{"id":2161186,"date":"2026-11-01T23:11:41","date_gmt":"2026-11-01T22:11:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/?page_id=2161186"},"modified":"2026-11-04T19:23:21","modified_gmt":"2026-11-04T18:23:21","slug":"nda-lawyer-paris","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/nda-lawyer-paris\/","title":{"rendered":"Non-disclosure agreement lawyer in Paris: NDA scope and penalties for a leak"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"2161186\" class=\"elementor elementor-2161186 elementor-2160639\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-v5bd59a e-con-full e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"v5bd59a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-v5bd59aw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"v5bd59aw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"kcv\" id=\"kci-root\" data-refresh-marker=\"expertise-fr-avocat-accord-confidentialite-paris-20261101\">\n<section class=\"kcv-hero\" aria-labelledby=\"kch-h1\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-in\">\n    <div class=\"kcv-head\">\n      <p class=\"kk\">NDA before a sale, fundraising or partnership: scope, evidence and penalties<\/p>\n      <h1 id=\"kch-h1\"><em>Non-disclosure agreement<\/em> lawyer in Paris:<span class=\"kcv-tail\"> NDA scope and penalties for a leak before a sale or partnership.<\/span><\/h1>\n      <p class=\"kcv-sub\">Share-sale data room, industrial partnership talks, a fund presented to a buyer: a non-disclosure agreement (NDA) sets what the other party may read, use and disclose, and a non-disclosure agreement lawyer in Paris can test that wording before you sign. Its value is measured on the day of the dispute, when you must prove which information was passed on and how it was used.<\/p>\n      <div class=\"kcv-btns\">\n        <a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a>\n        <a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kch-form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a>\n      <\/div>\n      <p class=\"kcv-urg\">A leak is proved by the document passed on and by the use made of it. Keep the signed agreement, the list of documents handed over, the data room access records and the correspondence before sending any reminder.<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcv-stagewrap\"><div class=\"kcv-stageshadow\"><div class=\"kcv-stage\">\n      <link rel=\"preload\" as=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kohen-v3-expertises\/kohen-fr-droit-bancaire-paysage-20261025.webp\" media=\"(min-width:761px)\" fetchpriority=\"high\">\n      <link rel=\"preload\" as=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kohen-v3-expertises\/kohen-fr-droit-bancaire-paysage-1080-20261025.webp\" media=\"(max-width:760px)\" fetchpriority=\"high\">\n      <div class=\"kcv-media\" aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"--kcv-img:url('https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kohen-v3-expertises\/kohen-fr-droit-bancaire-paysage-20261025.webp');--kcv-img-m:url('https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kohen-v3-expertises\/kohen-fr-droit-bancaire-paysage-1080-20261025.webp')\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"kcv-panel kcv-glass\" id=\"kch-form\">\n        <div class=\"kcv-panel-head\">\n          <div>\n            <p class=\"kcv-panel-k\">Non-disclosure agreement \u00b7 Paris<\/p>\n            <h2 class=\"kcv-panel-t\">Get a <em>first analysis<\/em><\/h2>\n            <p class=\"kcv-panel-l\">Send the draft NDA or the signed agreement, any letter of intent, the data room index and the relevant correspondence: the firm will review the scope of the undertaking and the evidence available.<\/p>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"kcv-chip kcv-glass\"><p class=\"kcv-chip-n\">24 \u00e0 48 h<\/p><p class=\"kcv-chip-x\">first legal<br>review<\/p><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"kcf-wrap\">\n<form id=\"kcf-2form\" data-kcf data-api-url=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-json\/kohen-form\/v1\/submit\" data-vps-url=\"https:\/\/upload-fr.46-224-152-225.sslip.io\/submit\" data-max-size=\"1073741824\" data-max-files=\"500\" novalidate enctype=\"multipart\/form-data\">\n  <input type=\"hidden\" name=\"rendered_at\" value=\"1776847557\">\n  <div class=\"kcf-hp\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><label for=\"kcf-2website\">Do not fill in<\/label><input id=\"kcf-2website\" name=\"website\" type=\"text\" tabindex=\"-1\" autocomplete=\"off\"><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcf-price\">\n    <span class=\"kcf-price-amount\">\u20ac80<small>incl. 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Payment is made online after this form is sent.<\/p>\n      <ul class=\"kcf-price-meta\">\n        <li>Up to 1 GB of documents, folders and subfolders accepted<\/li>\n        <li>Secure payment, no banking data stored<\/li>\n        <li><a href=\"\/conditions-etude-prealable\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Terms and fee agreement<\/a><\/li>\n      <\/ul>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcf-row\">\n    <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n      <label class=\"kcf-label\" for=\"kcf-2name\">Full name<\/label>\n      <input class=\"kcf-input\" type=\"text\" id=\"kcf-2name\" name=\"name\" placeholder=\"Your name\" required autocomplete=\"name\" aria-describedby=\"kcf-2name-err\">\n      <p class=\"kcf-field-error\" id=\"kcf-2name-err\" role=\"alert\"><\/p>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n      <label class=\"kcf-label\" for=\"kcf-2phone\">Telephone <span class=\"kcf-optional\">(optional)<\/span><\/label>\n      <input class=\"kcf-input\" type=\"tel\" inputmode=\"tel\" id=\"kcf-2phone\" name=\"phone\" placeholder=\"06 00 00 00 00\" autocomplete=\"tel\" aria-describedby=\"kcf-2phone-err\">\n      <p class=\"kcf-field-error\" id=\"kcf-2phone-err\" role=\"alert\"><\/p>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n    <label class=\"kcf-label\" for=\"kcf-2email\">Email address<\/label>\n    <input class=\"kcf-input\" type=\"email\" id=\"kcf-2email\" name=\"email\" placeholder=\"your@email.com\" required autocomplete=\"email\" spellcheck=\"false\" autocapitalize=\"off\" aria-describedby=\"kcf-2email-err\">\n    <p class=\"kcf-field-error\" id=\"kcf-2email-err\" role=\"alert\"><\/p>\n  <\/div>\n  \n  <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n    <label class=\"kcf-label\" for=\"kcf-2message\">Message<\/label>\n    <textarea class=\"kcf-textarea\" id=\"kcf-2message\" name=\"message\" placeholder=\"Briefly describe your situation...\" required aria-describedby=\"kcf-2message-err\"><\/textarea>\n    <p class=\"kcf-field-error\" id=\"kcf-2message-err\" role=\"alert\"><\/p>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n    <label class=\"kcf-label\">Attachments <span class=\"kcf-optional\">(optional, 500 files max, 1 GB)<\/span><\/label>\n    <div class=\"kcf-dropzone\" id=\"kcf-2dropzone\">\n      <svg class=\"kcf-dropzone-icon\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M21 15v4a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-4\"\/><polyline points=\"17 8 12 3 7 8\"\/><line x1=\"12\" y1=\"3\" x2=\"12\" y2=\"15\"\/><\/svg>\n      <p class=\"kcf-dropzone-text\"><strong>Click<\/strong> or drag your files here<br>All formats accepted (PDF, Word, images, etc.)<\/p>\n      <input type=\"file\" name=\"attachments\" id=\"kcf-2files\" multiple>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcf-file-list\" id=\"kcf-2filelist\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcf-progress\" id=\"kcf-2progress\">\n      <div class=\"kcf-progress-bar\"><div class=\"kcf-progress-fill\" id=\"kcf-2progressfill\"><\/div><\/div>\n      <p class=\"kcf-progress-text\" id=\"kcf-2progresstext\">Sending...<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n  <button type=\"submit\" class=\"kcf-btn\">\n    <span class=\"kcf-spinner\"><\/span>\n    <span class=\"kcf-btn-text\">Pay \u20ac80 and send my case<\/span>\n  <\/button>\n  <div class=\"kcf-msg\" role=\"status\" aria-live=\"polite\" aria-atomic=\"true\" tabindex=\"-1\"><\/div>\n  <p class=\"kcf-note\">Payment constitutes a request for immediate performance of your analysis. 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l'\u00c9tat.\",\"auteur\":\"data.gouv.fr\",\"paraphrase\":true,\"libelle\":\"Voir la fiche sur data.gouv.fr\"},{\"titre\":\"Commentaires des d\u00e9cisions de justice par l'IA g\u00e9n\u00e9rative\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.data.gouv.fr\/reuses\/commentaires-des-decisions-de-justice-par-lia-generative\",\"citation\":\"R\u00e9utilisation des donn\u00e9es publiques de justice publi\u00e9e par Kohen Avocats et r\u00e9f\u00e9renc\u00e9e sur data.gouv.fr.\",\"auteur\":\"data.gouv.fr\",\"paraphrase\":true,\"libelle\":\"Voir la r\u00e9utilisation sur data.gouv.fr\"}]},\"awwwards\":{\"nom\":\"Awwwards\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Kohen Avocats, site nomm\u00e9 aux Awwwards\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.awwwards.com\/sites\/kohen-avocats\",\"citation\":\"Le site du cabinet figure parmi les sites nomm\u00e9s (\u00ab Nominee \u00bb) par Awwwards, r\u00e9f\u00e9rence internationale du design web.\",\"auteur\":\"Awwwards\",\"paraphrase\":true,\"libelle\":\"Voir la fiche sur 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\u00e0 la location ?\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.leboncoin.fr\/guide\/immobilier\/bouilloires-thermiques-bientot-interdites-a-la-location-hfpj70o6.html\",\"citation\":\"Le guide immobilier cite une analyse de kohenavocats.fr parmi ses sources.\",\"auteur\":\"Leboncoin\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"femme-actuelle\":{\"nom\":\"Femme Actuelle\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"S\u00e9paration ou divorce : quelle banque et quel cr\u00e9dit pour repartir sur de bonnes bases ?\",\"date\":\"2026-09-30\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.femmeactuelle.fr\/vie-pratique\/news-vie-pratique\/separation-ou-divorce-quelle-banque-et-quel-credit-pour-repartir-sur-de-bonnes-bases-2211980\",\"citation\":\"L'article cite une analyse de kohenavocats.com parmi ses sources.