{"id":2161188,"date":"2026-11-01T23:35:54","date_gmt":"2026-11-01T22:35:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/?page_id=2161188"},"modified":"2026-11-04T19:42:26","modified_gmt":"2026-11-04T18:42:26","slug":"air-accident-lawyer-paris","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/air-accident-lawyer-paris\/","title":{"rendered":"Air accident lawyer in Paris: establishing liability and obtaining compensation for victims and their families"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"2161188\" class=\"elementor elementor-2161188 elementor-2160638\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-v5bd59a e-con-full e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"v5bd59a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-v5bd59aw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"v5bd59aw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"kcv\" id=\"kci-root\" data-refresh-marker=\"expertise-fr-avocat-accident-aerien-paris-20261101\">\n<section class=\"kcv-hero\" aria-labelledby=\"kch-h1\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-in\">\n    <div class=\"kcv-head\">\n      <p class=\"kk\">Injured passengers, victims\u2019 families, light aviation and third parties on the ground: Montreal Convention, liability, compensation<\/p>\n      <h1 id=\"kch-h1\"><em>Air accident lawyer<\/em> in Paris:<span class=\"kcv-tail\"> establishing liability and obtaining compensation for victims and their families.<\/span><\/h1>\n      <p class=\"kcv-sub\">An air accident lawyer in Paris starts from the facts: injury on board a commercial flight, death in a crash, an accident involving a flying club, helicopter or microlight, or damage suffered on the ground. The applicable regime depends on the carrier, on whether the flight was unpaid and on the victim\u2019s position. The time limit for acting is short and criminal proceedings are not enough.<\/p>\n      <div class=\"kcv-btns\">\n        <a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a>\n        <a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kch-form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a>\n      <\/div>\n      <p class=\"kcv-urg\">Against the carrier, the action must in principle be brought, on pain of forfeiture, within two years of arrival at the destination, of the date on which the aircraft should have arrived, or of the stopping of the carriage. A criminal complaint does not always replace the civil action: have the deadline checked within the first few weeks.<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcv-stagewrap\"><div class=\"kcv-stageshadow\"><div class=\"kcv-stage\">\n      <link rel=\"preload\" as=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kohen-v3-expertises\/kohen-fr-squat-paysage-20261025.webp\" media=\"(min-width:761px)\" fetchpriority=\"high\">\n      <link rel=\"preload\" as=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kohen-v3-expertises\/kohen-fr-squat-paysage-1080-20261025.webp\" media=\"(max-width:760px)\" fetchpriority=\"high\">\n      <div class=\"kcv-media\" aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"--kcv-img:url('https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kohen-v3-expertises\/kohen-fr-squat-paysage-20261025.webp');--kcv-img-m:url('https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kohen-v3-expertises\/kohen-fr-squat-paysage-1080-20261025.webp')\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"kcv-panel kcv-glass\" id=\"kch-form\">\n        <div class=\"kcv-panel-head\">\n          <div>\n            <p class=\"kcv-panel-k\">Air accident \u00b7 Paris<\/p>\n            <h2 class=\"kcv-panel-t\">Get a <em>first analysis<\/em><\/h2>\n            <p class=\"kcv-panel-l\">Send the ticket or proof of the flight, medical certificates, the death certificate where relevant, exchanges with the airline or the insurer and the investigation press releases: the firm will examine the applicable regime and the deadline for acting.<\/p>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"kcv-chip kcv-glass\"><p class=\"kcv-chip-n\">24 \u00e0 48 h<\/p><p class=\"kcv-chip-x\">first legal<br>review<\/p><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"kcf-wrap\">\n<form id=\"kcf-2form\" data-kcf data-api-url=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-json\/kohen-form\/v1\/submit\" data-vps-url=\"https:\/\/upload-fr.46-224-152-225.sslip.io\/submit\" data-max-size=\"1073741824\" data-max-files=\"500\" novalidate enctype=\"multipart\/form-data\">\n  <input type=\"hidden\" name=\"rendered_at\" value=\"1776847557\">\n  <div class=\"kcf-hp\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><label for=\"kcf-2website\">Do not fill in<\/label><input id=\"kcf-2website\" name=\"website\" type=\"text\" tabindex=\"-1\" autocomplete=\"off\"><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcf-price\">\n    <span class=\"kcf-price-amount\">\u20ac80<small>incl. VAT<\/small><\/span>\n    <div class=\"kcf-price-body\">\n      <p class=\"kcf-price-text\"><strong>Preliminary review of your case.<\/strong> Examination of your documents and a first written analysis by Reda Kohen, within 24 to 48 business hours. Payment is made online after this form is sent.<\/p>\n      <ul class=\"kcf-price-meta\">\n        <li>Up to 1 GB of documents, folders and subfolders accepted<\/li>\n        <li>Secure payment, no banking data stored<\/li>\n        <li><a href=\"\/conditions-etude-prealable\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Terms and fee agreement<\/a><\/li>\n      <\/ul>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcf-row\">\n    <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n      <label class=\"kcf-label\" for=\"kcf-2name\">Full name<\/label>\n      <input class=\"kcf-input\" type=\"text\" id=\"kcf-2name\" name=\"name\" placeholder=\"Your name\" required autocomplete=\"name\" aria-describedby=\"kcf-2name-err\">\n      <p class=\"kcf-field-error\" id=\"kcf-2name-err\" role=\"alert\"><\/p>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n      <label class=\"kcf-label\" for=\"kcf-2phone\">Telephone <span class=\"kcf-optional\">(optional)<\/span><\/label>\n      <input class=\"kcf-input\" type=\"tel\" inputmode=\"tel\" id=\"kcf-2phone\" name=\"phone\" placeholder=\"06 00 00 00 00\" autocomplete=\"tel\" aria-describedby=\"kcf-2phone-err\">\n      <p class=\"kcf-field-error\" id=\"kcf-2phone-err\" role=\"alert\"><\/p>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n    <label class=\"kcf-label\" for=\"kcf-2email\">Email address<\/label>\n    <input class=\"kcf-input\" type=\"email\" id=\"kcf-2email\" name=\"email\" placeholder=\"your@email.com\" required autocomplete=\"email\" spellcheck=\"false\" autocapitalize=\"off\" aria-describedby=\"kcf-2email-err\">\n    <p class=\"kcf-field-error\" id=\"kcf-2email-err\" role=\"alert\"><\/p>\n  <\/div>\n  \n  <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n    <label class=\"kcf-label\" for=\"kcf-2message\">Message<\/label>\n    <textarea class=\"kcf-textarea\" id=\"kcf-2message\" name=\"message\" placeholder=\"Briefly describe your situation...\" required aria-describedby=\"kcf-2message-err\"><\/textarea>\n    <p class=\"kcf-field-error\" id=\"kcf-2message-err\" role=\"alert\"><\/p>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n    <label class=\"kcf-label\">Attachments <span class=\"kcf-optional\">(optional, 500 files max, 1 GB)<\/span><\/label>\n    <div class=\"kcf-dropzone\" id=\"kcf-2dropzone\">\n      <svg class=\"kcf-dropzone-icon\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M21 15v4a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-4\"\/><polyline points=\"17 8 12 3 7 8\"\/><line x1=\"12\" y1=\"3\" x2=\"12\" y2=\"15\"\/><\/svg>\n      <p class=\"kcf-dropzone-text\"><strong>Click<\/strong> or drag your files here<br>All formats accepted (PDF, Word, images, etc.)<\/p>\n      <input type=\"file\" name=\"attachments\" id=\"kcf-2files\" multiple>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcf-file-list\" id=\"kcf-2filelist\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcf-progress\" id=\"kcf-2progress\">\n      <div class=\"kcf-progress-bar\"><div class=\"kcf-progress-fill\" id=\"kcf-2progressfill\"><\/div><\/div>\n      <p class=\"kcf-progress-text\" id=\"kcf-2progresstext\">Sending...<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n  <button type=\"submit\" class=\"kcf-btn\">\n    <span class=\"kcf-spinner\"><\/span>\n    <span class=\"kcf-btn-text\">Pay \u20ac80 and send my case<\/span>\n  <\/button>\n  <div class=\"kcf-msg\" role=\"status\" aria-live=\"polite\" aria-atomic=\"true\" tabindex=\"-1\"><\/div>\n  <p class=\"kcf-note\">Payment constitutes a request for immediate performance of your analysis. Your data is used only to process your request. <a href=\"\/conditions-etude-prealable\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Terms<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"\/politique-de-confidentialite\/\">Privacy policy<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/form>\n      <\/div>\n      <\/div><\/div>\n      <div class=\"kcv-press knp\">\n<style>\n    .kcv-press.knp ul.knp__ruban{animation-duration:132s}@media (max-width:600px){.kcv-press.knp ul.knp__ruban{animation-duration:96s}}\n    .knp .knp__piste:hover ul.knp__ruban,.knp.knp--ouvert ul.knp__ruban{animation-play-state:paused}\n    .knp .knp__piste:has(button:focus-visible) ul.knp__ruban{animation:none}\n    .knp button.knp__logo{all:unset;box-sizing:border-box;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;height:100%;cursor:pointer;transition:transform .2s ease}\n    .knp button.knp__logo:hover{transform:scale(1.05)}\n    .knp button.knp__logo:active{transform:scale(.97)}\n    .knp button.knp__logo:focus-visible{outline:2px solid 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p.knp__watchlink{margin:0 0 2px;padding:0;line-height:17px}.kcv-press.knp a.knp__videos{gap:5px;padding:0;border:0;border-radius:0;background:none;box-shadow:none;font-size:11.5px;letter-spacing:.02em;line-height:17px;transform:none}.kcv-press.knp a.knp__videos:hover{background:none;box-shadow:none;transform:none}.kcv-press.knp a.knp__videos:hover span{text-decoration:underline;text-underline-offset:3px}.kcv-press.knp a.knp__videos svg{width:13px;height:13px}.knp .knp__vc{display:none}@media (max-width:900px){.kcv-press.knp .knp__vl{display:none}.kcv-press.knp .knp__vc{display:inline}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){.knp a.knp__videos{transition:none}.knp a.knp__videos:hover{transform:none}}<\/style><p class=\"knp__watchlink\"><a class=\"knp__videos\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/media\/\" aria-label=\"Watch the videos and their transcripts\"><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><circle cx=\"10\" cy=\"10\" r=\"9\" fill=\"#1F4FA8\"\/><path d=\"M8.3 6.4v7.2l5.6-3.6z\" fill=\"#fff\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"knp__vl\">Watch the videos and their transcripts<\/span><span class=\"knp__vc\">Videos<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n        <div class=\"knp__piste\"><ul class=\"knp__ruban\" role=\"list\"><li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"france-2\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"France 2: watch the report featuring Hassan Kohen\"><img class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/france-2.svg\" alt=\"France 2\" style=\"--h:30px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li>\n<li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"tf1\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"TF1: watch the news excerpt featuring Hassan Kohen\"><img class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/tf1.svg\" alt=\"TF1\" style=\"--h:36px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li><li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"france-tv\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"France T\u00e9l\u00e9visions: watch the excerpt featuring Reda Kohen\"><img class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/france-tv.svg\" alt=\"France T\u00e9l\u00e9visions\" style=\"--h:28px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li><li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"bfm\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"BFMTV: watch the excerpt featuring Reda Kohen\"><img class=\"skip-lazy knp--fixe\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/bfm.svg\" alt=\"BFMTV\" style=\"--h:30px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li><li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"le-point\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"Le Point: see the 2 publications\"><img class=\"skip-lazy knp--fixe\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" 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l'\u00c9tat.