{"id":2161213,"date":"2026-11-01T23:35:54","date_gmt":"2026-11-01T22:35:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/?page_id=2161213"},"modified":"2026-11-04T19:47:20","modified_gmt":"2026-11-04T18:47:20","slug":"international-contract-lawyer-paris","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/international-contract-lawyer-paris\/","title":{"rendered":"International contract lawyer in Paris: governing law, court, Incoterm and payment"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"2161213\" class=\"elementor elementor-2161213 elementor-2160656\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-v5bd59a e-con-full e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"v5bd59a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-v5bd59aw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"v5bd59aw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"kcv\" id=\"kci-root\" data-refresh-marker=\"expertise-fr-avocat-contrat-international-paris-20261101\">\n<section class=\"kcv-hero\" aria-labelledby=\"kch-h1\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-in\">\n    <div class=\"kcv-head\">\n      <p class=\"kk\">Exporting and importing SMEs: governing law, court, Incoterms, payment<\/p>\n      <h1 id=\"kch-h1\">International <em>contract<\/em> lawyer in Paris:<span class=\"kcv-tail\"> governing law, court, Incoterm and payment settled before the first delivery.<\/span><\/h1>\n      <p class=\"kcv-sub\">An SME that sells or buys abroad often signs a purchase order, a confirmation and an invoice rather than a negotiated contract. An international contract lawyer in Paris starts from what these documents decide: the governing law, the court that hears a dispute, the point at which risk passes and the payment guarantees.<\/p>\n      <div class=\"kcv-btns\">\n        <a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a>\n        <a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kch-form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a>\n      <\/div>\n      <p class=\"kcv-urg\">Before shipping, review the Incoterm, the jurisdiction clause and the method of payment. After delivery, inspect the goods without delay and keep any written complaint sent to the supplier.<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcv-stagewrap\"><div class=\"kcv-stageshadow\"><div class=\"kcv-stage\">\n      <link rel=\"preload\" as=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kohen-v3-expertises\/kohen-fr-assurance-paysage-20261025.webp\" media=\"(min-width:761px)\" fetchpriority=\"high\">\n      <link rel=\"preload\" as=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kohen-v3-expertises\/kohen-fr-assurance-paysage-1080-20261025.webp\" media=\"(max-width:760px)\" fetchpriority=\"high\">\n      <div class=\"kcv-media\" aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"--kcv-img:url('https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kohen-v3-expertises\/kohen-fr-assurance-paysage-20261025.webp');--kcv-img-m:url('https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kohen-v3-expertises\/kohen-fr-assurance-paysage-1080-20261025.webp')\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"kcv-panel kcv-glass\" id=\"kch-form\">\n        <div class=\"kcv-panel-head\">\n          <div>\n            <p class=\"kcv-panel-k\">International contract \u00b7 Paris<\/p>\n            <h2 class=\"kcv-panel-t\">Get a <em>first analysis<\/em><\/h2>\n            <p class=\"kcv-panel-l\">Send the offer, the purchase order, the confirmation, the general terms exchanged, the invoices and the email exchanges: the firm will examine the governing law, the court and the payment guarantees that result.<\/p>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"kcv-chip kcv-glass\"><p class=\"kcv-chip-n\">24 \u00e0 48 h<\/p><p class=\"kcv-chip-x\">first legal<br>review<\/p><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"kcf-wrap\">\n<form id=\"kcf-2form\" data-kcf data-api-url=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-json\/kohen-form\/v1\/submit\" data-vps-url=\"https:\/\/upload-fr.46-224-152-225.sslip.io\/submit\" data-max-size=\"1073741824\" data-max-files=\"500\" novalidate enctype=\"multipart\/form-data\">\n  <input type=\"hidden\" name=\"rendered_at\" value=\"1776847557\">\n  <div class=\"kcf-hp\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><label for=\"kcf-2website\">Do not fill in<\/label><input id=\"kcf-2website\" name=\"website\" type=\"text\" tabindex=\"-1\" autocomplete=\"off\"><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcf-price\">\n    <span class=\"kcf-price-amount\">\u20ac80<small>incl. VAT<\/small><\/span>\n    <div class=\"kcf-price-body\">\n      <p class=\"kcf-price-text\"><strong>Preliminary review of your case.<\/strong> Examination of your documents and a first written analysis by Reda Kohen, within 24 to 48 business hours. Payment is made online after this form is sent.<\/p>\n      <ul class=\"kcf-price-meta\">\n        <li>Up to 1 GB of documents, folders and subfolders accepted<\/li>\n        <li>Secure payment, no banking data stored<\/li>\n        <li><a href=\"\/conditions-etude-prealable\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Terms and fee agreement<\/a><\/li>\n      <\/ul>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcf-row\">\n    <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n      <label class=\"kcf-label\" for=\"kcf-2name\">Full name<\/label>\n      <input class=\"kcf-input\" type=\"text\" id=\"kcf-2name\" name=\"name\" placeholder=\"Your name\" required autocomplete=\"name\" aria-describedby=\"kcf-2name-err\">\n      <p class=\"kcf-field-error\" id=\"kcf-2name-err\" role=\"alert\"><\/p>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n      <label class=\"kcf-label\" for=\"kcf-2phone\">Telephone <span class=\"kcf-optional\">(optional)<\/span><\/label>\n      <input class=\"kcf-input\" type=\"tel\" inputmode=\"tel\" id=\"kcf-2phone\" name=\"phone\" placeholder=\"06 00 00 00 00\" autocomplete=\"tel\" aria-describedby=\"kcf-2phone-err\">\n      <p class=\"kcf-field-error\" id=\"kcf-2phone-err\" role=\"alert\"><\/p>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n    <label class=\"kcf-label\" for=\"kcf-2email\">Email address<\/label>\n    <input class=\"kcf-input\" type=\"email\" id=\"kcf-2email\" name=\"email\" placeholder=\"your@email.com\" required autocomplete=\"email\" spellcheck=\"false\" autocapitalize=\"off\" aria-describedby=\"kcf-2email-err\">\n    <p class=\"kcf-field-error\" id=\"kcf-2email-err\" role=\"alert\"><\/p>\n  <\/div>\n  \n  <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n    <label class=\"kcf-label\" for=\"kcf-2message\">Message<\/label>\n    <textarea class=\"kcf-textarea\" id=\"kcf-2message\" name=\"message\" placeholder=\"Briefly describe your situation...\" required aria-describedby=\"kcf-2message-err\"><\/textarea>\n    <p class=\"kcf-field-error\" id=\"kcf-2message-err\" role=\"alert\"><\/p>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n    <label class=\"kcf-label\">Attachments <span class=\"kcf-optional\">(optional, 500 files max, 1 GB)<\/span><\/label>\n    <div class=\"kcf-dropzone\" id=\"kcf-2dropzone\">\n      <svg class=\"kcf-dropzone-icon\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M21 15v4a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-4\"\/><polyline points=\"17 8 12 3 7 8\"\/><line x1=\"12\" y1=\"3\" x2=\"12\" y2=\"15\"\/><\/svg>\n      <p class=\"kcf-dropzone-text\"><strong>Click<\/strong> or drag your files here<br>All formats accepted (PDF, Word, images, etc.)<\/p>\n      <input type=\"file\" name=\"attachments\" id=\"kcf-2files\" multiple>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcf-file-list\" id=\"kcf-2filelist\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcf-progress\" id=\"kcf-2progress\">\n      <div class=\"kcf-progress-bar\"><div class=\"kcf-progress-fill\" id=\"kcf-2progressfill\"><\/div><\/div>\n      <p class=\"kcf-progress-text\" id=\"kcf-2progresstext\">Sending...<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n  <button type=\"submit\" class=\"kcf-btn\">\n    <span class=\"kcf-spinner\"><\/span>\n    <span class=\"kcf-btn-text\">Pay \u20ac80 and send my case<\/span>\n  <\/button>\n  <div class=\"kcf-msg\" role=\"status\" aria-live=\"polite\" aria-atomic=\"true\" tabindex=\"-1\"><\/div>\n  <p class=\"kcf-note\">Payment constitutes a request for immediate performance of your analysis. 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l'\u00c9tat.\",\"auteur\":\"data.gouv.fr\",\"paraphrase\":true,\"libelle\":\"Voir la fiche sur data.gouv.fr\"},{\"titre\":\"Commentaires des d\u00e9cisions de justice par l'IA g\u00e9n\u00e9rative\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.data.gouv.fr\/reuses\/commentaires-des-decisions-de-justice-par-lia-generative\",\"citation\":\"R\u00e9utilisation des donn\u00e9es publiques de justice publi\u00e9e par Kohen Avocats et r\u00e9f\u00e9renc\u00e9e sur data.gouv.fr.\",\"auteur\":\"data.gouv.fr\",\"paraphrase\":true,\"libelle\":\"Voir la r\u00e9utilisation sur data.gouv.fr\"}]},\"awwwards\":{\"nom\":\"Awwwards\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Kohen Avocats, site nomm\u00e9 aux Awwwards\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.awwwards.com\/sites\/kohen-avocats\",\"citation\":\"Le site du cabinet figure parmi les sites nomm\u00e9s (\u00ab Nominee \u00bb) par Awwwards, r\u00e9f\u00e9rence internationale du design web.\",\"auteur\":\"Awwwards\",\"paraphrase\":true,\"libelle\":\"Voir la fiche sur 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\u00e0 la location ?\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.leboncoin.fr\/guide\/immobilier\/bouilloires-thermiques-bientot-interdites-a-la-location-hfpj70o6.html\",\"citation\":\"Le guide immobilier cite une analyse de kohenavocats.fr parmi ses sources.\",\"auteur\":\"Leboncoin\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"femme-actuelle\":{\"nom\":\"Femme Actuelle\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"S\u00e9paration ou divorce : quelle banque et quel cr\u00e9dit pour repartir sur de bonnes bases ?\",\"date\":\"2026-09-30\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.femmeactuelle.fr\/vie-pratique\/news-vie-pratique\/separation-ou-divorce-quelle-banque-et-quel-credit-pour-repartir-sur-de-bonnes-bases-2211980\",\"citation\":\"L'article cite une analyse de kohenavocats.com parmi ses sources.\",\"auteur\":\"Femme Actuelle\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"economie-matin\":{\"nom\":\"\u00c9conomie Matin\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Nouveau bail 2026 : ce que les propri\u00e9taires doivent anticiper d\u00e8s 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La loi ne fixe pas un calendrier d\u2019allumage commun \u00e0 tous les immeubles.\",\"auteur\":\"Cabinet Kohen Avocats\"}]},\"next\":{\"nom\":\"Next\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Fin de Bloctel, interdiction du d\u00e9marchage d\u00e8s le 11 ao\u00fbt : on fait le point\",\"date\":\"2026-08-04\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/next.ink\/249950\/fin-de-bloctel-interdiction-du-demarchage-des-le-11-aout-on-fait-le-point\/\",\"citation\":\"Selon le cabinet Kohen Avocats, les jurisprudences dans ce secteur devraient \u00ab \u00e9clairer la port\u00e9e du futur r\u00e9gime \u00bb.\",\"auteur\":\"Next\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"actu-juridique\":{\"nom\":\"Actu-Juridique\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Magistrature et franc-ma\u00e7onnerie : que dit le droit ?\",\"date\":\"2026-09-22\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.actu-juridique.fr\/professions\/magistrats\/magistrature-et-franc-maconnerie-stupeur-et-evitements\/\",\"citation\":\"L\u2019article cite en r\u00e9f\u00e9rence l\u2019analyse de Ma\u00eetre Hassan Kohen, avocat en droit p\u00e9nal \u00e0 Paris, sur l\u2019avis du Coll\u00e8ge de d\u00e9ontologie du 9 juin 2026.\",\"auteur\":\"Actu-Juridique\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"batiweb\":{\"nom\":\"Batiweb\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Mayotte : Lecornu veut un \u00ab choc de mises en chantier \u00bb\",\"date\":\"2026-08-27\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.batiweb.com\/actualites\/urbanisme\/reconstruction-mayotte-lecornu-choc-mises-chantier-49208\",\"citation\":\"Sur les autorisations d\u2019urbanisme n\u00e9cessaires \u00e0 la reconstruction de Mayotte, l\u2019article cite les explications de Me Reda Kohen.