{"id":2161192,"date":"2026-11-01T23:35:54","date_gmt":"2026-11-01T22:35:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/?page_id=2161192"},"modified":"2026-11-04T19:24:29","modified_gmt":"2026-11-04T18:24:29","slug":"arbitration-lawyer-paris","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/arbitration-lawyer-paris\/","title":{"rendered":"Arbitration lawyer in Paris: clause, proceedings and challenges to an international award"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"2161192\" class=\"elementor elementor-2161192 elementor-2160643\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-v5bd59a e-con-full e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"v5bd59a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-v5bd59aw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"v5bd59aw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"kcv\" id=\"kci-root\" data-refresh-marker=\"expertise-fr-avocat-arbitrage-paris-20261101\">\n<section class=\"kcv-hero\" aria-labelledby=\"kch-h1\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-in\">\n    <div class=\"kcv-head\">\n      <p class=\"kk\">Arbitration clause, arbitral proceedings, action to set aside: international contracts seated in Paris<\/p>\n      <h1 id=\"kch-h1\"><em>Arbitration<\/em> lawyer in Paris:<span class=\"kcv-tail\"> clause, proceedings and challenges to an international award.<\/span><\/h1>\n      <p class=\"kcv-sub\">Your contract with a foreign partner refers disputes to arbitration seated in Paris, or an award has just been made against your company. As an arbitration lawyer in Paris, the firm reviews the clause, the constitution of the arbitral tribunal, the regularity of the procedure and the five grounds that alone allow an award to be challenged.<\/p>\n      <div class=\"kcv-btns\">\n        <a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a>\n        <a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kch-form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a>\n      <\/div>\n      <p class=\"kcv-urg\">An international award made in France is, as a rule, challenged within one month of its notification, before the Paris Court of Appeal. An irregularity left unmentioned before the arbitrators may be deemed waived: keep the chronology of the arbitral proceedings.<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcv-stagewrap\"><div class=\"kcv-stageshadow\"><div class=\"kcv-stage\">\n      <link rel=\"preload\" as=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kohen-v3-expertises\/kohen-fr-assurance-paysage-20261025.webp\" media=\"(min-width:761px)\" fetchpriority=\"high\">\n      <link rel=\"preload\" as=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kohen-v3-expertises\/kohen-fr-assurance-paysage-1080-20261025.webp\" media=\"(max-width:760px)\" fetchpriority=\"high\">\n      <div class=\"kcv-media\" aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"--kcv-img:url('https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kohen-v3-expertises\/kohen-fr-assurance-paysage-20261025.webp');--kcv-img-m:url('https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kohen-v3-expertises\/kohen-fr-assurance-paysage-1080-20261025.webp')\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"kcv-panel kcv-glass\" id=\"kch-form\">\n        <div class=\"kcv-panel-head\">\n          <div>\n            <p class=\"kcv-panel-k\">International arbitration \u00b7 Paris<\/p>\n            <h2 class=\"kcv-panel-t\">Get a <em>first analysis<\/em><\/h2>\n            <p class=\"kcv-panel-l\">Send the contract and its clause, the arbitration rules referred to, the terms of reference, the procedural orders and, if there is one, the notice of the award: the firm first checks the time limits now running.<\/p>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"kcv-chip kcv-glass\"><p class=\"kcv-chip-n\">24 \u00e0 48 h<\/p><p class=\"kcv-chip-x\">first legal<br>review<\/p><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"kcf-wrap\">\n<form id=\"kcf-2form\" data-kcf data-api-url=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-json\/kohen-form\/v1\/submit\" data-vps-url=\"https:\/\/upload-fr.46-224-152-225.sslip.io\/submit\" data-max-size=\"1073741824\" data-max-files=\"500\" novalidate enctype=\"multipart\/form-data\">\n  <input type=\"hidden\" name=\"rendered_at\" value=\"1776847557\">\n  <div class=\"kcf-hp\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><label for=\"kcf-2website\">Do not fill in<\/label><input id=\"kcf-2website\" name=\"website\" type=\"text\" tabindex=\"-1\" autocomplete=\"off\"><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcf-price\">\n    <span class=\"kcf-price-amount\">\u20ac80<small>incl. VAT<\/small><\/span>\n    <div class=\"kcf-price-body\">\n      <p class=\"kcf-price-text\"><strong>Preliminary review of your case.<\/strong> Examination of your documents and a first written analysis by Reda Kohen, within 24 to 48 business hours. Payment is made online after this form is sent.<\/p>\n      <ul class=\"kcf-price-meta\">\n        <li>Up to 1 GB of documents, folders and subfolders accepted<\/li>\n        <li>Secure payment, no banking data stored<\/li>\n        <li><a href=\"\/conditions-etude-prealable\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Terms and fee agreement<\/a><\/li>\n      <\/ul>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcf-row\">\n    <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n      <label class=\"kcf-label\" for=\"kcf-2name\">Full name<\/label>\n      <input class=\"kcf-input\" type=\"text\" id=\"kcf-2name\" name=\"name\" placeholder=\"Your name\" required autocomplete=\"name\" aria-describedby=\"kcf-2name-err\">\n      <p class=\"kcf-field-error\" id=\"kcf-2name-err\" role=\"alert\"><\/p>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n      <label class=\"kcf-label\" for=\"kcf-2phone\">Telephone <span class=\"kcf-optional\">(optional)<\/span><\/label>\n      <input class=\"kcf-input\" type=\"tel\" inputmode=\"tel\" id=\"kcf-2phone\" name=\"phone\" placeholder=\"06 00 00 00 00\" autocomplete=\"tel\" aria-describedby=\"kcf-2phone-err\">\n      <p class=\"kcf-field-error\" id=\"kcf-2phone-err\" role=\"alert\"><\/p>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n    <label class=\"kcf-label\" for=\"kcf-2email\">Email address<\/label>\n    <input class=\"kcf-input\" type=\"email\" id=\"kcf-2email\" name=\"email\" placeholder=\"your@email.com\" required autocomplete=\"email\" spellcheck=\"false\" autocapitalize=\"off\" aria-describedby=\"kcf-2email-err\">\n    <p class=\"kcf-field-error\" id=\"kcf-2email-err\" role=\"alert\"><\/p>\n  <\/div>\n  \n  <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n    <label class=\"kcf-label\" for=\"kcf-2message\">Message<\/label>\n    <textarea class=\"kcf-textarea\" id=\"kcf-2message\" name=\"message\" placeholder=\"Briefly describe your situation...\" required aria-describedby=\"kcf-2message-err\"><\/textarea>\n    <p class=\"kcf-field-error\" id=\"kcf-2message-err\" role=\"alert\"><\/p>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n    <label class=\"kcf-label\">Attachments <span class=\"kcf-optional\">(optional, 500 files max, 1 GB)<\/span><\/label>\n    <div class=\"kcf-dropzone\" id=\"kcf-2dropzone\">\n      <svg class=\"kcf-dropzone-icon\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M21 15v4a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-4\"\/><polyline points=\"17 8 12 3 7 8\"\/><line x1=\"12\" y1=\"3\" x2=\"12\" y2=\"15\"\/><\/svg>\n      <p class=\"kcf-dropzone-text\"><strong>Click<\/strong> or drag your files here<br>All formats accepted (PDF, Word, images, etc.)<\/p>\n      <input type=\"file\" name=\"attachments\" id=\"kcf-2files\" multiple>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcf-file-list\" id=\"kcf-2filelist\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcf-progress\" id=\"kcf-2progress\">\n      <div class=\"kcf-progress-bar\"><div class=\"kcf-progress-fill\" id=\"kcf-2progressfill\"><\/div><\/div>\n      <p class=\"kcf-progress-text\" id=\"kcf-2progresstext\">Sending...<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n  <button type=\"submit\" class=\"kcf-btn\">\n    <span class=\"kcf-spinner\"><\/span>\n    <span class=\"kcf-btn-text\">Pay \u20ac80 and send my case<\/span>\n  <\/button>\n  <div class=\"kcf-msg\" role=\"status\" aria-live=\"polite\" aria-atomic=\"true\" tabindex=\"-1\"><\/div>\n  <p class=\"kcf-note\">Payment constitutes a request for immediate performance of your analysis. 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p.knp__watchlink{margin:0 0 2px;padding:0;line-height:17px}.kcv-press.knp a.knp__videos{gap:5px;padding:0;border:0;border-radius:0;background:none;box-shadow:none;font-size:11.5px;letter-spacing:.02em;line-height:17px;transform:none}.kcv-press.knp a.knp__videos:hover{background:none;box-shadow:none;transform:none}.kcv-press.knp a.knp__videos:hover span{text-decoration:underline;text-underline-offset:3px}.kcv-press.knp a.knp__videos svg{width:13px;height:13px}.knp .knp__vc{display:none}@media (max-width:900px){.kcv-press.knp .knp__vl{display:none}.kcv-press.knp .knp__vc{display:inline}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){.knp a.knp__videos{transition:none}.knp a.knp__videos:hover{transform:none}}<\/style><p class=\"knp__watchlink\"><a class=\"knp__videos\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/media\/\" aria-label=\"Watch the videos and their transcripts\"><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><circle cx=\"10\" cy=\"10\" 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class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"france-tv\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"France T\u00e9l\u00e9visions: watch the excerpt featuring Reda Kohen\"><img class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/france-tv.svg\" alt=\"France T\u00e9l\u00e9visions\" style=\"--h:28px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li><li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"bfm\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"BFMTV: watch the excerpt featuring Reda Kohen\"><img class=\"skip-lazy knp--fixe\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/bfm.svg\" alt=\"BFMTV\" style=\"--h:30px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li><li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"le-point\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"Le Point: see the 2 publications\"><img class=\"skip-lazy knp--fixe\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" 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l'\u00c9tat.\",\"auteur\":\"data.gouv.fr\",\"paraphrase\":true,\"libelle\":\"Voir la fiche sur data.gouv.fr\"},{\"titre\":\"Commentaires des d\u00e9cisions de justice par l'IA g\u00e9n\u00e9rative\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.data.gouv.fr\/reuses\/commentaires-des-decisions-de-justice-par-lia-generative\",\"citation\":\"R\u00e9utilisation des donn\u00e9es publiques de justice publi\u00e9e par Kohen Avocats et r\u00e9f\u00e9renc\u00e9e sur data.gouv.fr.