\",\"auteur\":\"data.gouv.fr\",\"paraphrase\":true,\"libelle\":\"Voir la fiche sur data.gouv.fr\"},{\"titre\":\"Commentaires des d\u00e9cisions de justice par l'IA g\u00e9n\u00e9rative\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.data.gouv.fr\/reuses\/commentaires-des-decisions-de-justice-par-lia-generative\",\"citation\":\"R\u00e9utilisation des donn\u00e9es publiques de justice publi\u00e9e par Kohen Avocats et r\u00e9f\u00e9renc\u00e9e sur data.gouv.fr.\",\"auteur\":\"data.gouv.fr\",\"paraphrase\":true,\"libelle\":\"Voir la r\u00e9utilisation sur data.gouv.fr\"}]},\"awwwards\":{\"nom\":\"Awwwards\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Kohen Avocats, site nomm\u00e9 aux Awwwards\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.awwwards.com\/sites\/kohen-avocats\",\"citation\":\"Le site du cabinet figure parmi les sites nomm\u00e9s (\u00ab Nominee \u00bb) par Awwwards, r\u00e9f\u00e9rence internationale du design web.\",\"auteur\":\"Awwwards\",\"paraphrase\":true,\"libelle\":\"Voir la fiche sur 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\u00e0 la location ?\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.leboncoin.fr\/guide\/immobilier\/bouilloires-thermiques-bientot-interdites-a-la-location-hfpj70o6.html\",\"citation\":\"Le guide immobilier cite une analyse de kohenavocats.fr parmi ses sources.\",\"auteur\":\"Leboncoin\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"femme-actuelle\":{\"nom\":\"Femme Actuelle\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"S\u00e9paration ou divorce : quelle banque et quel cr\u00e9dit pour repartir sur de bonnes bases ?\",\"date\":\"2026-09-30\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.femmeactuelle.fr\/vie-pratique\/news-vie-pratique\/separation-ou-divorce-quelle-banque-et-quel-credit-pour-repartir-sur-de-bonnes-bases-2211980\",\"citation\":\"L'article cite une analyse de kohenavocats.com parmi ses sources.\",\"auteur\":\"Femme Actuelle\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"economie-matin\":{\"nom\":\"\u00c9conomie Matin\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Nouveau bail 2026 : ce que les propri\u00e9taires doivent anticiper d\u00e8s 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l\u2019obligation de d\u00e9livrer un logement d\u00e9cent pendant toute la dur\u00e9e du bail et l\u2019ordonnance du tribunal judiciaire de B\u00e9ziers du 31 mars 2026 sur une climatisation install\u00e9e sans autorisation.\",\"auteur\":\"Science \\u0026 Vie\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"frandroid\":{\"nom\":\"Frandroid\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Fin de Rakuten France : comment r\u00e9cup\u00e9rer vos factures, vos garanties et vos points Club R\",\"date\":\"2026-09-30\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.frandroid.com\/culture-tech\/web\/3266559_fin-de-rakuten-france-comment-recuperer-vos-factures-vos-garanties-et-vos-points-club-r\",\"citation\":\"Le cabinet Kohen Avocats leur conseille de retirer cet argent et de t\u00e9l\u00e9charger tout leur historique avant le 10 novembre.\",\"auteur\":\"Frandroid\",\"paraphrase\":true},{\"titre\":\"Goutte-\u00e0-goutte et inondation : que faire quand la climatisation du voisin ruine votre terrasse 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aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The rules<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p2\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p2\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Your documents<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p3\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p3\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The method<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p4\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p4\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The timetable<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p5\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p5\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The checks<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-synthese\" aria-controls=\"kcv-synthese\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Summary<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-faq\" aria-controls=\"kcv-faq\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Questions<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-textes\" aria-controls=\"kcv-textes\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Legal texts<\/button><\/div><\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcv-track\"><div class=\"kcv-slide kcv-on\" id=\"kcv-avocat\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-avocat\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<div class=\"kcv-pro\">\n  <figure class=\"kcv-pro-photo\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" src=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/kohen-footer\/portrait-reda-20260920-lignes-orange.jpg\" alt=\"Reda Kohen, lawyer at the Paris Bar\" width=\"1122\" height=\"1402\" loading=\"eager\" decoding=\"async\">\n    <figcaption class=\"kcv-pro-cap kcv-glass\"><span class=\"kcv-pro-capn\">Reda Kohen<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pro-capr\">Lawyer at the Paris Bar<\/span><\/figcaption>\n  <\/figure>\n  <div class=\"kcv-pro-body\">\n    <p class=\"kk\">Aviation law \u00b7 Paris 17th arrondissement<\/p>\n    <h2>What an <em>air accident lawyer<\/em> in Paris does<\/h2>\n    <ul class=\"kcv-pro-tags\"><li>Paris Bar<\/li><li>Air accident victims<\/li><li>Montreal Convention<\/li><\/ul>\n    <p class=\"kcv-p\">Reda Kohen, lawyer (avocat) at the Paris Bar, examines claims from injured passengers, from families of deceased victims and from people struck on the ground by the fall or manoeuvres of an aircraft.<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-p\">After an air accident, three questions drive the case: who is the carrier in the legal sense, whether the flight was paid or unpaid, and which court may be seised. The answer determines the applicable text, any cap on liability and the time limit.<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-p\">The Montreal Convention, Regulation (EC) No. 2027\/97 and the French Transport Code (Code des transports) set up a liability regime that is largely detached from proof of fault for the passenger on a commercial flight. A private individual\u2019s unpaid flight, an action against a manufacturer and damage on the ground are governed by separate rules, which the firm checks before any step is taken.<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-p\">Send what you have, even if incomplete: the firm will prioritise and complete the file with you. In an emergency, call <a href=\"tel:+33646605822\">06 46 60 58 22<\/a>.<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-pro-meta\"><a href=\"https:\/\/consultation.avocat.fr\/avocat-paris\/reda-kohen-54670.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Official profile in the directory of French lawyers (CNB)<\/a><span>Firm at 11 rue Margueritte, 75017 Paris<\/span><\/p>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-cards\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-card\"><h3>A two-year time limit<\/h3><p>An action against the air carrier must be brought, on pain of forfeiture, within two years of arrival, of the scheduled arrival or of the stopping of the carriage. This time limit should be monitored from the first few weeks.<\/p><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-card\"><h3>The civil court, not the criminal court<\/h3><p>The Court of Cassation reserves actions for liability against the carrier and its employees to the civil courts, even where a judicial investigation has been opened.<\/p><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-card\"><h3>Relatives have rights of their own<\/h3><p>Spouses, children, parents and partners may claim compensation for their emotional loss and their economic loss, provided they prove their relationship with the deceased.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p1\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The rules<\/p>\n<h2>Montreal, unpaid flight, manufacturer: <em>the regimes involved<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">The same accident may fall under several regimes depending on the victim and on the person against whom the claim is made.<\/p>\n<ol class=\"kcv-conds\">\n  <li>For an airline holding a European licence, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023654523\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023654523\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 6421-3 of the French Transport Code<\/a> subjects these airlines to European Regulation No. 2027\/97, as amended, and to the <a href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/FR\/TXT\/?uri=CELEX:22001A0718(01)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">convention signed in Montreal on 28 May 1999<\/a>. Under Article 17, the carrier is liable for the death or injury of a passenger provided that the accident took place on board or during embarkation or disembarkation. Up to 100,000 special drawing rights per passenger in the original text, an amount since revised under Article 24, Article 21 prohibits it from excluding or limiting its liability.<\/li>\n  <li>A carrier that does not fall under that first text is subject to the Montreal Convention by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000044191603\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000044191603\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 6421-4 of the French Transport Code<\/a>, in the wording in force since 10 October 2021. This cross-reference leaves room for the international convention governing the journey: the Warsaw Convention remains applicable to France\u2019s relations with States that are not parties to the Montreal Convention (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/6a1e6972cdc6046d47cb2954\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. crim., 2 June 2026, No. 24-86.504<\/a>). For carriage without payment, its liability requires proven fault up to the threshold in Article 21 and inexcusable fault above it. Under the earlier wording, the Court of Cassation already held that, in the case of an unpaid pleasure flight, \u201cthe liability of that private individual can be engaged only if the victim proves that he committed a fault\u201d (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/607dde4cbdd797b53ae6e2a5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. 1re civ., 8 April 2021, No. 19-21.842<\/a>) (our translation).<\/li>\n  <li>This regime applies whatever the legal basis relied on by the family, since Article L. 6421-4 prohibits seeking the carrier\u2019s liability outside its conditions, on whatever ground. Applying the earlier wording, which referred to the Warsaw Convention, the mixed chamber held that, with regard to successors in title and indirect victims, \u201cthe Warsaw Convention is applicable, whether the basis of the claim is contractual\u201d or non-contractual (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/69c62518cdc6046d4721838a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. ch. mixte, 27 March 2026, No. 23-23.953<\/a>) (our translation). Article 29 of the Montreal Convention lays down the same exclusivity for any action for damages.