kcf-btn\">\n    <span class=\"kcf-spinner\"><\/span>\n    <span class=\"kcf-btn-text\">Pay \u20ac80 and send my case<\/span>\n  <\/button>\n  <div class=\"kcf-msg\" role=\"status\" aria-live=\"polite\" aria-atomic=\"true\" tabindex=\"-1\"><\/div>\n  <p class=\"kcf-note\">Payment constitutes a request for immediate performance of your analysis. Your data is used only to process your request. <a href=\"\/conditions-etude-prealable\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Terms<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"\/politique-de-confidentialite\/\">Privacy policy<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/form>\n      <\/div>\n      <\/div><\/div>\n      <div class=\"kcv-press knp\">\n<style>\n    .kcv-press.knp ul.knp__ruban{animation-duration:132s}@media (max-width:600px){.kcv-press.knp ul.knp__ruban{animation-duration:96s}}\n    .knp .knp__piste:hover ul.knp__ruban,.knp.knp--ouvert ul.knp__ruban{animation-play-state:paused}\n    .knp .knp__piste:has(button:focus-visible) ul.knp__ruban{animation:none}\n    .knp button.knp__logo{all:unset;box-sizing:border-box;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;height:100%;cursor:pointer;transition:transform .2s ease}\n    .knp button.knp__logo:hover{transform:scale(1.05)}\n    .knp button.knp__logo:active{transform:scale(.97)}\n    .knp button.knp__logo:focus-visible{outline:2px solid 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p.knp__watchlink{margin:0 0 2px;padding:0;line-height:17px}.kcv-press.knp a.knp__videos{gap:5px;padding:0;border:0;border-radius:0;background:none;box-shadow:none;font-size:11.5px;letter-spacing:.02em;line-height:17px;transform:none}.kcv-press.knp a.knp__videos:hover{background:none;box-shadow:none;transform:none}.kcv-press.knp a.knp__videos:hover span{text-decoration:underline;text-underline-offset:3px}.kcv-press.knp a.knp__videos svg{width:13px;height:13px}.knp .knp__vc{display:none}@media (max-width:900px){.kcv-press.knp .knp__vl{display:none}.kcv-press.knp .knp__vc{display:inline}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){.knp a.knp__videos{transition:none}.knp a.knp__videos:hover{transform:none}}<\/style><p class=\"knp__watchlink\"><a class=\"knp__videos\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/media\/\" aria-label=\"Watch the videos and their transcripts\"><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><circle cx=\"10\" cy=\"10\" r=\"9\" fill=\"#1F4FA8\"\/><path d=\"M8.3 6.4v7.2l5.6-3.6z\" fill=\"#fff\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"knp__vl\">Watch the videos and their transcripts<\/span><span class=\"knp__vc\">Videos<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n        <div class=\"knp__piste\"><ul class=\"knp__ruban\" role=\"list\"><li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"france-2\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"France 2: watch the report featuring Hassan Kohen\"><img class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/france-2.svg\" alt=\"France 2\" style=\"--h:30px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li>\n<li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"tf1\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"TF1: watch the news excerpt featuring Hassan Kohen\"><img class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/tf1.svg\" alt=\"TF1\" style=\"--h:36px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li><li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"france-tv\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"France T\u00e9l\u00e9visions: watch the excerpt featuring Reda Kohen\"><img class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/france-tv.svg\" alt=\"France T\u00e9l\u00e9visions\" style=\"--h:28px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li><li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"bfm\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"BFMTV: watch the excerpt featuring Reda Kohen\"><img class=\"skip-lazy knp--fixe\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/bfm.svg\" alt=\"BFMTV\" style=\"--h:30px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li><li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"le-point\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"Le Point: see the 2 publications\"><img class=\"skip-lazy knp--fixe\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" 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l'\u00c9tat.\",\"auteur\":\"data.gouv.fr\",\"paraphrase\":true,\"libelle\":\"Voir la fiche sur data.gouv.fr\"},{\"titre\":\"Commentaires des d\u00e9cisions de justice par l'IA g\u00e9n\u00e9rative\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.data.gouv.fr\/reuses\/commentaires-des-decisions-de-justice-par-lia-generative\",\"citation\":\"R\u00e9utilisation des donn\u00e9es publiques de justice publi\u00e9e par Kohen Avocats et r\u00e9f\u00e9renc\u00e9e sur data.gouv.fr.\",\"auteur\":\"data.gouv.fr\",\"paraphrase\":true,\"libelle\":\"Voir la r\u00e9utilisation sur data.gouv.fr\"}]},\"awwwards\":{\"nom\":\"Awwwards\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Kohen Avocats, site nomm\u00e9 aux Awwwards\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.awwwards.com\/sites\/kohen-avocats\",\"citation\":\"Le site du cabinet figure parmi les sites nomm\u00e9s (\u00ab Nominee \u00bb) par Awwwards, r\u00e9f\u00e9rence internationale du design web.\",\"auteur\":\"Awwwards\",\"paraphrase\":true,\"libelle\":\"Voir la fiche sur 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\u00e0 la location ?\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.leboncoin.fr\/guide\/immobilier\/bouilloires-thermiques-bientot-interdites-a-la-location-hfpj70o6.html\",\"citation\":\"Le guide immobilier cite une analyse de kohenavocats.fr parmi ses sources.\",\"auteur\":\"Leboncoin\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"femme-actuelle\":{\"nom\":\"Femme Actuelle\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"S\u00e9paration ou divorce : quelle banque et quel cr\u00e9dit pour repartir sur de bonnes bases ?\",\"date\":\"2026-09-30\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.femmeactuelle.fr\/vie-pratique\/news-vie-pratique\/separation-ou-divorce-quelle-banque-et-quel-credit-pour-repartir-sur-de-bonnes-bases-2211980\",\"citation\":\"L'article cite une analyse de kohenavocats.com parmi ses sources.\",\"auteur\":\"Femme Actuelle\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"economie-matin\":{\"nom\":\"\u00c9conomie Matin\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Nouveau bail 2026 : ce que les propri\u00e9taires doivent anticiper d\u00e8s 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aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The rules<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p2\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p2\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Your documents<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p3\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p3\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The method<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p4\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p4\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The timetable<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p5\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p5\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The checks<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-synthese\" aria-controls=\"kcv-synthese\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Summary<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-faq\" aria-controls=\"kcv-faq\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Questions<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-textes\" aria-controls=\"kcv-textes\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Legal texts<\/button><\/div><\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcv-track\"><div class=\"kcv-slide kcv-on\" id=\"kcv-avocat\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-avocat\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<div class=\"kcv-pro\">\n  <figure class=\"kcv-pro-photo\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" src=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/kohen-footer\/portrait-reda-20260920-lignes-orange.jpg\" alt=\"Reda Kohen, lawyer at the Paris Bar\" width=\"1122\" height=\"1402\" loading=\"eager\" decoding=\"async\">\n    <figcaption class=\"kcv-pro-cap kcv-glass\"><span class=\"kcv-pro-capn\">Reda Kohen<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pro-capr\">Lawyer at the Paris Bar<\/span><\/figcaption>\n  <\/figure>\n  <div class=\"kcv-pro-body\">\n    <p class=\"kk\">Business law \u00b7 Paris 17th arrondissement<\/p>\n    <h2>What a <em>distribution agreement lawyer<\/em> in Paris does<\/h2>\n    <ul class=\"kcv-pro-tags\"><li>Paris Bar<\/li><li>Business law<\/li><li>Selective and exclusive distribution<\/li><\/ul>\n    <p class=\"kcv-p\">Reda Kohen, lawyer at the Paris Bar, works in business law and distribution law for companies that resell a supplier's products within a network.<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-p\">An authorised reseller or exclusive distributor most often signs an agreement drafted by the network operator. The firm reads that agreement through the eyes of the party that invests, holds stock and trains its teams, then measures what the supplier can actually impose under competition law and the French Commercial Code (Code de commerce).<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-p\">The questions differ according to the system. In selective distribution, they concern approval, resale to non-approved distributors and online sales. In exclusive distribution, they concern the territory, the supplier's own sales, the transfer of the brand and the end of the agreement. In both cases, the termination of an established commercial relationship is governed by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000054716237\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000054716237\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 442-1 of the French Commercial Code<\/a>.<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-p\">Send what you have, even if incomplete: the firm will prioritise and complete the file with you. In an emergency, call <a href=\"tel:+33646605822\">06 46 60 58 22<\/a>.<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-pro-meta\"><a href=\"https:\/\/consultation.avocat.fr\/avocat-paris\/reda-kohen-54670.