{"id":2161182,"date":"2026-11-01T23:11:49","date_gmt":"2026-11-01T22:11:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/?page_id=2161182"},"modified":"2026-11-04T19:42:29","modified_gmt":"2026-11-04T18:42:29","slug":"intellectual-property-lawyer-paris","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/intellectual-property-lawyer-paris\/","title":{"rendered":"Intellectual property lawyer in France"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"2161182\" class=\"elementor elementor-2161182 elementor-2160636\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7fd52a0 e-con-full e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7fd52a0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-89b0043 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"89b0043\" 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.chess-knight{top:295px;height:340px}\n.chess-hero{height:820px;margin-bottom:28px}\n}\n\n@media(min-width:651px){.chess-field{clip-path:none;border-radius:0;mask-image:url(\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%201000%20650%22%20preserveAspectRatio%3D%22none%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22white%22%20d%3D%22M38%2052H710Q740%2052%20740%2026Q740%200%20778%200H962Q1000%200%201000%2038V612Q1000%20650%20962%20650H38Q0%20650%200%20612V90Q0%2052%2038%2052Z%22\/%3E%3C\/svg%3E\");mask-size:100% 100%;mask-repeat:no-repeat}}\n\n\/* Groupes de pi\u00e8ces : cadrage large, texte d\u00e9gag\u00e9. *\/\n.chess-group .chess-preview .chess-knight{width:54%;right:0;height:580px;bottom:30px}\n@media(max-width:1000px) and (min-width:651px){.chess-group .chess-preview .chess-knight{width:52%;height:510px}}\n@media(max-width:650px){.chess-group .chess-preview .chess-knight{width:100%;right:0;top:310px;bottom:auto;height:320px}}\n\/* D\u00e9coupe initiale 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.chess-intro::before,.chess-intro::after{\n  width:32px;height:32px;\n  background:radial-gradient(circle at 100% 0,transparent 31.5px,#f7f8f8 32px);\n }\n .chess-intro::before{top:-32px;left:0}\n .chess-intro::after{right:-32px;bottom:0}\n}\n\/* Raccord progressif entre la landing et les domaines d\u2019intervention. *\/\nbody:has(.chess-preview) .elementor-754 > .elementor-element-4fdc5e4{\n background:linear-gradient(180deg,#f7f8f8 0px,rgba(247,248,248,.85) 45px,rgba(247,248,248,0) 190px) !important;\n}\n\n\/* Transition du blanc du menu vers le gris de la landing. *\/\n.chess-preview{background:linear-gradient(180deg,#fff 0px,#f7f8f8 120px)!important}\n\n\/* Proposition B \u2014 composition d\u00e9cal\u00e9e. Header et charte partag\u00e9s inchang\u00e9s. *\/\n@media (max-width:650px) {\n  .mobile-study-b .chess-hero {\n    height:650px;\n    margin-bottom:12px;\n    overflow:visible;\n  }\n  .mobile-study-b .chess-heading {\n    inset:0 auto auto 8px;\n    width:calc(100% - 16px);\n    max-width:none;\n  }\n  .mobile-study-b .chess-heading h1 {\n    font-family:Lato,Arial,sans-serif!important;\n    font-weight:900!important;\n    font-size:clamp(43px,13.4vw,56px)!important;\n    line-height:.97!important;\n    letter-spacing:-.045em!important;\n  }\n  .mobile-study-b .chess-title-paris {\n    margin-top:0;\n    font-size:1em;\n    letter-spacing:-.045em;\n  }\n  .mobile-study-b .chess-motto {\n    width:115px;\n    margin:37px 0 0;\n    font-size:14px;\n    line-height:1.9;\n    letter-spacing:.015em;\n  }\n  \/* Un seul fond : la d\u00e9coupe porte sur son alpha, jamais sur le d\u00e9grad\u00e9. *\/\n  .mobile-study-b .chess-field {\n    inset:229px 0 155px 0;\n    border-radius:0;\n    clip-path:none;\n    background:linear-gradient(155deg,#e8f0f9,#d6e6f4 60%,#e7eaf2);\n    -webkit-mask-image:url(\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%201000%20304%22%20preserveAspectRatio%3D%22none%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22white%22%20d%3D%22M555%200H930Q1000%200%201000%2024V277Q1000%20304%20921%20304H73Q0%20304%200%20279V191Q0%20166%2073%20166H288Q370%20166%20370%20138V64Q370%200%20555%200Z%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\");\n    mask-image:url(\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%201000%20304%22%20preserveAspectRatio%3D%22none%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22white%22%20d%3D%22M555%200H930Q1000%200%201000%2024V277Q1000%20304%20921%20304H73Q0%20304%200%20279V191Q0%20166%2073%20166H288Q370%20166%20370%20138V64Q370%200%20555%200Z%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\");\n    -webkit-mask-size:100% 100%;\n    mask-size:100% 100%;\n    -webkit-mask-repeat:no-repeat;\n    mask-repeat:no-repeat;\n  }\n  .mobile-study-b .chess-field::before,\n  .mobile-study-b .chess-field::after {\n    content:none;\n    display:none;\n  }\n  .mobile-study-b .chess-knight {\n    top:193px;\n    bottom:auto;\n    right:-7px;\n    width:66%;\n    height:302px;\n    object-fit:contain;\n    object-position:center bottom;\n    filter:drop-shadow(7px 16px 13px #243d6225);\n  }\n  .mobile-study-b .chess-intro {\n    top:511px;\n    bottom:auto;\n    left:8px;\n    width:calc(100% - 16px);\n    max-width:none;\n    padding:0;\n    border-radius:0;\n    background:transparent;\n  }\n  .mobile-study-b .chess-intro::before,\n  .mobile-study-b .chess-intro::after { display:none; }\n  .mobile-study-b .chess-intro-label {\n    font-size:9px;\n    letter-spacing:.15em;\n  }\n  .mobile-study-b .chess-intro p {\n    max-width:320px;\n    margin:9px 0 19px;\n    font-size:13px;\n    line-height:1.5;\n  }\n}\n@media (min-width:480px) and (max-width:650px) {\n  .mobile-study-b .chess-motto { margin-top:25px; }\n  .mobile-study-b .chess-knight { width:60%;height:300px;top:195px; }\n}\n@media (max-width:360px) {\n  .mobile-study-b .chess-motto { width:100px;font-size:12px;line-height:2.1; }\n  .mobile-study-b .chess-knight { width:64%; }\n}\n\n\/* Trois placements locaux : typo, image, contours et CTA de B conserv\u00e9s. *\/\n@media(max-width:650px){\n .mobile-study-b1{--title-shift:12px;--motto-top:238px}\n .mobile-study-b2{--title-shift:20px;--motto-top:258px}\n .mobile-study-b3{--title-shift:28px;--motto-top:278px}\n .mobile-study-b1 .chess-heading,.mobile-study-b2 .chess-heading,.mobile-study-b3 .chess-heading{top:var(--title-shift)}\n .mobile-study-b1 .chess-motto,.mobile-study-b2 .chess-motto,.mobile-study-b3 .chess-motto{position:absolute;top:calc(var(--motto-top) - var(--title-shift));left:0;margin:0}\n}\n\/* B2 valid\u00e9e : r\u00e9server toute la hauteur du CTA et de son halo. *\/\n@media(max-width:650px){\n .mobile-study-b2 .chess-hero{height:700px}\n .mobile-study-b2 .chess-field{bottom:auto;height:266px}\n}\n\n\/* \u00c9tudes mobiles uniquement ; menu et logo natifs, disposition plus compacte. *\/\n@media(max-width:650px){\n body:has(.fr-chess) .elementor-location-header{height:110px!important;min-height:110px!important}\n body:has(.fr-chess) .navo{position:relative!important;top:auto!important;left:auto!important;width:100%!important;height:110px!important;min-height:110px!important;padding:0 20px!important;margin:0!important;display:grid!important;grid-template-columns:1fr auto!important;grid-template-rows:72px 32px!important;gap:0!important;align-items:center!important;background:linear-gradient(#fff,#f7f8f8)!important;backdrop-filter:none!important}\n body:has(.fr-chess) .navo .elementor-element-26e7aca4{display:flex!important;visibility:visible!important;grid-area:1\/1;min-height:0!important;width:110px!important;padding:0!important;margin:0!important}\n body:has(.fr-chess) .navo .elementor-element-5176e41b{width:105px!important;margin:0!important;padding:0!important}\n body:has(.fr-chess) .navo .elementor-element-5176e41b img{width:105px!important;height:62px!important;object-fit:contain!important}\n body:has(.fr-chess) .navo .elementor-element-7f9425b9{display:contents!important}\n body:has(.fr-chess) .navo .elementor-element-68cc9a0{grid-area:2\/1\/3\/3;width:100%!important;margin:0!important;padding:0!important}\n body:has(.fr-chess) .navo .wpml-ls{width:100%!important;padding:0!important}\n body:has(.fr-chess) .navo .wpml-ls ul{display:flex!important;justify-content:center!important;gap:11px!important;align-items:center!important;padding:0!important;margin:0!important}\n body:has(.fr-chess) .navo .wpml-ls li{padding:0!important;margin:0!important}\n body:has(.fr-chess) .navo .wpml-ls a{padding:4px!important}\n body:has(.fr-chess) .navo .wpml-ls img{width:16px!important;height:11px!important}\n body:has(.fr-chess) .navo .elementor-element-2b355485{grid-area:1\/2;width:auto!important;margin:0!important;padding:0!important}\n body:has(.fr-chess) .navo .elementor-element-2b355485 a{display:grid!important;place-items:center!important;width:43px!important;height:43px!important;padding:0!important;border-radius:14px!important}\n body:has(.fr-chess) .navo .elementor-element-2b355485 svg{width:22px!important;height:22px!important}\n .chess-preview.mobile-study{padding:28px 16px 0!important;background:#f7f8f8!important;display:flow-root}\n .mobile-study .chess-knight{max-width:none}\n .mobile-study .chess-cta{max-width:calc(100vw - 64px)!important}\n .mobile-study .chess-intro-label{color:#6b747c}\n .mobile-study .chess-intro p{color:#40464a}\n}\n@media(max-width:650px){body:has(.fr-chess) .navo.elementor-sticky__spacer{display:none!important}}\n\nbody:has(.fr-chess) .navo{visibility:visible!important;opacity:1!important;animation:none!important;transform:none!important}\nbody:has(.fr-chess) .fr-hero-wrapper,body:has(.fr-chess) .fr-hero-widget{padding:0!important;margin:0!important;width:100%!important;max-width:none!important;gap:0!important}\nbody:has(.fr-chess) .fr-hero-widget>.elementor-widget-container{margin:0!important;padding:0!important}\nbody:has(.fr-chess) .fr-chess{display:flow-root}\nbody:has(.fr-chess) .fr-chess .chess-heading h1{font-size:clamp(45px,5.2vw,80px)!important;line-height:1!important}\nbody:has(.fr-chess) .fr-chess .chess-heading{top:112px;max-width:54%}\nbody:has(.fr-chess) .fr-chess .chess-knight{width:48%;height:640px;right:3%;bottom:0;top:auto;object-fit:contain}\nbody:has(.fr-chess) .fr-chess .chess-motto{font-size:clamp(16px,1.6vw,25px)}\nbody:has(.fr-chess) #fr-contact-form{scroll-margin-top:110px}\n@media(max-width:650px){\n body:has(.fr-chess) [data-elementor-type=\"header\"]{height:110px!important;min-height:110px!important}\n body:has(.fr-chess) .fr-chess .chess-heading{top:20px;max-width:none}\n body:has(.fr-chess) .fr-chess .chess-heading h1{font-size:clamp(37px,11.9vw,50px)!important;line-height:.97!important}\n body:has(.fr-chess) .fr-chess .chess-knight{top:193px;bottom:auto;right:-7px;width:66%;height:302px}\n body:has(.fr-chess) .fr-chess .chess-motto{font-size:12px;width:120px;line-height:2.1;top:238px}\n body:has(.fr-chess) .fr-chess .chess-intro{max-width:none}\n}\n@media(min-width:651px){\nbody:has(.fr-chess) [data-elementor-type=\"header\"]{height:80px!important;min-height:80px!important}\nbody:has(.fr-chess) .navo{height:80px!important;padding:0 32px!important;background:linear-gradient(#fff,#f7f8f8)!important}\nbody:has(.fr-chess) .navo .elementor-element-26e7aca4{width:125px!important;min-width:125px!important}\nbody:has(.fr-chess) .navo .elementor-element-5176e41b{width:110px!important}\nbody:has(.fr-chess) .navo .elementor-element-5176e41b img{width:110px!important;height:65px!important;object-fit:contain!important}\nbody:has(.fr-chess) .fr-chess{padding-top:30px}\n}\n\/* Le header natif FR est hors flux : r\u00e9server sa hauteur dans chaque copie. *\/\n@media(max-width:650px){body:has(.fr-chess) .chess-preview.mobile-study{padding-top:138px!important}}\n@media(min-width:651px){body:has(.fr-chess) .fr-chess{padding-top:80px!important}}\nbody:has(.fr-chess) .navo .elementor-invisible{visibility:visible!important;opacity:1!important;animation:none!important}\n\n@media(max-width:650px){body:has(.fr-chess):not(.home) .chess-preview.mobile-study{padding-top:28px!important}}\n@media(min-width:651px){body:has(.fr-chess):not(.home) .fr-chess{padding-top:0!important}}\n\/* Contenir les carrousels et le footer copi\u00e9s dans la largeur de pr\u00e9visualisation. *\/\n\n@media(max-width:650px){body:has(.fr-chess) .kcf-hero-inner{min-width:0!important;max-width:100%!important}body:has(.fr-chess) .kcf-wrap{min-width:0!important;max-width:100%!important}}\n\/* Raccord menu blanc vers fond gris, sans bande de couleur \u00e0 la jonction. *\/\n@media(max-width:650px){body:has(.fr-chess) .kcf-hero-text,body:has(.fr-chess) .kcf-hero-form{min-width:0!important;width:100%!important;max-width:100%!important}body:has(.fr-chess) .kcf-hero-title,body:has(.fr-chess) .kcf-hero-title-main{white-space:normal!important;overflow-wrap:anywhere}}@media(max-width:650px){body:has(.fr-chess) .hk-footer-avocat{max-width:100%!important}body:has(.fr-chess) .hk-footer-avocat img{max-width:100%!important}}body:has(.fr-chess) .elementor-element-7817ac8,body:has(.fr-chess) .elementor-element-7f97ff5,body:has(.fr-chess) .elementor-element-62048c2{background-image:linear-gradient(180deg,#f7f8f8 0px,rgba(247,248,248,.85) 45px,rgba(247,248,248,0) 200px)!important}body:has(.fr-chess) .elementor-element-da753e9{background-image:linear-gradient(180deg,#f7f8f8 0px,rgba(247,248,248,.85) 45px,rgba(247,248,248,0) 200px),linear-gradient(180deg,#f5f4f8 0%,#e4eef9 100%)!important}body:has(.fr-chess) .navo{background:#fff!important}\nbody:has(.fr-chess) .fr-chess{background:linear-gradient(180deg,#fff 0px,#f7f8f8 130px)!important}\n\nbody:has(.fr-chess) .elementor-element-b8c5a8a,body:has(.fr-chess) .elementor-element-5abe9b0,body:has(.fr-chess) .elementor-element-6667b04,body:has(.fr-chess) .elementor-element-b003989,body:has(.fr-chess) .elementor-element-990a523,body:has(.fr-chess) .elementor-element-c9f42ee,body:has(.fr-chess) .elementor-element-263bc05,body:has(.fr-chess) .elementor-element-6cc331c{padding:0!important;margin:0!important;width:100%!important;max-width:none!important;gap:0!important}\nbody:has(.fr-chess) .navo{background:#fff!important}body:has(.fr-chess) .fr-chess{background:linear-gradient(180deg,#fff 0px,#f7f8f8 130px)!important}\n@media(max-width:650px){body.home:has(.fr-chess) #content{padding-top:0!important}body.home:has(.fr-chess) .chess-preview.mobile-study{padding-top:138px!important}body:not(.home):has(.fr-chess) .chess-preview.mobile-study{padding-top:28px!important}}\nbody:has(.fr-chess) .chess-preview.mobile-study{background:linear-gradient(180deg,#fff 0px,#fff 110px,#f7f8f8 230px)!important}\n@media(max-width:650px){body.fr-hero-visible .kohen-avis-floating{visibility:hidden!important;pointer-events:none!important}}\n\nbody:has(.fr-chess) .elementor-element-7fd52a0,body:has(.fr-chess) .elementor-element-89b0043{padding:0!important;margin:0!important;width:100%!important;max-width:none!important;gap:0!important}\nbody:has(.fr-chess) .elementor-element-dd1953d{background-image:linear-gradient(180deg,#f7f8f8 0px,rgba(247,248,248,.85) 45px,rgba(247,248,248,0) 200px)!important}\nbody.page-id-1915254 .fr-chess .chess-heading h1{font-size:clamp(42px,4.8vw,74px)!important}\nbody.page-id-1915254 .fr-chess .chess-knight{width:53%;height:530px;bottom:30px;right:0;object-fit:contain}\n@media(max-width:650px){body.page-id-1915254 .fr-chess .chess-heading h1{font-size:clamp(35px,10.8vw,47px)!important}body.page-id-1915254 .fr-chess .chess-knight{top:265px;height:230px;width:85%;right:0;bottom:auto}}\n<\/style><div class=\"chess-preview fr-chess mobile-study mobile-study-b mobile-study-b2\">\n<section aria-labelledby=\"chess-title\" class=\"chess-hero\">\n<div aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"chess-field\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"chess-heading\"><h1 id=\"chess-title\"><span class=\"chess-title-front\">Intellectual<\/span>\n<span class=\"chess-title-front\">property<\/span>\n<span class=\"chess-title-back\">lawyer<\/span>\n<span class=\"chess-title-paris\">in France<\/span>\n<\/h1><p class=\"chess-motto\">Protect. <span>Contract.<\/span> Enhance.<\/p><\/div>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Chess knight facing black pieces, an image of intellectual property strategy\" class=\"chess-knight\" fetchpriority=\"high\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/kohen-fr-affaires-hero.webp\"\/>\n<div class=\"chess-intro\"><span class=\"chess-intro-label\">YOUR ASSETS.<\/span><p>Trademarks, creations, software, inventions: tell our intellectual property lawyer in France what your business needs to protect.<\/p><a class=\"chess-cta\" href=\"#kcf-1form\"><span class=\"chess-cta-icon\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\"><rect height=\"14\" rx=\"2\" width=\"18\" x=\"3\" y=\"5\"><\/rect><path d=\"m3 6 9 7 9-7\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"chess-cta-text\">Go to the form<\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div><script id=\"fr-hero-widgets-20260920\">(()=>{const h=document.querySelector('.fr-chess');if(!h||!('IntersectionObserver' in window))return;const mq=matchMedia('(max-width:650px)');let inside=true;const sync=()=>document.body.classList.toggle('fr-hero-visible',mq.matches&&inside);new IntersectionObserver(e=>{inside=e[0].isIntersecting;sync()},{threshold:0}).observe(h);mq.addEventListener('change',sync);sync()})();<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a5f3c09 e-con-full e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"a5f3c09\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b8e4d1a elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b8e4d1a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<!-- Bandeau \u00ab Ils parlent de nous \u00bb (2026-10-04) -->\n<section class=\"knp\" aria-labelledby=\"knp-titre\">\n<style>\n    section.knp ul.knp__ruban{animation-duration:129s}@media (max-width:600px){section.knp ul.knp__ruban{animation-duration:93s}}\n    .elementor .elementor-element.elementor-element-a5f3c09{padding:0!important;--padding-top:0px;--padding-right:0px;--padding-bottom:0px;--padding-left:0px;--padding-block-start:0px;--padding-block-end:0px;--padding-inline-start:0px;--padding-inline-end:0px;margin:0!important;max-width:100%!important;width:100%!important}\n    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100%);color:#1F4FA8;font-family:inherit;font-size:14px;font-weight:600;letter-spacing:.01em;line-height:1.2;text-decoration:none;transition:border-color .2s ease,box-shadow .2s ease,transform .2s ease}.knp a.knp__videos svg{flex:0 0 auto;display:block}.knp a.knp__videos:hover{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#FFFFFF 0%,#DCEAFB 100%);border-color:#1F4FA8;color:#1F4FA8;box-shadow:0 6px 18px rgba(31,79,168,.14);transform:translateY(-1px)}.knp a.knp__videos:focus-visible{outline:2px solid #1F4FA8;outline-offset:3px}.kcv-press.knp{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;justify-content:center;align-items:center;column-gap:14px}.kcv-press.knp>.kcv-press-t,.kcv-press.knp>.knp__watchlink{flex:0 0 auto}.kcv-press.knp>.knp__piste{flex:0 0 100%}.kcv-press.knp p.knp__watchlink{margin:0 0 2px;padding:0;line-height:17px}.kcv-press.knp a.knp__videos{gap:5px;padding:0;border:0;border-radius:0;background:none;box-shadow:none;font-size:11.5px;letter-spacing:.02em;line-height:17px;transform:none}.kcv-press.knp a.knp__videos:hover{background:none;box-shadow:none;transform:none}.kcv-press.knp a.knp__videos:hover span{text-decoration:underline;text-underline-offset:3px}.kcv-press.knp a.knp__videos svg{width:13px;height:13px}.knp .knp__vc{display:none}@media (max-width:900px){.kcv-press.knp .knp__vl{display:none}.kcv-press.knp .knp__vc{display:inline}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){.knp a.knp__videos{transition:none}.knp a.knp__videos:hover{transform:none}}<\/style><p class=\"knp__watchlink\"><a class=\"knp__videos\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/media\/\" aria-label=\"View the videos and their transcripts\"><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><circle cx=\"10\" cy=\"10\" r=\"9\" fill=\"#1F4FA8\"\/><path d=\"M8.3 6.4v7.2l5.6-3.6z\" fill=\"#fff\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"knp__vl\">View the videos and their transcripts<\/span><span class=\"knp__vc\">Videos<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"knp__piste\">\n<ul class=\"knp__ruban\" role=\"list\">\n<li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"france-2\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"France 2: watch the report featuring Hassan Kohen\"><img class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/france-2.svg\" alt=\"France 2\" style=\"--h:30px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li>\n<li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"tf1\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"TF1: watch the news excerpt featuring Hassan Kohen\"><img class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/tf1.svg\" alt=\"TF1\" style=\"--h:36px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li>\n<li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"france-tv\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"France T\u00e9l\u00e9visions: watch the excerpt featuring Reda Kohen\"><img class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/france-tv.svg\" alt=\"France T\u00e9l\u00e9visions\" style=\"--h:28px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li>\n<li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"bfm\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"BFMTV: watch the excerpt featuring Reda Kohen\"><img class=\"skip-lazy knp--fixe\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/bfm.svg\" alt=\"BFMTV\" style=\"--h:30px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li>\n<li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"le-point\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"Le Point: see the 2 publications\"><img class=\"skip-lazy knp--fixe\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/le-point.svg\" alt=\"Le Point\" style=\"--h:24px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li>\n<li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"le-figaro\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"Le Figaro Immobilier: see the 3 publications\"><img class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/le-figaro.svg\" alt=\"Le Figaro\" style=\"--h:19px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li>\n<li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"liberation\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"Lib\u00e9ration: see the publication\"><img class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/liberation.svg\" alt=\"Lib\u00e9ration\" style=\"--h:28px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li>\n<li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"les-echos\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"Les Echos: see the publication\"><img class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/les-echos.svg\" alt=\"Les Echos\" style=\"--h:23px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li>\n<li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"20-minutes\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"20 Minutes: see the 12 publications\"><img class=\"skip-lazy knp--fixe\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/20-minutes.svg\" alt=\"20 Minutes\" style=\"--h:24px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li>\n<li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"ouest-france\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"Ouest-France: see the 2 publications\"><img class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/ouest-france.svg\" alt=\"Ouest-France\" style=\"--h:28px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li>\n<li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"franceinfo\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"franceinfo: see the 2 publications\"><img class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/franceinfo.svg\" alt=\"franceinfo\" style=\"--h:19px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li>\n<li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"actu-fr\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"actu.fr: see the 3 publications\"><img class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/actu-fr.svg\" alt=\"actu.fr\" style=\"--h:26px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li>\n<li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"marie-claire\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"Marie Claire: see the publication\"><img class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/marie-claire.svg\" alt=\"Marie Claire\" style=\"--h:19px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li>\n<li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"femme-actuelle\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"Femme Actuelle: see the publication\"><img class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/femme-actuelle.svg\" alt=\"Femme Actuelle\" style=\"--h:21px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li>\n<li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"psychologies\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"Psychologies: see the publication\"><img class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/psychologies.svg\" alt=\"Psychologies\" style=\"--h:21px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li>\n<li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"wikipedia\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"Wikipedia: view the 4 publications\"><img class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/wikipedia.svg\" alt=\"Wikipedia\" style=\"--h:21px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li>\n<li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"data-gouv\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"data.gouv.fr: view the 2 publications\"><img class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/data-gouv.svg\" alt=\"data.gouv.fr\" style=\"--h:26px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li>\n<li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"leboncoin\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"Leboncoin: view the publication\"><img class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/leboncoin.svg\" alt=\"Leboncoin\" style=\"--h:24px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li>\n<li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"pappers\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"Pappers: view the 2 publications\"><img class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/pappers.svg\" alt=\"Pappers\" style=\"--h:25px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li>\n<li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"laforet\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"Lafor\u00eat Montesson: view the publication\"><img class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/laforet.svg\" alt=\"Lafor\u00eat\" style=\"--h:24px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li>\n<li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"economie-matin\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"\u00c9conomie Matin: see the publication\"><img class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/economie-matin.jpg\" alt=\"\u00c9conomie Matin\" style=\"--h:24px;mix-blend-mode:multiply\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li>\n<li class=\"knp__item\"><img class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/lexbase.png\" alt=\"Lexbase\" style=\"--h:20px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/li>\n<li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"awwwards\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"Awwwards: view the publication\"><img class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/awwwards.svg\" alt=\"Awwwards\" style=\"--h:20px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li>\n<li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"la-voix-du-nord\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"La Voix du Nord: see the publication\"><img class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/la-voix-du-nord.svg\" alt=\"La Voix du Nord\" style=\"--h:17px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li><li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"sortir-a-paris\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"Sortir \u00e0 Paris: see the publication\"><img class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/sortir-a-paris.png\" alt=\"Sortir \u00e0 Paris\" style=\"--h:40px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li><li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" 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d\u00e9noncent le \u00ab pi\u00e8ge de l'indivision \u00bb qui se referme sur les victimes de divorces tr\u00e8s conflictuels\",\"date\":\"2026-07-28\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/immobilier.lefigaro.fr\/article\/elles-denoncent-le-piege-de-l-indivision-qui-se-referme-sur-les-victimes-de-divorces-tres-conflictuels-20260728\",\"citation\":\"Tant que le pr\u00eat n'est pas rembours\u00e9, ren\u00e9goci\u00e9 ou d\u00e9solidaris\u00e9 avec l'accord de la banque, l'engagement bancaire continue.