<\/li>\n  <li>The manufacturer of the aircraft or of a piece of equipment is, for its part, liable for the defect in its product under <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032041540\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032041540\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1245 of the French Civil Code (Code civil)<\/a>. The Court of Cassation recalls that \u201cthe producer\u2019s liability towards the victim is not reduced by the act of a third party who contributed to causing the damage\u201d (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/5fca7f246b18d06e76c33739\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. 1re civ., 28 November 2018, No. 17-14.356<\/a>) (our translation), which rules out the argument based on faulty maintenance or a faulty crew reaction.<\/li>\n  <li>A person struck on the ground is not a passenger. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023078395\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023078395\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 6131-2 of the French Transport Code<\/a> places on the aircraft operator a liability arising by operation of law, which only the victim\u2019s own fault reduces or removes.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"kcv-callout\"><span class=\"kcv-callout-i\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M9.6 6C6.5 7.4 4.5 10 4.5 13.4V18h6v-6H7.6c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L9.6 6zm9 0c-3.1 1.4-5.1 4-5.1 7.4V18h6v-6h-2.9c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L18.6 6z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><p>An investigation report by the BEA (the French air accident investigation bureau) describes causes without naming anyone responsible: it informs the civil case, but liability is argued before the court under the applicable regime.<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p2\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Your documents<\/p>\n<h2>What to gather, <em>depending on your situation<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">The documents serve to establish the flight, the event, the link with the injury or death, and then each head of loss.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-duel\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-opt kcv-opt-a\"><p class=\"kcv-opt-k\">Situation A<\/p><p class=\"kcv-opt-t\">You were injured during the flight<\/p><ul><li>Ticket, boarding pass, flight number and identity of the airline that actually operated the flight<\/li><li>Crew incident report, names of witnesses, photographs and statements made on arrival<\/li><li>Initial medical certificates, hospital discharge reports, sick leave certificates and expenses incurred<\/li><li>Exchanges with the airline, its insurer or the social security body that covered the medical care<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-or\" aria-hidden=\"true\">or<\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-opt kcv-opt-b\"><p class=\"kcv-opt-k\">Situation B<\/p><p class=\"kcv-opt-t\">You are a relative of a deceased victim<\/p><ul><li>Death certificate, family record book, certificate of inheritance or notarial affidavit of heirship (acte de notori\u00e9t\u00e9)<\/li><li>Proof of cohabitation or of the emotional bond for a partner or a close person with no family relationship<\/li><li>Income of the deceased and of the household, outgoings, and support regularly paid to relatives<\/li><li>Notice of the opening of an investigation, letters from the investigating judge, press releases and the BEA report<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-callout\"><span class=\"kcv-callout-i\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M9.6 6C6.5 7.4 4.5 10 4.5 13.4V18h6v-6H7.6c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L9.6 6zm9 0c-3.1 1.4-5.1 4-5.1 7.4V18h6v-6h-2.9c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L18.6 6z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><p>Do not sign any receipt or settlement agreement with the insurer before having the applicable regime, the cap relied on and the share of the sums already paid as an advance checked.<\/p><\/div>\n<p class=\"kcv-p\">The firm also handles:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"kcv-pro-tags\"><li>Aviation insurance<\/li><li>Personal injury<\/li><li>Criminal procedure<\/li><li>Medical expert assessment<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p3\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The method<\/p>\n<h2>How the firm <em>supports you<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">Identify the regime, secure the time limit, then quantify each head of loss, document by document.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-rows\">\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 1<\/p><h3>Characterising the flight and the carrier<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">The firm distinguishes between a commercial flight, an unpaid flight, an introductory flight, a training flight and a test flight, then identifies the contractual carrier and the actual operator of the aircraft.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 2<\/p><h3>Fixing the deadline and the competent court<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">The two-year time limit, the grounds on which it is interrupted and the courts open under Article 33 of the Montreal Convention are checked before any exchange with the insurer.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 3<\/p><h3>Claiming the advance and documenting the loss<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">For a European airline, an advance is due after a death. The firm then gathers the medical and economic evidence that will support the expert assessment and the quantification.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 4<\/p><h3>Negotiating or going to court<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">Depending on the insurer\u2019s position, the firm submits a quantified claim, applies for an interim payment in urgent proceedings (r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9) or issues a writ on the merits before the competent judicial court.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-callout\"><span class=\"kcv-callout-i\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M9.6 6C6.5 7.4 4.5 10 4.5 13.4V18h6v-6H7.6c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L9.6 6zm9 0c-3.1 1.4-5.1 4-5.1 7.4V18h6v-6h-2.9c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L18.6 6z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><p>A complaint with civil-party petition and a civil action do not have the same object. The choice between them, or how they fit together, is decided in light of the time limit and the competent court.<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p4\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The timetable<\/p>\n<h2>The timeline <em>of an air accident case<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">From the accident to compensation, the stages overlap and some dates cannot be recovered.<\/p>\n<ol class=\"kcv-hs\"><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">First days<\/p><p><strong>From the accident.<\/strong> Keep tickets, photographs, witnesses\u2019 contact details and the first certificates; ask in writing for the crew\u2019s incident report.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Advance<\/p><p>After a death on a flight operated by a European airline, the advance provided for by Regulation No. 2027\/97 must be paid within fifteen days of the identification of the person entitled.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Investigations<\/p><p>The BEA safety investigation and any judicial investigation proceed separately; their conclusions often come after several months.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Before two years<\/p><p>Writ of summons served on the carrier or its insurer before the competent civil court, unless the time limit has already been validly interrupted and this has been checked.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Medical expert assessment<\/p><p>The court or the insurer appoints a doctor; the date of stabilisation of the condition opens the assessment of permanent losses.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Compensation<\/p><p>Settlement or judgment liquidating the losses of the direct victim and of the persons entitled, and the claim of the social security body.<\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p5\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The checks<\/p>\n<h2>What the firm checks <em>before acting<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">A mistake about the regime or the time limit can cause the whole action to be lost.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-split\">\n  <ul class=\"kcv-check\"><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Nature of the flight: carriage for remuneration, unpaid flight, training flight, pleasure or introductory flight, with the place of departure and destination.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Identity of the carrier, of the aircraft operator, of the manufacturer of the equipment in question and of their respective insurers.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Starting point of the two-year time limit, steps already taken and the actual effect of a complaint or of a civil-party petition.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Competent court: the carrier\u2019s domicile, the place of destination, or the passenger\u2019s principal and permanent residence.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Link between the event that occurred on board and the injury or death, supported by medical documents and witness statements.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n  <aside class=\"kcv-act\">\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-k\">Case documents<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-t\">Send what you have, even if incomplete<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-p\">Submit your documents through the confidential form at the top of the page: the firm will prioritise and complete the file with you.<\/p>\n    <div class=\"kcv-act-b\"><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kch-form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n  <\/aside>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-synthese\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-synthese\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Summary<\/p>\n<h2>Situation, evidence, <em>response<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">Six common situations and the priority each one imposes.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-rows\">\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Passenger injured on a commercial flight<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Incident report, witnesses, medical certificates and proof that the event occurred on board or during embarkation.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time limit:<\/strong> Two years from arrival, from the scheduled arrival or from the stopping of the carriage.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Quantified claim to the carrier and its insurer, then an action based on Article 17 of the Montreal Convention.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Death of a relative in a crash<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Death certificate, status as heir, emotional bond, household income and the deceased\u2019s outgoings.