\",\"auteur\":\"Femme Actuelle\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"economie-matin\":{\"nom\":\"\u00c9conomie Matin\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Nouveau bail 2026 : ce que les propri\u00e9taires doivent anticiper d\u00e8s maintenant\",\"date\":\"2026-09-10\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.economiematin.fr\/bail-nouveau-2026-proprietaires-anticiper\",\"citation\":\"Sur le d\u00e9cret n\u00b0 2026-596 du 7 juillet 2026, l'article renvoie \u00e0 l'analyse publi\u00e9e par le cabinet.\",\"auteur\":\"\u00c9conomie Matin\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"la-voix-du-nord\":{\"nom\":\"La Voix du Nord\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Que risquent les personnes qui ach\u00e8tent des objets vol\u00e9s le 17 octobre ?\",\"date\":\"2026-10-19\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.lavoixdunord.fr\/1747700\/article\/2026-10-19\/que-risquent-les-personnes-qui-achetent-des-objets-voles-le-17-octobre\",\"citation\":\"L\u2019infraction suppose la connaissance de l\u2019origine : savoir que l\u2019objet provient d\u2019un vol.\",\"auteur\":\"Me Hassan Kohen\"}]},\"sortir-a-paris\":{\"nom\":\"Sortir \u00e0 Paris\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Manifestation du 24 octobre \u00e0 Paris : parcours, nouvelles stations ferm\u00e9es, les 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aria-controls=\"kcv-p1\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The rules<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p2\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p2\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Your documents<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p3\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p3\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The method<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p4\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p4\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The timetable<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p5\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p5\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The checks<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-synthese\" aria-controls=\"kcv-synthese\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Summary<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-faq\" aria-controls=\"kcv-faq\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Questions<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-textes\" aria-controls=\"kcv-textes\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Legal texts<\/button><\/div><\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcv-track\"><div class=\"kcv-slide kcv-on\" id=\"kcv-avocat\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-avocat\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<div class=\"kcv-pro\">\n  <figure class=\"kcv-pro-photo\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" src=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/kohen-footer\/portrait-reda-20260920-lignes-orange.jpg\" alt=\"Reda Kohen, lawyer at the Paris Bar\" width=\"1122\" height=\"1402\" loading=\"eager\" decoding=\"async\">\n    <figcaption class=\"kcv-pro-cap kcv-glass\"><span class=\"kcv-pro-capn\">Reda Kohen<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pro-capr\">Lawyer at the Paris Bar<\/span><\/figcaption>\n  <\/figure>\n  <div class=\"kcv-pro-body\">\n    <p class=\"kk\">Business law \u00b7 Paris 17th arrondissement<\/p>\n    <h2>What a <em>non-disclosure agreement lawyer<\/em> in Paris does<\/h2>\n    <ul class=\"kcv-pro-tags\"><li>Paris Bar<\/li><li>Business law<\/li><li>Sales and partnerships<\/li><\/ul>\n    <p class=\"kcv-p\">Reda Kohen, avocat at the Paris Bar: business law, company sales and commercial contracts.<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-p\">A non-disclosure agreement is only worth something if, when the time comes, it lets you identify the protected information, prove it was passed on and link its use to a breach. The firm reviews the agreement from that angle, before signing and after a suspected leak.<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-p\">A contract has the force of law between those who made it (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032040777\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032040777\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1103 of the French Civil Code<\/a>). Even without any contract, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032007140\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032007140\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1112-2 of the Civil Code<\/a> already makes liable anyone who uses or discloses, without authorisation, confidential information obtained during negotiations. The NDA fleshes out that basis: scope, recipients, duration, return of documents and penalty.<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-p\">Send what you have, even if incomplete: the firm will prioritise and complete the file with you. In an emergency, call <a href=\"tel:+33646605822\">06 46 60 58 22<\/a>.<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-pro-meta\"><a href=\"https:\/\/consultation.avocat.fr\/avocat-paris\/reda-kohen-54670.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Official profile in the directory of French lawyers (CNB)<\/a><span>Firm at 11 rue Margueritte, 75017 Paris<\/span><\/p>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-cards\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-card\"><h3>Defining the information<\/h3><p>A dated list of the documents handed over, attached to the agreement, protects better than a general formula that covers everything and designates nothing.<\/p><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-card\"><h3>Permitted use<\/h3><p>The agreement sets the only purpose allowed, for example assessing the sale, and excludes any other use, including use within the recipient's own group.<\/p><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-card\"><h3>The agreed penalty<\/h3><p>A penalty clause, return of documents and destruction of copies should be drafted before signing, because the harm caused by a leak is hard to quantify afterwards.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p1\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The rules<\/p>\n<h2>Sale, partnership, data room: <em>the applicable rules<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">Five rules govern the scope of an NDA and the outcome of an action for breach.<\/p>\n<ol class=\"kcv-conds\">\n  <li>The party owed confidentiality must identify the protected information and establish the breach alleged, namely unauthorised use or disclosure under the terms of the agreement. The Orl\u00e9ans Court of Appeal dismissed a seller's claim on the ground that \"Since it establishes no link between specific, confidential information and the complaints it raises against the respondents, Rubex fails to establish any breach of the confidentiality agreement\" (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/68ce39c93c51767c18cd58fb\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CA Orl\u00e9ans, ch. com., 18 September 2025, No. 23\/01684<\/a>). This decision, unfavourable to the seller, shows that a signed agreement is not enough without proof of what was handed over.<\/li>\n  <li>Along the same lines, the Rennes Court of Appeal overturned an adverse first-instance judgment, holding that \"It is for Conscientia to identify the confidential information communicated, or the trade secrets, that were allegedly used\" (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/6979bd32cdc6046d47f336dd\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CA Rennes, 3e ch. com., 27 January 2026, No. 25\/00525<\/a>). Without proof that the disputed documents were among the information provided during the talks, no breach was found.<\/li>\n  <li>Publication of part of the information does not release the obligor from the rest. The Court of Cassation held that \"publication of the patent application could not have the effect of rendering the confidentiality agreement itself lapsed, nor of releasing the obligor from its confidentiality obligation as regards the elements protected by the agreement and not disclosed by that publication\" (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/646477ff5c7899d0f88f8996\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 17 May 2023, No. 19-25.007<\/a>).<\/li>\n  <li>Without an NDA, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032007140\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032007140\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1112-2 of the Civil Code<\/a> penalises the unauthorised use or disclosure of confidential information obtained during negotiations. Where the information meets the three criteria of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037266553\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037266553\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 151-1 of the Commercial Code (Code de commerce)<\/a>, its disclosure in breach of an obligation not to disclose it is unlawful (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037266565\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037266565\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 151-5<\/a>) and makes its author civilly liable (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037266579\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037266579\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 152-1<\/a>).<\/li>\n  <li>Breaking off negotiations remains unrestricted, subject to the good faith required by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000036829818\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000036829818\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1112 of the Civil Code<\/a>. The Versailles Court of Appeal recalls that \"Negotiations may be broken off by the unilateral decision of a party, which is at liberty not to contract, so that the mere fact of breaking off negotiations is not in itself wrongful\" (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/63c10a61bf9fd47c90a13e86\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CA Versailles, 12e ch., 12 January 2023, No. 21\/02823<\/a>); in that case, however, it found a wrongful break-off, which occurred after a confidentiality agreement and due diligence.