\",\"auteur\":\"Batiweb\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"berliner-zeitung\":{\"nom\":\"Berliner Zeitung\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Null Euro Miete, daf\u00fcr Quizabende mit Rentnern: Wie eine 18-J\u00e4hrige ins Seniorenheim zog\",\"date\":\"2026-09-21\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.berliner-zeitung.de\/article\/null-euro-miete-dafuer-quizabende-mit-rentnern-wie-eine-18-jaehrige-ins-seniorenheim-zog-10414380\",\"citation\":\"Der Pariser Anwalt Reda Kohen ordnet das Modell als Gebrauchsleihe ein: Die Wohnung wird \u00fcberlassen, nicht vermietet.\",\"auteur\":\"Berliner Zeitung\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"startupitalia\":{\"nom\":\"StartupItalia\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Quasi 13 miliardi di dollari di Nvidia per la sconosciuta Hugging Face. 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if(e.key==='ArrowLeft'&&actuel>0){e.preventDefault();aller(actuel-1);}});\ns.querySelectorAll('button.knp__logo').forEach(function(b){b.addEventListener('click',function(e){ouvrir(b,e.detail===0&&b.tabIndex>=0);});});\n}\ndocument.querySelectorAll('.knp').forEach(lier);\n})();\n<\/script>\n<\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"kcv-tabs\" id=\"kcv-cabinet\" aria-label=\"International contract lawyer in Paris\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-in\">\n    <div class=\"kcv-tabs-head\">\n      <p class=\"kk\">Kohen Avocats, Paris 17<\/p>\n      <h2>International contract: <em>the four clauses that decide a dispute<\/em><\/h2>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcv-bar\"><div class=\"kcv-chips\" role=\"tablist\" aria-label=\"Case sections\"><button class=\"kcv-chip-t on\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-avocat\" aria-controls=\"kcv-avocat\" aria-selected=\"true\" tabindex=\"0\">The lawyer<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p1\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p1\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The rules<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p2\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p2\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Your documents<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p3\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p3\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The method<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p4\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p4\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The timetable<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p5\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p5\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The checks<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-synthese\" aria-controls=\"kcv-synthese\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Summary<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-faq\" aria-controls=\"kcv-faq\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Questions<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-textes\" aria-controls=\"kcv-textes\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Legal texts<\/button><\/div><\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcv-track\"><div class=\"kcv-slide kcv-on\" id=\"kcv-avocat\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-avocat\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<div class=\"kcv-pro\">\n  <figure class=\"kcv-pro-photo\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" src=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/kohen-footer\/portrait-reda-20260920-lignes-orange.jpg\" alt=\"Reda Kohen, lawyer at the Paris Bar\" width=\"1122\" height=\"1402\" loading=\"eager\" decoding=\"async\">\n    <figcaption class=\"kcv-pro-cap kcv-glass\"><span class=\"kcv-pro-capn\">Reda Kohen<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pro-capr\">Lawyer at the Paris Bar<\/span><\/figcaption>\n  <\/figure>\n  <div class=\"kcv-pro-body\">\n    <p class=\"kk\">International business law \u00b7 Paris 17th arrondissement<\/p>\n    <h2>What an <em>international contract lawyer<\/em> in Paris does<\/h2>\n    <ul class=\"kcv-pro-tags\"><li>Paris Bar<\/li><li>International contracts<\/li><li>Exporting and importing SMEs<\/li><\/ul>\n    <p class=\"kcv-p\">Reda Kohen, a lawyer (avocat) at the Paris Bar, advises on sale, purchase and service contracts entered into by French companies with partners established abroad.<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-p\">For an SME, an international contract is rarely formed around a table. It arises from an offer sent by email, a purchase order, a confirmation and an invoice. The firm reconstructs this chain of documents to establish what each party actually accepted.<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-p\">The analysis covers four clauses: the law that governs the contract, the court that will hear the dispute, the Incoterm that fixes delivery and risk, and the mechanism that secures payment. A mistake on any one of them can force the company to litigate far from its registered office, under a law it does not know.<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-p\">Send what you have, even if incomplete: the firm will prioritise and complete the file with you. In an emergency, call <a href=\"tel:+33646605822\">06 46 60 58 22<\/a>.<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-pro-meta\"><a href=\"https:\/\/consultation.avocat.fr\/avocat-paris\/reda-kohen-54670.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Official profile in the directory of French lawyers (CNB)<\/a><span>Firm at 11 rue Margueritte, 75017 Paris<\/span><\/p>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-cards\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-card\"><h3>The governing law<\/h3><p>The choice of a law, or the lack of one, determines the rules on formation, warranty and compensation that will apply if a disagreement arises.<\/p><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-card\"><h3>The competent court<\/h3><p>A jurisdiction clause accepted in writing, or through established practices between the parties, can place the proceedings in the partner's country.<\/p><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-card\"><h3>Delivery and payment<\/h3><p>The Incoterm fixes the place of delivery and the passing of risk; a documentary credit or a bank guarantee protects the price if the foreign customer does not pay.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p1\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The rules<\/p>\n<h2>Governing law, court, Incoterm, payment: <em>the applicable rules<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">Four sets of rules govern an SME's contract with a foreign partner.<\/p>\n<ol class=\"kcv-conds\">\n  <li>The parties may choose the law governing their contract, expressly or by clear implication, for the whole contract or for only part of it (<a href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/FR\/TXT\/HTML\/?uri=CELEX:32008R0593\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Article 3 of the Rome I Regulation<\/a>). Absent a choice, a contract for the provision of services is governed by the law of the country where the service provider has its habitual residence, unless it is manifestly more closely connected with another country (<a href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/FR\/TXT\/HTML\/?uri=CELEX:32008R0593\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Article 4 of the Rome I Regulation<\/a>). To set aside that connecting factor, the Court of Cassation follows the method laid down by the Court of Justice of the European Union, under which \u201cthe national court must first determine the applicable law on the basis of the connecting factor provided for by the conflict-of-laws rule\u201d (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/690af3d028bf9d42b6ccc20c\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. 1re civ., 5 November 2025, No. 24-16.055<\/a>, our translation).<\/li>\n  <li>The sale of goods between businesses established in different States often falls under the Vienna Convention of 11 April 1980, which the parties may exclude or adapt (<a href=\"https:\/\/uncitral.un.org\/sites\/uncitral.un.org\/files\/media-documents\/uncitral\/fr\/v1056998-cisg-f.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Article 1 of the Vienna Convention<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/uncitral.un.org\/sites\/uncitral.un.org\/files\/media-documents\/uncitral\/fr\/v1056998-cisg-f.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Article 6 of the Vienna Convention<\/a>). The buyer must examine the goods within as short a period as is practicable, then give notice specifying the nature of the lack of conformity within a reasonable time after discovering it or after the buyer ought to have discovered it, and at the latest within two years from the actual handing over of the goods, unless this is inconsistent with the duration of a contractual guarantee (<a href=\"https:\/\/uncitral.un.org\/sites\/uncitral.un.org\/files\/media-documents\/uncitral\/fr\/v1056998-cisg-f.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Article 38 of the Vienna Convention<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/uncitral.un.org\/sites\/uncitral.un.org\/files\/media-documents\/uncitral\/fr\/v1056998-cisg-f.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Article 39 of the Vienna Convention<\/a>). According to the Court of Cassation, this last period \u201cis a period for giving notice of the lack of conformity and not a period for bringing an action\u201d (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/6358cffb99f67905a719f95b\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 26 October 2022, No. 20-22.528<\/a>, our translation). The seller cannot rely on these periods where the lack of conformity relates to facts of which it knew or could not have been unaware and which it did not disclose (<a href=\"https:\/\/uncitral.un.org\/sites\/uncitral.un.org\/files\/media-documents\/uncitral\/fr\/v1056998-cisg-f.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Article 40 of the Vienna Convention<\/a>).<\/li>\n  <li>A clause designating the court of a Member State of the Union requires an agreement of the parties that is in writing, evidenced in writing, in accordance with their established practices or with a usage of international trade, subject to its substantive validity and to the jurisdictions from which no derogation is possible; that court's jurisdiction is exclusive unless the parties agree otherwise (<a href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/FR\/TXT\/HTML\/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Article 25 of the Brussels I bis Regulation<\/a>). Absent a clause, a seller domiciled in one Member State may be sued in another Member State, in the place in the Union where the goods were or should have been delivered under the contract (<a href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/FR\/TXT\/HTML\/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Article 7(1)(b) of the Brussels I bis Regulation<\/a>). Where the defendant is domiciled outside the Union, jurisdiction is in principle governed by the rules of each State (<a href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/FR\/TXT\/HTML\/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Article 6 of the Brussels I bis Regulation<\/a>). The Court of Cassation holds that, to locate that place, \u201cthe national court seised must take into account all the relevant terms and clauses of that contract that are capable of clearly identifying that place, including terms and clauses that are generally recognised and enshrined by the usages of international trade, such as the Incoterms\u201d (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/63e34ccb500dc805de37cd99\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 8 February 2023, No. 21-13.536<\/a>, our translation).