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time limit:<\/strong> Advance within fifteen days for a European airline; action within two years.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Request for the advance, then compensation for emotional loss, economic loss and funeral costs.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Unpaid flight, flying club, microlight or pleasure flight<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Circumstances of the flight, status of the pilot, evidence establishing fault, insurance taken out.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time limit:<\/strong> Two years, even if the pilot\u2019s fault appears only later.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Action against the pilot or the pilot\u2019s insurer, demonstrating fault; separate examination of the flying club\u2019s liability.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Defect in a piece of the aircraft\u2019s equipment<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Investigation report, technical expert assessment, maintenance history and identification of the producer.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time limit:<\/strong> Three years from the time the claimant knew, or should have known, of the damage, the defect and the identity of the producer; extinction ten years after the product was put into circulation, unless the producer was at fault or an action has been brought.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Action for liability for defective products, where appropriate with an urgent application for an interim payment (r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9-provision).<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Damage suffered on the ground<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Record of the scene, photographs, prefectoral orders, quantified loss of crops or income.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time limit:<\/strong> Preserve the evidence before the wreckage is removed and the site restored.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Action against the aircraft operator; for an allied military aircraft, against the French State where the 1951 London Convention entrusts it with the settlement.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Foreign airline, international flight<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Principal and permanent residence, itinerary, the carrier\u2019s commercial presence in France.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time limit:<\/strong> The choice of court does not suspend the two-year time limit.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Check the applicable convention, Montreal or Warsaw depending on the States concerned, then the heads of jurisdiction in Article 33 before bringing the case before the judicial court.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-faq\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-faq\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Frequently asked questions<\/p>\n<h2>Your questions: <em>air accidents<\/em><\/h2>\n<div class=\"kcv-faqgrid\">\n  <aside class=\"kcv-act kcv-act-sticky\">\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-k\">13 questions<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-t\">A situation not listed here?<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-p\">Every case has its own features. The firm reads your documents before answering you.<\/p>\n    <div class=\"kcv-act-b\"><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kch-form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n  <\/aside>\n  <div class=\"kcv-faq\"><details><summary>Must an airline compensate an injured passenger without the passenger proving fault?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Yes, on most commercial flights. Under Article 17 of the <a href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/FR\/TXT\/?uri=CELEX:22001A0718(01)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Montreal Convention<\/a>, the carrier is liable for the death or injury of a passenger provided that the accident took place on board or during embarkation or disembarkation. For an airline holding a European licence, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023654523\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023654523\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 6421-3 of the French Transport Code<\/a> makes this regime applicable, including on a domestic flight. The victim must therefore establish three things: an event occurring during that period, a bodily injury and the link between the two. The victim does not have to show any negligence on the part of the crew. The Paris judicial court (tribunal judiciaire) thus declared the airline fully liable after noting that the defendants put forward no ground of exoneration: \u201cThere are therefore grounds for declaring AIR FRANCE fully liable for the harmful consequences of the accident\u201d (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/686eb44772b5e5e648cb0d0f\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">TJ Paris, 5th ch. 1st sect., 8 July 2025, No. 23\/08270<\/a>) (our translation). The case was then referred to the specialised chamber to assess the losses and rule on the claim of the social security body. Two reservations remain. The carrier may be exonerated in whole or in part if it proves the victim\u2019s negligence, under Article 20. Beyond the threshold in Article 21, it escapes further compensation if it proves that the damage was not due to any negligence or fault on its part or on the part of its employees or agents, or that it resulted solely from the act of a third party.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Does a medical episode on board, or an illness that comes to light during the flight, give a right to compensation?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Not in itself. The Montreal Convention regime requires an accident, that is, an event that occurred during carriage and caused the injury. The mere coincidence between the flight and the onset of a health problem is not enough. The Bobigny judicial court so held in a distressing case: a passenger had felt unwell shortly after take-off and died despite the crew\u2019s care. Her relatives relied on an earlier diversion because of weather. The court held that \u201cthe existence of an event external to the victim, unforeseen and sudden, that caused the death has not been established\u201d and dismissed all of the family\u2019s claims (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/6a32e1c0cdc6046d47a59dcf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">TJ Bobigny, ch. 21, 17 June 2026, No. 21\/00526<\/a>) (our translation). This unfavourable decision shows the weight of medical evidence: no autopsy had been carried out, and the exact cause of death remained unknown. Where a passenger falls ill on board, it is therefore necessary to look for a specific external fact, for example turbulence, a blow, a falling object, a service error or a failure to provide assistance, and then link it to the medical findings. The firm examines the flight reports, the crew\u2019s statements and the certificates before determining whether an action can seriously be contemplated.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Is a burn caused by a hot drink served on board an accident within the meaning of the convention?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The Court of Justice of the European Union answered in the affirmative in its judgment of 19 December 2019 (<a href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/FR\/TXT\/?uri=CELEX:62018CJ0532\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CJEU, 19 December 2019, Case C-532\/18<\/a>). A child had been burned by coffee spilled from the tray table during the flight. The Court ruled that the notion of accident in Article 17 covers all situations occurring on board in which an object used to serve passengers has caused bodily injury. It adds that there is no need to examine whether the situation results from a risk inherent in air travel. This interpretation binds the courts of the Member States when they apply the Montreal Convention, which the Union has approved. In practice, a passenger burned by a drink, injured by a trolley or hit by an object that fell from an overhead locker mainly has to prove that the event occurred and that it is linked to the injury. The incident report drafted by the crew, photographs of the injury taken on the same day and the certificate from the first doctor consulted form the basis of the file. The airline remains able to invoke the victim\u2019s negligence to reduce its liability, under Article 20. The firm therefore also checks the exact circumstances of the service and each person\u2019s conduct.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>What is the time limit for bringing an action against the airline after an air accident?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The time limit is two years. Article 35 of the <a href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/FR\/TXT\/?uri=CELEX:22001A0718(01)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Montreal Convention<\/a> requires the action to be brought, on pain of forfeiture, within two years running from arrival, from the scheduled date of arrival or from the stopping of the carriage. For carriers subject to domestic law, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000044191623\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000044191623\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 6422-4 of the French Transport Code<\/a> repeats the same rule. The method of calculation is governed by the law of the court seised: the Paris court of appeal inferred from this that the action \u201cis governed by the French civil-law rules on the computation of the limitation period and on the grounds for its interruption\u201d (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/64a7b1d83bcaf505db6968a2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CA Paris, p\u00f4le 4 ch. 11, 6 July 2023, No. 22\/16279<\/a>) (our translation). Bringing a claim before the court therefore interrupts this time limit, under <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000019017098\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000019017098\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 2241 of the French Civil Code<\/a>. The time limit is not postponed because the causes of the accident remain unclear. According to the Court of Cassation, \u201cignorance of a fault attributable to the pilot does not amount to an impossibility to act\u201d (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/627b53604d359c057dd01cd3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. 1re civ., 11 May 2022, No. 21-16.647<\/a>) (our translation). In that case, which was unfavourable to the families, no civil-party petition had been filed and the action, brought more than two years after the accident, was held to be barred by the limitation period. The timetable must be kept from the first few weeks, without waiting for the BEA report.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Does a complaint with civil-party petition interrupt the two-year time limit?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>It can interrupt it, and that interruption survives a dismissal (non-lieu). The mixed chamber of the Court of Cassation settled this point on 27 March 2026. The parents of a passenger who died on a flying-club flight had filed a complaint with civil-party petition; the judicial investigation had ended with a dismissal order, and they then brought an action against the pilot\u2019s insurer. The court of appeal had held their action barred by the limitation period. The Court of Cassation quashed that decision, holding that \u201ca dismissal order, which does not rule on the civil action, does not constitute a final rejection of the claim within the meaning of that provision\u201d (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/69c62518cdc6046d4721838a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. ch. mixte, 27 March 2026, No. 23-23.953<\/a>) (our translation). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000019017094\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000019017094\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 2243 of the French Civil Code<\/a>, under which an interruption is treated as never having occurred where the claim is finally rejected, therefore does not apply in that situation. The Paris court of appeal had already accepted the interrupting effect of a civil-party petition filed by a passenger\u2019s children, rejecting the airline\u2019s objection of inadmissibility (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/64a7b1d83bcaf505db6968a2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CA Paris, p\u00f4le 4 ch. 11, 6 July 2023, No. 22\/16279<\/a>). In both cases, the insurer or the airline did not dispute the interrupting effect itself. Two precautions therefore remain necessary. The civil-party petition must be proved, and the duration of its effect checked: in the case decided in Paris, it had been declared inadmissible because French criminal law did not apply to those victims, and a new two-year period had run from that order, which the airline accepted. And the interruption does not dispense with then bringing the case before the civil court within that new period.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can the criminal court order the airline to compensate the families?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>No, as far as the action for liability against the air carrier and its employees is concerned. The criminal court may try the persons prosecuted for involuntary manslaughter or unintentional injury, but it cannot rule on the compensation owed by the carrier. For an unpaid pleasure flight, the criminal chamber held that \u201can action for compensation for such an air accident falls outside the subject-matter jurisdiction of the criminal courts\u201d (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/5fca6867b27b1d520fceab64\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. crim., 10 September 2019, No. 18-83.858<\/a>) (our translation). It confirmed that solution on 2 June 2026 with regard to associations of victims of mass accidents: the texts lay down \u201ca general principle that the criminal courts lack subject-matter jurisdiction to hear an action for liability directed against the air carrier and its employees\u201d (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/6a1e6972cdc6046d47cb2954\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. crim., 2 June 2026, No. 24-86.504<\/a>) (our translation). The judgment quashed the civil awards made in favour of those associations, even though their right to act as a civil party in the criminal trial was not disputed. This case law is unfavourable to a strategy based solely on the criminal trial. The civil party keeps a useful role: access to the file, requests for investigative steps, and the expression of its position during the hearings. But compensation from the airline is claimed before the civil court, within the two-year time limit, which means that both sets of proceedings have to be conducted in parallel.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>What criminal liability do the airline, its director or the pilot face?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000024042647\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000024042647\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 221-6 of the French Criminal Code<\/a> punishes involuntary manslaughter caused by clumsiness, imprudence, inattention, negligence or failure to comply with a duty of care or safety. Where a natural person has not directly caused the damage, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006417208\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006417208\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 121-3 of the same code<\/a> requires that the person manifestly and deliberately violated a particular duty of care or safety imposed by law or regulation, or committed a serious fault that exposed others to a risk of particular gravity which the person could not have been unaware of. This requirement does not apply to the airline itself: under <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006417204\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006417204\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 121-2<\/a>, a legal person is liable for offences committed on its behalf by its organs or representatives. The criminal chamber dismissed the appeals brought against the conviction of the manager of an airline and of a pilot-examiner after the accident of a transport aircraft on take-off (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/5fca4888a2aaa508f2a42590\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. crim., 8 September 2020, No. 18-82.150<\/a>). The trial courts had noted that the adaptation course required by the regulations had not been completed and held that \u201cthese acts of negligence objectively exposed customers to a risk of particular gravity which the defendant could not have been unaware of\u201d (our translation). They had established the indirect link with the accident by cross-checking the conclusions of the BEA, of the French defence procurement agency (direction g\u00e9n\u00e9rale de l\u2019armement), of the court-appointed expert assessment and of witness statements. For families, the criminal procedure makes it possible to learn the causes and the individual responsibilities. It is not the same as compensation, which falls to the civil court where it is claimed from the carrier. The firm can assist alongside civil parties while securing the parallel civil action.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Is an unpaid flight with a flying club, in a microlight or in a private aircraft governed by the same regime?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>No. A passenger carried without payment must in principle prove fault. Since 10 October 2021, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000044191603\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000044191603\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 6421-4 of the French Transport Code<\/a> subjects a carrier that is not an airline holding a European licence to the Montreal Convention. For carriage without payment, unless otherwise agreed, its liability is engaged only if the damage is caused by a fault attributable to it, up to the threshold in Article 21. Beyond that, inexcusable fault is required. Under the earlier wording, the Court of Cassation held that a pleasure flight offered by a private individual, with the same point of departure and arrival, constitutes air carriage and that \u201cthe liability of that private individual can be engaged only if the victim proves that he committed a fault\u201d (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/607dde4cbdd797b53ae6e2a5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. 1re civ., 8 April 2021, No. 19-21.842<\/a>) (our translation). It quashed the judgment that had held the pilot\u2019s heir liable on the basis of liability for things in one\u2019s custody, a solution unfavourable to victims. Under that same earlier wording, this regime also applies where the passenger was a minor and had not been able to enter into a contract, according to the mixed chamber (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/69c62518cdc6046d4721838a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. ch. mixte, 27 March 2026, No. 23-23.953<\/a>). The same decision notes that the flying club, which did not organise the flight, had no need to seek parental authorisation. The file then rests on the investigation reports, the pilot\u2019s qualifications and the insurance taken out.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>What losses can the relatives of a deceased victim claim compensation for?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Relatives may claim compensation for their emotional loss, their economic loss and the costs linked to the death, such as funeral expenses. Heirs may also exercise the rights that the victim had acquired before death. Proof of the relationship with the deceased is decisive. In litigation arising from a crash in the Comoros, the Paris court of appeal awarded the partner \u20ac25,000, taking into account the anguish of waiting before the death was announced. It rejected, however, the claim of that partner\u2019s sister, holding that, in the absence of a family relationship with the victim, \u201cit is for them to provide positive proof of their emotional bond with the deceased\u201d (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/62873307c1d4e9057d612d47\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CA Paris, p\u00f4le 4 ch. 10, 19 May 2022, No. 19\/12487<\/a>) (our translation). The same court dismissed the economic loss claimed by the mother and the partner, for lack of proof of the support paid or of a shared household. It also rejected the direct victim\u2019s claim for the anguish of imminent death, as no document established that the passengers had perceived the danger before impact. This judgment shows that no head of loss is granted as a matter of principle: statements, proof of cohabitation, regular transfers and evidence about the last minutes of the flight must be gathered early. Article 21 of the convention prohibits the carrier from limiting its compensation up to the threshold provided.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>What is the advance that the airline must pay after a death?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/FR\/TXT\/?uri=CELEX:01997R2027-20020530\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Regulation (EC) No. 2027\/97 as amended by Regulation (EC) No. 889\/2002<\/a> requires a Community air carrier to pay an advance to the natural persons entitled to compensation. Under Article 5, this advance is paid without delay and, at the latest, fifteen days after the identification of the person concerned. In the event of death, it is not less than the euro equivalent of 16,000 special drawing rights per passenger. It is intended to meet immediate needs, in proportion to the material loss suffered. Payment does not amount to an admission of liability and the advance is deducted from the sums paid afterwards. It is not repayable, except where the victim\u2019s negligence is established under Article 20 of the Montreal Convention or where the recipient was not entitled to compensation. Article 28 of the convention provides a comparable mechanism where the law of the carrier\u2019s country requires it. For an airline from outside the Union, whether such an obligation exists therefore depends on its national legislation. The firm can prepare the request for the advance, justifying the status of each person entitled, then ensure that the sums paid are correctly set off at the final settlement or at the judicial assessment of the losses.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Before which court should the action be brought if the airline is foreign or the accident took place abroad?