\",\"auteur\":\"data.gouv.fr\",\"paraphrase\":true,\"libelle\":\"Voir la r\u00e9utilisation sur data.gouv.fr\"}]},\"awwwards\":{\"nom\":\"Awwwards\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Kohen Avocats, site nomm\u00e9 aux Awwwards\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.awwwards.com\/sites\/kohen-avocats\",\"citation\":\"Le site du cabinet figure parmi les sites nomm\u00e9s (\u00ab Nominee \u00bb) par Awwwards, r\u00e9f\u00e9rence internationale du design web.\",\"auteur\":\"Awwwards\",\"paraphrase\":true,\"libelle\":\"Voir la fiche sur 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\u00e0 la location ?\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.leboncoin.fr\/guide\/immobilier\/bouilloires-thermiques-bientot-interdites-a-la-location-hfpj70o6.html\",\"citation\":\"Le guide immobilier cite une analyse de kohenavocats.fr parmi ses sources.\",\"auteur\":\"Leboncoin\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"femme-actuelle\":{\"nom\":\"Femme Actuelle\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"S\u00e9paration ou divorce : quelle banque et quel cr\u00e9dit pour repartir sur de bonnes bases ?\",\"date\":\"2026-09-30\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.femmeactuelle.fr\/vie-pratique\/news-vie-pratique\/separation-ou-divorce-quelle-banque-et-quel-credit-pour-repartir-sur-de-bonnes-bases-2211980\",\"citation\":\"L'article cite une analyse de kohenavocats.com parmi ses sources.\",\"auteur\":\"Femme Actuelle\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"economie-matin\":{\"nom\":\"\u00c9conomie Matin\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Nouveau bail 2026 : ce que les propri\u00e9taires doivent anticiper d\u00e8s 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l\u2019obligation de d\u00e9livrer un logement d\u00e9cent pendant toute la dur\u00e9e du bail et l\u2019ordonnance du tribunal judiciaire de B\u00e9ziers du 31 mars 2026 sur une climatisation install\u00e9e sans autorisation.\",\"auteur\":\"Science \\u0026 Vie\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"frandroid\":{\"nom\":\"Frandroid\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Fin de Rakuten France : comment r\u00e9cup\u00e9rer vos factures, vos garanties et vos points Club R\",\"date\":\"2026-09-30\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.frandroid.com\/culture-tech\/web\/3266559_fin-de-rakuten-france-comment-recuperer-vos-factures-vos-garanties-et-vos-points-club-r\",\"citation\":\"Le cabinet Kohen Avocats leur conseille de retirer cet argent et de t\u00e9l\u00e9charger tout leur historique avant le 10 novembre.\",\"auteur\":\"Frandroid\",\"paraphrase\":true},{\"titre\":\"Goutte-\u00e0-goutte et inondation : que faire quand la climatisation du voisin ruine votre terrasse 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aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The rules<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p2\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p2\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Your documents<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p3\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p3\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The method<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p4\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p4\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The timetable<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p5\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p5\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The checks<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-synthese\" aria-controls=\"kcv-synthese\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Summary<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-faq\" aria-controls=\"kcv-faq\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Questions<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-textes\" aria-controls=\"kcv-textes\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Legal texts<\/button><\/div><\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcv-track\"><div class=\"kcv-slide kcv-on\" id=\"kcv-avocat\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-avocat\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<div class=\"kcv-pro\">\n  <figure class=\"kcv-pro-photo\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" src=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/kohen-footer\/portrait-reda-20260920-lignes-orange.jpg\" alt=\"Reda Kohen, lawyer at the Paris Bar\" width=\"1122\" height=\"1402\" loading=\"eager\" decoding=\"async\">\n    <figcaption class=\"kcv-pro-cap kcv-glass\"><span class=\"kcv-pro-capn\">Reda Kohen<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pro-capr\">Lawyer at the Paris Bar<\/span><\/figcaption>\n  <\/figure>\n  <div class=\"kcv-pro-body\">\n    <p class=\"kk\">International business law \u00b7 Paris 17th arrondissement<\/p>\n    <h2>What an <em>arbitration lawyer<\/em> in Paris does<\/h2>\n    <ul class=\"kcv-pro-tags\"><li>Paris Bar<\/li><li>International arbitration<\/li><li>Action to set aside<\/li><\/ul>\n    <p class=\"kcv-p\">Reda Kohen, lawyer (avocat) at the Paris Bar, works in international business law, on the arbitration clause of a cross-border contract and on challenging or defending an award before the French court.<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-p\">Where the seat of the arbitration is Paris, French law governs the review of the award. This is not a second trial: the Paris Court of Appeal checks the arbitrators' jurisdiction, the constitution of the tribunal, compliance with the tribunal's mandate, the adversarial principle and consistency with international public policy.<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-p\">The firm can act at every stage: reading the clause during negotiation or at the first disagreement, applying to the supporting judge, monitoring irregularities as the proceedings unfold, bringing or defending an action to set aside, and applying to stop enforcement of the award.<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-p\">Send what you have, even if incomplete: the firm will prioritise and complete the file with you. In an emergency, call <a href=\"tel:+33646605822\">06 46 60 58 22<\/a>.<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-pro-meta\"><a href=\"https:\/\/consultation.avocat.fr\/avocat-paris\/reda-kohen-54670.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Official profile in the directory of French lawyers (CNB)<\/a><span>Firm at 11 rue Margueritte, 75017 Paris<\/span><\/p>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-cards\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-card\"><h3>The clause, assessed under the law of the seat<\/h3><p>In international arbitration, the existence and effectiveness of the clause are assessed according to the common intention of the parties, without necessarily referring to a national law.<\/p><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-card\"><h3>Five grounds, no more<\/h3><p>Article 1520 of the French Code of Civil Procedure (Code de proc\u00e9dure civile) limits an action to set aside to five cases. The judge does not review the merits of the award.<\/p><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-card\"><h3>A short timetable<\/h3><p>As a rule, the action is no longer admissible one month after notification of the award; and, once brought, it does not suspend enforcement.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p1\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The rules<\/p>\n<h2>Clause, arbitral tribunal, award: <em>the rules of the Paris seat<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">Four rules govern an international arbitration seated in France.<\/p>\n<ol class=\"kcv-conds\">\n  <li>There are two forms of agreement: the arbitration clause, set out in the contract before any dispute, and the submission agreement, signed once the dispute has arisen (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023450909\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023450909\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1442 of the Code of Civil Procedure<\/a>). In international arbitration, it is subject to no formal requirements (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023450606\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023450606\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1507<\/a>) and may refer to rules to appoint the arbitrators (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023450602\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023450602\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1508<\/a>). The Court of Cassation holds that \u201cthe arbitration clause is legally independent of the main contract that contains it, directly or by reference\u201d (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/6333e9bde5004d05dab7c04c\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. 1re civ., 28 September 2022, No. 20-20.260<\/a>) (our translation).<\/li>\n  <li>The arbitrators alone decide challenges to their own power to rule (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023450814\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023450814\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1465 of the Code of Civil Procedure<\/a>). Where an arbitration has already been commenced, the Court of Cassation holds that \u201cthe arbitral tribunal, first seised, has priority jurisdiction to assess whether a dispute falls within the scope of the arbitration agreement\u201d (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/6054bea170526d97cf3cc635\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. 1re civ., 17 March 2021, No. 20-14.360<\/a>) (our translation).<\/li>\n  <li>Against an international award made in France, only one route is open, the action to set aside (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023450532\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023450532\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1518<\/a>), which is brought before the Paris Court of Appeal no later than one month after notification (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000051869389\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000051869389\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1519<\/a>). The grounds are exhaustively listed in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023427702\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023427702\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1520 of the Code of Civil Procedure<\/a>: jurisdiction, constitution of the tribunal, mandate, the adversarial principle, international public policy.