<\/li>\n  <li>Payment in France is made in euros, but another currency may be stipulated where the obligation arises from an international transaction (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000036829870\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000036829870\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1343-3 of the French Civil Code<\/a>). Under the Vienna Convention, the price is paid, unless another place is agreed, at the seller's place of business or, if payment is made against handing over of the goods or documents, at the place of that handing over, and any sum left unpaid carries interest (<a href=\"https:\/\/uncitral.un.org\/sites\/uncitral.un.org\/files\/media-documents\/uncitral\/fr\/v1056998-cisg-f.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Article 57 of the Vienna Convention<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/uncitral.un.org\/sites\/uncitral.un.org\/files\/media-documents\/uncitral\/fr\/v1056998-cisg-f.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Article 78 of the Vienna Convention<\/a>). An independent guarantee obliges the guarantor to pay without being able to raise defences arising from the guaranteed contract, except in the case of manifest abuse or fraud by the beneficiary (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006448430\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006448430\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 2321 of the Civil Code<\/a>).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"kcv-callout\"><span class=\"kcv-callout-i\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M9.6 6C6.5 7.4 4.5 10 4.5 13.4V18h6v-6H7.6c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L9.6 6zm9 0c-3.1 1.4-5.1 4-5.1 7.4V18h6v-6h-2.9c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L18.6 6z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><p>A single sale may fall under three separate texts: the Vienna Convention for the substance, the Rome I Regulation to designate the law for the questions it leaves aside, and the Brussels I bis Regulation for the court. Gaps in the Convention are filled first by its general principles (<a href=\"https:\/\/uncitral.un.org\/sites\/uncitral.un.org\/files\/media-documents\/uncitral\/fr\/v1056998-cisg-f.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Article 7 of the Vienna Convention<\/a>). Each clause is therefore read against its own text.<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p2\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Your documents<\/p>\n<h2>The documents to provide, <em>depending on your position<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">The chain of documents exchanged shows which clause was accepted, when and by whom.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-duel\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-opt kcv-opt-a\"><p class=\"kcv-opt-k\">Position A<\/p><p class=\"kcv-opt-t\">You sell abroad<\/p><ul><li>Offer, quotation, order confirmation and invoices, stating the Incoterm and the agreed place<\/li><li>General terms of sale, and proof that they were communicated to the customer before the order<\/li><li>Transport documents, consignment note or bill of lading, and proof of handing over to the carrier<\/li><li>Documentary credit, bank guarantee, payment reminders and exchanges about the customer's complaints<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-or\" aria-hidden=\"true\">or<\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-opt kcv-opt-b\"><p class=\"kcv-opt-k\">Position B<\/p><p class=\"kcv-opt-t\">You buy abroad<\/p><ul><li>Purchase order, general terms of purchase and the confirmation received from the supplier<\/li><li>Delivery notes, quality or conformity certificates supplied with the goods<\/li><li>Inspection report, photographs, analyses and first written complaint to the supplier, all dated<\/li><li>Invoices, payment schedule and any letter from the supplier on the applicable law or court<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-callout\"><span class=\"kcv-callout-i\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M9.6 6C6.5 7.4 4.5 10 4.5 13.4V18h6v-6H7.6c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L9.6 6zm9 0c-3.1 1.4-5.1 4-5.1 7.4V18h6v-6h-2.9c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L18.6 6z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><p>Do not let a oral complaint stand in for notice of the defect. An email describing the nature of the defect and the date it was discovered is the first useful evidence.<\/p><\/div>\n<p class=\"kcv-p\">The firm also handles:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"kcv-pro-tags\"><li>International business law<\/li><li>Exequatur<\/li><li>Arbitration<\/li><li>Business law<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p3\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The method<\/p>\n<h2>How the firm <em>supports you<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">Read the documents in the order in which they were exchanged, then fix or defend each clause.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-rows\">\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 1<\/p><h3>Reconstructing how the contract was formed<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">The firm sorts the offer, the order, the confirmation, the invoices and the general terms by date, in order to check which version was communicated and accepted.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 2<\/p><h3>Identifying the applicable texts<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">Vienna Convention, Rome I Regulation, Brussels I bis Regulation or ordinary law: each question is given its own text, without automatically transposing domestic-law rules.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 3<\/p><h3>Drafting or renegotiating the clauses<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">Governing law, jurisdiction or arbitration, Incoterm and named place, currency, due date, retention of title and payment guarantee are drafted to fit together.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 4<\/p><h3>Handling the dispute<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">In the event of a defect, non-payment or proceedings abroad, the firm examines the jurisdiction of the court seised, the notice periods and the payment measures available.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-callout\"><span class=\"kcv-callout-i\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M9.6 6C6.5 7.4 4.5 10 4.5 13.4V18h6v-6H7.6c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L9.6 6zm9 0c-3.1 1.4-5.1 4-5.1 7.4V18h6v-6h-2.9c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L18.6 6z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><p>A governing-law clause and a jurisdiction clause are not the same thing. Choosing French law does not guarantee proceedings in France, and choosing a French court does not impose French law.<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p4\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The timetable<\/p>\n<h2>The timeline <em>of an international sale<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">From negotiation to payment, each step leaves a trace that will matter in a dispute.<\/p>\n<ol class=\"kcv-hs\"><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Negotiation<\/p><p><strong>Before the offer.<\/strong> Settle the Incoterm and its named place, the currency, the due date and the payment guarantee expected from the customer.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Offer and order<\/p><p>Attach the general terms or a link allowing them to be read, downloaded and printed before acceptance.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Confirmation<\/p><p>Check that the confirmation repeats the Incoterm and does not refer to other general terms that are incompatible with yours.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Shipment<\/p><p>Keep the transport documents and, for a documentary credit, present documents that strictly comply with those required.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Receipt<\/p><p>The buyer examines the goods on arrival and gives written notice of any defect, describing its nature, within a reasonable time.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Payment or dispute<\/p><p>At the due date: written reminder, call on the guarantee or action before the designated court; the two-year period for giving notice of a defect must still be monitored.<\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p5\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The checks<\/p>\n<h2>What the firm checks <em>before you sign or act<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">Each check is tied to a specific document in the file.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-split\">\n  <ul class=\"kcv-check\"><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Formation of the contract: which general terms were communicated, on what date, and by which document the other party accepted them.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Governing law: express or clearly implied choice, application or exclusion of the Vienna Convention, mandatory provisions that remain.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Court or arbitrator: written clause, practices established between the parties, place of delivery resulting from the Incoterm and the named place.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Delivery and risk: Incoterm 2020 designated, party responsible for loading, customs clearance and transport insurance.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Payment: currency, due date, retention of title in writing no later than delivery, documentary credit or bank guarantee and its conditions for being called.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n  <aside class=\"kcv-act\">\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-k\">Case documents<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-t\">Send what you have, even if incomplete<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-p\">Submit your documents through the confidential form at the top of the page: the firm will prioritise and complete the file with you.<\/p>\n    <div class=\"kcv-act-b\"><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kch-form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n  <\/aside>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-synthese\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-synthese\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Summary<\/p>\n<h2>Situation, evidence, <em>response<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">The common situations of an exporting or importing SME, and the first priority in each.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-rows\">\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>First contract with a foreign distributor or customer<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Draft contract, general terms, negotiation exchanges and envisaged volumes.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time limit:<\/strong> Before signing and before the first shipment.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Draft the governing law, jurisdiction, Incoterm, currency, due date and payment guarantee together.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Foreign customer who does not pay<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Accepted order, proof of delivery under the Incoterm, invoices and reminders.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time limit:<\/strong> Interest runs on the unpaid sum; the bank guarantee must be called while it is valid.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Call on the guarantee in accordance with its terms, send a formal notice, then bring an action before the court designated by a valid clause or, failing that, before a court with jurisdiction.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Goods received that do not conform<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Inspection report, analyses, certificates supplied, written complaint describing the defect.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time limit:<\/strong> Notice within a reasonable time, and at the latest two years after handing over.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Give notice in writing, quantify the loss and the loss of profit, then act within the applicable time limit.