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Article 33 of the <a href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/FR\/TXT\/?uri=CELEX:22001A0718(01)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Montreal Convention<\/a> gives the claimant a choice between several courts of States Parties: that of the carrier\u2019s domicile, of its principal place of business, of the place where it has an establishment through which the contract was made, or of the place of destination. For the death or injury of a passenger, a fifth option exists: the country where the passenger had his or her principal and permanent residence at the time of the accident, if the carrier operates services there and has premises there. This notion is assessed strictly. In the case of the disappearance of a flight between Malaysia and China, French families argued that the victims were to return to France. The Court of Cassation approved the court of appeal, holding that the intention to return \u201cis closer not to the notion of residence, but to that of domicile\u201d, and that the court of appeal had been entitled to place the residence in Beijing, \u201ctheir fixed and permanent place of stay\u201d (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/609b6f8cb58b513522af1e86\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. 1re civ., 12 May 2021, No. 19-24.229<\/a>) (our translation). The French courts therefore lacked jurisdiction, an outcome unfavourable to the claimants. The same decision recalls that Article 29 subjects any action, even one based on the victims\u2019 disappearance, to the conditions of the convention. The choice of court is prepared with documents establishing actual residence, before the time limit expires.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can an action be brought against the manufacturer of the aircraft or of a faulty piece of equipment?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Yes, on the basis of liability for defective products. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032041540\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032041540\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1245 of the French Civil Code<\/a> makes the producer liable for damage caused by a defect in its product, whether or not it is bound by contract to the victim. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032023653\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032023653\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1245-13<\/a> adds that its liability is not reduced by the act of a third party who contributed to the damage. After the accident of a flight between Surabaya and Singapore, the victims\u2019 relatives sought an interim payment from the aircraft manufacturer and from the maker of an electronic module. The court of appeal had held the obligation to be seriously open to challenge, relying on the airline\u2019s maintenance failings and the crew\u2019s reactions. The Court of Cassation quashed the judgment, recalling that \u201cthe producer\u2019s liability towards the victim is not reduced by the act of a third party who contributed to causing the damage\u201d (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/5fca7f246b18d06e76c33739\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. 1re civ., 28 November 2018, No. 17-14.356<\/a>) (our translation), since a defect in the module had been found. This action is subject to its own time limits. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032023659\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032023659\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1245-16 of the French Civil Code<\/a> sets three years from the day on which the claimant knew, or should have known, of the damage, the defect and the identity of the producer. Under <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032023657\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032023657\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1245-15<\/a>, the producer\u2019s liability is also extinguished ten years after the product was put into circulation, unless the producer was at fault or an action was brought during that period. It may be combined with the action against the carrier, without double compensation for the same loss.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>An aircraft has crashed on neighbouring land: who compensates the damage on the ground?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The principle is in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023078395\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023078395\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 6131-2 of the French Transport Code<\/a>: the operator is liable, with no fault to be proved, for damage that the aircraft in motion, or anything falling from it, causes to persons and property on the ground. Only the victim\u2019s own fault can reduce or remove this liability. For a foreign military aircraft, the Rennes court of appeal held, in light of the London Convention of 19 June 1951, that \u201cany person who has suffered damage in French territory in connection with the crash of a military aircraft of foreign nationality, in this case Belgian, may claim compensation from the French State\u201d (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/67a31fb8f1a54976865ca71c\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CA Rennes, 1st ch., 4 February 2025, No. 22\/02172<\/a>) (our translation). It required proof of ordinary-law damage and of a causal link, then awarded the farmers \u20ac47,852.50 for the loss of their wheat harvest. Their claim for disruption to their living conditions was rejected. These two outcomes illustrate the method: each head of loss must be documented. Exclusion zones set by order, the length of time the plots were inaccessible, pollution analyses and proof of lost income are the useful documents. They must be gathered before the wreckage is removed and the site restored.<\/p><\/div><\/details><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-textes\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-textes\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Sources and related pages<\/p>\n<h2>Official texts and <em>related pages<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">The sources for this page and the firm's related areas of practice.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-arts\"><a class=\"kcv-art\" href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/FR\/TXT\/?uri=CELEX:22001A0718(01)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Montreal Convention (28 May 1999)<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">Articles 17, 20, 21, 28, 29, 33 and 35<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art\" href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/FR\/TXT\/?uri=CELEX:01997R2027-20020530\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Regulation (EC) No. 2027\/97, as amended<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">advance after an accident (Article 5)<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023654523\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023654523\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 6421-3 of the French Transport Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">airlines holding a European licence<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000044191603\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000044191603\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 6421-4 of the French Transport Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">other carriers and carriage without payment<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000044191623\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000044191623\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 6422-4 of the French Transport Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">two-year time limit on pain of forfeiture<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023078395\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000023078395\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 6131-2 of the French Transport Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">damage caused to third parties on the ground<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000038434244\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000038434244\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 1621-3 of the French Transport Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">purpose of the BEA safety investigation<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000024042647\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000024042647\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article 221-6 of the French Criminal Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">involuntary manslaughter<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032041540\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032041540\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article 1245 of the French Civil Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">liability for defective products<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000019017094\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000019017094\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article 2243 of the French Civil Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">interruption treated as never having occurred<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<h3 class=\"kcv-center\">Further reading<\/h3>\n<div class=\"kcv-pgs\"><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/aviation-law-lawyer-paris\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Aviation law<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">Practice area<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/flight-delay-lawyer-paris\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Cancelled or delayed flight<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">Practice area<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/business-law-attorneys-paris-75017\/insurance-lawyer\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Insurance disputes<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">Practice area<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/practice-areas\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">All practice areas<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">Practice area<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<p class=\"kcv-small kcv-center\">Page updated on 1 November 2026.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"kcv-cta\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-in\">\n    <div class=\"kcv-cta-card\">\n      <h2>Need an air accident reviewed? <em>Take stock today<\/em>.<\/h2>\n      <p>Send the flight documents, the medical evidence and the letters received: the firm identifies the applicable regime, the deadline for acting and the competent court.<\/p>\n      <div class=\"kcv-btns\">\n        <a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a>\n        <a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kch-form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n<div class=\"kcv-news-band\"><h2>The latest <em>news.<\/em><\/h2><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\", \"@type\": \"FAQPage\", \"mainEntity\": [{\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Must an airline compensate an injured passenger without the passenger proving fault?