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Official profile in the directory of French lawyers (CNB)<\/a><span>Firm at 11 rue Margueritte, 75017 Paris<\/span><\/p>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-cards\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-card\"><h3>A network to be characterised<\/h3><p>Selective, exclusive or mixed: the characterisation determines the lawful restrictions, the thresholds of Regulation (EU) 2022\/720 and the reseller's remedies.<\/p><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-card\"><h3>An exit to prepare<\/h3><p>Effective notice, sell-off of stock, the non-compete clause and the specialised court are often decided from the moment the termination letter is received.<\/p><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-card\"><h3>An agreement to enforce<\/h3><p>The exclusivity granted to the distributor can be defended against the supplier, and sometimes against a third party that knowingly helps to breach it.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p1\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The rules<\/p>\n<h2>Selective and exclusive distribution: <em>the rules that matter for the reseller<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">Six rules define what the network operator may require and what the reseller may obtain.<\/p>\n<ol class=\"kcv-conds\">\n  <li><a href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/FR\/TXT\/HTML\/?uri=CELEX:32022R0720\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Commission Regulation (EU) 2022\/720 of 10 May 2022<\/a> distinguishes two systems. In selective distribution, the supplier sells only to distributors chosen on the basis of defined criteria, who undertake not to resell to non-approved distributors in the territory reserved for the system. In exclusive distribution, the supplier allocates a territory or a customer group exclusively to itself or to no more than five buyers, and restricts active sales by all its other buyers into that territory or to that customer group. These agreements remain subject to <a href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/FR\/TXT\/HTML\/?uri=CELEX:12016E101\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union<\/a> and to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006231970\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006231970\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 420-1 of the French Commercial Code<\/a>.<\/li>\n  <li>The block exemption requires that neither the supplier nor the buyer exceeds a 30% market share (Article 3 of the Regulation) and that the agreement contains no hardcore restriction under Article 4, such as imposing a minimum resale price or prohibiting the effective use of the internet. Falling outside the exemption does not make the network unlawful: for the Court of Cassation, \u201cthe circumstance, assuming it is established, that the agreement does not benefit from a block exemption does not necessarily mean that the selective distribution network infringes the provisions of Article 101(1) TFEU\u201d (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/5fca90b2d20f5d8407eff480\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 16 May 2018, No. 16-18.174<\/a>) (our translation), a solution unfavourable to a reseller who challenges the network.<\/li>\n  <li>The network operator chooses its partners. The Court of Cassation holds that \u201cNeither European competition law nor national competition law prohibits the mere refusal, by the operator at the head of a qualitative selective distribution network, to approve distributors that meet the selection criteria\u201d (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/620ca2d5c61f23729bcf61e3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 16 February 2022, No. 20-11.754<\/a>) (our translation). The excluded repairer lost. The same ground reserves two situations prohibited by Article 101 of the Treaty and Article L. 420-1: discriminatory application of the criteria, and a refusal that itself has the object or effect of restricting competition. The judgment also approves the court of appeal for having dismissed, on the facts, the abuse of the right not to contract.<\/li>\n  <li>A third party that participates directly or indirectly in the breach of the ban on resale outside the network incurs liability where the selective or exclusive distribution agreement is exempted (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000038414274\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000038414274\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 442-2 of the French Commercial Code<\/a>). The network itself must still be proved: the Versailles court of appeal notes that \u201cdemonstrating the lawfulness of a selective distribution network first requires establishing the very existence of that network\u201d (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/6a484cb893c619cd1f49f9ef\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CA Versailles, ch. com. 3-1, 24 June 2026, No. 24\/03109<\/a>) (our translation).<\/li>\n  <li>The sudden termination, even partial, of an established commercial relationship without sufficient written notice makes its author liable; eighteen months\u2019 notice rules out the complaint of insufficient duration (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000054716237\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000054716237\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 442-1, II, of the French Commercial Code<\/a>, in the version in force since 20 August 2026). The notice must be genuine: \u201cnotice given following the termination of an established commercial relationship must be effective, so that, save in particular circumstances, the commercial relationship must continue on the previous terms during the notice period\u201d (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/67da68719adb0fcda38e00b9\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 19 March 2025, No. 23-23.507<\/a>) (our translation), a judgment that nonetheless rejects the claim of the excluded partner.<\/li>\n  <li>Disputes based on Article L. 442-1 fall solely within the courts designated pursuant to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000038414263\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000038414263\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 442-4 of the French Commercial Code<\/a>: the commercial courts set by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000043197499\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000043197499\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article D. 442-2<\/a> and the judicial courts set by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000043197489\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000043197489\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article D. 442-3<\/a>, with appeal only to the Paris court of appeal. This rule \u201cestablishes a rule of exclusive subject-matter jurisdiction and not an inadmissibility objection\u201d (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/652f769bb0532083189957ea\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 18 October 2023, No. 21-15.378<\/a>) (our translation).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"kcv-callout\"><span class=\"kcv-callout-i\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M9.6 6C6.5 7.4 4.5 10 4.5 13.4V18h6v-6H7.6c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L9.6 6zm9 0c-3.1 1.4-5.1 4-5.1 7.4V18h6v-6h-2.9c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L18.6 6z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><p>The agreement drafted by the network operator does not say everything: a clause that is lawful under the Civil Code may lose the exemption under Regulation (EU) 2022\/720, and a termination that complies with the agreement may still be sudden in light of the actual length of the relationship.<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p2\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Your documents<\/p>\n<h2>What to send depending on <em>your position in the network<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">The useful documents are not the same for an authorised reseller and for an exclusive distributor.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-duel\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-opt kcv-opt-a\"><p class=\"kcv-opt-k\">Position A<\/p><p class=\"kcv-opt-t\">You are an authorised reseller in a selective network<\/p><ul><li>Approval agreement, schedule of qualitative and quantitative criteria, annexes on online sales and marketplaces<\/li><li>Letter of refusal, non-renewal or withdrawal of approval, and the exchanges that preceded it<\/li><li>History of orders, discounts, targets and turnover achieved with the brand over several financial years<\/li><li>Information on other network members treated differently, if discrimination is alleged<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-or\" aria-hidden=\"true\">or<\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-opt kcv-opt-b\"><p class=\"kcv-opt-k\">Position B<\/p><p class=\"kcv-opt-t\">You are an exclusive distributor<\/p><ul><li>Exclusive distribution agreement, definition of the territory or customer group, supply and non-compete clauses<\/li><li>Evidence of sales by the supplier or a third party in your territory: invoices, advertisements, bailiff\u2019s reports<\/li><li>Deeds transferring the business, the brand or control of the supplier, if known<\/li><li>Valued inventory of stock, dedicated investments and commitments made to your own customers<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-callout\"><span class=\"kcv-callout-i\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M9.6 6C6.5 7.4 4.5 10 4.5 13.4V18h6v-6H7.6c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L9.6 6zm9 0c-3.1 1.4-5.1 4-5.1 7.4V18h6v-6h-2.9c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L18.6 6z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><p>Do not stop ordering, do not sell off the stock at a discount and do not sign an amendment reducing the territory before the length of the relationship and the notice due have been checked.<\/p><\/div>\n<p class=\"kcv-p\">The firm also handles:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"kcv-pro-tags\"><li>Commercial law<\/li><li>Franchise<\/li><li>Competition law<\/li><li>Legal audit<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p3\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The method<\/p>\n<h2>How the firm <em>defends the reseller<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">Characterise the network, measure the relationship, choose the legal basis and the court.