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Summons before a foreign court<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Jurisdiction clause, general terms exchanged, invoices and prior practice between the parties.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time limit:<\/strong> On receipt of the document, check under the rules of the court seised the time limit to appear, respond and challenge its jurisdiction.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Challenge jurisdiction or prepare the defence on the merits before the court seised.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Bank guarantee called without entitlement<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Text of the guarantee, the contract it refers to, invoices paid and the beneficiary's demand for payment.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time limit:<\/strong> Act before the bank pays.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Show the manifest abuse or fraud and ask the court to prohibit payment.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Price or volume commitment that has become disadvantageous<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Contract, price clause, purchase or delivery commitments, evidence of the change in the market and whether it was foreseeable.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time limit:<\/strong> Before any unilateral suspension of orders or deliveries.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Look for a price-review clause, negotiate in writing, and assess the risk of non-performance.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-faq\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-faq\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Frequently asked questions<\/p>\n<h2>Your questions: <em>international contract<\/em><\/h2>\n<div class=\"kcv-faqgrid\">\n  <aside class=\"kcv-act kcv-act-sticky\">\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-k\">14 questions<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-t\">A situation not listed here?<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-p\">Every case has its own features. The firm reads your documents before answering you.<\/p>\n    <div class=\"kcv-act-b\"><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kch-form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n  <\/aside>\n  <div class=\"kcv-faq\"><details><summary>What should an SME director check before signing an international contract?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Four points deserve careful reading before signing or the first shipment. First, the chosen law: the parties may designate the law governing all or part of their contract, under <a href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/FR\/TXT\/HTML\/?uri=CELEX:32008R0593\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Article 3 of the Rome I Regulation<\/a>, and that choice will govern formation, warranties and compensation. Second, the court: a clause designating a court of a Member State of the Union is in principle exclusive, under <a href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/FR\/TXT\/HTML\/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Article 25 of the Brussels I bis Regulation<\/a>. Third, the Incoterm, with its named place, which fixes delivery, costs and the passing of risk. Finally, payment: currency, due date, retention of title, documentary credit or bank guarantee. These clauses must be consistent with one another. A sale concluded with a departure-point Incoterm, a clause designating the customer's court and payment at sixty days without a guarantee leaves the exporter in a fragile position if the goods are disputed. The firm also examines the documents that accompany the contract, because a purchase order or a confirmation may refer to other general terms. A review carried out before signing costs less than a jurisdiction challenge conducted before a foreign court.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Is an Incoterm enough to fix the place of delivery and the competent court?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>It contributes directly. For the sale of goods, <a href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/FR\/TXT\/HTML\/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Article 7(1)(b) of the Brussels I bis Regulation<\/a> allows a defendant domiciled in one Member State to be sued before the court of another Member State, that of the place in the Union where, under the contract, the goods were or should have been delivered. Outside that framework, other rules of jurisdiction apply. The Court of Cassation has held that this place is determined from the terms of the contract, Incoterms included. It rejected the argument that the actual place of handing over must prevail, holding that \u201cthe ground of appeal, which rests on the erroneous premise that, where the place of delivery stipulated in the contract between the parties differs from the actual physical place of delivery, the latter must prevail, is unfounded\u201d (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/63e34ccb500dc805de37cd99\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 8 February 2023, No. 21-13.536<\/a>, our translation). In the same case, it quashed the judgment that had accepted French jurisdiction without establishing that the German seller had accepted a delivery clause contained in a document it had not signed, even though its invoice repeated the EXW Incoterm. A written and accepted Incoterm therefore weighs on the choice of court. It does not replace a jurisdiction clause, which remains the surest way of fixing the court.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>EXW or FCA: which Incoterm rule should be chosen for a first export?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>According to the French customs administration's information sheet on the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.douane.gouv.fr\/les-nouvelles-regles-incotermsr-2020-et-la-valeur-en-douane\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Incoterms 2020 rules<\/a>, the EXW rule places the fewest obligations on the seller, who makes the goods available at its premises, while the buyer bears loading, transport and export formalities. The sheet states that the International Chamber of Commerce recommends reserving EXW for trade without export and preferring FCA, which leaves export customs clearance to the seller. The choice must also take account of what the company actually does. In an ex-works sale, the Court of Cassation held that a seller named on the consignment note as the consignor, which \u201citself carries out the loading, wedging and securing of the goods sold, assumes responsibility for it and must answer, on the basis of contractual liability, for the damaging consequences of defective performance\u201d (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/64a50a8fb8594705dbfcc842\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 5 July 2023, No. 21-21.115<\/a>, our translation). That case came under French transport law, but it shows that a departure clause does not protect a seller that loads the goods itself. The firm therefore aligns the Incoterm, the named place and the actual allocation of logistics tasks.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can our general terms of sale be enforced against a foreign customer?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>That depends on the applicable law and on how they were incorporated into the contract, the customer having at least to have been able to know them and accept them before committing. Where they contain a jurisdiction clause, <a href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/FR\/TXT\/HTML\/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Article 25 of the Brussels I bis Regulation<\/a> requires a writing, written confirmation, a form in accordance with the parties' practices or a usage of international trade. The Court of Cassation approved a court of appeal that had set aside the clause of a German seller, noting that \u201cit had not been shown that the latter had been able, with normal diligence, to consult the general terms of sale in which the jurisdiction clause was inserted\u201d (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/681af5b30dfb1f09369ce1f7\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. 1re civ., 7 May 2025, No. 23-22.972<\/a>, our translation). The reference to the general terms was nonetheless in the accepted offer. The decision is unfavourable to a seller that relies on a mere mention without supplying the text. In practice, attach the terms to the offer or give a working link allowing them to be downloaded before the order. Where French law governs the formation of the contract, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032040866\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032040866\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1119 of the French Civil Code (Code civil)<\/a> sets the same requirement that the general terms relied on be known and accepted.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can repeated invoices make a jurisdiction clause enforceable?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Yes, where a practice has become established between the parties. <a href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/FR\/TXT\/HTML\/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Article 25 of the Brussels I bis Regulation<\/a> allows a clause concluded in a form that accords with practices which the parties have established between themselves. In a dispute brought before the French courts, the court of appeal had held the clause designating the court of Bologna unenforceable against the buyer, because the clause was not mentioned on the invoices. The Court of Cassation quashed that judgment: the invoices issued over more than a year referred to the general terms, the buyer had accepted and paid them, and \u201cArticle 25(1)(b) does not require the invoice to refer expressly to that clause\u201d (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/6836a33d91bdea24a848218d\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. 1re civ., 28 May 2025, No. 23-21.628<\/a>, our translation). The decision is unfavourable to the buyer, who will have to plead in Italy if the court to which the case is referred applies that solution. For an importing SME, the lesson is concrete. An invoice received and paid without reservation, where it refers to general terms, may end up binding the company. It is therefore necessary to ask for those terms, read them and challenge in writing any that are unsuitable from the first orders.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>The foreign customer refers to its own purchasing terms: which apply?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The answer depends on the text that governs the formation of the contract. If French law applies, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032040866\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032040866\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1119 of the Civil Code<\/a> provides that where general terms relied on by each party conflict, the incompatible clauses have no effect, and that special terms prevail over general terms. If the Vienna Convention governs the sale, formation follows its own articles, and the court looks at what each party actually offered and accepted. In both cases, a negotiated and signed clause prevails over a cross-reference printed at the foot of a purchase order. The firm examines the order of the documents, the language used, the signatures and the practice followed in earlier orders. Where the two sets of terms designate different courts, the jurisdiction clause may fall away, and the court then determines its jurisdiction under the general rules, in particular the place of delivery provided for by the contract. The surest solution remains a signed framework contract that expressly excludes the other party's general terms.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>How soon must a foreign supplier be told of non-conforming goods?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Under the Vienna Convention, the buyer must examine the goods within as short a period as is practicable, and the examination may be deferred until arrival where the contract involves carriage (<a href=\"https:\/\/uncitral.un.org\/sites\/uncitral.un.org\/files\/media-documents\/uncitral\/fr\/v1056998-cisg-f.