<\/li>\n  <li>A party that knows of an irregularity and, without legitimate reason, stays silent about it during the arbitral proceedings is deemed to have waived it (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023450811\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023450811\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1466<\/a>). The Court of Cassation specifies that the failure of a challenge application made to the institution \u201cdoes not constitute a legitimate reason for not raising, before the arbitral tribunal, the irregularity of its constitution on the same ground\u201d (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/64802063f17e00d0f8b57296\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. 1re civ., 7 June 2023, No. 21-24.968<\/a>) (our translation).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"kcv-callout\"><span class=\"kcv-callout-i\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M9.6 6C6.5 7.4 4.5 10 4.5 13.4V18h6v-6H7.6c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L9.6 6zm9 0c-3.1 1.4-5.1 4-5.1 7.4V18h6v-6h-2.9c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L18.6 6z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><p>The court hearing the action to set aside reviews the award, not the way the arbitrators assessed the contract or the evidence. A ground that amounts to reopening the merits is bound to fail. To verify compliance with international public policy, however, the court may assess the facts differently and examine new evidence, without reviewing the award on the merits.<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p2\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Your documents<\/p>\n<h2>Documents to gather depending on <em>your position in the arbitration<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">The review first concerns the arbitral procedure: each ground rests on the records of the proceedings, which new evidence may supplement, in particular on a jurisdictional issue already debated or on international public policy.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-duel\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-opt kcv-opt-a\"><p class=\"kcv-opt-k\">Position A<\/p><p class=\"kcv-opt-t\">You are challenging the award<\/p><ul><li>The award, the notice of notification or service and the date it was delivered<\/li><li>The contract, the arbitration clause and the applicable arbitration rules<\/li><li>The terms of reference, the procedural orders and the exchanges with the institution<\/li><li>The arbitrators' declarations of independence and anything disclosed after they accepted their appointment<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-or\" aria-hidden=\"true\">or<\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-opt kcv-opt-b\"><p class=\"kcv-opt-k\">Position B<\/p><p class=\"kcv-opt-t\">You are defending the award or want to enforce it<\/p><ul><li>The award, proof of its notification and any exequatur order<\/li><li>The submissions in which the opponent defended themselves on the merits without raising the irregularity now alleged<\/li><li>Information on the opponent's solvency and its assets located in France<\/li><li>Any provision waiving the action to set aside<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-callout\"><span class=\"kcv-callout-i\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M9.6 6C6.5 7.4 4.5 10 4.5 13.4V18h6v-6H7.6c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L9.6 6zm9 0c-3.1 1.4-5.1 4-5.1 7.4V18h6v-6h-2.9c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L18.6 6z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><p>Do not let the one-month time limit run while waiting for a negotiation: amicable discussions do not suspend the time limit for the action.<\/p><\/div>\n<p class=\"kcv-p\">The firm also handles:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"kcv-pro-tags\"><li>International contracts<\/li><li>Exequatur<\/li><li>Supporting judge<\/li><li>Protective measures<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p3\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The method<\/p>\n<h2>How the firm <em>handles the case<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">Secure the time limits, then isolate the grounds that the French court can realistically uphold.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-rows\">\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 1<\/p><h3>Fix the timetable<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">The firm identifies the date and manner of notification of the award, calculates the time limit for the action and checks whether a waiver of the action has been agreed.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 2<\/p><h3>Review the clause and the procedure<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">The clause, the arbitration rules, the terms of reference and the orders make it possible to link each irregularity to one of the five cases in Article 1520.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 3<\/p><h3>Check what was raised before the arbitrators<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">An irregularity in the constitution of the tribunal or in the procedure that is not raised in good time may be deemed waived. The firm reconstructs what was said, and when.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 4<\/p><h3>Action, defence and enforcement<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">Depending on the client's position, the firm prepares the action to set aside, the defence of the award, or the application to stop or adjust its enforcement before the Paris Court of Appeal.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-callout\"><span class=\"kcv-callout-i\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M9.6 6C6.5 7.4 4.5 10 4.5 13.4V18h6v-6H7.6c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L9.6 6zm9 0c-3.1 1.4-5.1 4-5.1 7.4V18h6v-6h-2.9c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L18.6 6z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><p>A ground of international public policy, such as bribery or money laundering, is proved before the court of appeal with precise and consistent evidence. It is not presumed.<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p4\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The timetable<\/p>\n<h2>The timeline <em>of an international arbitration<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">From the clause in the contract to the judgment of the Paris Court of Appeal.<\/p>\n<ol class=\"kcv-hs\"><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Signing the contract<\/p><p><strong>Before any dispute.<\/strong> The clause sets the seat, the institution or ad hoc arbitration, the number of arbitrators, the language and, where relevant, the applicable law.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">The dispute arises<\/p><p>Before the arbitral tribunal is constituted, an investigative measure or an urgent measure may still be requested from the state court.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Constitution of the tribunal<\/p><p>The arbitrators accept their mandate and disclose any circumstance that might affect their independence; in case of deadlock, the supporting judge steps in.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Arbitral proceedings<\/p><p>Each known irregularity must be raised in good time before the arbitrators: unless there is a legitimate reason, one that was left unmentioned is deemed waived, while substantive international public policy follows its own regime.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Award and notification<\/p><p>The one-month time limit for bringing the action to set aside runs from notification, which is in principle made by service.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Action before the court of appeal<\/p><p>The Paris Court of Appeal examines only the grounds in Article 1520; dismissal of the action gives the award exequatur.<\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p5\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The checks<\/p>\n<h2>What the firm checks <em>before challenging or defending an award<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">An action to set aside is built on specific records of the arbitral procedure.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-split\">\n  <ul class=\"kcv-check\"><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>International character of the arbitration: a transaction involving flows or interests that go beyond a single State.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Seat and competent court: arbitration held in France, supporting judge in Paris, Paris Court of Appeal for the action to set aside.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Time limit: date and form of notification of the award, notification to a foreign State, any agreement of the parties on notification.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Admissible grounds: linking each criticism to one of the five cases in Article 1520 and, for a procedural irregularity known during the proceedings, proof that it was raised in good time, substantive international public policy being exempt from this requirement.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Enforcement: risk to the company's cash position or continuity, which may justify an application to stop or adjust enforcement.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n  <aside class=\"kcv-act\">\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-k\">Case documents<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-t\">Send what you have, even if incomplete<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-p\">Submit your documents through the confidential form at the top of the page: the firm will prioritise and complete the file with you.<\/p>\n    <div class=\"kcv-act-b\"><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kch-form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n  <\/aside>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-synthese\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-synthese\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Summary<\/p>\n<h2>Situation, evidence, <em>response<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">Six frequent situations and the first decision each calls for.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-rows\">\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>A foreign partner brings proceedings in a French court despite the clause<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> The contract, the clause and, if there is one, the instrument engaging the arbitration.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time limit:<\/strong> An objection of lack of jurisdiction must be raised before any defence on the merits.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Rely on the clause and on the priority of the arbitral tribunal: the state court may retain the case only if the arbitral tribunal has not yet been seised and the clause is manifestly void or manifestly inapplicable (Article 1448 of the Code of Civil Procedure).<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>The other party does not appoint its arbitrator<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> The clause, the notice of the request for arbitration and the reminders that went unanswered.