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-rows\">\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 1<\/p><h3>Review of the agreement and the network<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">The firm identifies the distribution system, the declared or plausible market share, the restrictions imposed and their compatibility with Articles 4 and 5 of Regulation (EU) 2022\/720.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 2<\/p><h3>Reconstructing the relationship<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">Successive agreements, amendments, volumes and dependence on the supplier are placed in a chronology that fixes the length of the established commercial relationship and the reasonable notice.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 3<\/p><h3>Written reply to the supplier<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">A detailed letter challenges the termination, the exclusion or the breach of exclusivity, asks for the terms to be maintained during the notice period and opens a negotiation on the stock and the exit.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 4<\/p><h3>Bringing the case before the competent court<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">Failing agreement, the firm brings the matter before the specialised court designated by Article D. 442-2 or D. 442-3 for sudden termination, or before the ordinary court for non-performance of the agreement, measuring the loss by the margin lost.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-callout\"><span class=\"kcv-callout-i\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M9.6 6C6.5 7.4 4.5 10 4.5 13.4V18h6v-6H7.6c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L9.6 6zm9 0c-3.1 1.4-5.1 4-5.1 7.4V18h6v-6h-2.9c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L18.6 6z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><p>The choice of legal basis matters as much as the facts: the same case may involve contractual non-performance, sudden termination, third-party complicity or abuse of economic dependence, with different courts and different evidence.<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p4\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The timetable<\/p>\n<h2>The timeline <em>of leaving a network<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">From the first warning sign to a settlement or a judgment.<\/p>\n<ol class=\"kcv-hs\"><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Warning sign<\/p><p><strong>From the first letter.<\/strong> Reduced allocations, new terms, an announced reorganisation of the network or a transfer of the business: keep every exchange.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Review of the agreement<\/p><p>Term, renewal, contractual notice, termination clauses, non-compete clauses, stock buy-back clauses and jurisdiction clauses.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Measuring the relationship<\/p><p>Actual length, successive agreements, the brand\u2019s share of turnover and dedicated investments.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Reply to the supplier<\/p><p>A letter challenging the suddenness or the stated reason, asking for effective notice and for the sell-off of the stock to be organised.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Exit negotiation<\/p><p>Notice timetable, pricing terms maintained, buy-back or sell-off of the stock, lifting or limiting the non-compete.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Settlement or action<\/p><p>A written settlement or an action before the specialised court, with a calculation of the gross margin lost during the missing notice period.<\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p5\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The checks<\/p>\n<h2>What the firm checks <em>before acting<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">Each claim rests on a characterisation and a document.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-split\">\n  <ul class=\"kcv-check\"><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Characterisation of the network: qualitative or quantitative selective distribution, exclusive distribution, or a combination of the two depending on the territories.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Lawfulness of the restrictions: resale price, online sales, cross-supplies between members, sales to end users, in light of Article 4 of Regulation (EU) 2022\/720.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Established commercial relationship: length, continuity, successive agreements and foreseeability of continuation, to measure the notice due under Article L. 442-1, II.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Exit clauses: non-compete, non-re-affiliation, stock buy-back, and their proportionality to the network operator\u2019s legitimate interests.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Court and time limit: court designated by Article D. 442-2 or D. 442-3, jurisdiction clause, prior mediation clause and limitation period for the action.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Provable loss: lost gross margin, unamortised investments, depreciated stock, each supported by an accounting document and linked to the breach relied on, without double compensation.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n  <aside class=\"kcv-act\">\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-k\">Case documents<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-t\">Send what you have, even if incomplete<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-p\">Submit your documents through the confidential form at the top of the page: the firm will prioritise and complete the file with you.<\/p>\n    <div class=\"kcv-act-b\"><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kch-form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n  <\/aside>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-synthese\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-synthese\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Summary<\/p>\n<h2>Situation, evidence, <em>response<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">Six frequent situations and the first priority in each.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-rows\">\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Approval refused or not renewed<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Key evidence:<\/strong> Published criteria, application file, treatment given to other members of the network.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Timing:<\/strong> React before the current agreement expires so that the notice can be discussed.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful step:<\/strong> Look for discrimination that affects competition, or a sudden termination of the earlier relationship.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Online sales prohibited or limited<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Key evidence:<\/strong> Clauses of the agreement, internet charters, refusals to deliver linked to online sales.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Timing:<\/strong> Document the restriction before any sanction by the supplier.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful step:<\/strong> Test the clause against Article 4(e) of Regulation (EU) 2022\/720 and ask for it to be amended.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Supplier selling in the exclusive territory<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Key evidence:<\/strong> Invoices, advertisements, customer testimonials, test-purchase reports.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Timing:<\/strong> Send formal notice as soon as the sales are discovered, to avoid an argument of tolerance.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful step:<\/strong> Demand that the exclusivity be respected and the diverted margin be made good.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Supplier\u2019s brand or business sold<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Key evidence:<\/strong> Deed of transfer, exchanges with the acquirer, orders delivered and then refused.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Timing:<\/strong> Question the acquirer in writing before deliveries stop.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful step:<\/strong> Act against the transferor for non-performance and, if it knew of the exclusivity, against the acquirer as an accomplice.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Termination with short notice<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Key evidence:<\/strong> Successive agreements, annual turnover, termination letter, terms applied during the notice period.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Timing:<\/strong> Calculate the notice due as soon as notification is received, without waiting for the end of the notice granted.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful step:<\/strong> Ask for effective notice or compensation calculated on the gross margin before the designated court.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Non-compete clause on exit<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Key evidence:<\/strong> The clause, know-how actually transferred, premises operated, duration and scope.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Timing:<\/strong> Analyse the clause before signing with another brand.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful step:<\/strong> Challenge a disproportionate clause, or one deemed unwritten, and secure the new partnership.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-faq\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-faq\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Frequently asked questions<\/p>\n<h2>Your questions: <em>distribution agreement<\/em><\/h2>\n<div class=\"kcv-faqgrid\">\n  <aside class=\"kcv-act kcv-act-sticky\">\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-k\">12 questions<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-t\">A situation not listed here?<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-p\">Every case has its own features. The firm reads your documents before answering you.<\/p>\n    <div class=\"kcv-act-b\"><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kch-form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n  <\/aside>\n  <div class=\"kcv-faq\"><details><summary>Can the supplier refuse to approve me in its selective distribution network?