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"kcv-callout\"><span class=\"kcv-callout-i\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M9.6 6C6.5 7.4 4.5 10 4.5 13.4V18h6v-6H7.6c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L9.6 6zm9 0c-3.1 1.4-5.1 4-5.1 7.4V18h6v-6h-2.9c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L18.6 6z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><p>An NDA does not oblige anyone to complete the sale or the partnership. It protects the information exchanged; the breaking off of discussions falls under a different regime, that of Article 1112 of the Civil Code.<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p2\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Your documents<\/p>\n<h2>What to send, depending on <em>your position<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">The date, content and circulation of the documents are at the heart of proving a breach.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-duel\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-opt kcv-opt-a\"><p class=\"kcv-opt-k\">Position A<\/p><p class=\"kcv-opt-t\">You disclosed the information<\/p><ul><li>Signed non-disclosure agreement, letter of intent and any amendments<\/li><li>Data room index, access logs and dated list of the documents handed over<\/li><li>Emails and meeting minutes showing what was said or shown<\/li><li>Signs pointing to use: a competing offer, poaching of staff, a similar product<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-or\" aria-hidden=\"true\">or<\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-opt kcv-opt-b\"><p class=\"kcv-opt-k\">Position B<\/p><p class=\"kcv-opt-t\">You are accused of a breach<\/p><ul><li>Formal notice or writ of summons received, with the documents it refers to<\/li><li>Proof that the information was public or already held before the agreement<\/li><li>Dated documents showing independent development<\/li><li>Correspondence establishing the end of the discussions and the return or destruction of copies<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-callout\"><span class=\"kcv-callout-i\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M9.6 6C6.5 7.4 4.5 10 4.5 13.4V18h6v-6H7.6c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L9.6 6zm9 0c-3.1 1.4-5.1 4-5.1 7.4V18h6v-6h-2.9c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L18.6 6z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><p>Do not delete any file and make no public accusation before the evidence has been secured: a hasty deletion or statement can backfire on whoever makes it.<\/p><\/div>\n<p class=\"kcv-p\">The firm also handles:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"kcv-pro-tags\"><li>Transfer of shares<\/li><li>Due diligence<\/li><li>Unfair competition<\/li><li>Sale and purchase agreement<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p3\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The method<\/p>\n<h2>How the firm <em>supports you<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">Drafting an undertaking that can be proved, then responding to a leak with documents.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-rows\">\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 1<\/p><h3>Reading the transaction and the documents<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">Before any signature, the firm reviews the planned transaction, the nature of the information to be exchanged, the people who will have access to it and the documents already passed on.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 2<\/p><h3>Drafting or reviewing the NDA<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">Definition of the information, single purpose, authorised recipients, duration, exclusions, return of documents, penalty clause and governing law: each provision is drafted so that it can be proved.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 3<\/p><h3>Securing the evidence of a leak<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">Where a leak is suspected, the firm compares the documents handed over with the use observed; if the evidence is in the other party's hands, a measure based on Article 145 of the Code of Civil Procedure (Code de proc\u00e9dure civile) may be considered.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 4<\/p><h3>Formal notice and action<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">Depending on the documents, the firm prepares a formal notice, an urgent application (r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9) to stop the use, or an action for damages based on the contract or on trade secret protection.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-callout\"><span class=\"kcv-callout-i\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M9.6 6C6.5 7.4 4.5 10 4.5 13.4V18h6v-6H7.6c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L9.6 6zm9 0c-3.1 1.4-5.1 4-5.1 7.4V18h6v-6h-2.9c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L18.6 6z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><p>A fact-finding measure must remain targeted: the Court of Cassation quashes a judgment that does not check whether the measures ordered amount to a general investigative measure (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/5fd916473a601bb18ba15c9d\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. 2e civ., 1 December 2016, No. 15-22.916<\/a>).<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p4\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The timetable<\/p>\n<h2>The timeline of <em>an NDA before a sale<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">From the first contact to the end of the confidentiality obligation.<\/p>\n<ol class=\"kcv-hs\"><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">First contact<\/p><p><strong>Before anything is handed over.<\/strong> No financial document or client file leaves before the agreement is signed, even for a brief presentation of the business.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Signing the NDA<\/p><p>The agreement sets the scope, purpose, recipients, duration and penalty; an undertaking given for a company yet to be formed must say so expressly.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Opening the data room<\/p><p>Each document handed over is indexed and dated; access is by named user and the access log is kept for as long as an action remains possible, beyond the end of the obligation.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Negotiation and audit<\/p><p>Sensitive information given orally is confirmed in writing and linked to the agreement, failing which its content will be hard to establish.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">End of discussions<\/p><p>Ask in writing for the return or destruction of copies and for a certificate from the other party, keeping your own copy.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">After the break-off<\/p><p>The obligation survives for the stipulated period; an action for breach of trade secrets is subject to a five-year limitation period running from the day the lawful holder knew or should have known of the last fact giving rise to it, under Article L. 152-2 of the Commercial Code.<\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p5\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The checks<\/p>\n<h2>What the firm checks <em>before acting<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">The Orl\u00e9ans and Rennes decisions cited above show that an action for breach of an NDA can fail for lack of precise evidence.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-split\">\n  <ul class=\"kcv-check\"><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Signatories: who gave the undertaking, for which company, and whether it covers a company yet to be formed or group companies.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Scope: definition of the information and exclusions for data that is public, already held or received from a third party.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Transmission: dated list of the documents actually handed over, data room access and oral exchanges confirmed in writing.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Use: a concrete link between specific information and the act complained of, as distinct from general knowledge of the sector.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Penalty and time limit: penalty clause, return of documents, duration of the obligation, limitation period under Article 2224 of the Civil Code and Article L. 152-2 of the Commercial Code.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n  <aside class=\"kcv-act\">\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-k\">Case documents<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-t\">Send what you have, even if incomplete<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-p\">Submit your documents through the confidential form at the top of the page: the firm will prioritise and complete the file with you.<\/p>\n    <div class=\"kcv-act-b\"><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kch-form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n  <\/aside>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-synthese\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-synthese\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Summary<\/p>\n<h2>Situation, evidence, <em>response<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">Six common situations involving an NDA for a sale or a partnership.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-rows\">\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Buyer who poaches an employee after the data room<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Signed agreement, timeline of contacts with the employee, proof that the existence of the negotiations was revealed to them.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time limit:<\/strong> Compare the resignation and hiring dates with those of the negotiations as soon as possible.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Formal notice, then a claim for damages if disclosure of the transaction is established.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Partner who launches a similar product<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Technical documents handed over, dates of delivery, comparison with the product and evidence on how it was developed.