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time limit:<\/strong> According to the clause and the rules; failing agreed arrangements, for a tribunal of three arbitrators, one month after receipt of the request for appointment that was not acted upon (Article 1452 of the Code of Civil Procedure).<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Apply to the institution or, failing that, to the President of the Paris judicial court as supporting judge.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>A link between an arbitrator and the opponent comes to light<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Declarations of independence, public information, the dates on which the link was discovered.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time limit:<\/strong> The challenge is brought before the institution and then before the arbitrators, without waiting for the award.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Apply for the arbitrator's removal and raise the irregularity in the tribunal's constitution before the arbitral tribunal.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>The award has been made against your company<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> The award, the notice of notification, the submissions and the procedural orders.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time limit:<\/strong> As a rule, one month from notification to apply to the Paris Court of Appeal.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Bring the action to set aside on the grounds in Article 1520 and, if necessary, apply to stop enforcement.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Immediate enforcement would threaten the business<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Accounts, cash flow plan, a certificate from an independent professional on the company's continuity as a going concern.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time limit:<\/strong> The application is made within an action to set aside or, where that route is open, within an appeal against the exequatur order.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Ask the First President, or the pre-trial judge, to stop enforcement or set its terms.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Your opponent is challenging the award you obtained<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Submissions showing that the irregularity alleged was not raised before the arbitrators.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time limit:<\/strong> The defence submissions follow the timetable set by the court of appeal.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Rely on the waiver in Article 1466 and on the prohibition on any review of the merits.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-faq\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-faq\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Frequently asked questions<\/p>\n<h2>Your questions: <em>international arbitration<\/em><\/h2>\n<div class=\"kcv-faqgrid\">\n  <aside class=\"kcv-act kcv-act-sticky\">\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-k\">13 questions<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-t\">A situation not listed here?<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-p\">Every case has its own features. The firm reads your documents before answering you.<\/p>\n    <div class=\"kcv-act-b\"><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kch-form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n  <\/aside>\n  <div class=\"kcv-faq\"><details><summary>Our contract with a foreign company provides for arbitration in Paris: which law governs the clause?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Where the seat of the international arbitration is in France, the Court of Cassation does not require the clause to be linked to a national law. It holds that the existence and effectiveness of the arbitration agreement are assessed according to the common intention of the parties, subject to the mandatory rules of French law and international public policy, unless the parties have expressly subjected the clause to a specific law. In the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/6333e9bde5004d05dab7c04c\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">judgment of 28 September 2022<\/a>, the choice of English law to govern the contract was not enough to subject the clause itself to that law: the court of appeal could apply the French substantive rules of the seat. A practical consequence follows. If you want a specific law to govern the clause, the provision must say so expressly; failing that, the Paris court will look for the parties' common intention in all their exchanges and contractual documents. The main contract may be governed by a foreign law without changing the regime of the clause. On the merits, the arbitrators apply the rules of law chosen by the parties or, failing that, those they consider appropriate, and always take trade usages into account (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023450571\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023450571\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1511 of the Code of Civil Procedure<\/a>).<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Which grounds allow an international arbitral award to be set aside?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023427702\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023427702\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1520 of the Code of Civil Procedure<\/a> allows an action to set aside in five cases only: the arbitral tribunal wrongly upheld or declined jurisdiction; it was irregularly constituted; it ruled without complying with its mandate; the adversarial principle was not respected; recognition or enforcement of the award is contrary to international public policy. The list is closed. An error of law or a wrong assessment of the evidence by the arbitrators is not, in itself, a ground for setting aside. The Court of Cassation recalled this in relation to the review of jurisdiction: \u201cthis review excludes any review of the merits of the award\u201d (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/67eccf7105aee137f36c353b\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. 1re civ., 2 April 2025, No. 23-16.338<\/a>) (our translation). Where jurisdiction was debated before the arbitrators, however, the parties are \u201cnot deprived of the right to raise new grounds and arguments on this question before the court hearing the action to set aside\u201d (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/5fca4ccdfc2d067a80a7b7de\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. 1re civ., 2 December 2020, No. 19-15.396<\/a>) (our translation). The preliminary work therefore consists in going back over each criticism and checking whether it falls within one of the five cases, with the documents from the arbitral proceedings that prove it. A criticism that does not fit weakens the action instead of strengthening it. The firm selects the useful grounds before drafting the action.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>How long do we have to challenge an award made in Paris?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The action to set aside is brought before the Paris Court of Appeal. It may be brought as soon as the award is made; it becomes inadmissible one month after notification, which is effected by service unless the parties agree otherwise (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000051869389\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000051869389\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1519 of the Code of Civil Procedure<\/a>). The time limit expires on the last day at midnight and, if it falls on a Saturday, a Sunday or a public or non-working holiday, it is extended to the next working day (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006411003\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006411003\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 642 of the Code of Civil Procedure<\/a>). The starting point therefore depends on the exact form of notification: proper service, or the method provided for by the clause or the arbitration rules. Where the recipient is a foreign State, the question becomes more delicate. The Paris Court of Appeal has recalled that \u201cthe starting point of the time limit for the action, in the case of international notification to a foreign State, is determined according to the applicable conventions\u201d (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/664452f7b94eb60008b3d62d\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CA Paris, p\u00f4le 5 ch. 16, 14 May 2024, No. 23\/01696<\/a>) (our translation). In that case, since there was no proof that the document had been delivered to the designated recipient, the time limit had not started to run and the State's action was held admissible. For a private company, prudence calls for counting the time limit from the first delivery of the award and not waiting for the end of an amicable discussion.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Does an action to set aside prevent the winning party from enforcing the award?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>No, as a rule. In international arbitration, neither the action to set aside nor an appeal against the exequatur order blocks enforcement. The First President, in urgent proceedings, or the pre-trial judge once the case is before the court, may nevertheless stop enforcement or adapt its terms where it risks seriously prejudicing the rights of one of the parties (Article 1526 of the Code of Civil Procedure, in the version in force on 1 November 2026, which continues to govern awards not subject to the new text under Article 22 of the decree of 6 August 2026). This serious prejudice must be supported by documents suited to the risk invoked, in particular financial documents where the company's continuity is at stake. In an order of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/65166d3f788aac83189ea074\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">12 September 2023 (CA Paris, p\u00f4le 5 ch. 16, No. 22\/14963)<\/a>, the pre-trial judge stopped enforcement of an award of \u20ac18 million after noting, in light of a report by the statutory auditors, that \u201cimmediate enforcement of the award would be likely to compromise the company's continuity as a going concern and the sustainability of its activities\u201d (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/65166d3f788aac83189ea074\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CA Paris, pre-trial judge's order, 12 September 2023<\/a>) (our translation). Mere disagreement with the award is not enough. For awards made after 1 January 2027, the new text provides for suspending enforcement by an order that cannot be appealed (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000054637840\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000054637840\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1526 as worded in the decree of 6 August 2026<\/a>).