\",\"auteur\":\"Me Hassan Kohen\"},{\"titre\":\"Sa maison est fissur\u00e9e \u00e0 cause de la s\u00e9cheresse, la justice le rend responsable\",\"date\":\"2026-06-18\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/immobilier.lefigaro.fr\/article\/sa-maison-est-fissuree-a-cause-de-la-secheresse-la-justice-le-rend-responsable-20260618\",\"citation\":\"C'est \u00e0 l'assur\u00e9, demandeur \u00e0 l'indemnisation, de rapporter la preuve qu'il a satisfait \u00e0 cette obligation ou que de telles mesures \u00e9taient 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conseille sur son site Internet de proc\u00e9der avec m\u00e9thode en l'absence de mesures suffisantes face \u00e0 une forte chaleur.\",\"auteur\":\"Les Echos\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"ouest-france\":{\"nom\":\"Ouest-France\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Elle a laiss\u00e9 son fils b\u00e2tir sa maison au fond de son terrain, sans rien signer chez le notaire : 20 ans plus tard, \u00e0 la succession, la maison n'\u00e9tait pas \u00e0 lui\",\"date\":\"2026-10-06\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/pause-maison.ouest-france.fr\/elle-a-laisse-son-fils-batir-sa-maison-au-fond-de-son-terrain-sans-rien-signer-chez-le-notaire-20-ans-plus-tard-a-la-succession-la-maison-n-etait-pas-a-lui\",\"citation\":\"Selon le cabinet Kohen Avocats, cinq informations doivent \u00eatre r\u00e9unies avant toute analyse.\",\"auteur\":\"Pause Maison, Ouest-France\",\"paraphrase\":true},{\"titre\":\"Auchan devient Lidl : ce que change (ou pas) votre cr\u00e9dit Oney en 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Kohen\"},{\"titre\":\"\u00ab Pour renouer le dialogue c'est rat\u00e9 \u00bb : le sermon du pr\u00e9fet des Hauts-de-Seine aux parents d'\u00e9l\u00e8ves casseurs ne passe pas\",\"date\":\"2026-10-06\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/actu.fr\/ile-de-france\/nanterre_92050\/pour-renouer-le-dialogue-c-est-rate-le-sermon-du-prefet-des-hauts-de-seine-aux-parents-d-eleves-casseurs-ne-passe-pas_64886890.html\",\"citation\":\"Aucun texte ne donne au pr\u00e9fet le pouvoir de convoquer les parents d'un mineur.\",\"auteur\":\"Me Reda Kohen\"},{\"titre\":\"C\u00e9dric Jubillar surpris en plein acte sexuel au parloir : que dit vraiment la loi et ce qu'il risque\",\"date\":\"2026-09-27\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/actu.fr\/societe\/cedric-jubillar-surpris-en-plein-acte-sexuel-au-parloir-que-dit-vraiment-la-loi-et-ce-qu-il-risque_64844675.html\",\"citation\":\"Un confinement ou une mise en cellule disciplinaire de plusieurs jours, parfois assortie du sursis.\",\"auteur\":\"Me Hassan Kohen\"}]},\"marie-claire\":{\"nom\":\"Marie Claire\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Des plafonds de 31 et 62 jours : tout comprendre \u00e0 la nouvelle r\u00e9forme des arr\u00eats de travail\",\"date\":\"2026-09-01\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.marieclaire.fr\/reforme-arret-de-travail-septembre-2026-plafonds-droits-salaries,1519083.asp\",\"citation\":\"Pour une pathologie longue, l'arr\u00eat initial sera suivi de prolongations successives, chacune r\u00e9\u00e9valu\u00e9e par le praticien.\",\"auteur\":\"Me Hassan Kohen\"}]},\"psychologies\":{\"nom\":\"Psychologies\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Ce changement dans la loi sur le consentement pourrait tout changer pour les victimes de viol, et voici pourquoi\",\"date\":\"2025-06-18\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.psychologies.com\/actualites\/societe\/changement-loi-consentement-pourrait-tout-changer-victimes-viol-604168\",\"citation\":\"[\u2026] la charge de la preuve incombe \u00e0 l'accusation, et le doute doit syst\u00e9matiquement profiter 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fra\u00eechement isol\u00e9s juste pour y faire entrer la lumi\u00e8re : un an plus tard, c\u2019est la mairie qui a tout recompt\u00e9\",\"date\":\"2026-10-07\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/maison.20minutes.fr\/mm151832-jai-fait-percer-le-toit-de-mes-combles-fraichement-isoles-juste-pour-y-faire-entrer-la-lumiere-un-an-plus-tard-cest-la-mairie-qui-a-tout-recompte\",\"citation\":\"L'article cite une analyse de kohenavocats.fr parmi ses sources.\",\"auteur\":\"20 Minutes\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"wikipedia\":{\"nom\":\"Wikip\u00e9dia\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Rupture conventionnelle du contrat de travail\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rupture_conventionnelle_du_contrat_de_travail\",\"citation\":\"Le cabinet y est cit\u00e9 en r\u00e9f\u00e9rence : \u00ab La rupture conventionnelle \u00e0 l'\u00e9preuve de la loi du 11 juin 2026 : l'inflexion d'un dispositif entre libert\u00e9 contractuelle et ma\u00eetrise des deniers publics 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l'\u00c9tat.\",\"auteur\":\"data.gouv.fr\",\"paraphrase\":true,\"libelle\":\"Voir la fiche sur data.gouv.fr\"},{\"titre\":\"Commentaires des d\u00e9cisions de justice par l'IA g\u00e9n\u00e9rative\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.data.gouv.fr\/reuses\/commentaires-des-decisions-de-justice-par-lia-generative\",\"citation\":\"R\u00e9utilisation des donn\u00e9es publiques de justice publi\u00e9e par Kohen Avocats et r\u00e9f\u00e9renc\u00e9e sur data.gouv.fr.\",\"auteur\":\"data.gouv.fr\",\"paraphrase\":true,\"libelle\":\"Voir la r\u00e9utilisation sur data.gouv.fr\"}]},\"awwwards\":{\"nom\":\"Awwwards\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Kohen Avocats, site nomm\u00e9 aux Awwwards\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.awwwards.com\/sites\/kohen-avocats\",\"citation\":\"Le site du cabinet figure parmi les sites nomm\u00e9s (\u00ab Nominee \u00bb) par Awwwards, r\u00e9f\u00e9rence internationale du design web.\",\"auteur\":\"Awwwards\",\"paraphrase\":true,\"libelle\":\"Voir la fiche sur 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\u00e0 la location ?\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.leboncoin.fr\/guide\/immobilier\/bouilloires-thermiques-bientot-interdites-a-la-location-hfpj70o6.html\",\"citation\":\"Le guide immobilier cite une analyse de kohenavocats.fr parmi ses sources.\",\"auteur\":\"Leboncoin\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"femme-actuelle\":{\"nom\":\"Femme Actuelle\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"S\u00e9paration ou divorce : quelle banque et quel cr\u00e9dit pour repartir sur de bonnes bases ?\",\"date\":\"2026-09-30\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.femmeactuelle.fr\/vie-pratique\/news-vie-pratique\/separation-ou-divorce-quelle-banque-et-quel-credit-pour-repartir-sur-de-bonnes-bases-2211980\",\"citation\":\"L'article cite une analyse de kohenavocats.com parmi ses sources.\",\"auteur\":\"Femme Actuelle\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"economie-matin\":{\"nom\":\"\u00c9conomie Matin\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Nouveau bail 2026 : ce que les propri\u00e9taires doivent anticiper d\u00e8s maintenant\",\"date\":\"2026-09-10\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.economiematin.fr\/bail-nouveau-2026-proprietaires-anticiper\",\"citation\":\"Sur le d\u00e9cret n\u00b0 2026-596 du 7 juillet 2026, l'article renvoie \u00e0 l'analyse publi\u00e9e par le cabinet.\",\"auteur\":\"\u00c9conomie Matin\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"la-voix-du-nord\":{\"nom\":\"La Voix du Nord\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Que risquent les personnes qui ach\u00e8tent des objets vol\u00e9s le 17 octobre ?\",\"date\":\"2026-10-19\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.lavoixdunord.fr\/1747700\/article\/2026-10-19\/que-risquent-les-personnes-qui-achetent-des-objets-voles-le-17-octobre\",\"citation\":\"L\u2019infraction suppose la connaissance de l\u2019origine : savoir que l\u2019objet provient d\u2019un vol.\",\"auteur\":\"Me Hassan Kohen\"}]},\"sortir-a-paris\":{\"nom\":\"Sortir \u00e0 Paris\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Manifestation du 24 octobre \u00e0 Paris : parcours, nouvelles stations ferm\u00e9es, les infos\",\"date\":\"2026-10-20\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.sortiraparis.com\/actualites\/a-paris\/articles\/355171-manifestation-du-24-octobre-a-paris-parcours-nouvelles-stations-fermees-les-infos\",\"citation\":\"Sur le d\u00e9lai de d\u00e9claration d\u2019une manifestation \u00e0 Paris, l\u2019article renvoie \u00e0 l\u2019analyse du cabinet, pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 comme \u00ab un avocat p\u00e9naliste parisien \u00bb.\",\"auteur\":\"Sortir \u00e0 Paris\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"science-et-vie\":{\"nom\":\"Science \\u0026 Vie\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Canicule : sans climatisation, ces quelques gestes simples permettraient de faire chuter la temp\u00e9rature de votre logement\",\"date\":\"2026-07-07\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.science-et-vie.com\/nature-et-environnement\/climat\/canicule-sans-climatisation-quelques-gestes-simples-permettraient-de-faire-chuter-la-temperature-de-votre-logement-247975.html\",\"citation\":\"L\u2019article renvoie \u00e0 deux analyses du cabinet : l\u2019obligation de d\u00e9livrer un logement d\u00e9cent pendant toute la dur\u00e9e du bail et l\u2019ordonnance du tribunal judiciaire de B\u00e9ziers du 31 mars 2026 sur une climatisation install\u00e9e sans autorisation.