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Yes, on most commercial flights. Under Article 17 of the Montreal Convention, the carrier is liable for the death or injury of a passenger provided that the accident took place on board or during embarkation or disembarkation. For an airline holding a European licence, Article L. 6421-3 of the French Transport Code makes this regime applicable, including on a domestic flight. The victim must therefore establish three things: an event occurring during that period, a bodily injury and the link between the two. The victim does not have to show any negligence on the part of the crew. The Paris judicial court (tribunal judiciaire) thus declared the airline fully liable after noting that the defendants put forward no ground of exoneration: \u201cThere are therefore grounds for declaring AIR FRANCE fully liable for the harmful consequences of the accident\u201d (TJ Paris, 5th ch. 1st sect., 8 July 2025, No. 23\/08270) (our translation). The case was then referred to the specialised chamber to assess the losses and rule on the claim of the social security body. Two reservations remain. The carrier may be exonerated in whole or in part if it proves the victim\u2019s negligence, under Article 20. Beyond the threshold in Article 21, it escapes further compensation if it proves that the damage was not due to any negligence or fault on its part or on the part of its employees or agents, or that it resulted solely from the act of a third party.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Does a medical episode on board, or an illness that comes to light during the flight, give a right to compensation?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Not in itself. The Montreal Convention regime requires an accident, that is, an event that occurred during carriage and caused the injury. The mere coincidence between the flight and the onset of a health problem is not enough. The Bobigny judicial court so held in a distressing case: a passenger had felt unwell shortly after take-off and died despite the crew\u2019s care. Her relatives relied on an earlier diversion because of weather. The court held that \u201cthe existence of an event external to the victim, unforeseen and sudden, that caused the death has not been established\u201d and dismissed all of the family\u2019s claims (TJ Bobigny, ch. 21, 17 June 2026, No. 21\/00526) (our translation). This unfavourable decision shows the weight of medical evidence: no autopsy had been carried out, and the exact cause of death remained unknown. Where a passenger falls ill on board, it is therefore necessary to look for a specific external fact, for example turbulence, a blow, a falling object, a service error or a failure to provide assistance, and then link it to the medical findings. The firm examines the flight reports, the crew\u2019s statements and the certificates before determining whether an action can seriously be contemplated.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Is a burn caused by a hot drink served on board an accident within the meaning of the convention?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The Court of Justice of the European Union answered in the affirmative in its judgment of 19 December 2019 (CJEU, 19 December 2019, Case C-532\/18). A child had been burned by coffee spilled from the tray table during the flight. The Court ruled that the notion of accident in Article 17 covers all situations occurring on board in which an object used to serve passengers has caused bodily injury. It adds that there is no need to examine whether the situation results from a risk inherent in air travel. This interpretation binds the courts of the Member States when they apply the Montreal Convention, which the Union has approved. In practice, a passenger burned by a drink, injured by a trolley or hit by an object that fell from an overhead locker mainly has to prove that the event occurred and that it is linked to the injury. The incident report drafted by the crew, photographs of the injury taken on the same day and the certificate from the first doctor consulted form the basis of the file. The airline remains able to invoke the victim\u2019s negligence to reduce its liability, under Article 20. The firm therefore also checks the exact circumstances of the service and each person\u2019s conduct.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What is the time limit for bringing an action against the airline after an air accident?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The time limit is two years. Article 35 of the Montreal Convention requires the action to be brought, on pain of forfeiture, within two years running from arrival, from the scheduled date of arrival or from the stopping of the carriage. For carriers subject to domestic law, Article L. 6422-4 of the French Transport Code repeats the same rule. The method of calculation is governed by the law of the court seised: the Paris court of appeal inferred from this that the action \u201cis governed by the French civil-law rules on the computation of the limitation period and on the grounds for its interruption\u201d (CA Paris, p\u00f4le 4 ch. 11, 6 July 2023, No. 22\/16279) (our translation). Bringing a claim before the court therefore interrupts this time limit, under Article 2241 of the French Civil Code. The time limit is not postponed because the causes of the accident remain unclear. According to the Court of Cassation, \u201cignorance of a fault attributable to the pilot does not amount to an impossibility to act\u201d (Cass. 1re civ., 11 May 2022, No. 21-16.647) (our translation). In that case, which was unfavourable to the families, no civil-party petition had been filed and the action, brought more than two years after the accident, was held to be barred by the limitation period. The timetable must be kept from the first few weeks, without waiting for the BEA report.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Does a complaint with civil-party petition interrupt the two-year time limit?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"It can interrupt it, and that interruption survives a dismissal (non-lieu). The mixed chamber of the Court of Cassation settled this point on 27 March 2026. The parents of a passenger who died on a flying-club flight had filed a complaint with civil-party petition; the judicial investigation had ended with a dismissal order, and they then brought an action against the pilot\u2019s insurer. The court of appeal had held their action barred by the limitation period. The Court of Cassation quashed that decision, holding that \u201ca dismissal order, which does not rule on the civil action, does not constitute a final rejection of the claim within the meaning of that provision\u201d (Cass. ch. mixte, 27 March 2026, No. 23-23.953) (our translation). Article 2243 of the French Civil Code, under which an interruption is treated as never having occurred where the claim is finally rejected, therefore does not apply in that situation. The Paris court of appeal had already accepted the interrupting effect of a civil-party petition filed by a passenger\u2019s children, rejecting the airline\u2019s objection of inadmissibility (CA Paris, p\u00f4le 4 ch. 11, 6 July 2023, No. 22\/16279). In both cases, the insurer or the airline did not dispute the interrupting effect itself. Two precautions therefore remain necessary. The civil-party petition must be proved, and the duration of its effect checked: in the case decided in Paris, it had been declared inadmissible because French criminal law did not apply to those victims, and a new two-year period had run from that order, which the airline accepted. And the interruption does not dispense with then bringing the case before the civil court within that new period.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Can the criminal court order the airline to compensate the families?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"No, as far as the action for liability against the air carrier and its employees is concerned. The criminal court may try the persons prosecuted for involuntary manslaughter or unintentional injury, but it cannot rule on the compensation owed by the carrier. For an unpaid pleasure flight, the criminal chamber held that \u201can action for compensation for such an air accident falls outside the subject-matter jurisdiction of the criminal courts\u201d (Cass. crim., 10 September 2019, No. 18-83.858) (our translation). It confirmed that solution on 2 June 2026 with regard to associations of victims of mass accidents: the texts lay down \u201ca general principle that the criminal courts lack subject-matter jurisdiction to hear an action for liability directed against the air carrier and its employees\u201d (Cass. crim., 2 June 2026, No. 24-86.504) (our translation). The judgment quashed the civil awards made in favour of those associations, even though their right to act as a civil party in the criminal trial was not disputed. This case law is unfavourable to a strategy based solely on the criminal trial. The civil party keeps a useful role: access to the file, requests for investigative steps, and the expression of its position during the hearings. But compensation from the airline is claimed before the civil court, within the two-year time limit, which means that both sets of proceedings have to be conducted in parallel.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What criminal liability do the airline, its director or the pilot face?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Article 221-6 of the French Criminal Code punishes involuntary manslaughter caused by clumsiness, imprudence, inattention, negligence or failure to comply with a duty of care or safety. Where a natural person has not directly caused the damage, Article 121-3 of the same code requires that the person manifestly and deliberately violated a particular duty of care or safety imposed by law or regulation, or committed a serious fault that exposed others to a risk of particular gravity which the person could not have been unaware of. This requirement does not apply to the airline itself: under Article 121-2, a legal person is liable for offences committed on its behalf by its organs or representatives. The criminal chamber dismissed the appeals brought against the conviction of the manager of an airline and of a pilot-examiner after the accident of a transport aircraft on take-off (Cass. crim., 8 September 2020, No. 18-82.150). The trial courts had noted that the adaptation course required by the regulations had not been completed and held that \u201cthese acts of negligence objectively exposed customers to a risk of particular gravity which the defendant could not have been unaware of\u201d (our translation). They had established the indirect link with the accident by cross-checking the conclusions of the BEA, of the French defence procurement agency (direction g\u00e9n\u00e9rale de l\u2019armement), of the court-appointed expert assessment and of witness statements. For families, the criminal procedure makes it possible to learn the causes and the individual responsibilities. It is not the same as compensation, which falls to the civil court where it is claimed from the carrier. The firm can assist alongside civil parties while securing the parallel civil action.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Is an unpaid flight with a flying club, in a microlight or in a private aircraft governed by the same regime?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"No. A passenger carried without payment must in principle prove fault. Since 10 October 2021, Article L. 6421-4 of the French Transport Code subjects a carrier that is not an airline holding a European licence to the Montreal Convention. For carriage without payment, unless otherwise agreed, its liability is engaged only if the damage is caused by a fault attributable to it, up to the threshold in Article 21. Beyond that, inexcusable fault is required. Under the earlier wording, the Court of Cassation held that a pleasure flight offered by a private individual, with the same point of departure and arrival, constitutes air carriage and that \u201cthe liability of that private individual can be engaged only if the victim proves that he committed a fault\u201d (Cass. 1re civ., 8 April 2021, No. 19-21.842) (our translation). It quashed the judgment that had held the pilot\u2019s heir liable on the basis of liability for things in one\u2019s custody, a solution unfavourable to victims. Under that same earlier wording, this regime also applies where the passenger was a minor and had not been able to enter into a contract, according to the mixed chamber (Cass. ch. mixte, 27 March 2026, No. 23-23.953). The same decision notes that the flying club, which did not organise the flight, had no need to seek parental authorisation. The file then rests on the investigation reports, the pilot\u2019s qualifications and the insurance taken out.