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Yes, to a large extent, and the reseller should know this before incurring costs. The Court of Cassation dismissed the appeal of an excluded car repairer, holding that \u201cNeither European competition law nor national competition law prohibits the mere refusal, by the operator at the head of a qualitative selective distribution network, to approve distributors that meet the selection criteria\u201d (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/620ca2d5c61f23729bcf61e3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 16 February 2022, No. 20-11.754<\/a>) (our translation). The same judgment states that the requirement to apply the criteria uniformly is a matter of competition law and not of contractual good faith. In an earlier case, it had set aside the judgment that criticised the manufacturer, in the name of good faith, for not having selected its distributors on objective criteria (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/5fca740d55439e60eb7cb828\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 27 March 2019, No. 17-22.083<\/a>). Both solutions are unfavourable to the rejected candidate. The refusal becomes open to challenge where it reflects a discriminatory application of the criteria, or where the refusal itself has the object or effect of restricting competition within the meaning of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006231970\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006231970\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 420-1 of the French Commercial Code<\/a>, where it reveals an abuse of the right not to contract, which the 2022 judgment dismissed on the facts, or where it ends an already established commercial relationship without sufficient notice. The firm therefore examines the earlier relationship, the published criteria and the treatment of the other members before advising on any action.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can my supplier prohibit me from selling online?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>An outright ban is problematic. Article 4(e) of <a href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/FR\/TXT\/HTML\/?uri=CELEX:32022R0720\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Regulation (EU) 2022\/720<\/a> removes the benefit of the exemption from agreements whose object is to prevent the buyer or its customers from effectively using the internet to sell the products, because such a clause restricts the territory or the customers. The same text nevertheless leaves the supplier able to impose other restrictions on online sales, as well as restrictions on online advertising that do not entirely prevent the use of a channel. A supplier may therefore set quality requirements for the reseller\u2019s website or regulate the use of certain platforms, without closing off access to e-commerce. The analysis also depends on the market share thresholds of Article 3: above 30%, the automatic exemption no longer applies and the clause must be assessed under Article 101 of the Treaty, subject to Article 8(d), which maintains the exemption for two calendar years where the threshold is crossed during the agreement. The firm reads the clause, the internet charter and the exchanges on marketplaces, then distinguishes what is an accepted qualitative requirement from what amounts, in practice, to preventing online sales. The Regulation expires on 31 May 2034, under its Article 11.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can I resell to another approved distributor or to a reseller outside the network?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The answer depends on the recipient. In a selective distribution system, Article 4(c)(ii) of <a href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/FR\/TXT\/HTML\/?uri=CELEX:32022R0720\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Regulation (EU) 2022\/720<\/a> removes the benefit of the exemption from agreements that restrict cross-supplies between members of the network, whether they operate at the same or at different trade levels. An authorised reseller may therefore, in principle, sell to another authorised reseller. By contrast, the supplier may prohibit active or passive sales to non-approved distributors located in the territory where the system is operated, under Article 4(c)(i)(2). A reseller that breaches this prohibition risks termination of its agreement, and a third party that participates in the breach incurs liability under <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000038414274\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000038414274\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 442-2 of the French Commercial Code<\/a>, provided that the agreement is exempted. The supplier must then prove its network: the Versailles court of appeal upheld the rejection of its claims based on harm to the network, on the ground that \u201cdemonstrating the lawfulness of a selective distribution network first requires establishing the very existence of that network\u201d (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/6a484cb893c619cd1f49f9ef\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CA Versailles, ch. com. 3-1, 24 June 2026, No. 24\/03109<\/a>) (our translation). The same decision did, however, find trade mark infringement for uses of the mark that were unrelated to designating the products. The firm checks the status of the buyer, the agreements applicable on the date of the sales and the evidence that the products were lawfully acquired.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>What happens to my exclusivity if the supplier sells its business or its brands?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The agreement does not automatically follow the brand. The Court of Cassation holds that \u201cThe transfer of a business including the transfer of ownership of rights in trade marks does not entail the transfer of the exclusive distribution agreement for products bearing those marks\u201d (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/634f93efb5afe5adfff287fa\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 19 October 2022, No. 21-16.169<\/a>) (our translation). On that point, the distributor lost. The same judgment nevertheless opens another route, on the basis of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032041373\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032041373\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Articles 1200<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032041571\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032041571\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">1240 of the French Civil Code<\/a>: \u201ca third party to a contract who becomes complicit in a party\u2019s breach of its contractual obligations incurs tort liability\u201d (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/634f93efb5afe5adfff287fa\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 19 October 2022, No. 21-16.169<\/a>) (our translation). On remand, the Paris court of appeal set aside former Article L. 442-6, I, 6\u00b0, now L. 442-2, which targets the non-approved distributor and not the manufacturer, then held the acquirer that knew of the exclusivity liable, noting that \u201cThis transfer of the business, which took place during performance of the exclusive distribution agreement, made its performance until its term impossible\u201d (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/65d84f055d35630008e1f1a6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CA Paris, pole 5, ch. 5, 22 February 2024, No. 22\/19027<\/a>) (our translation). The exclusive distributor should therefore keep evidence that the acquirer knew of the agreement, and act against the transferor for the non-performance itself.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>What notice must the supplier give to end the relationship?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Notice is measured against the relationship, not only the agreement. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000054716237\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000054716237\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 442-1, II, of the French Commercial Code<\/a> requires written notice that takes account in particular of the length of the commercial relationship, by reference to trade usage or inter-trade agreements. In the version in force since 20 August 2026, it adds that the price applicable during the notice period takes account of the economic conditions of the market in which the parties operate. The same text sets a limit: where the party terminating has given eighteen months\u2019 notice, it cannot be held liable on the ground of insufficient duration. It also preserves termination without notice in case of non-performance by the other party or force majeure. The judge assesses the appropriate length of notice by reference to the length of the relationship, the share of turnover made with the supplier, exclusivity and dedicated investments. In the case decided on 19 March 2025, a twenty-three-year relationship without exclusivity, representing 24% of the turnover of the supplier excluded by its distributor, called for ten months\u2019 notice according to usage; thirty-five months had been granted and the claim was rejected (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/67da68719adb0fcda38e00b9\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 19 March 2025, No. 23-23.507<\/a>). The firm reconstructs these elements before calculating the missing notice.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can a non-renewed fixed-term agreement give rise to compensation?