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Article 38 of the Vienna Convention<\/a>). The buyer must then give the seller notice of the lack of conformity, specifying its nature, within a reasonable time after it discovered it or ought to have discovered it, and at the latest within two years from the actual handing over of the goods, unless this is inconsistent with the duration of a contractual guarantee (<a href=\"https:\/\/uncitral.un.org\/sites\/uncitral.un.org\/files\/media-documents\/uncitral\/fr\/v1056998-cisg-f.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Article 39 of the Vienna Convention<\/a>). The seller cannot rely on these periods for a defect of which it knew or could not have been unaware and did not disclose (<a href=\"https:\/\/uncitral.un.org\/sites\/uncitral.un.org\/files\/media-documents\/uncitral\/fr\/v1056998-cisg-f.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Article 40 of the Vienna Convention<\/a>), and a buyer with a reasonable excuse for its delay keeps the right to a price reduction or to damages other than loss of profit (<a href=\"https:\/\/uncitral.un.org\/sites\/uncitral.un.org\/files\/media-documents\/uncitral\/fr\/v1056998-cisg-f.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Article 44 of the Vienna Convention<\/a>). The Court of Cassation applies these periods strictly. In a judgment unfavourable to the buyer, it quashed the decision that had held the buyer to be in time without examining whether it had discovered the defect before being sued itself by its own customer, or whether notice had been given within two years of handing over (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/69ccb190cdc6046d47b349ca\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 1 April 2026, No. 24-15.434<\/a>). The reasonable time therefore does not necessarily start from the end customer's complaint. Keep the date of receipt, the inspection report and the written complaint. Certificates supplied by the seller may matter: the Court of Cassation held that the supply of type 3.1 B mill certificates, which guaranteed conformity with the specifications, \u201crelieved the buyer, notwithstanding the anomalies in those documents, of checking the quality of the products sold\u201d (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/5fca77e556ce096590525f7f\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 13 February 2019, No. 17-21.409<\/a>, our translation).<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>How long do you have to act against a foreign seller after delivery?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Two different periods overlap. The first is the notice period under the Vienna Convention, at the latest two years after the actual handing over, subject to a longer contractual guarantee (<a href=\"https:\/\/uncitral.un.org\/sites\/uncitral.un.org\/files\/media-documents\/uncitral\/fr\/v1056998-cisg-f.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Article 39 of the Vienna Convention<\/a>). The Court of Cassation specifies that this period \u201cis a period for giving notice of the lack of conformity and not a period for bringing an action\u201d (our translation), and it rejected the plea of inadmissibility that a seller derived from it against its buyer's action (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/6358cffb99f67905a719f95b\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 26 October 2022, No. 20-22.528<\/a>). The second is the period for bringing legal proceedings, which the Vienna Convention does not set. In a case where the New York Convention of 14 June 1974 on the limitation period in the international sale of goods applied, the Court of Cassation held that \u201cthe four-year limitation period provided for by the first of those texts runs from the date on which the goods were actually handed over to the buyer\u201d (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/69ccb190cdc6046d47b349ca\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 1 April 2026, No. 24-15.434<\/a>, our translation). It quashed the judgment that had made this period run from the summons received from the end customer. The text governing limitation therefore depends on the States concerned and on the applicable law. The firm determines it as soon as the defect is discovered, before the period has expired.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can a foreign customer be invoiced in dollars or another currency?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Yes. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000036829870\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000036829870\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1343-3 of the Civil Code<\/a> sets the principle of payment in euros in France, but allows payment in another currency where the obligation arises from an international transaction. It also allows professionals to agree on payment in a foreign currency where the use of that currency is commonly accepted for the transaction concerned. The currency clause must distinguish the currency in which the price is expressed from the one in which it is paid, and state the rate used if a conversion is planned. It must also say who bears bank charges and the exchange-rate risk between the order and the due date. Under the Vienna Convention, unless another place is agreed, the buyer pays at the seller's place of business or at the place where the goods or documents are handed over where payment depends on it (<a href=\"https:\/\/uncitral.un.org\/sites\/uncitral.un.org\/files\/media-documents\/uncitral\/fr\/v1056998-cisg-f.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Article 57 of the Vienna Convention<\/a>). The place and the currency of payment should therefore be drafted together. Finally, a due date fixed at a precise date makes it easier to calculate the interest due for late payment, provided for by <a href=\"https:\/\/uncitral.un.org\/sites\/uncitral.un.org\/files\/media-documents\/uncitral\/fr\/v1056998-cisg-f.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Article 78 of the Vienna Convention<\/a>.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Documentary credit or first-demand guarantee: how can the price be secured?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Both mechanisms protect the exporter, but differently. A documentary credit commits a bank to pay against presentation of compliant documents, independently of the sale contract. The Court of Cassation held, applying the uniform rules and practices of the International Chamber of Commerce, that a confirming bank which sets up the defence of legal set-off on account of a claim it holds against the beneficiary \u201cis not relying on a non-documentary condition, but is honouring its payment obligation arising from the documentary credit\u201d (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/6411732cf6c989fb0243569d\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 15 March 2023, No. 20-23.552<\/a>, our translation). The decision is unfavourable to the exporter, which did not receive the funds because the bank applied them against a debt the exporter itself owed to it. An independent guarantee, governed in French law by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006448430\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006448430\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 2321 of the French Civil Code (Code civil)<\/a>, obliges the guarantor to pay a sum on first demand or in the manner agreed, without raising defences arising from the guaranteed contract. The choice depends on the customer's country, the trust between the parties and the bank's cost. The firm checks that the documents required are consistent with the Incoterm and the shipping schedule, because a non-compliant document can delay payment.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>The beneficiary of a bank guarantee calls on it without entitlement: what can be done?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The guarantor is not bound in the case of manifest abuse or fraud by the beneficiary, under <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006448430\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006448430\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 2321 of the Civil Code<\/a>. The principal can therefore ask the urgent applications judge (juge des r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9s) to prohibit payment, provided that it shows an evident abuse and not a mere dispute over the contract. In a case decided in 2026, a guarantee covered a distribution contract of 2022; the beneficiary had called on it for sums due under a contract concluded in 2024. The Paris Court of Appeal held that \u201cthe independence of the guarantee protects the beneficiary against defences relating to the main contract, but it cannot have the effect of changing the extent or the subject matter of the guarantee\u201d (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/69c62897cdc6046d4721ee39\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CA Paris, p\u00f4le 1, ch. 2, 26 March 2026, No. 25\/19167<\/a>, our translation). It set aside the order and ordered the bank not to pay pending the judgment on the merits. That outcome turns on the precise subject matter of the guarantee. The text of the undertaking, the contract it refers to and the evidence of payments already made are therefore decisive. It is necessary to act before payment, because the independence of the guarantee makes later recovery more difficult.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Does a retention-of-title clause protect an unpaid exporter?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>It can protect the exporter, on precise conditions. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000020192952\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000020192952\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 2367 of the Civil Code<\/a> allows ownership of an asset to be retained until the price has been paid in full. Where the buyer is subject to insolvency proceedings opened in France, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000019984038\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000019984038\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 624-16 of the French Commercial Code (Code de commerce)<\/a> allows goods sold subject to retention of title to be reclaimed if they are still found in kind when the proceedings open. The clause must have been agreed in a writing made no later than the time of delivery, possibly in a writing governing a series of commercial transactions. A clause printed only on the invoice sent after shipment therefore risks not meeting that requirement. Where the goods are abroad, the law of the country where they are located may also come into play, and the firm checks this point before relying on the clause. Retention of title complements a bank guarantee without replacing it. In French insolvency proceedings, a reclaim may also cover goods incorporated into another asset and separable without damage, or fungible goods of the same nature and quality held on behalf of the debtor (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000019984038\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000019984038\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 624-16 of the Commercial Code<\/a>). If the buyer has resold the goods, the seller may reclaim the part of the resale price that had not been paid, settled or set off at the opening judgment (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000019984041\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000019984041\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 624-18 of the Commercial Code<\/a>).<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Does French law protect an SME if the contract designates a foreign law?