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time limit:<\/strong> Act before wide distribution if a ban is sought.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Urgent application (r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9) to stop the use, a targeted fact-finding measure, then proceedings on the merits.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Confidential document published online<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Record of the publication, page address, date, and the link with the document handed over under the agreement.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time limit:<\/strong> Have the publication recorded before the page is taken down.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Takedown request, then, depending on the agreement, the penalty clause or compensation for the harm proved, without double compensation for the same damage.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Discussions broken off without reason after the audit<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Length and progress of the negotiations, offers, costs incurred, reason given for the break-off.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time limit:<\/strong> Gather the costs incurred and the correspondence before they are scattered.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Compensation for the wrongful break-off within the limits of Article 1112 of the Civil Code, separate from the NDA.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Undertaking signed for a company yet to be formed<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Terms of the undertaking, identity of the company formed, deal concluded without the intermediary.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time limit:<\/strong> Check the stipulated duration of the undertaking on the date of the transaction.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Action against the signatory and, depending on the terms of the document, against the company formed.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>You are accused of a leak<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Independent origin of the information, its public nature, no handover of the document in question.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time limit:<\/strong> Reply to the formal notice while preserving your own documents.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Challenge the link between the specific information and the complaint, and argue against the penalty clause.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-faq\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-faq\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Frequently asked questions<\/p>\n<h2>Your questions: <em>non-disclosure agreement<\/em><\/h2>\n<div class=\"kcv-faqgrid\">\n  <aside class=\"kcv-act kcv-act-sticky\">\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-k\">12 questions<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-t\">A situation not listed here?<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-p\">Every case has its own features. The firm reads your documents before answering you.<\/p>\n    <div class=\"kcv-act-b\"><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kch-form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n  <\/aside>\n  <div class=\"kcv-faq\"><details><summary>What should a non-disclosure agreement signed before the sale of a business contain?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The agreement must first designate the protected information. A general formula covering any information exchanged looks protective, but it leaves the party owed confidentiality to show, on the day of the dispute, which precise document was handed over and used. A dated annex, supplemented by the data room index, makes that showing possible. The agreement then sets the single purpose of use, for example assessing the transaction, and the list of people authorised to know the information: directors, advisers, funders. It provides for the usual exclusions, such as information that is already public or already held, as well as the duration of the obligation, the return or destruction of copies and the penalty. The Orl\u00e9ans Court of Appeal rejected the claim of a seller that linked no specific information to the complaints raised (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/68ce39c93c51767c18cd58fb\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CA Orl\u00e9ans, ch. com., 18 September 2025, No. 23\/01684<\/a>). This unfavourable decision illustrates the risk of an agreement that does not make it possible to identify what was passed on. The firm reviews each provision in terms of the evidence it will make it possible to produce, not of its wording alone.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Is a confidentiality undertaking signed by the buyer alone valid?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>A confidentiality undertaking may take the form of a letter sent by the seller and countersigned by the recipient alone. A contract has the force of law between those who made it, under <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032040777\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032040777\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1103 of the Civil Code<\/a>, and no provision requires a particular form for this type of undertaking. In a case decided by the Paris Court of Appeal, the letter came from the seller and the undertaking wording had been signed by the representative of the company seeking to buy. The court characterised the document as a unilateral confidentiality undertaking and ordered its author to compensate the harm caused by its breach (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/65166c8f788aac83189e9d07\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CA Paris, p\u00f4le 5 ch. 4, 13 September 2023, No. 21\/09217<\/a>). What matters is therefore proof of the undertaking given by the person accused of the leak, of its content and of its date. An undertaking signed by both sides remains preferable, because it allows reciprocal obligations to be provided for when each party provides information. The firm checks who signed, in what capacity and for which company, before any claim is made.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>What does a buyer risk by revealing the existence of the negotiations to an employee of the seller?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The very existence of a sale under discussion may be covered by the agreement. In the case decided by the Paris Court of Appeal on 13 September 2023, the prospective buyer had told a manager of the target company about the ongoing negotiations, then hired them. The court held that \"This chronology is enough to establish that the poaching is the direct result of the breach of the confidentiality undertaking\" (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/65166c8f788aac83189e9d07\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CA Paris, p\u00f4le 5 ch. 4, 13 September 2023, No. 21\/09217<\/a>). It then identified \"non-material harm consisting of its destabilisation in the negotiations it was conducting with its employee, then with it, for the purchase of its partners' shares\" (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/65166c8f788aac83189e9d07\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">same judgment<\/a>), and compensated it with an award of \u20ac10,000, reducing the amount set at first instance. The same decision does, however, reject the complaint based on the use of the information to create a competing company, for lack of proof that this project relied on confidential data. The practical lesson is twofold: provide expressly for the confidentiality of the transaction itself, and document the timeline of contacts with employees. The firm compares those dates with those of the negotiations before putting a figure on a claim.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>How can a breach of an NDA concluded before a partnership be proved?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Proof rests on three elements: the information was covered by the agreement, it was handed to the recipient, and it was used or revealed outside the agreed purpose. The Rennes Court of Appeal overturned an adverse judgment, holding that \"It is for Conscientia to identify the confidential information communicated, or the trade secrets, that were allegedly used\" (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/6979bd32cdc6046d47f336dd\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CA Rennes, 3e ch. com., 27 January 2026, No. 25\/00525<\/a>). In that case, the documents alleged to have been reused did not appear among the information passed on during the negotiations, and the reports produced described a copying of files without revealing their content. This decision is unfavourable to the claimant. To avoid this pitfall, keep the dated data room index, the transmission emails, the access logs and the meeting minutes. Then compare precisely the document handed over with the opposing product, offer or document. Where the evidence is held by the other party, a fact-finding measure may be sought before any proceedings on the merits under <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000051869339\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000051869339\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 145 of the Code of Civil Procedure<\/a>, provided a legitimate reason is shown and the measure sought is lawful and targeted.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Does information that has partly become public remain protected by the NDA?