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>It can, where the commercial relationship is established. A fixed-term agreement reaching its term does not, by itself, create a right to renewal. But a succession of agreements may amount to a stable relationship whose termination must be preceded by sufficient notice, within the meaning of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000054716237\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000054716237\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 442-1, II, of the French Commercial Code<\/a>. In a dispute between a trade mark owner and its exclusive licensee, the Court of Cassation approved the court of appeal, which had found an established relationship of twenty-eight years, made up of successive agreements renewed on broadly identical terms, ended by the exercise of an early termination option before the stipulated term. The approved judgment noted that \u201cthe fact that termination during performance is legally possible does not mean that it is foreseeable in fact\u201d (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/67da68729adb0fcda38e00bb\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 19 March 2025, No. 23-22.182<\/a>) (our translation). The absence of a tacit renewal clause remains a factor of instability that the supplier will invoke. The outcome therefore depends on the facts: number of renewals, any competitive tendering, genuine or purely formal renegotiations, warnings given before expiry. The exclusive distributor gathers the successive agreements, amendments and renegotiation exchanges in order to show the concrete stability of the relationship. In the judgment cited, that stability allowed the licensee to expect the relationship to continue until the end of the last amendment; the Court does not rule there on a simple refusal to renew at expiry.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>What should I do with the stock at the end of the distribution agreement?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The fate of the stock is settled first by the agreement: a buy-back clause in favour of the supplier, a right to sell off the stock for a limited period, or silence that will have to be interpreted. The reseller should take an inventory of the stock and value it as soon as termination is notified, with purchase dates and prices. A sell-off period is not always the same as notice. In the judgment of 19 March 2025, the court of appeal had held that the distributor, authorised to sell off its stock after the end of the notice period, was subject to significant restrictions, in particular a ban on continuing manufacture and an obligation to sell all the stock within six months. The Court of Cassation approved the idea that \u201cthe post-contractual stock sell-off phase did not have to be counted towards the notice period due\u201d (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/67da68729adb0fcda38e00bb\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 19 March 2025, No. 23-22.182<\/a>) (our translation). The proceeds of that sell-off were not deducted from the compensation for the insufficient notice. This solution requires concrete proof: it must be shown that the conditions of the sell-off period did not allow the reseller to reorganise. Where possible, the firm negotiates a buy-back at purchase price or a sell-off timetable compatible with the reseller\u2019s redeployment, then factors it into the calculation of the loss if the negotiation fails.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can the supplier reduce my supplies during the notice period?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>In principle, no, at least not substantially. The Court of Cassation recalls that \u201cnotice given following the termination of an established commercial relationship must be effective, so that, save in particular circumstances, the commercial relationship must continue on the previous terms during the notice period\u201d (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/67da68719adb0fcda38e00b9\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 19 March 2025, No. 23-23.507<\/a>) (our translation). That reasoning, given under former Article L. 442-6, I, 5\u00b0, applies whoever is the party terminating. In that case the roles were reversed: it was the distributor, as the party terminating, that had gradually reduced its purchases from its supplier. Thirty-five months\u2019 notice, two years more than the ten months found according to usage, was a particular circumstance allowing it, since it had announced this from the outset, no longer to maintain the previous terms after the first year. The claim of the excluded supplier was rejected. Since 20 August 2026, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000054716237\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000054716237\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 442-1, II<\/a>, also covers a substantial reduction in the volume of orders sent to a commercial partner, in the course of negotiating a contract, even a temporary one, if its scale, unusual nature or circumstances compromise the balance of the established relationship. That provision protects first the party that receives the orders; the reseller whose deliveries decrease relies rather on the requirement of effective notice. The reseller should therefore track its volumes month by month, compare pricing and logistics terms before and after notification, and challenge any deterioration in writing as soon as it appears.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Is a non-compete clause that applies after the agreement ends valid?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>It is valid only if it remains proportionate, and the burden of proving this falls on the party relying on it. The Court of Cassation stated this in respect of a non-solicitation clause agreed between competing hardware retailers belonging to the same buying group, laying down a principle valid for any stipulation that interferes with freedom to work or freedom to undertake business: \u201ca party relying on such a clause must show that it is proportionate to the legitimate interests to be protected having regard to the purpose of the contract\u201d (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/6ab3832dc27382d099072e0e\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 23 September 2026, No. 24-21.805<\/a>) (our translation). For networks binding the operator of a retail store, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000030984811\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000030984811\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 341-2 of the French Commercial Code<\/a> deems unwritten any clause restricting its activity after the end of the agreement, unless it concerns competing products, is limited to the premises operated, is indispensable to protecting substantial, specific and secret know-how, and does not exceed one year. The Court of Cassation approved the setting aside of a non-re-affiliation clause that \u201cwas not indispensable to protecting the franchisor\u2019s know-how and that it excessively interfered with the franchisee\u2019s freedom to carry on its business\u201d (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/665fffb92bde7b00080c313a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 5 June 2024, No. 23-15.741<\/a>) (our translation), in an estate agency franchise network. Under competition law, Article 5 of <a href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/FR\/TXT\/HTML\/?uri=CELEX:32022R0720\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Regulation (EU) 2022\/720<\/a> excludes from the exemption non-compete obligations of indefinite duration or exceeding five years, except where the buyer sells from premises and land owned by the supplier or leased by it from third parties, and, outside the strict conditions of its paragraph 3, those that outlast the agreement.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Did the supplier have to inform me before the agreement was signed?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Yes, where it makes a trade name, trade mark or sign available while requiring a commitment of exclusivity or quasi-exclusivity. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006231936\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006231936\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 330-3 of the French Commercial Code<\/a> then requires a truthful information document to be provided, with the draft agreement, at least twenty days before signature or, where applicable, before payment of any sum required in advance, in particular to reserve a zone. This document states in particular the age of the business, the state and prospects of the market, the size of the network, the duration, the conditions of renewal, termination and transfer, and the scope of the exclusivities. A formally complete document is not always enough. In a franchise network, the Court of Cassation set aside a judgment that had confined itself to the conformity of the document, without examining \u201cwhether Ucar had not deliberately kept silent on the insolvency proceedings that occurred in the network after delivery of the DIP and before signature of the franchise agreement\u201d (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/667baf00eee23a0a3f11d250\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 26 June 2024, No. 23-14.085<\/a>) (our translation). The judgment concerns fraudulent misrepresentation (dol), which the distributor must prove. Not every distribution agreement falls within the provision: an authorised reseller that has not entered into any exclusivity and does not use the sign does not necessarily come within it. The firm first checks this scope, then compares the information received with the real situation of the network.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Which court should hear a sudden termination of a distribution agreement?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>A sudden termination cannot be pleaded before just any commercial court. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000038414263\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000038414263\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 442-4 of the French Commercial Code<\/a> refers to courts whose seat and territorial jurisdiction are set by decree, and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000043197499\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000043197499\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article D. 442-2<\/a> designates the competent commercial courts and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000043197489\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000043197489\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article D. 442-3<\/a> the competent judicial courts, while the Paris court of appeal alone hears appeals against their decisions. The Court of Cassation abandoned the former approach based on an inadmissibility objection by holding that the rule \u201cestablishes a rule of exclusive subject-matter jurisdiction and not an inadmissibility objection\u201d (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/652f769bb0532083189957ea\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 18 October 2023, No. 21-15.378<\/a>) (our translation). It follows that an error as to the court is now treated as a question of jurisdiction, and not as an inadmissibility that caused the claim to be lost. The choice remains strategic: a claim based on non-performance of the agreement may fall before a different judge, and a jurisdiction clause or a prior mediation clause may appear in the agreement. For a distributor based in Paris or in the Paris region (\u00cele-de-France), the firm checks the specialised court for the area, coordinates the contractual claims with the claim based on Article L. 442-1, then checks the applicable limitation period before any writ of summons.