<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can the Paris Court of Appeal retry the dispute decided by the arbitrators?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>No. The court hearing the action to set aside reviews the award against the five cases in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023427702\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023427702\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1520<\/a>, without re-examining whether the arbitrators' solution was well founded. In a judgment of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/67eccf7105aee137f36c353b\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2 April 2025<\/a>, the Court of Cassation quashed the judgment that had set aside an award declining jurisdiction: the court of appeal had characterised the requirement of a prior investment as a rule of substance, then set aside the award for having applied it, which amounted to reviewing the award on the merits. The same judgment approves, on another point, the distinction between the jurisdiction of the arbitral tribunal and the admissibility of claims: failure to observe a procedural precondition \u201crelated not to the jurisdiction of the arbitral tribunal, but to the examination of the admissibility of the claims, which escaped the review of the court hearing the action to set aside\u201d (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/67eccf7105aee137f36c353b\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. 1re civ., 2 April 2025, No. 23-16.338<\/a>) (our translation). For a party considering an action, this case law is unfavourable where the criticism in fact concerns the interpretation of the contract or the assessment of the facts. The firm therefore first checks whether the ground goes to the arbitrators' power to rule or only to the way they judged.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can corruption that was not argued before the arbitrators be raised before the court?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Yes, where the ground relates to substantive international public policy. The Court of Cassation holds that \u201ccompliance with substantive international public policy cannot be made conditional on a party's attitude before the arbitrator\u201d (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/63183e83f75a164f13450840\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. 1re civ., 7 September 2022, No. 20-22.118<\/a>) (our translation). In that case, the State argued that the award gave effect to a settlement obtained by corruption. The Court approved the court of appeal for examining all the documents produced, even new ones, noting that \u201cno limit is placed on its power to investigate, in law and in fact, all the elements concerning the defects in question\u201d (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/63183e83f75a164f13450840\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">same judgment<\/a>) (our translation). This openness does not dispense with proof. Corruption or money laundering is shown by precise and consistent evidence, argued in adversarial proceedings before the court. A general allegation, without documents, is not enough. Nor does the solution apply to procedural irregularities, such as the constitution of the tribunal, which are subject to the waiver rule in Article 1466 of the Code of Civil Procedure.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>How does the court review international public policy in an award?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The court hearing the action to set aside must determine whether recognition or enforcement of the award is compatible with international public policy. In the leading judgment of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/6242a09b26828a40043fac8e\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">23 March 2022 (Cass. 1re civ., No. 17-17.981)<\/a>, the Court of Cassation approved the setting aside of an investment award whose enforcement would have let the investor benefit from the proceeds of money laundering. It specifies that the court's inquiry \u201cwas neither limited to the evidence produced before the arbitrators nor bound by the findings, assessments and characterisations made by them\u201d (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/6242a09b26828a40043fac8e\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. 1re civ., 23 March 2022<\/a>) (our translation). The review nonetheless remains demanding for the party invoking it. In a judgment of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/65b369578c0355000835f566\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">23 January 2024 (CA Paris, p\u00f4le 5 ch. 16, No. 22\/16431)<\/a>, the Paris Court of Appeal dismissed an action arguing that the contract enforced by the award was an anticompetitive agreement, after recalling that \u201cthis review is concerned only with examining whether enforcement of the provisions made by the arbitral tribunal flagrantly violates the principles and values contained in this international public policy\u201d (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/65b369578c0355000835f566\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CA Paris, 23 January 2024<\/a>) (our translation). These two decisions show the dividing line: a characterised and proven breach, and not a mere discussion of the law applied.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>An arbitrator has links with the opposing party's law firm: is the award vulnerable?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Not necessarily. The court assesses whether the circumstances invoked may give rise, in the parties' minds, to a reasonable doubt as to the arbitrator's independence and impartiality, qualities that the Court of Cassation describes as being \u201cof the very essence of the arbitral function\u201d (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/64802063f17e00d0f8b57296\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. 1re civ., 7 June 2023, No. 21-24.968<\/a>) (our translation). In that case, the arbitrator had been appointed twice by the opposing party's law firm and had written two legal opinions for it; the court of appeal held that these relations were not systematic so as to create a flow of business, and the appeal to the Court of Cassation was dismissed. The same decision is unfavourable on a second point: the party that had unsuccessfully applied to the institution for removal, then defended itself on the merits without raising the irregularity before the arbitral tribunal, was deemed to have waived it. The arbitrator must disclose, before and during the mandate, any circumstance of this kind, and a dispute over whether the arbitrator should remain is settled by the institution or by the supporting judge, seised within one month of the disclosure or of the discovery of the fact (Article 1456 of the Code of Civil Procedure).<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can an arbitration clause be set aside in favour of a non-professional client?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Yes, where the clause is unfair within the meaning of European Union law. In a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/5fca327f89bc1fbc73ddc705\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">judgment of 30 September 2020 (Cass. 1re civ., No. 18-19.241)<\/a>, a client residing in France had signed, for advice on an inheritance in Spain, an offer of services referring disputes to arbitration in Madrid. The Court of Cassation approved the court of appeal for setting the clause aside, holding that \u201cthe procedural rule of priority laid down by that provision cannot have the effect of making it impossible, or excessively difficult, to exercise the rights conferred on the consumer by Community law\u201d (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/5fca327f89bc1fbc73ddc705\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. 1re civ., 30 September 2020<\/a>) (our translation). The court had noted a standard clause pre-drafted by the professional, stipulated in French in the first offer and then only in the general terms in Spanish in the second, which the client, who was not fluent in Spanish, was not in a position to negotiate. Under domestic law, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000033458809\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000033458809\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 2061 of the French Civil Code (Code civil)<\/a> also prohibits relying on the clause against a person who signed outside their professional activity. Between companies, the priority of the arbitral tribunal remains the rule. The firm therefore checks the status of each party, the circumstances of signing and the drafting of the clause before arguing that it is inapplicable.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can a French court order an urgent measure when the contract provides for arbitration?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Yes, until the arbitral tribunal is constituted. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039386190\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039386190\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1449 of the Code of Civil Procedure<\/a> then allows recourse to the state court for an investigative measure, or for a provisional or protective measure, protective attachments and judicial security interests following their own rules. The ruling is made by the President of the judicial court, or of the court competent in commercial matters, applying Article 145 where evidence is to be established. The right court must still be seised. In a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/60d2ce5cd540981b57d07458\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">judgment of 23 June 2021 (Cass. 1re civ., No. 19-13.350)<\/a>, the Court of Cassation held that the President of the Paris commercial court did not have territorial jurisdiction to order investigative measures against companies domiciled in Calvados, even though the seat of the arbitration was set in Paris. The competent court is the one that would hear the merits if the parties did not rely on the clause, or that of the place where the measures are to be carried out. Once the arbitral tribunal is constituted, interim applications must in principle be addressed to it.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Who appoints the arbitrator when the other party does not respond?