\",\"auteur\":\"Science \\u0026 Vie\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"frandroid\":{\"nom\":\"Frandroid\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Fin de Rakuten France : comment r\u00e9cup\u00e9rer vos factures, vos garanties et vos points Club R\",\"date\":\"2026-09-30\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.frandroid.com\/culture-tech\/web\/3266559_fin-de-rakuten-france-comment-recuperer-vos-factures-vos-garanties-et-vos-points-club-r\",\"citation\":\"Le cabinet Kohen Avocats leur conseille de retirer cet argent et de t\u00e9l\u00e9charger tout leur historique avant le 10 novembre.\",\"auteur\":\"Frandroid\",\"paraphrase\":true},{\"titre\":\"Goutte-\u00e0-goutte et inondation : que faire quand la climatisation du voisin ruine votre terrasse ?\",\"date\":\"2026-07-28\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.frandroid.com\/produits-android\/maison-connectee\/climatiseur\/3196305_goutte-a-goutte-et-inondation-que-faire-quand-la-climatisation-du-voisin-ruine-votre-terrasse\",\"citation\":\"L\u2019article renvoie \u00e0 la grille de lecture juridique publi\u00e9e par le cabinet sur les condensats de climatisation en copropri\u00e9t\u00e9.\",\"auteur\":\"Frandroid\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"magicmaman\":{\"nom\":\"Magicmaman\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Vous vivez en immeuble et vous n\u2019avez toujours pas de chauffage cet automne ? Voil\u00e0 pourquoi\",\"date\":\"2026-10-25\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.magicmaman.com\/vous-vivez-en-immeuble-et-vous-n-avez-toujours-pas-de-chauffage-cet-automne-voila-pourquoi,3787269.asp\",\"citation\":\"Cette date nationale n\u2019existe pas. La loi ne fixe pas un calendrier d\u2019allumage commun \u00e0 tous les immeubles.\",\"auteur\":\"Cabinet Kohen Avocats\"}]},\"selectra\":{\"nom\":\"Selectra\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Reflet des panneaux solaires du voisin : l\u2019argument qui a d\u00e9j\u00e0 fait condamner un propri\u00e9taire \u00e0 les retirer\",\"date\":\"2026-09-24\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/selectra.info\/energie\/actualites\/marche\/panneaux-solaires-voisin-eblouissement\",\"citation\":\"Sur l\u2019arr\u00eat de la cour d\u2019appel de N\u00eemes du 3 avril 2025 (n\u00b0 22\/02456), l\u2019article renvoie \u00e0 l\u2019analyse publi\u00e9e par le cabinet.\",\"auteur\":\"Selectra\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"next\":{\"nom\":\"Next\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Fin de Bloctel, interdiction du d\u00e9marchage d\u00e8s le 11 ao\u00fbt : on fait le point\",\"date\":\"2026-08-04\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/next.ink\/249950\/fin-de-bloctel-interdiction-du-demarchage-des-le-11-aout-on-fait-le-point\/\",\"citation\":\"Selon le cabinet Kohen Avocats, les jurisprudences dans ce secteur devraient \u00ab \u00e9clairer la port\u00e9e du futur r\u00e9gime \u00bb.\",\"auteur\":\"Next\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"actu-juridique\":{\"nom\":\"Actu-Juridique\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Magistrature et franc-ma\u00e7onnerie : que dit le droit ?\",\"date\":\"2026-09-22\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.actu-juridique.fr\/professions\/magistrats\/magistrature-et-franc-maconnerie-stupeur-et-evitements\/\",\"citation\":\"L\u2019article cite en r\u00e9f\u00e9rence l\u2019analyse de Ma\u00eetre Hassan Kohen, avocat en droit p\u00e9nal \u00e0 Paris, sur l\u2019avis du Coll\u00e8ge de d\u00e9ontologie du 9 juin 2026.\",\"auteur\":\"Actu-Juridique\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"batiweb\":{\"nom\":\"Batiweb\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Mayotte : Lecornu veut un \u00ab choc de mises en chantier \u00bb\",\"date\":\"2026-08-27\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.batiweb.com\/actualites\/urbanisme\/reconstruction-mayotte-lecornu-choc-mises-chantier-49208\",\"citation\":\"Sur les autorisations d\u2019urbanisme n\u00e9cessaires \u00e0 la reconstruction de Mayotte, l\u2019article cite les explications de Me Reda Kohen.\",\"auteur\":\"Batiweb\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"berliner-zeitung\":{\"nom\":\"Berliner Zeitung\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Null Euro Miete, daf\u00fcr Quizabende mit Rentnern: Wie eine 18-J\u00e4hrige ins Seniorenheim zog\",\"date\":\"2026-09-21\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.berliner-zeitung.de\/article\/null-euro-miete-dafuer-quizabende-mit-rentnern-wie-eine-18-jaehrige-ins-seniorenheim-zog-10414380\",\"citation\":\"Der Pariser Anwalt Reda Kohen ordnet das Modell als Gebrauchsleihe ein: Die Wohnung wird \u00fcberlassen, nicht vermietet.\",\"auteur\":\"Berliner Zeitung\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"startupitalia\":{\"nom\":\"StartupItalia\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Quasi 13 miliardi di dollari di Nvidia per la sconosciuta Hugging Face. Chi vende picconi decide di comprare la miniera\",\"date\":\"2026-09-04\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/startupitalia.eu\/tech\/tredici-miliardi-per-unazienda-sconosciuta-ecco-su-cosa-si-basa-la-scommessa-di-nvidia-con-hugging-face\/\",\"citation\":\"Come ha ricostruito l\u2019avvocato parigino Reda Kohen, la competenza di Bruxelles non dipende dal prezzo ma dai fatturati delle parti.\",\"auteur\":\"StartupItalia\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"beincrypto\":{\"nom\":\"BeInCrypto\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"France Wants to Tax Crypto Holders Before They Sell\",\"date\":\"2026-10-11\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/beincrypto.com\/france-crypto-exit-tax-unsold-gains\/\",\"citation\":\"Left-wing deputy Nicolas Sansu filed it with 16 co-signers, and the National Assembly\u2019s finance committee adopted it on October 8, according to a Paris law firm.\",\"auteur\":\"BeInCrypto\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"kucoin\":{\"nom\":\"KuCoin\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"France Proposes Exit Tax on Crypto Holders with Over \u20ac800,000 in Unrealized Gains\",\"date\":\"2026-10-11\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.kucoin.com\/news\/flash\/france-proposes-exit-tax-on-crypto-holders-with-over-800-000-in-unrealized-gains\",\"citation\":\"Left-wing deputy Nicolas Sansu filed it with 16 co-signers, and the National Assembly\u2019s finance committee adopted it on October 8, according to a Paris law firm.\",\"auteur\":\"KuCoin\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"finst\":{\"nom\":\"Finst\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"France Wants to Tax Crypto Before You Sell\",\"date\":\"2026-10-11\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/news.finst.com\/en\/articles\/france-wants-to-tax-crypto-before-sale\",\"citation\":\"According to a Paris law firm, the National Assembly's finance committee approved the plan on October 8.\",\"auteur\":\"Finst\",\"paraphrase\":true}]}}<\/script>\n<script nowprocket data-no-optimize=\"1\" data-no-defer=\"1\">\n(function(){\nvar EN=!\/^fr\/i.test(document.documentElement.lang||'fr');\nvar 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style=\"object-fit:cover;object-position:50% 50%;\">\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"opt-card-content\">\n                <span class=\"opt-top\">Lawyer<\/span>\n                <h3 class=\"opt-title\">TRADEMARK LAW<\/h3>\n                <span class=\"opt-bottom\">Paris<\/span>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/trademark-registration-lawyer-paris\/\" class=\"opt-card\">\n            <div class=\"opt-card-bg\">\n                <img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/echecs-cartes-plein-cadre-20261011\/echecs-plein-09-800.webp\" srcset=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/echecs-cartes-plein-cadre-20261011\/echecs-plein-09-400.webp 400w, https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/echecs-cartes-plein-cadre-20261011\/echecs-plein-09-800.webp 800w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width:767px) 280px,320px\" width=\"800\" height=\"1037\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Trademark registration lawyer Paris\" style=\"object-fit:cover;object-position:50% 50%;\">\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"opt-card-content\">\n                <span class=\"opt-top\">Lawyer<\/span>\n                <h3 class=\"opt-title\">TRADEMARK REGISTRATION<\/h3>\n                <span class=\"opt-bottom\">Paris<\/span>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/copyright-lawyer-paris\/\" class=\"opt-card\">\n            <div class=\"opt-card-bg\">\n                <img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/echecs-cartes-plein-cadre-20261011\/echecs-plein-11-800.webp\" srcset=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/echecs-cartes-plein-cadre-20261011\/echecs-plein-11-400.webp 400w, https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/echecs-cartes-plein-cadre-20261011\/echecs-plein-11-800.webp 800w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width:767px) 280px,320px\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Copyright lawyer Paris\" style=\"object-fit:cover;object-position:50% 50%;\">\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"opt-card-content\">\n                <span class=\"opt-top\">Lawyer<\/span>\n                <h3 class=\"opt-title\">COPYRIGHT<\/h3>\n                <span class=\"opt-bottom\">Paris<\/span>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/industrial-property-lawyer-paris\/\" class=\"opt-card\">\n            <div class=\"opt-card-bg\">\n                <img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/echecs-cartes-plein-cadre-20261011\/echecs-plein-16-800.webp\" srcset=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/echecs-cartes-plein-cadre-20261011\/echecs-plein-16-400.webp 400w, 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src=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/echecs-cartes-plein-cadre-20261011\/echecs-plein-27-800.webp\" srcset=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/echecs-cartes-plein-cadre-20261011\/echecs-plein-27-400.webp 400w, https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/echecs-cartes-plein-cadre-20261011\/echecs-plein-27-800.webp 800w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width:767px) 280px,320px\" width=\"800\" height=\"1422\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Counterfeiting lawyer Paris\" style=\"object-fit:cover;object-position:50% 50%;\">\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"opt-card-content\">\n                <span class=\"opt-top\">Lawyer<\/span>\n                <h3 class=\"opt-title\">COUNTERFEITING<\/h3>\n                <span class=\"opt-bottom\">Paris<\/span>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/industrial-design-lawyer-paris\/\" class=\"opt-card\">\n            <div class=\"opt-card-bg\">\n                <img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/echecs-cartes-plein-cadre-20261011\/echecs-plein-36-800.webp\" srcset=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/echecs-cartes-plein-cadre-20261011\/echecs-plein-36-400.webp 400w, https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/echecs-cartes-plein-cadre-20261011\/echecs-plein-36-800.webp 800w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width:767px) 280px,320px\" width=\"800\" height=\"1062\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Designs lawyer Paris\" style=\"object-fit:cover;object-position:50% 50%;\">\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"opt-card-content\">\n                <span class=\"opt-top\">Lawyer<\/span>\n                <h3 class=\"opt-title\">DESIGNS<\/h3>\n                <span class=\"opt-bottom\">Paris<\/span>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/domain-name-lawyer-paris\/\" class=\"opt-card\">\n            <div class=\"opt-card-bg\">\n                <img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/echecs-cartes-plein-cadre-20261011\/echecs-plein-40-800.webp\" srcset=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/echecs-cartes-plein-cadre-20261011\/echecs-plein-40-400.webp 400w, https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/echecs-cartes-plein-cadre-20261011\/echecs-plein-40-800.webp 800w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width:767px) 280px,320px\" width=\"800\" height=\"1000\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Domain name lawyer Paris\" style=\"object-fit:cover;object-position:50% 50%;\">\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"opt-card-content\">\n                <span class=\"opt-top\">Lawyer<\/span>\n                <h3 class=\"opt-title\">DOMAIN NAMES<\/h3>\n                <span class=\"opt-bottom\">Paris<\/span>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/audiovisual-law-lawyer-paris\/\" class=\"opt-card\">\n            <div class=\"opt-card-bg\">\n                <img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/echecs-cartes-plein-cadre-20261011\/echecs-plein-42-800.webp\" srcset=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/echecs-cartes-plein-cadre-20261011\/echecs-plein-42-400.webp 400w, https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/echecs-cartes-plein-cadre-20261011\/echecs-plein-42-800.webp 800w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width:767px) 280px,320px\" width=\"800\" height=\"1137\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Audiovisual law lawyer Paris\" style=\"object-fit:cover;object-position:50% 50%;\">\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"opt-card-content\">\n                <span class=\"opt-top\">Lawyer<\/span>\n                <h3 class=\"opt-title\">AUDIOVISUAL LAW<\/h3>\n                <span class=\"opt-bottom\">Paris<\/span>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/music-law-lawyer-paris\/\" class=\"opt-card\">\n            <div class=\"opt-card-bg\">\n                <img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/echecs-cartes-plein-cadre-20261011\/echecs-plein-44-800.webp\" srcset=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/echecs-cartes-plein-cadre-20261011\/echecs-plein-44-400.webp 400w, https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/echecs-cartes-plein-cadre-20261011\/echecs-plein-44-800.webp 800w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width:767px) 280px,320px\" width=\"800\" height=\"1219\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Music law lawyer Paris\" style=\"object-fit:cover;object-position:50% 50%;\">\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"opt-card-content\">\n                <span class=\"opt-top\">Lawyer<\/span>\n                <h3 class=\"opt-title\">MUSIC LAW<\/h3>\n                <span class=\"opt-bottom\">Paris<\/span>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/image-rights-lawyer-paris\/\" class=\"opt-card\">\n            <div class=\"opt-card-bg\">\n                <img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/echecs-cartes-plein-cadre-20261011\/echecs-plein-46-800.webp\" srcset=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/echecs-cartes-plein-cadre-20261011\/echecs-plein-46-400.webp 400w, https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/echecs-cartes-plein-cadre-20261011\/echecs-plein-46-800.webp 800w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width:767px) 280px,320px\" width=\"800\" height=\"1200\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Image rights lawyer Paris\" style=\"object-fit:cover;object-position:50% 50%;\">\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"opt-card-content\">\n                <span class=\"opt-top\">Lawyer<\/span>\n                <h3 class=\"opt-title\">IMAGE RIGHTS<\/h3>\n                <span class=\"opt-bottom\">Paris<\/span>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<style>\n#slider-contentieux-seo {\n    position: relative;\n    width: 100%;\n    max-width: 100%;\n    margin: 0 auto;\n    padding-bottom: 20px;\n    background: transparent;\n    font-family: 'Lato', sans-serif !important;\n    box-sizing: border-box;\n}\n\n#slider-contentieux-seo * {\n    box-sizing: border-box;\n}\n\n#slider-contentieux-seo .opt-section-header {\n    text-align: center;\n    padding: 30px 20px 40px 20px;\n}\n\n#slider-contentieux-seo .opt-section-header h2 {\n    font-family: 'Lato', sans-serif !important;\n    font-weight: 400 !important;\n    font-size: clamp(20px, 2vw, 30px) !important;\n    color: #212121 !important;\n    margin: 0 !important;\n    line-height: 1.2 !important;\n}\n\n#slider-contentieux-seo .highlight {\n    color: #E09019 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box-shadow:inset 0 1px 1px rgba(255,255,255,.6), inset 0 -2px 1px rgba(255,255,255,.47), 0 1px 2px rgba(61,66,67,.17); background:transparent; z-index:-2; pointer-events:none; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-fb::after{ content:\"\"; position:absolute; inset:2.7px; border-radius:inherit; z-index:-1; background:radial-gradient(at 35% 0%, rgba(255,255,255,.72), transparent 64%), linear-gradient(180deg,#E9E9E9,#DEDEE0 65%,#E7E7E9); box-shadow:inset 0 1px 1px #FFFFFF, inset 0 -1px 2px #C1C3CA; pointer-events:none; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-fb:hover{ transform:translateY(-1px); box-shadow:0 2px 2px rgba(255,255,255,.53), 0 15px 22px -6px rgba(24,35,57,.33); }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-fb-orb{ position:relative; isolation:isolate; display:grid; place-items:center; flex:0 0 48px; width:48px; height:48px; border-radius:50%; color:#FFFFFF; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-fb-orb svg{ position:relative; z-index:3; width:24px; height:24px; filter:drop-shadow(0 1px 1px rgba(0,30,60,.55)); }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-fb-orb::before{ content:\"\"; position:absolute; inset:0; border-radius:50%; z-index:0; opacity:.22; pointer-events:none; animation:kcv-flow 11s linear infinite; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-fb-orb::after{ content:\"\"; position:absolute; inset:-2px; border-radius:50%; z-index:-1; pointer-events:none; animation:kcv-wave 3.5s ease-out infinite; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-fb-tel .kcv-fb-orb{ background:radial-gradient(at 30% 15%, rgba(206,255,223,.4), transparent 45%), linear-gradient(145deg,#25D366,#128C4A); border:1px solid #A5EDBE; box-shadow:inset 0 1px 3px #DDFFE8, 0 0 16px rgba(37,211,102,.47); }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-fb-tel .kcv-fb-orb::before{ background:repeating-conic-gradient(from 35deg, transparent 0deg, #79F5A5 18deg, transparent 29deg, transparent 80deg, #BAFBD1 92deg, transparent 106deg); }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-fb-tel .kcv-fb-orb::after{ border:1px solid #25D366; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-fb-mail .kcv-fb-orb{ background:radial-gradient(at 30% 15%, rgba(214,232,255,.45), transparent 45%), linear-gradient(145deg,#3D86F5,#1F4FA8); border:1px solid #A9C8F5; box-shadow:inset 0 1px 3px #DDEBFF, 0 0 16px rgba(46,107,216,.45); }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-fb-mail .kcv-fb-orb::before{ background:repeating-conic-gradient(from 35deg, transparent 0deg, #8EB8FF 18deg, transparent 29deg, transparent 80deg, #C9DEFF 92deg, transparent 