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What losses can the relatives of a deceased victim claim compensation for?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Relatives may claim compensation for their emotional loss, their economic loss and the costs linked to the death, such as funeral expenses. Heirs may also exercise the rights that the victim had acquired before death. Proof of the relationship with the deceased is decisive. In litigation arising from a crash in the Comoros, the Paris court of appeal awarded the partner \u20ac25,000, taking into account the anguish of waiting before the death was announced. It rejected, however, the claim of that partner\u2019s sister, holding that, in the absence of a family relationship with the victim, \u201cit is for them to provide positive proof of their emotional bond with the deceased\u201d (CA Paris, p\u00f4le 4 ch. 10, 19 May 2022, No. 19\/12487) (our translation). The same court dismissed the economic loss claimed by the mother and the partner, for lack of proof of the support paid or of a shared household. It also rejected the direct victim\u2019s claim for the anguish of imminent death, as no document established that the passengers had perceived the danger before impact. This judgment shows that no head of loss is granted as a matter of principle: statements, proof of cohabitation, regular transfers and evidence about the last minutes of the flight must be gathered early. Article 21 of the convention prohibits the carrier from limiting its compensation up to the threshold provided.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What is the advance that the airline must pay after a death?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The Regulation (EC) No. 2027\/97 as amended by Regulation (EC) No. 889\/2002 requires a Community air carrier to pay an advance to the natural persons entitled to compensation. Under Article 5, this advance is paid without delay and, at the latest, fifteen days after the identification of the person concerned. In the event of death, it is not less than the euro equivalent of 16,000 special drawing rights per passenger. It is intended to meet immediate needs, in proportion to the material loss suffered. Payment does not amount to an admission of liability and the advance is deducted from the sums paid afterwards. It is not repayable, except where the victim\u2019s negligence is established under Article 20 of the Montreal Convention or where the recipient was not entitled to compensation. Article 28 of the convention provides a comparable mechanism where the law of the carrier\u2019s country requires it. For an airline from outside the Union, whether such an obligation exists therefore depends on its national legislation. The firm can prepare the request for the advance, justifying the status of each person entitled, then ensure that the sums paid are correctly set off at the final settlement or at the judicial assessment of the losses.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Before which court should the action be brought if the airline is foreign or the accident took place abroad?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Article 33 of the Montreal Convention gives the claimant a choice between several courts of States Parties: that of the carrier\u2019s domicile, of its principal place of business, of the place where it has an establishment through which the contract was made, or of the place of destination. For the death or injury of a passenger, a fifth option exists: the country where the passenger had his or her principal and permanent residence at the time of the accident, if the carrier operates services there and has premises there. This notion is assessed strictly. In the case of the disappearance of a flight between Malaysia and China, French families argued that the victims were to return to France. The Court of Cassation approved the court of appeal, holding that the intention to return \u201cis closer not to the notion of residence, but to that of domicile\u201d, and that the court of appeal had been entitled to place the residence in Beijing, \u201ctheir fixed and permanent place of stay\u201d (Cass. 1re civ., 12 May 2021, No. 19-24.229) (our translation). The French courts therefore lacked jurisdiction, an outcome unfavourable to the claimants. The same decision recalls that Article 29 subjects any action, even one based on the victims\u2019 disappearance, to the conditions of the convention. The choice of court is prepared with documents establishing actual residence, before the time limit expires.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Can an action be brought against the manufacturer of the aircraft or of a faulty piece of equipment?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Yes, on the basis of liability for defective products. Article 1245 of the French Civil Code makes the producer liable for damage caused by a defect in its product, whether or not it is bound by contract to the victim. Article 1245-13 adds that its liability is not reduced by the act of a third party who contributed to the damage. After the accident of a flight between Surabaya and Singapore, the victims\u2019 relatives sought an interim payment from the aircraft manufacturer and from the maker of an electronic module. The court of appeal had held the obligation to be seriously open to challenge, relying on the airline\u2019s maintenance failings and the crew\u2019s reactions. The Court of Cassation quashed the judgment, recalling that \u201cthe producer\u2019s liability towards the victim is not reduced by the act of a third party who contributed to causing the damage\u201d (Cass. 1re civ., 28 November 2018, No. 17-14.356) (our translation), since a defect in the module had been found. This action is subject to its own time limits. Article 1245-16 of the French Civil Code sets three years from the day on which the claimant knew, or should have known, of the damage, the defect and the identity of the producer. Under Article 1245-15, the producer\u2019s liability is also extinguished ten years after the product was put into circulation, unless the producer was at fault or an action was brought during that period. It may be combined with the action against the carrier, without double compensation for the same loss.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"An aircraft has crashed on neighbouring land: who compensates the damage on the ground?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The principle is in Article L. 6131-2 of the French Transport Code: the operator is liable, with no fault to be proved, for damage that the aircraft in motion, or anything falling from it, causes to persons and property on the ground. Only the victim\u2019s own fault can reduce or remove this liability. For a foreign military aircraft, the Rennes court of appeal held, in light of the London Convention of 19 June 1951, that \u201cany person who has suffered damage in French territory in connection with the crash of a military aircraft of foreign nationality, in this case Belgian, may claim compensation from the French State\u201d (CA Rennes, 1st ch., 4 February 2025, No. 22\/02172) (our translation). It required proof of ordinary-law damage and of a causal link, then awarded the farmers \u20ac47,852.50 for the loss of their wheat harvest. Their claim for disruption to their living conditions was rejected. These two outcomes illustrate the method: each head of loss must be documented. Exclusion zones set by order, the length of time the plots were inaccessible, pollution analyses and proof of lost income are the useful documents. 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Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2157083 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2157083 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/tim-schmidbauer-EnC5f7At4ac-unsplash-1-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2157083 post-2157083 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/25\/foreign-company-france-unpaid-invoice-penalties-injonction-payer-abroad\/\">Your French Client Has Not Paid: Late-Payment Penalties, the 40 Euro Fee and the Injunction-to-Pay While You Live Abroad<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2157055 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2157055 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/allison-saeng-Hpw4nI_QUWQ-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2157055 post-2157055 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/25\/foreign-company-france-corporate-bank-account-refusal-abroad\/\">Your French Bank Won&#8217;t Open a Corporate Account While You Live Abroad: Right to an Account, Banque de France Designation and the Anti-Money-Laundering Wall<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2157013 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2157013 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/getty-images-p1ZW7qeVRyE-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2157013 post-2157013 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/25\/foreign-company-france-sas-pay-abroad-salary-dividends-management-fees\/\">Your French SAS Pays You While You Live Abroad: Salary, Dividends or Management Fees<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2156883 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2156883 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/getty-images-p1ZW7qeVRyE-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2156883 post-2156883 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/25\/foreign-company-france-sas-capital-increase-cash-call-filing-abroad\/\">Your French SAS Needs Cash From Abroad: Increase Capital, Call Up Unpaid Shares or Lend Instead \u2014 Filing and New Kbis Without Flying to Paris<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2156702 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2156702 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/pawel-czerwinski-mIT9kEQBC6Q-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2156702 post-2156702 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/24\/foreign-company-france-hire-first-employee-dpae-contract-trial-pay-abroad\/\">Hiring Your First French Employee While You Live Abroad: DPAE, Contract, Trial Period, Pay and Registration<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2156668 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2156668 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/alex-vasey-F5HtPjpBb9k-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2156668 post-2156668 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/24\/foreign-company-france-management-fees-transfer-pricing-file-defence-abroad\/\">Your French Subsidiary Pays Management Fees to Its Foreign Parent While You Live Abroad: Transfer Pricing File, Deduction and Reassessment Defence<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2156642 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2156642 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/shubham-dhage-ICCn56-jyuw-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2156642 post-2156642 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/24\/foreign-company-france-shareholder-loan-compte-courant-abroad\/\">Your French Subsidiary Needs Cash From Abroad: Shareholder Loans (Compte Courant d&#8217;Associe), Interest, Approval and Getting Repaid<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. 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