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The clause, or the arbitration rules to which it refers, first provides the appointment mechanism (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023450602\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023450602\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1508 of the Code of Civil Procedure<\/a>). Where the institution responsible for organising the arbitration does not act, or where there is no institution, the supporting judge takes over. In international arbitration, unless the clause provides otherwise, this judge is the President of the Paris judicial court, in particular where the arbitration takes place in France (Article 1505 of the Code of Civil Procedure). In a decision of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/658096e43ea7c8c1120dd23b\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">15 December 2023 (Paris judicial court, No. 23\/57974)<\/a>, the President of the Paris judicial court, ruling as supporting judge, appointed a sole arbitrator after the defendant, invited to respond to a proposal, had remained silent, and after a prior mediation provided for in the contract had failed. The application to the supporting judge must establish the clause, the seat, notification of the dispute and the deadlock. From 1 January 2027, the Paris supporting judge may also be seised for the production of a document held by a third party resident in France (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000054637815\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000054637815\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1505 as worded in the decree of 6 August 2026<\/a>).<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can the right to bring an action to set aside be waived in advance?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Yes, in international arbitration, by a special and express agreement, concluded at any time (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023430146\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023430146\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1522 of the Code of Civil Procedure<\/a>). A general wording on the finality of the award does not necessarily suffice to express this waiver: the text requires a special agreement. The waiver does not erase all review. The parties may still appeal against the exequatur order on one of the five grounds in Article 1520, within one month of notification of the award bearing the exequatur, a period that <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000034747123\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000034747123\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 643<\/a> extends by two months for persons living abroad. Review is therefore moved to the stage of enforcement in France, without disappearing. This choice is best made when the contract is drafted, weighing what it adds in speed and what it removes in safeguards. It also requires checking whether the award is meant to be enforced in France or in another State, where review will follow other rules. Conversely, the party that has obtained an award checks whether its opponent has waived this action before discussing the admissibility of the one it brings.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>What does the decree of 6 August 2026 change for an international arbitration already under way?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The reform text, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/jorf\/id\/JORFTEXT000054632457\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/jorf\/id\/JORFTEXT000054632457\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Decree No. 2026-741 of 6 August 2026<\/a>, takes effect on 1 January 2027, but its Article 22 sets three distinct starting points. The new rules on the arbitration agreement, including the definition of international arbitration, apply to agreements concluded after that date; the new text refers to international economic interests (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000054637808\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000054637808\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">new Article 1504<\/a>). The rules concerning in particular the constitution of the tribunal and disclosure apply to arbitral tribunals constituted from 2027. Those governing the award, exequatur and challenges, including Articles 1526 and 1527, apply to awards made after that date. For an award made from 2027, dismissal of the action to set aside on the merits gives the award exequatur or, if its enforcement cannot be pursued, recognition (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000054637836\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000054637836\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">new Article 1527<\/a>). On 1 November 2026, an arbitration commenced under an old clause may therefore fall successively under both regimes. The firm dates each step, agreement, constitution and award, before applying a text.<\/p><\/div><\/details><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-textes\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-textes\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Sources and related pages<\/p>\n<h2>Official texts and <em>related pages<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">The sources for this page and the firm's related areas of practice.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-arts\"><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023450909\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023450909\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article 1442 of the Code of Civil Procedure<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">arbitration clause and submission agreement<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039386190\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039386190\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article 1449 of the Code of Civil Procedure<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">interim measures before the arbitral tribunal is constituted<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023450814\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023450814\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article 1465 of the Code of Civil Procedure<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">the arbitral tribunal's power to rule on its own jurisdiction<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023450811\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023450811\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article 1466 of the Code of Civil Procedure<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">waiver of the right to raise an irregularity<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023450606\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023450606\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article 1507 of the Code of Civil Procedure<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">no formal requirements in international matters<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023450532\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023450532\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article 1518 of the Code of Civil Procedure<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">action to set aside, the only route against an international award made in France<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000051869389\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000051869389\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article 1519 of the Code of Civil Procedure<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">Paris Court of Appeal and one-month time limit<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023427702\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023427702\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article 1520 of the Code of Civil Procedure<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">the five grounds for setting aside<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023430146\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023430146\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article 1522 of the Code of Civil Procedure<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">waiver of the action to set aside<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000054637840\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000054637840\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article 1526 of the Code of Civil Procedure (version applicable from 1 January 2027)<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">no suspensive effect and suspension of enforcement<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000033458809\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000033458809\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article 2061 of the Civil Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">acceptance and enforceability of the arbitration clause<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<h3 class=\"kcv-center\">Further reading<\/h3>\n<div class=\"kcv-pgs\"><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/international-business-law-lawyer-paris\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">International business law<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">Firm's practice area<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/international-contract-lawyer-paris\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">International contracts<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">Firm's practice area<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/exequatur-lawyer-paris\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Exequatur<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">Firm's practice area<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/avocat-droit-des-affaires-paris\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Business law<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">Firm's practice area<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<p class=\"kcv-small kcv-center\">Page updated on 1 November 2026.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"kcv-cta\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-in\">\n    <div class=\"kcv-cta-card\">\n      <h2>A clause to read or an award to challenge? Take stock of <em>the time limits<\/em>.<\/h2>\n      <p>Send the contract, the clause, the award and its notice of notification: the firm examines the time limit for the action, the admissible grounds and the question of enforcement.<\/p>\n      <div class=\"kcv-btns\">\n        <a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a>\n        <a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kch-form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n<div class=\"kcv-news-band\"><h2>The latest <em>news.<\/em><\/h2><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\", \"@type\": \"FAQPage\", \"mainEntity\": [{\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Our contract with a foreign company provides for arbitration in Paris: which law governs the clause?