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>For the part that has not been made public, yes. The Court of Cassation quashed a judgment that had declared a confidentiality agreement lapsed after the publication of a patent application, holding that \"publication of the patent application could not have the effect of rendering the confidentiality agreement itself lapsed, nor of releasing the obligor from its confidentiality obligation as regards the elements protected by the agreement and not disclosed by that publication\" (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/646477ff5c7899d0f88f8996\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 17 May 2023, No. 19-25.007<\/a>). Publication exposes only what it contains: commercial exchanges, invoices or unpublished technical information remain subject to the agreement. The same decision criticises the lower courts for ruling \"without concretely analysing whether the documents in dispute had been exchanged under conditions of confidentiality preventing their being passed to a third party\" (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/646477ff5c7899d0f88f8996\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">same judgment<\/a>), which requires a document-by-document analysis. In practice, when a party relies on the publicity of information to escape the agreement, what was published and what was not must be isolated precisely. The clause excluding public information should, moreover, cover information that has become public without fault on the part of the recipient, and not any information appearing in a partially circulated document. The firm makes this comparison before answering the argument.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can a court reduce a penalty clause in an NDA?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Yes. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032010131\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032010131\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1231-5 of the Civil Code<\/a> allows the judge, even of their own motion, to moderate or increase the agreed penalty where it is manifestly excessive or derisory. The Dijon Court of Appeal held, regarding a confidentiality contract breached by posting a video online, that \"mere proof of the breach penalised by the clause is enough to make the penalty clause payable, even in the absence of proof of any harm\" (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/68369bd620de2b187cd15739\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CA Dijon, 2e ch. civ., 22 May 2025, No. 22\/00399<\/a>). It nevertheless found the stipulated penalty of \u20ac150,000 excessive and reduced it to \u20ac20,000, having regard to the circumstances. For its part, the Court of Cassation holds that a stipulation that compensates the creditor on a fixed basis and aims to compel the debtor to perform is a penalty clause, which the judge may then moderate; the judgment concerned a contractual notice period and the pre-2016 texts, and the Court, finding the penalty not disproportionate, refused to reduce it and ordered payment of the stipulated amount (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/68ca5a82892376614a83457f\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 17 September 2025, No. 24-15.287<\/a>). A penalty clause therefore spares the claimant from quantifying the harm, but it remains open to review. An amount in proportion to the real value of the information and the stakes of the transaction withstands challenge better than a purely deterrent figure.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Does an NDA signed by an individual bind the company they set up to buy?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>A contract creates obligations only between the parties, under <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032041378\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032041378\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1199 of the Civil Code<\/a>. An undertaking signed by an individual therefore does not, in principle, bind a separate company. The answer depends on the terms of the document. In a case decided by the Marseille economic activities court (tribunal des activit\u00e9s \u00e9conomiques), the prospective buyer had signed the undertaking in their own name and on behalf of the company to be formed for the acquisition. The court found that \"the spirit of this undertaking naturally extends the obligations taken on in the name of Mr [U] to the company to be formed for the acquisition of the assets offered\" (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/6a2d90e7cdc6046d472f90a2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">TAE Marseille, ch. 10, 27 May 2026, No. 2025F00590<\/a>). It ordered the signatory to pay \u20ac16,000 to the intermediary, the sale having been concluded less than two years after signing without going through them. This is a first-instance decision, made on the precise terms of that undertaking, and not a general rule. To avoid any argument, the agreement should name the company or companies bound, provide for the formed company to accede to it and oblige the signatory to ensure the undertaking is respected by the entities they control.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>How long does the confidentiality obligation last after talks fail?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The duration is the one the agreement provides. No provision sets a single duration for an NDA, but <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032041412\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032041412\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1210 of the Civil Code<\/a> prohibits perpetual undertakings, each contracting party being able to end them on the terms applicable to an open-ended contract. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032041407\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032041407\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1211 of the Civil Code<\/a> then allows an open-ended contract to be ended by giving the notice provided for or, failing that, a reasonable period. An agreement with no end date therefore exposes the party owed confidentiality to a termination it will not have chosen. The duration is negotiated according to the nature of the information and the planned transaction; the undertaking examined by the Marseille economic activities court, for example, set twenty-four months from its signature (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/6a2d90e7cdc6046d472f90a2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">TAE Marseille, ch. 10, 27 May 2026, No. 2025F00590<\/a>). For lasting know-how or technical information, the duration can be differentiated according to the nature of the information. The firm checks the stipulated duration on the date of the acts complained of, as well as the starting point chosen by the parties.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Does the NDA prevent the buyer from hiring the seller's employees?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Not in itself. A non-disclosure agreement protects information; it prohibits recruitment only if it contains a provision to that effect. The Orl\u00e9ans Court of Appeal rejected the claim of a seller that accused the unsuccessful bidder of poaching its employees, noting that \"no clause of the confidentiality agreement stipulates a ban on hiring an employee or former employee of Rubex\" (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/68ce39c93c51767c18cd58fb\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CA Orl\u00e9ans, ch. com., 18 September 2025, No. 23\/01684<\/a>). The clause that prohibited soliciting staff was intended only to prevent confidential information from being obtained through that channel. This decision is unfavourable to the seller. It differs from the Paris Court of Appeal judgment of 13 September 2023, where the hiring was the consequence of a disclosure of the existence of the negotiations, itself prohibited by the undertaking (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/65166c8f788aac83189e9d07\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CA Paris, p\u00f4le 5 ch. 4, 13 September 2023, No. 21\/09217<\/a>). Where protecting staff matters, the agreement should contain a separate non-solicitation clause, limited in time and in scope. Otherwise, the seller will have to show a prohibited disclosure or unfair conduct falling under another basis.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can the use of confidential information be stopped urgently?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Yes, on certain conditions. Depending on the competent court, the president of the judicial court (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000042597284\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000042597284\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 835 of the Code of Civil Procedure<\/a>) or the president of the commercial court (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006411463\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006411463\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 873 of the same Code<\/a>) may order, in urgent proceedings (r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9), the protective or restorative measures needed to prevent imminent damage or to put an end to a manifestly unlawful disturbance. Where the information constitutes a trade secret, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037266587\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037266587\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 152-4 of the Commercial Code<\/a> also allows interim and protective measures to be obtained on application or in urgent proceedings. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039624496\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039624496\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article R. 152-1 of the same Code<\/a> authorises in particular, including subject to a daily penalty, a ban on using or disclosing the secret, but these measures lapse if the court on the merits is not seized within twenty working days or thirty-one calendar days of the order. The application must rest on precise documents: the agreement, the list of documents handed over and indications of current use. If use is suspected but not established, a fact-finding measure under <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000051869339\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000051869339\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 145 of the Code of Civil Procedure<\/a> may first make it possible to gather the evidence. The Court of Cassation nonetheless requires the judge, when asked to do so, to check that the measure ordered is not a general investigative measure (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/5fd916473a601bb18ba15c9d\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. 