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>In limited cases. The choice of a foreign law does not set aside overriding mandatory provisions, which <a href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/FR\/TXT\/HTML\/?uri=CELEX:32008R0593\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Article 9 of the Rome I Regulation<\/a> defines as provisions the respect for which is regarded as crucial for safeguarding a country's public interests. It also leaves in place the mandatory provisions of the country where all the other elements of the situation are located (<a href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/FR\/TXT\/HTML\/?uri=CELEX:32008R0593\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Article 3(3) and (4) of the Rome I Regulation<\/a>), as well as the public-policy exception of the forum, reserved for manifest incompatibilities (<a href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/FR\/TXT\/HTML\/?uri=CELEX:32008R0593\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Article 21 of the Rome I Regulation<\/a>). Outside those cases, the chosen law applies. A French supplier relied on former Article L. 442-6, I, 5\u00b0 of the Commercial Code on the sudden termination of established commercial relationships, now found in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000054716237\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000054716237\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 442-1 of the Commercial Code<\/a>, against contracts governed by German law, concluded before 17 December 2009 and therefore governed by the 1980 Rome Convention. The Paris Court of Appeal refused to treat those rules as overriding mandatory provisions, on the ground that \u201cthey are aimed more at safeguarding the private interests of a party seeking compensation for harm linked to the termination of a private contract\u201d (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/6688de3a676b73dd81b96ef8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CA Paris, p\u00f4le 5, ch. 16, 2 July 2024, No. 21\/17912<\/a>, our translation). It held German law applicable, an outcome unfavourable to the supplier. That outcome does not settle the current regime: since 1 April 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000047379093\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000047379093\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 444-1 A of the Commercial Code<\/a> declares these rules to be public policy for products or services marketed in France, subject to Union law and treaties. Before accepting its partner's law, an SME must therefore assess what that law provides in the event of termination or non-payment. The firm can propose a law clause limited to part of the contract, as <a href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/FR\/TXT\/HTML\/?uri=CELEX:32008R0593\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Article 3 of the Rome I Regulation<\/a> permits.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>The market turns after signing: can you be released from a price or volume commitment?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Rarely, if the contract provides nothing. The Vienna Convention exempts from liability a party that proves that its failure to perform was due to an impediment beyond its control, and that it could not reasonably have been expected to take the impediment into account at the time of conclusion of the contract, or to have avoided or overcome it or its consequences (<a href=\"https:\/\/uncitral.un.org\/sites\/uncitral.un.org\/files\/media-documents\/uncitral\/fr\/v1056998-cisg-f.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Article 79 of the Vienna Convention<\/a>). That exemption applies only for the duration of the impediment and leaves the other party all its rights other than to claim damages. The Court of Cassation refused this exemption to a buyer that had stopped ordering from its foreign manufacturer because its own customer required a different, cheaper part. It approved the court of appeal, which held that, \u201cas a professional experienced in the practice of international markets, it was for it to provide for contractual mechanisms of guarantee or revision\u201d (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/60794d2e9ba5988459c48486\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. 1re civ., 30 June 2004, No. 01-15.964<\/a>, our translation). The decision is unfavourable to the company that had committed itself without an adaptation clause. Protection is therefore built at the drafting stage: an indexation formula, a revision clause triggered by a threshold, an obligation to renegotiate, a limited duration for price commitments. If an imbalance arises nonetheless, a written and documented negotiation is better than a unilateral suspension of orders or deliveries, which would expose the company to damages calculated under <a href=\"https:\/\/uncitral.un.org\/sites\/uncitral.un.org\/files\/media-documents\/uncitral\/fr\/v1056998-cisg-f.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Article 74 of the Vienna Convention<\/a>.<\/p><\/div><\/details><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-textes\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-textes\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Sources and related pages<\/p>\n<h2>Official texts and <em>related pages<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">The sources for this page and the firm's related areas of practice.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-arts\"><a class=\"kcv-art\" href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/FR\/TXT\/HTML\/?uri=CELEX:32008R0593\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Regulation (EC) No 593\/2008 (Rome I)<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">law applicable to contractual obligations, Articles 3, 4, 9 and 21<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art\" href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/FR\/TXT\/HTML\/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Regulation (EU) No 1215\/2012 (Brussels I bis)<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">competent court, Articles 6, 7 and 25<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art\" href=\"https:\/\/uncitral.un.org\/sites\/uncitral.un.org\/files\/media-documents\/uncitral\/fr\/v1056998-cisg-f.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Vienna Convention of 11 April 1980<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">international sale of goods, official UNCITRAL text<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art\" href=\"https:\/\/www.douane.gouv.fr\/les-nouvelles-regles-incotermsr-2020-et-la-valeur-en-douane\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Incoterms 2020 rules<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">customs administration information sheet<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032040866\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032040866\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article 1119 of the Civil Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">general terms<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000036829870\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000036829870\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article 1343-3 of the Civil Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">payment in foreign currency<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006448430\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006448430\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article 2321 of the Civil Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">independent guarantee<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000020192952\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000020192952\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article 2367 of the Civil Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">retention of title<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000019984038\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000019984038\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 624-16 of the Commercial Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">reclaiming goods<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000019984041\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000019984041\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 624-18 of the Commercial Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">reclaiming the resale price<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000054716237\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000054716237\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 442-1 of the Commercial Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">sudden termination of commercial relationships<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000047379093\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000047379093\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 444-1 A of the Commercial Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">territorial scope<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006410147\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006410147\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article 48 of the Code of Civil Procedure<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">territorial jurisdiction clause<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<h3 class=\"kcv-center\">Further reading<\/h3>\n<div class=\"kcv-pgs\"><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/international-business-law-lawyer-paris\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">International business law<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">The firm's expertise<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/exequatur-lawyer-paris\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Exequatur<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">The firm's expertise<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/arbitration-lawyer-paris\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Arbitration<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">The firm's expertise<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/business-law-attorneys-paris-75017\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Business law<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">The firm's expertise<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<p class=\"kcv-small kcv-center\">Page updated on 1 November 2026.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"kcv-cta\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-in\">\n    <div class=\"kcv-cta-card\">\n      <h2>A contract with a foreign partner to sign or to defend? <em>Take stock today<\/em>.<\/h2>\n      <p>Send the offer, the order, the general terms and the invoices exchanged: the firm checks the governing law, the court, the Incoterm and the payment guarantees that apply.<\/p>\n      <div class=\"kcv-btns\">\n        <a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a>\n        <a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kch-form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n<div class=\"kcv-news-band\"><h2>The latest <em>news.<\/em><\/h2><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\", \"@type\": \"FAQPage\", \"mainEntity\": [{\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What should an SME director check before signing an international contract?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Four points deserve careful reading before signing or the first shipment. First, the chosen law: the parties may designate the law governing all or part of their contract, under Article 3 of the Rome I Regulation, and that choice will govern formation, warranties and compensation. Second, the court: a clause designating a court of a Member State of the Union is in principle exclusive, under Article 25 of the Brussels I bis Regulation. Third, the Incoterm, with its named place, which fixes delivery, costs and the passing of risk. Finally, payment: currency, due date, retention of title, documentary credit or bank guarantee. These clauses must be consistent with one another. A sale concluded with a departure-point Incoterm, a clause designating the customer's court and payment at sixty days without a guarantee leaves the exporter in a fragile position if the goods are disputed. The firm also examines the documents that accompany the contract, because a purchase order or a confirmation may refer to other general terms. A review carried out before signing costs less than a jurisdiction challenge conducted before a foreign court.