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Where the seat of the international arbitration is in France, the Court of Cassation does not require the clause to be linked to a national law. It holds that the existence and effectiveness of the arbitration agreement are assessed according to the common intention of the parties, subject to the mandatory rules of French law and international public policy, unless the parties have expressly subjected the clause to a specific law. In the judgment of 28 September 2022, the choice of English law to govern the contract was not enough to subject the clause itself to that law: the court of appeal could apply the French substantive rules of the seat. A practical consequence follows. If you want a specific law to govern the clause, the provision must say so expressly; failing that, the Paris court will look for the parties' common intention in all their exchanges and contractual documents. The main contract may be governed by a foreign law without changing the regime of the clause. On the merits, the arbitrators apply the rules of law chosen by the parties or, failing that, those they consider appropriate, and always take trade usages into account (Article 1511 of the Code of Civil Procedure).\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Which grounds allow an international arbitral award to be set aside?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Article 1520 of the Code of Civil Procedure allows an action to set aside in five cases only: the arbitral tribunal wrongly upheld or declined jurisdiction; it was irregularly constituted; it ruled without complying with its mandate; the adversarial principle was not respected; recognition or enforcement of the award is contrary to international public policy. The list is closed. An error of law or a wrong assessment of the evidence by the arbitrators is not, in itself, a ground for setting aside. The Court of Cassation recalled this in relation to the review of jurisdiction: \u201cthis review excludes any review of the merits of the award\u201d (Cass. 1re civ., 2 April 2025, No. 23-16.338) (our translation). Where jurisdiction was debated before the arbitrators, however, the parties are \u201cnot deprived of the right to raise new grounds and arguments on this question before the court hearing the action to set aside\u201d (Cass. 1re civ., 2 December 2020, No. 19-15.396) (our translation). The preliminary work therefore consists in going back over each criticism and checking whether it falls within one of the five cases, with the documents from the arbitral proceedings that prove it. A criticism that does not fit weakens the action instead of strengthening it. The firm selects the useful grounds before drafting the action.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"How long do we have to challenge an award made in Paris?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The action to set aside is brought before the Paris Court of Appeal. It may be brought as soon as the award is made; it becomes inadmissible one month after notification, which is effected by service unless the parties agree otherwise (Article 1519 of the Code of Civil Procedure). The time limit expires on the last day at midnight and, if it falls on a Saturday, a Sunday or a public or non-working holiday, it is extended to the next working day (Article 642 of the Code of Civil Procedure). The starting point therefore depends on the exact form of notification: proper service, or the method provided for by the clause or the arbitration rules. Where the recipient is a foreign State, the question becomes more delicate. The Paris Court of Appeal has recalled that \u201cthe starting point of the time limit for the action, in the case of international notification to a foreign State, is determined according to the applicable conventions\u201d (CA Paris, p\u00f4le 5 ch. 16, 14 May 2024, No. 23\/01696) (our translation). In that case, since there was no proof that the document had been delivered to the designated recipient, the time limit had not started to run and the State's action was held admissible. For a private company, prudence calls for counting the time limit from the first delivery of the award and not waiting for the end of an amicable discussion.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Does an action to set aside prevent the winning party from enforcing the award?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"No, as a rule. In international arbitration, neither the action to set aside nor an appeal against the exequatur order blocks enforcement. The First President, in urgent proceedings, or the pre-trial judge once the case is before the court, may nevertheless stop enforcement or adapt its terms where it risks seriously prejudicing the rights of one of the parties (Article 1526 of the Code of Civil Procedure, in the version in force on 1 November 2026, which continues to govern awards not subject to the new text under Article 22 of the decree of 6 August 2026). This serious prejudice must be supported by documents suited to the risk invoked, in particular financial documents where the company's continuity is at stake. In an order of 12 September 2023 (CA Paris, p\u00f4le 5 ch. 16, No. 22\/14963), the pre-trial judge stopped enforcement of an award of \u20ac18 million after noting, in light of a report by the statutory auditors, that \u201cimmediate enforcement of the award would be likely to compromise the company's continuity as a going concern and the sustainability of its activities\u201d (CA Paris, pre-trial judge's order, 12 September 2023) (our translation). Mere disagreement with the award is not enough. For awards made after 1 January 2027, the new text provides for suspending enforcement by an order that cannot be appealed (Article 1526 as worded in the decree of 6 August 2026).\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Can the Paris Court of Appeal retry the dispute decided by the arbitrators?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"No. The court hearing the action to set aside reviews the award against the five cases in Article 1520, without re-examining whether the arbitrators' solution was well founded. In a judgment of 2 April 2025, the Court of Cassation quashed the judgment that had set aside an award declining jurisdiction: the court of appeal had characterised the requirement of a prior investment as a rule of substance, then set aside the award for having applied it, which amounted to reviewing the award on the merits. The same judgment approves, on another point, the distinction between the jurisdiction of the arbitral tribunal and the admissibility of claims: failure to observe a procedural precondition \u201crelated not to the jurisdiction of the arbitral tribunal, but to the examination of the admissibility of the claims, which escaped the review of the court hearing the action to set aside\u201d (Cass. 1re civ., 2 April 2025, No. 23-16.338) (our translation). For a party considering an action, this case law is unfavourable where the criticism in fact concerns the interpretation of the contract or the assessment of the facts. The firm therefore first checks whether the ground goes to the arbitrators' power to rule or only to the way they judged.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Can corruption that was not argued before the arbitrators be raised before the court?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Yes, where the ground relates to substantive international public policy. The Court of Cassation holds that \u201ccompliance with substantive international public policy cannot be made conditional on a party's attitude before the arbitrator\u201d (Cass. 1re civ., 7 September 2022, No. 20-22.118) (our translation). In that case, the State argued that the award gave effect to a settlement obtained by corruption. The Court approved the court of appeal for examining all the documents produced, even new ones, noting that \u201cno limit is placed on its power to investigate, in law and in fact, all the elements concerning the defects in question\u201d (same judgment) (our translation). This openness does not dispense with proof. Corruption or money laundering is shown by precise and consistent evidence, argued in adversarial proceedings before the court. A general allegation, without documents, is not enough. Nor does the solution apply to procedural irregularities, such as the constitution of the tribunal, which are subject to the waiver rule in Article 1466 of the Code of Civil Procedure.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"How does the court review international public policy in an award?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The court hearing the action to set aside must determine whether recognition or enforcement of the award is compatible with international public policy. In the leading judgment of 23 March 2022 (Cass. 1re civ., No. 17-17.981), the Court of Cassation approved the setting aside of an investment award whose enforcement would have let the investor benefit from the proceeds of money laundering. It specifies that the court's inquiry \u201cwas neither limited to the evidence produced before the arbitrators nor bound by the findings, assessments and characterisations made by them\u201d (Cass. 1re civ., 23 March 2022) (our translation). The review nonetheless remains demanding for the party invoking it. In a judgment of 23 January 2024 (CA Paris, p\u00f4le 5 ch. 16, No. 22\/16431), the Paris Court of Appeal dismissed an action arguing that the contract enforced by the award was an anticompetitive agreement, after recalling that \u201cthis review is concerned only with examining whether enforcement of the provisions made by the arbitral tribunal flagrantly violates the principles and values contained in this international public policy\u201d (CA Paris, 23 January 2024) (our translation). These two decisions show the dividing line: a characterised and proven breach, and not a mere discussion of the law applied.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"An arbitrator has links with the opposing party's law firm: is the award vulnerable?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Not necessarily. The court assesses whether the circumstances invoked may give rise, in the parties' minds, to a reasonable doubt as to the arbitrator's independence and impartiality, qualities that the Court of Cassation describes as being \u201cof the very essence of the arbitral function\u201d (Cass. 1re civ., 7 June 2023, No. 21-24.968) (our translation). In that case, the arbitrator had been appointed twice by the opposing party's law firm and had written two legal opinions for it; the court of appeal held that these relations were not systematic so as to create a flow of business, and the appeal to the Court of Cassation was dismissed. The same decision is unfavourable on a second point: the party that had unsuccessfully applied to the institution for removal, then defended itself on the merits without raising the irregularity before the arbitral tribunal, was deemed to have waived it. The arbitrator must disclose, before and during the mandate, any circumstance of this kind, and a dispute over whether the arbitrator should remain is settled by the institution or by the supporting judge, seised within one month of the disclosure or of the discovery of the fact (Article 1456 of the Code of Civil Procedure).