2e civ., 1 December 2016, No. 15-22.916<\/a>). The firm therefore calibrates the application to the documents and people actually concerned.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can the other party produce in court a document covered by the NDA?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Within certain limits, yes. Ruling on a confidential document circulated within a franchise network, the Court of Cassation held that \"the right to evidence may justify the production of material covered by trade secrecy, provided that the production is indispensable to its exercise and that the interference is strictly proportionate to the aim pursued\" (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/665fffbf2bde7b00080c3140\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 5 June 2024, No. 23-10.954<\/a>). It quashed the judgment that had penalised the production of the document without checking whether it was indispensable to proving the alleged unfair competition. On this point, this decision is unfavourable to the holder of the secret. A contractual confidentiality obligation therefore does not, in principle, prevent any production in court. Conversely, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000038311180\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000038311180\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 153-1 of the Commercial Code<\/a> allows the judge to examine a document alone, to limit its disclosure to certain elements or to restrict access to it, where the secret cannot be protected otherwise. Anyone who fears disclosure during the proceedings must request these measures. Anyone who produces the document must show that it is indispensable to exercising the right to evidence and that the interference with the secret is strictly proportionate to the aim pursued.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Does signing an NDA oblige you to complete the sale or the partnership?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>No. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000036829818\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000036829818\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1112 of the Civil Code<\/a> provides that the initiation, conduct and breaking off of pre-contractual negotiations are unrestricted, subject to good faith. The Versailles Court of Appeal recalls that \"Negotiations may be broken off by the unilateral decision of a party, which is at liberty not to contract, so that the mere fact of breaking off negotiations is not in itself wrongful\" (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/63c10a61bf9fd47c90a13e86\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CA Versailles, 12e ch., 12 January 2023, No. 21\/02823<\/a>). In that case, a confidentiality agreement had been signed, due diligence carried out and an offer made; the court nonetheless found a wrongful break-off in the circumstances and awarded \u20ac75,000, reducing the amount set at first instance. The same provision limits compensation: it can make up neither for the loss of the benefits expected from the contract not concluded, nor for the loss of a chance of obtaining those benefits. The NDA and the breaking off of negotiations therefore fall under two distinct regimes. The first penalises the use or disclosure of information; the second, unfair conduct in the handling of the discussions. A single case can combine both complaints, provided each is proved separately.<\/p><\/div><\/details><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-textes\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-textes\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Sources and related pages<\/p>\n<h2>Official texts and <em>related pages<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">The sources for this page and the firm's related areas of practice.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-arts\"><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032007140\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032007140\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article 1112-2 of the Civil Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">confidential information obtained during negotiations<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000036829818\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000036829818\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article 1112 of the Civil Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">freedom and good faith in negotiations<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032010131\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032010131\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article 1231-5 of the Civil Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">penalty clause and power to moderate it<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032041412\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032041412\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article 1210 of the Civil Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">prohibition of perpetual undertakings<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037266553\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037266553\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 151-1 of the Commercial Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">definition of a trade secret<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037266565\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037266565\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 151-5 of the Commercial Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">unlawful use or disclosure<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037266585\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037266585\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 152-3 of the Commercial Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">prohibition and destruction measures<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000038613121\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000038613121\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 152-2 of the Commercial Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">limitation period for the action<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000051869339\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000051869339\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article 145 of the Code of Civil Procedure<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">fact-finding measure before any proceedings<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000042597284\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000042597284\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article 835 of the Code of Civil Procedure<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">urgent application for a manifestly unlawful disturbance<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<h3 class=\"kcv-center\">Further reading<\/h3>\n<div class=\"kcv-pgs\"><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/business-law-attorneys-paris-75017\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Business law<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">The firm's practice<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/business-law-attorneys-paris-75017\/business-sale-agreement-lawyer\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Sale and purchase agreement for a business<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">The firm's practice<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/business-law-attorneys-paris-75017\/due-diligence-lawyer\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Legal due diligence<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">The firm's practice<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/company-law-lawyer-paris\/share-transfer-lawyer\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Transfer of shares<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">The firm's practice<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/business-law-attorneys-paris-75017\/unfair-competition-lawyer\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Unfair competition<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">The firm's practice<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<p class=\"kcv-small kcv-center\">Page updated on 1 November 2026.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"kcv-cta\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-in\">\n    <div class=\"kcv-cta-card\">\n      <h2>An NDA to sign or a leak to deal with? <em>Take stock today<\/em>.<\/h2>\n      <p>Send the agreement, the list of documents handed over and the relevant correspondence: the firm will review the scope of the undertaking, the evidence to preserve and the appropriate response.<\/p>\n      <div class=\"kcv-btns\">\n        <a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a>\n        <a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kch-form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n<div class=\"kcv-news-band\"><h2>The latest <em>news.<\/em><\/h2><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\", \"@type\": \"FAQPage\", \"mainEntity\": [{\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What should a non-disclosure agreement signed before the sale of a business contain?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The agreement must first designate the protected information. A general formula covering any information exchanged looks protective, but it leaves the party owed confidentiality to show, on the day of the dispute, which precise document was handed over and used. A dated annex, supplemented by the data room index, makes that showing possible. The agreement then sets the single purpose of use, for example assessing the transaction, and the list of people authorised to know the information: directors, advisers, funders. It provides for the usual exclusions, such as information that is already public or already held, as well as the duration of the obligation, the return or destruction of copies and the penalty. The Orl\u00e9ans Court of Appeal rejected the claim of a seller that linked no specific information to the complaints raised (CA Orl\u00e9ans, ch. com., 18 September 2025, No. 23\/01684). This unfavourable decision illustrates the risk of an agreement that does not make it possible to identify what was passed on. The firm reviews each provision in terms of the evidence it will make it possible to produce, not of its wording alone.