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Is an Incoterm enough to fix the place of delivery and the competent court?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"It contributes directly. For the sale of goods, Article 7(1)(b) of the Brussels I bis Regulation allows a defendant domiciled in one Member State to be sued before the court of another Member State, that of the place in the Union where, under the contract, the goods were or should have been delivered. Outside that framework, other rules of jurisdiction apply. The Court of Cassation has held that this place is determined from the terms of the contract, Incoterms included. It rejected the argument that the actual place of handing over must prevail, holding that \u201cthe ground of appeal, which rests on the erroneous premise that, where the place of delivery stipulated in the contract between the parties differs from the actual physical place of delivery, the latter must prevail, is unfounded\u201d (Cass. com., 8 February 2023, No. 21-13.536, our translation). In the same case, it quashed the judgment that had accepted French jurisdiction without establishing that the German seller had accepted a delivery clause contained in a document it had not signed, even though its invoice repeated the EXW Incoterm. A written and accepted Incoterm therefore weighs on the choice of court. It does not replace a jurisdiction clause, which remains the surest way of fixing the court.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"EXW or FCA: which Incoterm rule should be chosen for a first export?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"According to the French customs administration's information sheet on the Incoterms 2020 rules, the EXW rule places the fewest obligations on the seller, who makes the goods available at its premises, while the buyer bears loading, transport and export formalities. The sheet states that the International Chamber of Commerce recommends reserving EXW for trade without export and preferring FCA, which leaves export customs clearance to the seller. The choice must also take account of what the company actually does. In an ex-works sale, the Court of Cassation held that a seller named on the consignment note as the consignor, which \u201citself carries out the loading, wedging and securing of the goods sold, assumes responsibility for it and must answer, on the basis of contractual liability, for the damaging consequences of defective performance\u201d (Cass. com., 5 July 2023, No. 21-21.115, our translation). That case came under French transport law, but it shows that a departure clause does not protect a seller that loads the goods itself. The firm therefore aligns the Incoterm, the named place and the actual allocation of logistics tasks.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Can our general terms of sale be enforced against a foreign customer?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"That depends on the applicable law and on how they were incorporated into the contract, the customer having at least to have been able to know them and accept them before committing. Where they contain a jurisdiction clause, Article 25 of the Brussels I bis Regulation requires a writing, written confirmation, a form in accordance with the parties' practices or a usage of international trade. The Court of Cassation approved a court of appeal that had set aside the clause of a German seller, noting that \u201cit had not been shown that the latter had been able, with normal diligence, to consult the general terms of sale in which the jurisdiction clause was inserted\u201d (Cass. 1re civ., 7 May 2025, No. 23-22.972, our translation). The reference to the general terms was nonetheless in the accepted offer. The decision is unfavourable to a seller that relies on a mere mention without supplying the text. In practice, attach the terms to the offer or give a working link allowing them to be downloaded before the order. Where French law governs the formation of the contract, Article 1119 of the French Civil Code (Code civil) sets the same requirement that the general terms relied on be known and accepted.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Can repeated invoices make a jurisdiction clause enforceable?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Yes, where a practice has become established between the parties. Article 25 of the Brussels I bis Regulation allows a clause concluded in a form that accords with practices which the parties have established between themselves. In a dispute brought before the French courts, the court of appeal had held the clause designating the court of Bologna unenforceable against the buyer, because the clause was not mentioned on the invoices. The Court of Cassation quashed that judgment: the invoices issued over more than a year referred to the general terms, the buyer had accepted and paid them, and \u201cArticle 25(1)(b) does not require the invoice to refer expressly to that clause\u201d (Cass. 1re civ., 28 May 2025, No. 23-21.628, our translation). The decision is unfavourable to the buyer, who will have to plead in Italy if the court to which the case is referred applies that solution. For an importing SME, the lesson is concrete. An invoice received and paid without reservation, where it refers to general terms, may end up binding the company. It is therefore necessary to ask for those terms, read them and challenge in writing any that are unsuitable from the first orders.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"The foreign customer refers to its own purchasing terms: which apply?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The answer depends on the text that governs the formation of the contract. If French law applies, Article 1119 of the Civil Code provides that where general terms relied on by each party conflict, the incompatible clauses have no effect, and that special terms prevail over general terms. If the Vienna Convention governs the sale, formation follows its own articles, and the court looks at what each party actually offered and accepted. In both cases, a negotiated and signed clause prevails over a cross-reference printed at the foot of a purchase order. The firm examines the order of the documents, the language used, the signatures and the practice followed in earlier orders. Where the two sets of terms designate different courts, the jurisdiction clause may fall away, and the court then determines its jurisdiction under the general rules, in particular the place of delivery provided for by the contract. The surest solution remains a signed framework contract that expressly excludes the other party's general terms.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"How soon must a foreign supplier be told of non-conforming goods?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Under the Vienna Convention, the buyer must examine the goods within as short a period as is practicable, and the examination may be deferred until arrival where the contract involves carriage (Article 38 of the Vienna Convention). The buyer must then give the seller notice of the lack of conformity, specifying its nature, within a reasonable time after it discovered it or ought to have discovered it, and at the latest within two years from the actual handing over of the goods, unless this is inconsistent with the duration of a contractual guarantee (Article 39 of the Vienna Convention). The seller cannot rely on these periods for a defect of which it knew or could not have been unaware and did not disclose (Article 40 of the Vienna Convention), and a buyer with a reasonable excuse for its delay keeps the right to a price reduction or to damages other than loss of profit (Article 44 of the Vienna Convention). The Court of Cassation applies these periods strictly. In a judgment unfavourable to the buyer, it quashed the decision that had held the buyer to be in time without examining whether it had discovered the defect before being sued itself by its own customer, or whether notice had been given within two years of handing over (Cass. com., 1 April 2026, No. 24-15.434). The reasonable time therefore does not necessarily start from the end customer's complaint. Keep the date of receipt, the inspection report and the written complaint. Certificates supplied by the seller may matter: the Court of Cassation held that the supply of type 3.1 B mill certificates, which guaranteed conformity with the specifications, \u201crelieved the buyer, notwithstanding the anomalies in those documents, of checking the quality of the products sold\u201d (Cass. com., 13 February 2019, No. 17-21.409, our translation).\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"How long do you have to act against a foreign seller after delivery?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Two different periods overlap. The first is the notice period under the Vienna Convention, at the latest two years after the actual handing over, subject to a longer contractual guarantee (Article 39 of the Vienna Convention). The Court of Cassation specifies that this period \u201cis a period for giving notice of the lack of conformity and not a period for bringing an action\u201d (our translation), and it rejected the plea of inadmissibility that a seller derived from it against its buyer's action (Cass. com., 26 October 2022, No. 20-22.528). The second is the period for bringing legal proceedings, which the Vienna Convention does not set. In a case where the New York Convention of 14 June 1974 on the limitation period in the international sale of goods applied, the Court of Cassation held that \u201cthe four-year limitation period provided for by the first of those texts runs from the date on which the goods were actually handed over to the buyer\u201d (Cass. com., 1 April 2026, No. 24-15.434, our translation). It quashed the judgment that had made this period run from the summons received from the end customer. The text governing limitation therefore depends on the States concerned and on the applicable law. The firm determines it as soon as the defect is discovered, before the period has expired.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Can a foreign customer be invoiced in dollars or another currency?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Yes. Article 1343-3 of the Civil Code sets the principle of payment in euros in France, but allows payment in another currency where the obligation arises from an international transaction. It also allows professionals to agree on payment in a foreign currency where the use of that currency is commonly accepted for the transaction concerned. The currency clause must distinguish the currency in which the price is expressed from the one in which it is paid, and state the rate used if a conversion is planned. It must also say who bears bank charges and the exchange-rate risk between the order and the due date. Under the Vienna Convention, unless another place is agreed, the buyer pays at the seller's place of business or at the place where the goods or documents are handed over where payment depends on it (Article 57 of the Vienna Convention). The place and the currency of payment should therefore be drafted together. Finally, a due date fixed at a precise date makes it easier to calculate the interest due for late payment, provided for by Article 78 of the Vienna Convention.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Documentary credit or first-demand guarantee: how can the price be secured?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Both mechanisms protect the exporter, but differently. A documentary credit commits a bank to pay against presentation of compliant documents, independently of the sale contract. The Court of Cassation held, applying the uniform rules and practices of the International Chamber of Commerce, that a confirming bank which sets up the defence of legal set-off on account of a claim it holds against the beneficiary \u201cis not relying on a non-documentary condition, but is honouring its payment obligation arising from the documentary credit\u201d (Cass. com., 15 March 2023, No. 20-23.552, our translation). The decision is unfavourable to the exporter, which did not receive the funds because the bank applied them against a debt the exporter itself owed to it. An independent guarantee, governed in French law by Article 2321 of the French Civil Code (Code civil), obliges the guarantor to pay a sum on first demand or in the manner agreed, without raising defences arising from the guaranteed contract. The choice depends on the customer's country, the trust between the parties and the bank's cost. The firm checks that the documents required are consistent with the Incoterm and the shipping schedule, because a non-compliant document can delay payment.