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>When can economic dependence or significant imbalance be invoked?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>These grounds require demanding proof. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000038725501\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000038725501\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 420-2, paragraph 2, of the French Commercial Code<\/a> prohibits the abusive exploitation of a client undertaking\u2019s state of economic dependence, where it is liable to affect the functioning or structure of competition. Ruling on appeals against the judgment concerning a penalty imposed by the French Competition Authority (Autorit\u00e9 de la concurrence) on a manufacturer and its wholesalers, the Court of Cassation recalls that this state is assessed according to the reputation of the brand, its market share and its share in the reseller\u2019s turnover, and \u201cthe impossibility for the latter of obtaining, within a reasonable time, a solution that is technically and economically equivalent to the contractual relationships it has entered into with that supplier\u201d (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/6a043ef3cdc6046d47919fc5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 13 May 2026, No. 22-22.623<\/a>) (our translation). The appeals were dismissed. Significant imbalance under <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000054716237\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000054716237\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 442-1, I, 2\u00b0<\/a>, requires subjecting or attempting to subject the other party to unbalanced obligations; and such subjection \u201cimplies demonstrating the absence of effective negotiation of the clauses complained of\u201d (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/5fca624c7eeb384a40cafb92\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 20 November 2019, No. 18-12.823<\/a>) (our translation), a judgment unfavourable to the claimant, for lack of proof. The reseller therefore keeps its negotiation exchanges, the successive versions of the agreement and any trace of a refusal to discuss the clauses.<\/p><\/div><\/details><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-textes\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-textes\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Sources and related pages<\/p>\n<h2>Official texts and <em>related pages<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">The sources for this page and the firm's related areas of practice.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-arts\"><a class=\"kcv-art\" href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/FR\/TXT\/HTML\/?uri=CELEX:32022R0720\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Regulation (EU) 2022\/720<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">exemption of vertical agreements, selective and exclusive distribution<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art\" href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/FR\/TXT\/HTML\/?uri=CELEX:12016E101\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article 101 TFEU<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">agreements between undertakings<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000054716237\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000054716237\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 442-1 of the French Commercial Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">sudden termination of an established commercial relationship, significant imbalance<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000038414274\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000038414274\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 442-2 of the French Commercial Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">participation in resale outside the network<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000043197499\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000043197499\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article D. 442-2 of the French Commercial Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">specialised courts and the Paris court of appeal<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000038725501\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000038725501\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 420-2 of the French Commercial Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">abuse of economic dependence<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006231936\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006231936\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 330-3 of the French Commercial Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">pre-contractual information<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000030984811\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000030984811\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 341-2 of the French Commercial Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">post-contractual clauses in retail trade networks<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032041373\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032041373\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article 1200 of the French Civil Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">enforceability of a contract against third parties<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<h3 class=\"kcv-center\">Further reading<\/h3>\n<div class=\"kcv-pgs\"><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/business-law-attorneys-paris-75017\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Business law<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">The firm\u2019s expertise<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/competition-law-lawyer-paris\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Competition law<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">The firm\u2019s expertise<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/franchise-lawyer-paris\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Franchise<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">The firm\u2019s expertise<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/commercial-law-lawyer-paris\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Commercial law<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">The firm\u2019s expertise<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<p class=\"kcv-small kcv-center\">Page updated on 1 November 2026.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"kcv-cta\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-in\">\n    <div class=\"kcv-cta-card\">\n      <h2>Distribution agreement under challenge? <em>Take stock today<\/em>.<\/h2>\n      <p>Send the agreement, the supplier\u2019s letter and the history of the relationship: the firm characterises the network, measures the notice due and identifies the competent court.<\/p>\n      <div class=\"kcv-btns\">\n        <a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a>\n        <a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kch-form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n<div class=\"kcv-news-band\"><h2>The latest <em>news.<\/em><\/h2><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\", \"@type\": \"FAQPage\", \"mainEntity\": [{\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Can the supplier refuse to approve me in its selective distribution network?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Yes, to a large extent, and the reseller should know this before incurring costs. The Court of Cassation dismissed the appeal of an excluded car repairer, holding that \u201cNeither European competition law nor national competition law prohibits the mere refusal, by the operator at the head of a qualitative selective distribution network, to approve distributors that meet the selection criteria\u201d (Cass. com., 16 February 2022, No. 20-11.754) (our translation). The same judgment states that the requirement to apply the criteria uniformly is a matter of competition law and not of contractual good faith. In an earlier case, it had set aside the judgment that criticised the manufacturer, in the name of good faith, for not having selected its distributors on objective criteria (Cass. com., 27 March 2019, No. 17-22.083). Both solutions are unfavourable to the rejected candidate. The refusal becomes open to challenge where it reflects a discriminatory application of the criteria, or where the refusal itself has the object or effect of restricting competition within the meaning of Article L. 420-1 of the French Commercial Code, where it reveals an abuse of the right not to contract, which the 2022 judgment dismissed on the facts, or where it ends an already established commercial relationship without sufficient notice. The firm therefore examines the earlier relationship, the published criteria and the treatment of the other members before advising on any action.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Can my supplier prohibit me from selling online?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"An outright ban is problematic. Article 4(e) of Regulation (EU) 2022\/720 removes the benefit of the exemption from agreements whose object is to prevent the buyer or its customers from effectively using the internet to sell the products, because such a clause restricts the territory or the customers. The same text nevertheless leaves the supplier able to impose other restrictions on online sales, as well as restrictions on online advertising that do not entirely prevent the use of a channel. A supplier may therefore set quality requirements for the reseller\u2019s website or regulate the use of certain platforms, without closing off access to e-commerce. The analysis also depends on the market share thresholds of Article 3: above 30%, the automatic exemption no longer applies and the clause must be assessed under Article 101 of the Treaty, subject to Article 8(d), which maintains the exemption for two calendar years where the threshold is crossed during the agreement. The firm reads the clause, the internet charter and the exchanges on marketplaces, then distinguishes what is an accepted qualitative requirement from what amounts, in practice, to preventing online sales. The Regulation expires on 31 May 2034, under its Article 11.