106deg); }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-fb-mail .kcv-fb-orb::after{ border:1px solid #2E6BD8; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-fb-txt{ display:flex; flex-direction:column; gap:3px; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-fb-n{ font-size:12.5px; font-weight:400; color:#4A5568; letter-spacing:.01em; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-fb:active .kcv-fb-orb{ transform:scale(.96); }\n@keyframes kcv-flow{ to { transform:rotate(360deg); } }\n@keyframes kcv-wave{ 0% { transform:scale(1); opacity:.7; } 80%,100% { transform:scale(1.45); opacity:0; } }\n.kccm .kcv-media{ position:absolute; inset:0; z-index:-1; display:block; background:#DCEAFB var(--kcv-img) 100% 60% \/ cover no-repeat; }\n@media (max-width:760px){.kccm .kcv-media{ background-image:var(--kcv-img-m); background-position:80% 60%; bottom:auto; height:170px; }}\n.kccm .kcv-media img{ width:100%; height:100%; object-fit:cover; object-position:100% 60%; display:block; border-radius:0; }\n.kccm .kcv-glass{ background:linear-gradient(145deg,rgba(255,255,255,.70) 0%,rgba(255,255,255,.48) 100%); -webkit-backdrop-filter:blur(18px) saturate(170%); backdrop-filter:blur(18px) saturate(170%); border:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.8); box-shadow:inset 0 1px 0 rgba(255,255,255,.95), inset 0 -1px 0 rgba(255,255,255,.35), 0 24px 60px rgba(16,32,64,.16); }\n@supports not ((backdrop-filter:blur(2px)) or (-webkit-backdrop-filter:blur(2px))){.kccm .kcv-glass{ background:rgba(255,255,255,.95); }}\n.kccm .kcv-chip{ border-radius:20px; padding:14px 18px; display:flex; align-items:center; gap:12px; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-chip p{ margin:0; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-chip-n{ font-size:30px; font-weight:900; letter-spacing:-.03em; line-height:1; color:#1D1D1F; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-chip-x{ font-size:12.5px; line-height:1.35; color:#3A4A5E; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-press-t{ margin:0 0 2px; text-align:center; font-size:11.5px; font-weight:700; letter-spacing:.16em; text-transform:uppercase; color:#5a6275; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-press-t em{ font-style:normal; color:#E09019; }\n.kccm .kcv-tabs{ padding:96px 0 56px; background:\n  radial-gradient(900px 420px at 88% 10%, rgba(46,107,216,.08), transparent 65%),\n  radial-gradient(800px 420px at 8% 60%, rgba(224,144,25,.06), transparent 65%),\n  linear-gradient(180deg,#EEF3FA 0%,#F5F8FC 48%,#FFFFFF 100%); }\n.kccm .kcv-tabs-head{ text-align:center; max-width:900px; margin:0 auto; }\n.kccm .kcv h2{ font-family:'Lato',sans-serif; font-weight:400; font-size:36px; line-height:1.14; letter-spacing:-.022em; color:#1D1D1F; margin:0 0 14px; }\n.kccm .kcv-bar{ display:flex; justify-content:center; margin:30px 0 26px; }\n.kccm .kcv-chips{ display:inline-flex; gap:4px; padding:6px; max-width:100%; overflow-x:auto; scrollbar-width:none; background:rgba(255,255,255,.6); border:1px solid #DCE6F2; border-radius:999px; -webkit-backdrop-filter:blur(10px); backdrop-filter:blur(10px); box-shadow:inset 0 1px 0 #FFFFFF; }\n.kccm .kcv-chips::-webkit-scrollbar{ display:none; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-chip-t{ flex:none; font-family:'Lato',sans-serif; font-size:15px; font-weight:600; line-height:1; color:#5a6275 !important; background:transparent !important; border:0 !important; border-radius:999px !important; padding:13px 20px !important; min-height:0; white-space:nowrap; cursor:pointer; box-shadow:none; transition:background .25s ease, color .25s ease, box-shadow .25s ease; text-transform:none; letter-spacing:0; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-chip-t:hover{ color:#1D1D1F !important; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-chip-t.on{ background:#FFFFFF !important; color:#1D1D1F !important; box-shadow:0 6px 16px rgba(16,32,64,.10) !important; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-chip-t:focus-visible{ outline:2px solid #2E6BD8; outline-offset:2px; }\n.kccm .kcv-slide{ background:rgba(255,255,255,.86); border:1px solid #DCE6F2; border-radius:30px; padding:52px 64px; box-shadow:0 24px 60px rgba(16,32,64,.07); scroll-margin-top:110px; }\n.kccm .kcv-slide + .kcv-slide{ margin-top:24px; }\n.kccm .kcv.js .kcv-slide + .kcv-slide{ margin-top:0; }\n.kccm .kcv-slide[hidden]{ display:none !important; }\n.kccm .kcv-slide > .kk,.kccm .kcv-slide > h2,.kccm .kcv-slide > .kcv-lead{ text-align:center; }\n.kccm .kcv-slide > h2{ margin-bottom:16px; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-lead{ font-size:18px; line-height:1.7; color:#3A4A5E; max-width:780px; margin:0 auto 30px; }\n.kccm .kcv h3{ font-family:'Lato',sans-serif; font-size:20px; font-weight:700; line-height:1.3; color:#1D1D1F; margin:30px 0 10px; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-p{ font-size:17px; line-height:1.75; color:#1D1D1F; margin:0 0 16px; }\n.kccm .kcv-pro{ display:grid; grid-template-columns:420px minmax(0,1fr); gap:56px; align-items:start; }\n.kccm .kcv-pro-photo{ position:relative; margin:0; border-radius:26px; overflow:hidden; box-shadow:0 30px 60px rgba(16,32,64,.16); background:#EEF3FA; }\n.kccm .kcv-pro-photo img{ display:block; width:100%; height:auto; aspect-ratio:1122\/1402; object-fit:cover; border-radius:0; }\n.kccm .kcv-pro-cap{ font-style:normal; position:absolute; left:16px; right:16px; bottom:16px; border-radius:18px; padding:14px 18px; display:flex; flex-direction:column; gap:2px; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-pro-capn{ font-size:17px; font-weight:700; color:#1D1D1F; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-pro-capr{ font-size:13.5px; color:#3A4A5E; }\n.kccm .kcv-pro-body{ padding-top:10px; }\n.kccm .kcv-pro-body > h2{ font-size:38px; margin-bottom:18px; }\n.kccm .kcv-pro-tags{ list-style:none; margin:0 0 24px; padding:0; display:flex; flex-wrap:wrap; gap:8px; }\n.kccm .kcv-pro-tags li{ margin:0; padding:8px 14px; border-radius:999px; background:#FFFFFF; border:1px solid #DCE6F2; font-size:13.5px; font-weight:600; color:#3A4A5E; box-shadow:inset 0 1px 0 #FFFFFF, 0 4px 10px rgba(16,32,64,.05); }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-pro-meta{ margin:20px 0 0; padding-top:18px; border-top:1px solid #DCE6F2; display:flex; flex-wrap:wrap; gap:6px 18px; font-size:14.5px; color:#5a6275; }\n.kccm .kcv-pro + .kcv-cards{ margin-top:40px; }\n.kccm .kcv-profile{ display:grid; grid-template-columns:150px minmax(0,1fr); gap:34px; align-items:center; }\n.kccm .kcv-photo img{ width:150px; height:auto; aspect-ratio:1122\/1402; object-fit:cover; border-radius:18px; display:block; }\n.kccm .kcv-profile h2{ font-size:32px; margin-bottom:10px; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-nm{ font-size:18px; font-weight:700; margin:0 0 4px; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-mt{ font-size:14.5px; color:#5a6275; margin:0; }\n.kccm .kcv-rule{ height:1px; background:linear-gradient(90deg,#CFDEF0 0%,rgba(207,222,240,0) 100%); margin:28px 0; }\n.kccm .kcv-cards{ display:grid; grid-template-columns:repeat(3,minmax(0,1fr)); gap:18px; margin-top:24px; }\n.kccm .kcv-card{ background:linear-gradient(135deg,#FFFFFF 0%,#F6FAFF 100%); border:1px solid #DCE6F2; border-radius:18px; padding:24px 24px 26px; }\n.kccm .kcv-card h3{ margin:0 0 8px; font-size:17.5px; }\n.kccm .kcv-card p{ margin:0; font-size:15px; line-height:1.62; color:#3A4A5E; }\n.kccm .kcv-conds{ counter-reset:c; list-style:none; margin:14px 0 22px; padding:0; display:grid; grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr; gap:12px; }\n.kccm .kcv-conds li{ counter-increment:c; position:relative; padding:16px 18px 16px 58px; background:#FFFFFF; border:1px solid #DCE6F2; border-radius:16px; font-size:15.5px; line-height:1.55; color:#3A4A5E; }\n.kccm .kcv-conds li strong{ color:#1D1D1F; }\n.kccm .kcv-conds li::before{ content:counter(c); position:absolute; left:16px; top:15px; width:28px; height:28px; border-radius:50%; background:linear-gradient(135deg,#1F4FA8,#2E6BD8); color:#FFF; font-weight:700; font-size:14px; display:flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; }\n.kccm .kcv-vs{ display:grid; grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr; gap:18px; margin:4px 0 18px; }\n.kccm .kcv-vs-col{ background:#FFFFFF; border:1px solid #DCE6F2; border-radius:18px; padding:22px 24px; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-vs-t{ font-weight:700; font-size:17px; margin:0 0 10px; color:#1D1D1F; }\n.kccm .kcv-vs ul{ margin:0; padding-left:18px; }\n.kccm .kcv-vs li{ font-size:15.5px; line-height:1.6; color:#3A4A5E; margin:0 0 8px; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-note{ margin:0 0 6px; padding:16px 20px; border-radius:14px; background:#FFF8EC; border-left:3px solid #E09019; font-size:15.5px; line-height:1.6; color:#3A4A5E; }\n.kccm .kcv-tl{ list-style:none; margin:10px 0 26px; padding:0 0 0 30px; position:relative; }\n.kccm .kcv-tl::before{ content:\"\"; position:absolute; left:9px; top:6px; bottom:6px; width:2px; background:linear-gradient(180deg,#2E6BD8,#CFDEF0); }\n.kccm .kcv-tl li{ position:relative; margin:0 0 18px; }\n.kccm .kcv-tl li::before{ content:\"\"; position:absolute; left:-27px; top:4px; width:14px; height:14px; border-radius:50%; background:#FFF; border:3px solid #1F4FA8; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-tl-t{ font-weight:700; margin:0 0 3px; font-size:16.5px; }\n.kccm .kcv-tl li p{ margin:0; font-size:15.5px; line-height:1.6; color:#3A4A5E; }\n.kccm .kcv-check{ list-style:none; margin:0 0 24px; padding:0; display:grid; grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr; gap:10px; }\n.kccm .kcv-check li{ display:flex; gap:10px; align-items:flex-start; background:#FFF; border:1px