\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Can an arbitration clause be set aside in favour of a non-professional client?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Yes, where the clause is unfair within the meaning of European Union law. In a judgment of 30 September 2020 (Cass. 1re civ., No. 18-19.241), a client residing in France had signed, for advice on an inheritance in Spain, an offer of services referring disputes to arbitration in Madrid. The Court of Cassation approved the court of appeal for setting the clause aside, holding that \u201cthe procedural rule of priority laid down by that provision cannot have the effect of making it impossible, or excessively difficult, to exercise the rights conferred on the consumer by Community law\u201d (Cass. 1re civ., 30 September 2020) (our translation). The court had noted a standard clause pre-drafted by the professional, stipulated in French in the first offer and then only in the general terms in Spanish in the second, which the client, who was not fluent in Spanish, was not in a position to negotiate. Under domestic law, Article 2061 of the French Civil Code (Code civil) also prohibits relying on the clause against a person who signed outside their professional activity. Between companies, the priority of the arbitral tribunal remains the rule. The firm therefore checks the status of each party, the circumstances of signing and the drafting of the clause before arguing that it is inapplicable.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Can a French court order an urgent measure when the contract provides for arbitration?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Yes, until the arbitral tribunal is constituted. Article 1449 of the Code of Civil Procedure then allows recourse to the state court for an investigative measure, or for a provisional or protective measure, protective attachments and judicial security interests following their own rules. The ruling is made by the President of the judicial court, or of the court competent in commercial matters, applying Article 145 where evidence is to be established. The right court must still be seised. In a judgment of 23 June 2021 (Cass. 1re civ., No. 19-13.350), the Court of Cassation held that the President of the Paris commercial court did not have territorial jurisdiction to order investigative measures against companies domiciled in Calvados, even though the seat of the arbitration was set in Paris. The competent court is the one that would hear the merits if the parties did not rely on the clause, or that of the place where the measures are to be carried out. Once the arbitral tribunal is constituted, interim applications must in principle be addressed to it.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Who appoints the arbitrator when the other party does not respond?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The clause, or the arbitration rules to which it refers, first provides the appointment mechanism (Article 1508 of the Code of Civil Procedure). Where the institution responsible for organising the arbitration does not act, or where there is no institution, the supporting judge takes over. In international arbitration, unless the clause provides otherwise, this judge is the President of the Paris judicial court, in particular where the arbitration takes place in France (Article 1505 of the Code of Civil Procedure). In a decision of 15 December 2023 (Paris judicial court, No. 23\/57974), the President of the Paris judicial court, ruling as supporting judge, appointed a sole arbitrator after the defendant, invited to respond to a proposal, had remained silent, and after a prior mediation provided for in the contract had failed. The application to the supporting judge must establish the clause, the seat, notification of the dispute and the deadlock. From 1 January 2027, the Paris supporting judge may also be seised for the production of a document held by a third party resident in France (Article 1505 as worded in the decree of 6 August 2026).\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Can the right to bring an action to set aside be waived in advance?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Yes, in international arbitration, by a special and express agreement, concluded at any time (Article 1522 of the Code of Civil Procedure). A general wording on the finality of the award does not necessarily suffice to express this waiver: the text requires a special agreement. The waiver does not erase all review. The parties may still appeal against the exequatur order on one of the five grounds in Article 1520, within one month of notification of the award bearing the exequatur, a period that Article 643 extends by two months for persons living abroad. Review is therefore moved to the stage of enforcement in France, without disappearing. This choice is best made when the contract is drafted, weighing what it adds in speed and what it removes in safeguards. It also requires checking whether the award is meant to be enforced in France or in another State, where review will follow other rules. Conversely, the party that has obtained an award checks whether its opponent has waived this action before discussing the admissibility of the one it brings.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What does the decree of 6 August 2026 change for an international arbitration already under way?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The reform text, Decree No. 2026-741 of 6 August 2026, takes effect on 1 January 2027, but its Article 22 sets three distinct starting points. The new rules on the arbitration agreement, including the definition of international arbitration, apply to agreements concluded after that date; the new text refers to international economic interests (new Article 1504). The rules concerning in particular the constitution of the tribunal and disclosure apply to arbitral tribunals constituted from 2027. Those governing the award, exequatur and challenges, including Articles 1526 and 1527, apply to awards made after that date. For an award made from 2027, dismissal of the action to set aside on the merits gives the award exequatur or, if its enforcement cannot be pursued, recognition (new Article 1527). On 1 November 2026, an arbitration commenced under an old clause may therefore fall successively under both regimes. 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Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2157083 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2157083 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/tim-schmidbauer-EnC5f7At4ac-unsplash-1-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2157083 post-2157083 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/25\/foreign-company-france-unpaid-invoice-penalties-injonction-payer-abroad\/\">Your French Client Has Not Paid: Late-Payment Penalties, the 40 Euro Fee and the Injunction-to-Pay While You Live Abroad<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2157055 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2157055 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/allison-saeng-Hpw4nI_QUWQ-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2157055 post-2157055 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/25\/foreign-company-france-corporate-bank-account-refusal-abroad\/\">Your French Bank Won&#8217;t Open a Corporate Account While You Live Abroad: Right to an Account, Banque de France Designation and the Anti-Money-Laundering Wall<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2157013 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2157013 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/getty-images-p1ZW7qeVRyE-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2157013 post-2157013 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/25\/foreign-company-france-sas-pay-abroad-salary-dividends-management-fees\/\">Your French SAS Pays You While You Live Abroad: Salary, Dividends or Management Fees<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2156883 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2156883 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/getty-images-p1ZW7qeVRyE-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2156883 post-2156883 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/25\/foreign-company-france-sas-capital-increase-cash-call-filing-abroad\/\">Your French SAS Needs Cash From Abroad: Increase Capital, Call Up Unpaid Shares or Lend Instead \u2014 Filing and New Kbis Without Flying to Paris<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2156702 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2156702 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/pawel-czerwinski-mIT9kEQBC6Q-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2156702 post-2156702 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/24\/foreign-company-france-hire-first-employee-dpae-contract-trial-pay-abroad\/\">Hiring Your First French Employee While You Live Abroad: DPAE, Contract, Trial Period, Pay and Registration<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2156668 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2156668 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/alex-vasey-F5HtPjpBb9k-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2156668 post-2156668 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/24\/foreign-company-france-management-fees-transfer-pricing-file-defence-abroad\/\">Your French Subsidiary Pays Management Fees to Its Foreign Parent While You Live Abroad: Transfer Pricing File, Deduction and Reassessment Defence<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2156642 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2156642 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/shubham-dhage-ICCn56-jyuw-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2156642 post-2156642 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/24\/foreign-company-france-shareholder-loan-compte-courant-abroad\/\">Your French Subsidiary Needs Cash From Abroad: Shareholder Loans (Compte Courant d&#8217;Associe), Interest, Approval and Getting Repaid<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. 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Your contract with a foreign partner refers disputes to arbitration seated in Paris, or an award has just been made against your company. As an arbitration lawyer in Paris, the [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":251031307,"featured_media":2157176,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2161192","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.2 (Yoast SEO v28.2) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Arbitration Lawyer Paris | Kohen Avocats<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Arbitration lawyer in Paris: review of your clause, defence or action to set aside an award within one month. 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