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Is a confidentiality undertaking signed by the buyer alone valid?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"A confidentiality undertaking may take the form of a letter sent by the seller and countersigned by the recipient alone. A contract has the force of law between those who made it, under Article 1103 of the Civil Code, and no provision requires a particular form for this type of undertaking. In a case decided by the Paris Court of Appeal, the letter came from the seller and the undertaking wording had been signed by the representative of the company seeking to buy. The court characterised the document as a unilateral confidentiality undertaking and ordered its author to compensate the harm caused by its breach (CA Paris, p\u00f4le 5 ch. 4, 13 September 2023, No. 21\/09217). What matters is therefore proof of the undertaking given by the person accused of the leak, of its content and of its date. An undertaking signed by both sides remains preferable, because it allows reciprocal obligations to be provided for when each party provides information. The firm checks who signed, in what capacity and for which company, before any claim is made.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What does a buyer risk by revealing the existence of the negotiations to an employee of the seller?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The very existence of a sale under discussion may be covered by the agreement. In the case decided by the Paris Court of Appeal on 13 September 2023, the prospective buyer had told a manager of the target company about the ongoing negotiations, then hired them. The court held that \\\"This chronology is enough to establish that the poaching is the direct result of the breach of the confidentiality undertaking\\\" (our translation) (CA Paris, p\u00f4le 5 ch. 4, 13 September 2023, No. 21\/09217). It then identified \\\"non-material harm consisting of its destabilisation in the negotiations it was conducting with its employee, then with it, for the purchase of its partners' shares\\\" (our translation) (same judgment), and compensated it with an award of \u20ac10,000, reducing the amount set at first instance. The same decision does, however, reject the complaint based on the use of the information to create a competing company, for lack of proof that this project relied on confidential data. The practical lesson is twofold: provide expressly for the confidentiality of the transaction itself, and document the timeline of contacts with employees. The firm compares those dates with those of the negotiations before putting a figure on a claim.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"How can a breach of an NDA concluded before a partnership be proved?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Proof rests on three elements: the information was covered by the agreement, it was handed to the recipient, and it was used or revealed outside the agreed purpose. The Rennes Court of Appeal overturned an adverse judgment, holding that \\\"It is for Conscientia to identify the confidential information communicated, or the trade secrets, that were allegedly used\\\" (our translation) (CA Rennes, 3e ch. com., 27 January 2026, No. 25\/00525). In that case, the documents alleged to have been reused did not appear among the information passed on during the negotiations, and the reports produced described a copying of files without revealing their content. This decision is unfavourable to the claimant. To avoid this pitfall, keep the dated data room index, the transmission emails, the access logs and the meeting minutes. Then compare precisely the document handed over with the opposing product, offer or document. Where the evidence is held by the other party, a fact-finding measure may be sought before any proceedings on the merits under Article 145 of the Code of Civil Procedure, provided a legitimate reason is shown and the measure sought is lawful and targeted.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Does information that has partly become public remain protected by the NDA?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"For the part that has not been made public, yes. The Court of Cassation quashed a judgment that had declared a confidentiality agreement lapsed after the publication of a patent application, holding that \\\"publication of the patent application could not have the effect of rendering the confidentiality agreement itself lapsed, nor of releasing the obligor from its confidentiality obligation as regards the elements protected by the agreement and not disclosed by that publication\\\" (our translation) (Cass. com., 17 May 2023, No. 19-25.007). Publication exposes only what it contains: commercial exchanges, invoices or unpublished technical information remain subject to the agreement. The same decision criticises the lower courts for ruling \\\"without concretely analysing whether the documents in dispute had been exchanged under conditions of confidentiality preventing their being passed to a third party\\\" (our translation) (same judgment), which requires a document-by-document analysis. In practice, when a party relies on the publicity of information to escape the agreement, what was published and what was not must be isolated precisely. The clause excluding public information should, moreover, cover information that has become public without fault on the part of the recipient, and not any information appearing in a partially circulated document. The firm makes this comparison before answering the argument.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Can a court reduce a penalty clause in an NDA?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Yes. Article 1231-5 of the Civil Code allows the judge, even of their own motion, to moderate or increase the agreed penalty where it is manifestly excessive or derisory. The Dijon Court of Appeal held, regarding a confidentiality contract breached by posting a video online, that \\\"mere proof of the breach penalised by the clause is enough to make the penalty clause payable, even in the absence of proof of any harm\\\" (our translation) (CA Dijon, 2e ch. civ., 22 May 2025, No. 22\/00399). It nevertheless found the stipulated penalty of \u20ac150,000 excessive and reduced it to \u20ac20,000, having regard to the circumstances. For its part, the Court of Cassation holds that a stipulation that compensates the creditor on a fixed basis and aims to compel the debtor to perform is a penalty clause, which the judge may then moderate; the judgment concerned a contractual notice period and the pre-2016 texts, and the Court, finding the penalty not disproportionate, refused to reduce it and ordered payment of the stipulated amount (Cass. com., 17 September 2025, No. 24-15.287). A penalty clause therefore spares the claimant from quantifying the harm, but it remains open to review. An amount in proportion to the real value of the information and the stakes of the transaction withstands challenge better than a purely deterrent figure.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Does an NDA signed by an individual bind the company they set up to buy?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"A contract creates obligations only between the parties, under Article 1199 of the Civil Code. An undertaking signed by an individual therefore does not, in principle, bind a separate company. The answer depends on the terms of the document. In a case decided by the Marseille economic activities court (tribunal des activit\u00e9s \u00e9conomiques), the prospective buyer had signed the undertaking in their own name and on behalf of the company to be formed for the acquisition. The court found that \\\"the spirit of this undertaking naturally extends the obligations taken on in the name of Mr [U] to the company to be formed for the acquisition of the assets offered\\\" (our translation) (TAE Marseille, ch. 10, 27 May 2026, No. 2025F00590). It ordered the signatory to pay \u20ac16,000 to the intermediary, the sale having been concluded less than two years after signing without going through them. This is a first-instance decision, made on the precise terms of that undertaking, and not a general rule. To avoid any argument, the agreement should name the company or companies bound, provide for the formed company to accede to it and oblige the signatory to ensure the undertaking is respected by the entities they control.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"How long does the confidentiality obligation last after talks fail?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The duration is the one the agreement provides. No provision sets a single duration for an NDA, but Article 1210 of the Civil Code prohibits perpetual undertakings, each contracting party being able to end them on the terms applicable to an open-ended contract. Article 1211 of the Civil Code then allows an open-ended contract to be ended by giving the notice provided for or, failing that, a reasonable period. An agreement with no end date therefore exposes the party owed confidentiality to a termination it will not have chosen. The duration is negotiated according to the nature of the information and the planned transaction; the undertaking examined by the Marseille economic activities court, for example, set twenty-four months from its signature (TAE Marseille, ch. 10, 27 May 2026, No. 2025F00590). For lasting know-how or technical information, the duration can be differentiated according to the nature of the information. The firm checks the stipulated duration on the date of the acts complained of, as well as the starting point chosen by the parties.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Does the NDA prevent the buyer from hiring the seller's employees?