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"The beneficiary of a bank guarantee calls on it without entitlement: what can be done?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The guarantor is not bound in the case of manifest abuse or fraud by the beneficiary, under Article 2321 of the Civil Code. The principal can therefore ask the urgent applications judge (juge des r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9s) to prohibit payment, provided that it shows an evident abuse and not a mere dispute over the contract. In a case decided in 2026, a guarantee covered a distribution contract of 2022; the beneficiary had called on it for sums due under a contract concluded in 2024. The Paris Court of Appeal held that \u201cthe independence of the guarantee protects the beneficiary against defences relating to the main contract, but it cannot have the effect of changing the extent or the subject matter of the guarantee\u201d (CA Paris, p\u00f4le 1, ch. 2, 26 March 2026, No. 25\/19167, our translation). It set aside the order and ordered the bank not to pay pending the judgment on the merits. That outcome turns on the precise subject matter of the guarantee. The text of the undertaking, the contract it refers to and the evidence of payments already made are therefore decisive. It is necessary to act before payment, because the independence of the guarantee makes later recovery more difficult.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Does a retention-of-title clause protect an unpaid exporter?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"It can protect the exporter, on precise conditions. Article 2367 of the Civil Code allows ownership of an asset to be retained until the price has been paid in full. Where the buyer is subject to insolvency proceedings opened in France, Article L. 624-16 of the French Commercial Code (Code de commerce) allows goods sold subject to retention of title to be reclaimed if they are still found in kind when the proceedings open. The clause must have been agreed in a writing made no later than the time of delivery, possibly in a writing governing a series of commercial transactions. A clause printed only on the invoice sent after shipment therefore risks not meeting that requirement. Where the goods are abroad, the law of the country where they are located may also come into play, and the firm checks this point before relying on the clause. Retention of title complements a bank guarantee without replacing it. In French insolvency proceedings, a reclaim may also cover goods incorporated into another asset and separable without damage, or fungible goods of the same nature and quality held on behalf of the debtor (Article L. 624-16 of the Commercial Code). If the buyer has resold the goods, the seller may reclaim the part of the resale price that had not been paid, settled or set off at the opening judgment (Article L. 624-18 of the Commercial Code).\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Does French law protect an SME if the contract designates a foreign law?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"In limited cases. The choice of a foreign law does not set aside overriding mandatory provisions, which Article 9 of the Rome I Regulation defines as provisions the respect for which is regarded as crucial for safeguarding a country's public interests. It also leaves in place the mandatory provisions of the country where all the other elements of the situation are located (Article 3(3) and (4) of the Rome I Regulation), as well as the public-policy exception of the forum, reserved for manifest incompatibilities (Article 21 of the Rome I Regulation). Outside those cases, the chosen law applies. A French supplier relied on former Article L. 442-6, I, 5\u00b0 of the Commercial Code on the sudden termination of established commercial relationships, now found in Article L. 442-1 of the Commercial Code, against contracts governed by German law, concluded before 17 December 2009 and therefore governed by the 1980 Rome Convention. The Paris Court of Appeal refused to treat those rules as overriding mandatory provisions, on the ground that \u201cthey are aimed more at safeguarding the private interests of a party seeking compensation for harm linked to the termination of a private contract\u201d (CA Paris, p\u00f4le 5, ch. 16, 2 July 2024, No. 21\/17912, our translation). It held German law applicable, an outcome unfavourable to the supplier. That outcome does not settle the current regime: since 1 April 2023, Article L. 444-1 A of the Commercial Code declares these rules to be public policy for products or services marketed in France, subject to Union law and treaties. Before accepting its partner's law, an SME must therefore assess what that law provides in the event of termination or non-payment. The firm can propose a law clause limited to part of the contract, as Article 3 of the Rome I Regulation permits.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"The market turns after signing: can you be released from a price or volume commitment?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Rarely, if the contract provides nothing. The Vienna Convention exempts from liability a party that proves that its failure to perform was due to an impediment beyond its control, and that it could not reasonably have been expected to take the impediment into account at the time of conclusion of the contract, or to have avoided or overcome it or its consequences (Article 79 of the Vienna Convention). That exemption applies only for the duration of the impediment and leaves the other party all its rights other than to claim damages. The Court of Cassation refused this exemption to a buyer that had stopped ordering from its foreign manufacturer because its own customer required a different, cheaper part. It approved the court of appeal, which held that, \u201cas a professional experienced in the practice of international markets, it was for it to provide for contractual mechanisms of guarantee or revision\u201d (Cass. 1re civ., 30 June 2004, No. 01-15.964, our translation). The decision is unfavourable to the company that had committed itself without an adaptation clause. Protection is therefore built at the drafting stage: an indexation formula, a revision clause triggered by a threshold, an obligation to renegotiate, a limited duration for price commitments. If an imbalance arises nonetheless, a written and documented negotiation is better than a unilateral suspension of orders or deliveries, which would expose the company to damages calculated under Article 74 of the Vienna Convention.\"}}]}<\/script><script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\", \"@type\": \"LegalService\", \"name\": \"International contract lawyer in Paris \u2014 Kohen Avocats\", \"url\": \"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/international-contract-lawyer-paris\/\", \"telephone\": \"+33646605822\", \"email\": \"contact@kohenavocats.fr\", \"address\": {\"@type\": \"PostalAddress\", \"streetAddress\": \"11 rue Margueritte\", \"postalCode\": \"75017\", \"addressLocality\": \"Paris\", \"addressCountry\": \"FR\"}, \"areaServed\": \"The Paris region (\u00cele-de-France)\", \"founder\": {\"@type\": \"Person\", \"name\": \"Reda Kohen\", \"jobTitle\": \"Lawyer at the Paris Bar\", \"sameAs\": 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Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2157083 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2157083 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/tim-schmidbauer-EnC5f7At4ac-unsplash-1-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2157083 post-2157083 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/25\/foreign-company-france-unpaid-invoice-penalties-injonction-payer-abroad\/\">Your French Client Has Not Paid: Late-Payment Penalties, the 40 Euro Fee and the Injunction-to-Pay While You Live Abroad<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2157055 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2157055 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/allison-saeng-Hpw4nI_QUWQ-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2157055 post-2157055 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/25\/foreign-company-france-corporate-bank-account-refusal-abroad\/\">Your French Bank Won&#8217;t Open a Corporate Account While You Live Abroad: Right to an Account, Banque de France Designation and the Anti-Money-Laundering Wall<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2157013 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2157013 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/getty-images-p1ZW7qeVRyE-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2157013 post-2157013 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/25\/foreign-company-france-sas-pay-abroad-salary-dividends-management-fees\/\">Your French SAS Pays You While You Live Abroad: Salary, Dividends or Management Fees<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2156883 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2156883 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/getty-images-p1ZW7qeVRyE-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2156883 post-2156883 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/25\/foreign-company-france-sas-capital-increase-cash-call-filing-abroad\/\">Your French SAS Needs Cash From Abroad: Increase Capital, Call Up Unpaid Shares or Lend Instead \u2014 Filing and New Kbis Without Flying to Paris<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2156702 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2156702 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/pawel-czerwinski-mIT9kEQBC6Q-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2156702 post-2156702 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/24\/foreign-company-france-hire-first-employee-dpae-contract-trial-pay-abroad\/\">Hiring Your First French Employee While You Live Abroad: DPAE, Contract, Trial Period, Pay and Registration<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2156668 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2156668 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/alex-vasey-F5HtPjpBb9k-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2156668 post-2156668 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/24\/foreign-company-france-management-fees-transfer-pricing-file-defence-abroad\/\">Your French Subsidiary Pays Management Fees to Its Foreign Parent While You Live Abroad: Transfer Pricing File, Deduction and Reassessment Defence<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2156642 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2156642 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/shubham-dhage-ICCn56-jyuw-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2156642 post-2156642 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/24\/foreign-company-france-shareholder-loan-compte-courant-abroad\/\">Your French Subsidiary Needs Cash From Abroad: Shareholder Loans (Compte Courant d&#8217;Associe), Interest, Approval and Getting Repaid<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. 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An SME that sells or buys abroad often signs a purchase order, a confirmation and an invoice rather than a negotiated contract. An international contract lawyer in Paris starts from [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":251031307,"featured_media":2157176,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2161213","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.2 (Yoast SEO v28.2) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>International Contract Lawyer Paris | Kohen Avocats<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"International contract lawyer Paris: Kohen Avocats settles governing law, court, Incoterm and payment for SMEs before delivery. 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