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Can I resell to another approved distributor or to a reseller outside the network?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The answer depends on the recipient. In a selective distribution system, Article 4(c)(ii) of Regulation (EU) 2022\/720 removes the benefit of the exemption from agreements that restrict cross-supplies between members of the network, whether they operate at the same or at different trade levels. An authorised reseller may therefore, in principle, sell to another authorised reseller. By contrast, the supplier may prohibit active or passive sales to non-approved distributors located in the territory where the system is operated, under Article 4(c)(i)(2). A reseller that breaches this prohibition risks termination of its agreement, and a third party that participates in the breach incurs liability under Article L. 442-2 of the French Commercial Code, provided that the agreement is exempted. The supplier must then prove its network: the Versailles court of appeal upheld the rejection of its claims based on harm to the network, on the ground that \u201cdemonstrating the lawfulness of a selective distribution network first requires establishing the very existence of that network\u201d (CA Versailles, ch. com. 3-1, 24 June 2026, No. 24\/03109) (our translation). The same decision did, however, find trade mark infringement for uses of the mark that were unrelated to designating the products. The firm checks the status of the buyer, the agreements applicable on the date of the sales and the evidence that the products were lawfully acquired.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What happens to my exclusivity if the supplier sells its business or its brands?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The agreement does not automatically follow the brand. The Court of Cassation holds that \u201cThe transfer of a business including the transfer of ownership of rights in trade marks does not entail the transfer of the exclusive distribution agreement for products bearing those marks\u201d (Cass. com., 19 October 2022, No. 21-16.169) (our translation). On that point, the distributor lost. The same judgment nevertheless opens another route, on the basis of Articles 1200 and 1240 of the French Civil Code: \u201ca third party to a contract who becomes complicit in a party\u2019s breach of its contractual obligations incurs tort liability\u201d (Cass. com., 19 October 2022, No. 21-16.169) (our translation). On remand, the Paris court of appeal set aside former Article L. 442-6, I, 6\u00b0, now L. 442-2, which targets the non-approved distributor and not the manufacturer, then held the acquirer that knew of the exclusivity liable, noting that \u201cThis transfer of the business, which took place during performance of the exclusive distribution agreement, made its performance until its term impossible\u201d (CA Paris, pole 5, ch. 5, 22 February 2024, No. 22\/19027) (our translation). The exclusive distributor should therefore keep evidence that the acquirer knew of the agreement, and act against the transferor for the non-performance itself.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What notice must the supplier give to end the relationship?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Notice is measured against the relationship, not only the agreement. Article L. 442-1, II, of the French Commercial Code requires written notice that takes account in particular of the length of the commercial relationship, by reference to trade usage or inter-trade agreements. In the version in force since 20 August 2026, it adds that the price applicable during the notice period takes account of the economic conditions of the market in which the parties operate. The same text sets a limit: where the party terminating has given eighteen months\u2019 notice, it cannot be held liable on the ground of insufficient duration. It also preserves termination without notice in case of non-performance by the other party or force majeure. The judge assesses the appropriate length of notice by reference to the length of the relationship, the share of turnover made with the supplier, exclusivity and dedicated investments. In the case decided on 19 March 2025, a twenty-three-year relationship without exclusivity, representing 24% of the turnover of the supplier excluded by its distributor, called for ten months\u2019 notice according to usage; thirty-five months had been granted and the claim was rejected (Cass. com., 19 March 2025, No. 23-23.507). The firm reconstructs these elements before calculating the missing notice.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Can a non-renewed fixed-term agreement give rise to compensation?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"It can, where the commercial relationship is established. A fixed-term agreement reaching its term does not, by itself, create a right to renewal. But a succession of agreements may amount to a stable relationship whose termination must be preceded by sufficient notice, within the meaning of Article L. 442-1, II, of the French Commercial Code. In a dispute between a trade mark owner and its exclusive licensee, the Court of Cassation approved the court of appeal, which had found an established relationship of twenty-eight years, made up of successive agreements renewed on broadly identical terms, ended by the exercise of an early termination option before the stipulated term. The approved judgment noted that \u201cthe fact that termination during performance is legally possible does not mean that it is foreseeable in fact\u201d (Cass. com., 19 March 2025, No. 23-22.182) (our translation). The absence of a tacit renewal clause remains a factor of instability that the supplier will invoke. The outcome therefore depends on the facts: number of renewals, any competitive tendering, genuine or purely formal renegotiations, warnings given before expiry. The exclusive distributor gathers the successive agreements, amendments and renegotiation exchanges in order to show the concrete stability of the relationship. In the judgment cited, that stability allowed the licensee to expect the relationship to continue until the end of the last amendment; the Court does not rule there on a simple refusal to renew at expiry.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What should I do with the stock at the end of the distribution agreement?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The fate of the stock is settled first by the agreement: a buy-back clause in favour of the supplier, a right to sell off the stock for a limited period, or silence that will have to be interpreted. The reseller should take an inventory of the stock and value it as soon as termination is notified, with purchase dates and prices. A sell-off period is not always the same as notice. In the judgment of 19 March 2025, the court of appeal had held that the distributor, authorised to sell off its stock after the end of the notice period, was subject to significant restrictions, in particular a ban on continuing manufacture and an obligation to sell all the stock within six months. The Court of Cassation approved the idea that \u201cthe post-contractual stock sell-off phase did not have to be counted towards the notice period due\u201d (Cass. com., 19 March 2025, No. 23-22.182) (our translation). The proceeds of that sell-off were not deducted from the compensation for the insufficient notice. This solution requires concrete proof: it must be shown that the conditions of the sell-off period did not allow the reseller to reorganise. Where possible, the firm negotiates a buy-back at purchase price or a sell-off timetable compatible with the reseller\u2019s redeployment, then factors it into the calculation of the loss if the negotiation fails.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Can the supplier reduce my supplies during the notice period?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"In principle, no, at least not substantially. The Court of Cassation recalls that \u201cnotice given following the termination of an established commercial relationship must be effective, so that, save in particular circumstances, the commercial relationship must continue on the previous terms during the notice period\u201d (Cass. com., 19 March 2025, No. 23-23.507) (our translation). That reasoning, given under former Article L. 442-6, I, 5\u00b0, applies whoever is the party terminating. In that case the roles were reversed: it was the distributor, as the party terminating, that had gradually reduced its purchases from its supplier. Thirty-five months\u2019 notice, two years more than the ten months found according to usage, was a particular circumstance allowing it, since it had announced this from the outset, no longer to maintain the previous terms after the first year. The claim of the excluded supplier was rejected. Since 20 August 2026, Article L. 442-1, II, also covers a substantial reduction in the volume of orders sent to a commercial partner, in the course of negotiating a contract, even a temporary one, if its scale, unusual nature or circumstances compromise the balance of the established relationship. That provision protects first the party that receives the orders; the reseller whose deliveries decrease relies rather on the requirement of effective notice. The reseller should therefore track its volumes month by month, compare pricing and logistics terms before and after notification, and challenge any deterioration in writing as soon as it appears.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Is a non-compete clause that applies after the agreement ends valid?