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Not in itself. A non-disclosure agreement protects information; it prohibits recruitment only if it contains a provision to that effect. The Orl\u00e9ans Court of Appeal rejected the claim of a seller that accused the unsuccessful bidder of poaching its employees, noting that \\\"no clause of the confidentiality agreement stipulates a ban on hiring an employee or former employee of Rubex\\\" (our translation) (CA Orl\u00e9ans, ch. com., 18 September 2025, No. 23\/01684). The clause that prohibited soliciting staff was intended only to prevent confidential information from being obtained through that channel. This decision is unfavourable to the seller. It differs from the Paris Court of Appeal judgment of 13 September 2023, where the hiring was the consequence of a disclosure of the existence of the negotiations, itself prohibited by the undertaking (CA Paris, p\u00f4le 5 ch. 4, 13 September 2023, No. 21\/09217). Where protecting staff matters, the agreement should contain a separate non-solicitation clause, limited in time and in scope. Otherwise, the seller will have to show a prohibited disclosure or unfair conduct falling under another basis.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Can the use of confidential information be stopped urgently?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Yes, on certain conditions. Depending on the competent court, the president of the judicial court (Article 835 of the Code of Civil Procedure) or the president of the commercial court (Article 873 of the same Code) may order, in urgent proceedings (r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9), the protective or restorative measures needed to prevent imminent damage or to put an end to a manifestly unlawful disturbance. Where the information constitutes a trade secret, Article L. 152-4 of the Commercial Code also allows interim and protective measures to be obtained on application or in urgent proceedings. Article R. 152-1 of the same Code authorises in particular, including subject to a daily penalty, a ban on using or disclosing the secret, but these measures lapse if the court on the merits is not seized within twenty working days or thirty-one calendar days of the order. The application must rest on precise documents: the agreement, the list of documents handed over and indications of current use. If use is suspected but not established, a fact-finding measure under Article 145 of the Code of Civil Procedure may first make it possible to gather the evidence. The Court of Cassation nonetheless requires the judge, when asked to do so, to check that the measure ordered is not a general investigative measure (Cass. 2e civ., 1 December 2016, No. 15-22.916). The firm therefore calibrates the application to the documents and people actually concerned.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Can the other party produce in court a document covered by the NDA?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Within certain limits, yes. Ruling on a confidential document circulated within a franchise network, the Court of Cassation held that \\\"the right to evidence may justify the production of material covered by trade secrecy, provided that the production is indispensable to its exercise and that the interference is strictly proportionate to the aim pursued\\\" (our translation) (Cass. com., 5 June 2024, No. 23-10.954). It quashed the judgment that had penalised the production of the document without checking whether it was indispensable to proving the alleged unfair competition. On this point, this decision is unfavourable to the holder of the secret. A contractual confidentiality obligation therefore does not, in principle, prevent any production in court. Conversely, Article L. 153-1 of the Commercial Code allows the judge to examine a document alone, to limit its disclosure to certain elements or to restrict access to it, where the secret cannot be protected otherwise. Anyone who fears disclosure during the proceedings must request these measures. Anyone who produces the document must show that it is indispensable to exercising the right to evidence and that the interference with the secret is strictly proportionate to the aim pursued.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Does signing an NDA oblige you to complete the sale or the partnership?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"No. Article 1112 of the Civil Code provides that the initiation, conduct and breaking off of pre-contractual negotiations are unrestricted, subject to good faith. The Versailles Court of Appeal recalls that \\\"Negotiations may be broken off by the unilateral decision of a party, which is at liberty not to contract, so that the mere fact of breaking off negotiations is not in itself wrongful\\\" (our translation) (CA Versailles, 12e ch., 12 January 2023, No. 21\/02823). In that case, a confidentiality agreement had been signed, due diligence carried out and an offer made; the court nonetheless found a wrongful break-off in the circumstances and awarded \u20ac75,000, reducing the amount set at first instance. The same provision limits compensation: it can make up neither for the loss of the benefits expected from the contract not concluded, nor for the loss of a chance of obtaining those benefits. The NDA and the breaking off of negotiations therefore fall under two distinct regimes. The first penalises the use or disclosure of information; the second, unfair conduct in the handling of the discussions. A single case can combine both complaints, provided each is proved separately.\"}}]}<\/script><script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\", \"@type\": \"LegalService\", \"name\": \"Non-disclosure agreement lawyer in Paris \u2014 Kohen Avocats\", \"url\": \"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/nda-lawyer-paris\/\", \"telephone\": \"+33646605822\", \"email\": \"contact@kohenavocats.fr\", \"address\": {\"@type\": \"PostalAddress\", \"streetAddress\": \"11 rue Margueritte\", \"postalCode\": \"75017\", \"addressLocality\": \"Paris\", \"addressCountry\": \"FR\"}, \"areaServed\": \"the Paris region (\u00cele-de-France)\", \"founder\": {\"@type\": \"Person\", \"name\": \"Reda Kohen\", \"jobTitle\": \"Lawyer at the Paris Bar\", \"sameAs\": [\"https:\/\/consultation.avocat.fr\/avocat-paris\/reda-kohen-54670.html\"]}, \"openingHours\": \"Mo-Su 00:00-24:00\"}<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f3b7639 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Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2157055 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2157055 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/allison-saeng-Hpw4nI_QUWQ-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2157055 post-2157055 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/25\/foreign-company-france-corporate-bank-account-refusal-abroad\/\">Your French Bank Won&#8217;t Open a Corporate Account While You Live Abroad: Right to an Account, Banque de France Designation and the Anti-Money-Laundering Wall<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2157013 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2157013 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/getty-images-p1ZW7qeVRyE-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2157013 post-2157013 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/25\/foreign-company-france-sas-pay-abroad-salary-dividends-management-fees\/\">Your French SAS Pays You While You Live Abroad: Salary, Dividends or Management Fees<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2156883 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2156883 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/getty-images-p1ZW7qeVRyE-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2156883 post-2156883 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/25\/foreign-company-france-sas-capital-increase-cash-call-filing-abroad\/\">Your French SAS Needs Cash From Abroad: Increase Capital, Call Up Unpaid Shares or Lend Instead \u2014 Filing and New Kbis Without Flying to Paris<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2156702 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2156702 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/pawel-czerwinski-mIT9kEQBC6Q-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2156702 post-2156702 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/24\/foreign-company-france-hire-first-employee-dpae-contract-trial-pay-abroad\/\">Hiring Your First French Employee While You Live Abroad: DPAE, Contract, Trial Period, Pay and Registration<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2156668 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2156668 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/alex-vasey-F5HtPjpBb9k-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2156668 post-2156668 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/24\/foreign-company-france-management-fees-transfer-pricing-file-defence-abroad\/\">Your French Subsidiary Pays Management Fees to Its Foreign Parent While You Live Abroad: Transfer Pricing File, Deduction and Reassessment Defence<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2156642 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2156642 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/shubham-dhage-ICCn56-jyuw-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2156642 post-2156642 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/24\/foreign-company-france-shareholder-loan-compte-courant-abroad\/\">Your French Subsidiary Needs Cash From Abroad: Shareholder Loans (Compte Courant d&#8217;Associe), Interest, Approval and Getting Repaid<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. 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Share-sale data room, industrial partnership talks, a fund presented to a buyer: a non-disclosure agreement (NDA) sets what the other party may read, use and disclose, and [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":251031307,"featured_media":2157182,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2161186","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.2 (Yoast SEO v28.2) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Non-Disclosure Agreement Lawyer Paris | Kohen Avocats<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Non-disclosure agreement lawyer in Paris: scope of the NDA, proof of a leak and penalties before a sale or partnership. 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