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"It is valid only if it remains proportionate, and the burden of proving this falls on the party relying on it. The Court of Cassation stated this in respect of a non-solicitation clause agreed between competing hardware retailers belonging to the same buying group, laying down a principle valid for any stipulation that interferes with freedom to work or freedom to undertake business: \u201ca party relying on such a clause must show that it is proportionate to the legitimate interests to be protected having regard to the purpose of the contract\u201d (Cass. com., 23 September 2026, No. 24-21.805) (our translation). For networks binding the operator of a retail store, Article L. 341-2 of the French Commercial Code deems unwritten any clause restricting its activity after the end of the agreement, unless it concerns competing products, is limited to the premises operated, is indispensable to protecting substantial, specific and secret know-how, and does not exceed one year. The Court of Cassation approved the setting aside of a non-re-affiliation clause that \u201cwas not indispensable to protecting the franchisor\u2019s know-how and that it excessively interfered with the franchisee\u2019s freedom to carry on its business\u201d (Cass. com., 5 June 2024, No. 23-15.741) (our translation), in an estate agency franchise network. Under competition law, Article 5 of Regulation (EU) 2022\/720 excludes from the exemption non-compete obligations of indefinite duration or exceeding five years, except where the buyer sells from premises and land owned by the supplier or leased by it from third parties, and, outside the strict conditions of its paragraph 3, those that outlast the agreement.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Did the supplier have to inform me before the agreement was signed?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Yes, where it makes a trade name, trade mark or sign available while requiring a commitment of exclusivity or quasi-exclusivity. Article L. 330-3 of the French Commercial Code then requires a truthful information document to be provided, with the draft agreement, at least twenty days before signature or, where applicable, before payment of any sum required in advance, in particular to reserve a zone. This document states in particular the age of the business, the state and prospects of the market, the size of the network, the duration, the conditions of renewal, termination and transfer, and the scope of the exclusivities. A formally complete document is not always enough. In a franchise network, the Court of Cassation set aside a judgment that had confined itself to the conformity of the document, without examining \u201cwhether Ucar had not deliberately kept silent on the insolvency proceedings that occurred in the network after delivery of the DIP and before signature of the franchise agreement\u201d (Cass. com., 26 June 2024, No. 23-14.085) (our translation). The judgment concerns fraudulent misrepresentation (dol), which the distributor must prove. Not every distribution agreement falls within the provision: an authorised reseller that has not entered into any exclusivity and does not use the sign does not necessarily come within it. The firm first checks this scope, then compares the information received with the real situation of the network.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Which court should hear a sudden termination of a distribution agreement?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"A sudden termination cannot be pleaded before just any commercial court. Article L. 442-4 of the French Commercial Code refers to courts whose seat and territorial jurisdiction are set by decree, and Article D. 442-2 designates the competent commercial courts and Article D. 442-3 the competent judicial courts, while the Paris court of appeal alone hears appeals against their decisions. The Court of Cassation abandoned the former approach based on an inadmissibility objection by holding that the rule \u201cestablishes a rule of exclusive subject-matter jurisdiction and not an inadmissibility objection\u201d (Cass. com., 18 October 2023, No. 21-15.378) (our translation). It follows that an error as to the court is now treated as a question of jurisdiction, and not as an inadmissibility that caused the claim to be lost. The choice remains strategic: a claim based on non-performance of the agreement may fall before a different judge, and a jurisdiction clause or a prior mediation clause may appear in the agreement. For a distributor based in Paris or in the Paris region (\u00cele-de-France), the firm checks the specialised court for the area, coordinates the contractual claims with the claim based on Article L. 442-1, then checks the applicable limitation period before any writ of summons.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"When can economic dependence or significant imbalance be invoked?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"These grounds require demanding proof. Article L. 420-2, paragraph 2, of the French Commercial Code prohibits the abusive exploitation of a client undertaking\u2019s state of economic dependence, where it is liable to affect the functioning or structure of competition. Ruling on appeals against the judgment concerning a penalty imposed by the French Competition Authority (Autorit\u00e9 de la concurrence) on a manufacturer and its wholesalers, the Court of Cassation recalls that this state is assessed according to the reputation of the brand, its market share and its share in the reseller\u2019s turnover, and \u201cthe impossibility for the latter of obtaining, within a reasonable time, a solution that is technically and economically equivalent to the contractual relationships it has entered into with that supplier\u201d (Cass. com., 13 May 2026, No. 22-22.623) (our translation). The appeals were dismissed. Significant imbalance under Article L. 442-1, I, 2\u00b0, requires subjecting or attempting to subject the other party to unbalanced obligations; and such subjection \u201cimplies demonstrating the absence of effective negotiation of the clauses complained of\u201d (Cass. com., 20 November 2019, No. 18-12.823) (our translation), a judgment unfavourable to the claimant, for lack of proof. 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data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. 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Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2157083 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2157083 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/tim-schmidbauer-EnC5f7At4ac-unsplash-1-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2157083 post-2157083 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/25\/foreign-company-france-unpaid-invoice-penalties-injonction-payer-abroad\/\">Your French Client Has Not Paid: Late-Payment Penalties, the 40 Euro Fee and the Injunction-to-Pay While You Live Abroad<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2157055 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2157055 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/allison-saeng-Hpw4nI_QUWQ-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2157055 post-2157055 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/25\/foreign-company-france-corporate-bank-account-refusal-abroad\/\">Your French Bank Won&#8217;t Open a Corporate Account While You Live Abroad: Right to an Account, Banque de France Designation and the Anti-Money-Laundering Wall<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2157013 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2157013 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/getty-images-p1ZW7qeVRyE-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2157013 post-2157013 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/25\/foreign-company-france-sas-pay-abroad-salary-dividends-management-fees\/\">Your French SAS Pays You While You Live Abroad: Salary, Dividends or Management Fees<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2156883 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2156883 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/getty-images-p1ZW7qeVRyE-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2156883 post-2156883 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/25\/foreign-company-france-sas-capital-increase-cash-call-filing-abroad\/\">Your French SAS Needs Cash From Abroad: Increase Capital, Call Up Unpaid Shares or Lend Instead \u2014 Filing and New Kbis Without Flying to Paris<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2156702 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2156702 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/pawel-czerwinski-mIT9kEQBC6Q-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2156702 post-2156702 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/24\/foreign-company-france-hire-first-employee-dpae-contract-trial-pay-abroad\/\">Hiring Your First French Employee While You Live Abroad: DPAE, Contract, Trial Period, Pay and Registration<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2156668 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2156668 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/alex-vasey-F5HtPjpBb9k-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2156668 post-2156668 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/24\/foreign-company-france-management-fees-transfer-pricing-file-defence-abroad\/\">Your French Subsidiary Pays Management Fees to Its Foreign Parent While You Live Abroad: Transfer Pricing File, Deduction and Reassessment Defence<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2156642 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2156642 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/shubham-dhage-ICCn56-jyuw-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2156642 post-2156642 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/24\/foreign-company-france-shareholder-loan-compte-courant-abroad\/\">Your French Subsidiary Needs Cash From Abroad: Shareholder Loans (Compte Courant d&#8217;Associe), Interest, Approval and Getting Repaid<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. 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Refusal of approval, circumvented territorial exclusivity, a supplier that sells its brand, shortened notice, unsold stock or a non-compete clause after leaving the network: as a distribution agreement lawyer in Paris, the [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":251031307,"featured_media":2157182,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2161215","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.2 (Yoast SEO v28.2) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Distribution Agreement Lawyer Paris | Kohen Avocats<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Distribution agreement lawyer Paris: Kohen Avocats defends resellers and exclusive distributors on approval, exclusivity and termination. 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