solid #DCE6F2; border-radius:14px; padding:13px 15px; font-size:15px; line-height:1.5; }\n.kccm .kcv-check svg{ flex:none; margin-top:2px; }\n.kccm .kcv-faq details{ background:#FFFFFF; border:1px solid #DCE6F2; border-radius:16px; padding:17px 20px; margin:10px 0; transition:border-color .2s ease; }\n.kccm .kcv-faq details:hover,.kccm .kcv-faq details[open]{ border-color:#9fc0e8; }\n.kccm .kcv-faq summary{ cursor:pointer; font-weight:700; font-size:16.5px; list-style:none; display:flex; justify-content:space-between; gap:14px; color:#1D1D1F; }\n.kccm .kcv-faq summary::-webkit-details-marker{ display:none; }\n.kccm .kcv-faq summary::after{ content:\"+\"; color:#E09019; font-weight:600; font-size:22px; line-height:1; flex:none; transition:transform .25s ease; }\n.kccm .kcv-faq details[open] summary::after{ transform:rotate(45deg); }\n.kccm .kcv-faq .a{ margin-top:12px; }\n.kccm .kcv-faq .a p{ font-size:15.5px; line-height:1.7; color:#3A4A5E; margin:0 0 10px; }\n.kccm .kcv-src{ display:grid; grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr; gap:18px; }\n.kccm .kcv-links{ margin:0 0 12px; padding-left:18px; }\n.kccm .kcv-links li{ margin:0 0 6px; font-size:15px; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-small{ font-size:13.5px; color:#5a6275; margin:10px 0 0; }\n.kccm .kcv-chips-l,.kccm .kcv-src .kcv-chips{ display:flex; flex-wrap:wrap; gap:8px; margin-top:6px; padding:0; background:none; border:0; box-shadow:none; -webkit-backdrop-filter:none; backdrop-filter:none; overflow:visible; }\n.kccm .kcv-src .kcv-chips a{ display:inline-block; background:linear-gradient(135deg,#FFFFFF 0%,#E6EEF8 100%); border:1px solid #CFDEF0; color:#1F4FA8; border-radius:999px; padding:9px 15px; font-size:14px; font-weight:600; text-decoration:none; }\n.kccm .kcv-src .kcv-chips a:hover{ border-color:#1F4FA8; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-center{ text-align:center; }\n.kccm .kcv-stats{ display:grid; grid-template-columns:repeat(4,minmax(0,1fr)); gap:14px; margin:6px 0 40px; }\n.kccm .kcv-stat{ position:relative; overflow:hidden; padding:22px 22px 20px; border-radius:20px; background:linear-gradient(150deg,#FFFFFF 0%,#F4F8FE 60%,#EAF1FB 100%); border:1px solid #DCE6F2; box-shadow:inset 0 1px 0 #FFFFFF, 0 10px 24px rgba(16,32,64,.05); }\n.kccm .kcv-stat::after{ content:\"\"; position:absolute; right:-30px; top:-30px; width:90px; height:90px; border-radius:50%; background:radial-gradient(circle, rgba(46,107,216,.12), transparent 70%); }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-stat-n{ margin:0 0 6px; font-size:30px; line-height:1; font-weight:900; letter-spacing:-.03em; color:#1F4FA8; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-stat-n sup{ font-size:.5em; vertical-align:top; position:relative; top:.1em; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-stat-t{ margin:0; font-size:14px; line-height:1.45; color:#3A4A5E; }\n.kccm .kcv-rows{ display:flex; flex-direction:column; }\n.kccm .kcv-row{ display:grid; grid-template-columns:260px minmax(0,1fr); gap:44px; padding:30px 0; border-top:1px solid #E3EAF4; }\n.kccm .kcv-row:first-child{ border-top:0; padding-top:6px; }\n.kccm .kcv-row-h{ position:sticky; top:110px; align-self:start; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-row-k{ margin:0 0 8px; font-size:11.5px; font-weight:700; letter-spacing:.14em; text-transform:uppercase; color:#E09019; }\n.kccm .kcv-row-h h3{ margin:0; font-size:21px; line-height:1.3; }\n.kccm .kcv-row-b .kcv-p:last-child{ margin-bottom:0; }\n.kccm .kcv-row-b .kcv-conds{ margin-top:0; }\n.kccm .kcv-duel{ display:grid; grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr) 54px minmax(0,1fr); align-items:stretch; margin:6px 0 26px; }\n.kccm .kcv-opt{ position:relative; border-radius:24px; padding:30px 30px 26px; border:1px solid #DCE6F2; background:#FFFFFF; box-shadow:0 14px 34px rgba(16,32,64,.06); }\n.kccm .kcv-opt-a{ background:linear-gradient(160deg,#FFFFFF 0%,#F2F7FF 100%); }\n.kccm .kcv-opt-b{ background:linear-gradient(160deg,#FFFFFF 0%,#FFF7EA 100%); }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-opt-k{ margin:0 0 6px; font-size:11.5px; font-weight:700; letter-spacing:.14em; text-transform:uppercase; color:#1F4FA8; }\n.kccm .kcv-opt-b .kcv-opt-k{ color:#B07314; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-opt-t{ margin:0 0 12px; font-size:23px; line-height:1.2; font-weight:700; color:#1D1D1F; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-opt-n{ display:inline-block; margin:0 0 18px; padding:7px 13px; border-radius:999px; font-size:13.5px; font-weight:700; background:#E8F0FD; color:#1F4FA8; }\n.kccm .kcv-opt-b .kcv-opt-n{ background:#FCEFD8; color:#8A5A0E; }\n.kccm .kcv-opt ul{ margin:0; padding:0; list-style:none; }\n.kccm .kcv-opt li{ position:relative; margin:0 0 10px; padding-left:26px; font-size:15.5px; line-height:1.6; color:#3A4A5E; }\n.kccm .kcv-opt li::before{ content:\"\"; position:absolute; left:0; top:7px; width:14px; height:14px; border-radius:50%; background:linear-gradient(135deg,#1F4FA8,#2E6BD8); box-shadow:0 0 0 3px #E8F0FD; }\n.kccm .kcv-opt-b li::before{ background:linear-gradient(135deg,#E09019,#F0B04A); box-shadow:0 0 0 3px #FCEFD8; }\n.kccm .kcv-or{ align-self:center; justify-self:center; width:46px; height:46px; border-radius:50%; display:grid; place-items:center; font-size:14px; font-weight:700; font-style:italic; color:#5a6275; background:#FFFFFF; border:1px solid #DCE6F2; box-shadow:0 8px 18px rgba(16,32,64,.08); position:relative; z-index:1; margin:0 -8px; }\n.kccm .kcv-callout{ display:flex; gap:16px; align-items:flex-start; margin:8px 0 30px; padding:22px 26px; border-radius:20px; background:linear-gradient(135deg,#FFF9EF 0%,#FFFFFF 100%); border:1px solid #F3E2C4; }\n.kccm .kcv-callout p{ margin:0; font-size:16px; line-height:1.7; color:#3A4A5E; }\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-callout-i{ flex:none; width:40px; height:40px; border-radius:12px; display:grid; place-items:center; color:#E09019; background:#FFFFFF; border:1px solid #F3E2C4; }\n.kccm .kcv-phases{ display:grid; grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr; 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.kcv-pro{ grid-template-columns:340px minmax(0,1fr); gap:36px; }.kccm .kcv-slide{ padding:42px 40px; }}\n@media (max-width:900px){.kccm .kcv-media img{ object-position:80% 60%; }.kccm .kcv-tabs{ padding:70px 0 40px; }.kccm .kcv h2{ font-size:29px; }.kccm .kcv-bar{ justify-content:flex-start; margin:22px -20px 18px; padding:0 20px; }.kccm .kcv-slide{ padding:30px 22px; border-radius:22px; }.kccm .kcv-pro{ grid-template-columns:1fr; gap:28px; }.kccm .kcv-pro-photo{ max-width:340px; width:100%; margin:0 auto; }.kccm .kcv-pro-body > h2{ font-size:28px; }.kccm .kcv-profile{ grid-template-columns:96px minmax(0,1fr); gap:18px; }.kccm .kcv-photo img{ width:96px; }.kccm .kcv-profile h2{ font-size:24px; }.kccm .kcv-cards,.kccm .kcv-conds,.kccm .kcv-vs,.kccm .kcv-check,.kccm .kcv-src{ grid-template-columns:1fr; }}\n@media (max-width:480px){.kccm .kcv-btns .kcv-fb{ width:100%; }.kccm .kcv h1{ font-size:34px; }.kccm .kcv .kcv-sub{ font-size:16.5px; }.kccm .kcv .kcv-chip-t{ font-size:14px; padding:11px 15px !important; }.kccm .kcv .kcv-p{ font-size:16px; }}\n@media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){.kccm .kcv .kcv-btn,.kccm .kcv .kcv-orb,.kccm .kcv .kcv-chip-t{ transition:none; }}\n.kccm .kcv .kcv-faqgrid > *{min-width:0}\n.kccm{width:100%}\n<\/style>\n<div class=\"kccm\"><div class=\"kcv\">\n<section class=\"kcv-tabs\" id=\"kcv-cabinet\" aria-label=\"Intellectual property lawyer in Paris\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-in\">\n    <div class=\"kcv-tabs-head\">\n      <p class=\"kk\">Kohen Avocats, Paris 17<\/p>\n      <h2>Intellectual property: <em>what really gives an asset its value<\/em><\/h2>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcv-bar\"><div class=\"kcv-chips\" role=\"tablist\" aria-label=\"Case sections\"><button class=\"kcv-chip-t on\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-avocat\" aria-controls=\"kcv-avocat\" aria-selected=\"true\" tabindex=\"0\">The lawyer<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p1\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p1\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Key levers<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p2\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p2\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Your documents<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p3\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p3\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The method<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p4\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p4\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The timetable<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p5\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p5\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The checks<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-synthese\" aria-controls=\"kcv-synthese\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Summary<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-faq\" aria-controls=\"kcv-faq\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Questions<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-textes\" aria-controls=\"kcv-textes\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Legal texts<\/button><\/div><\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcv-track\"><div class=\"kcv-slide kcv-on\" id=\"kcv-avocat\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-avocat\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<div class=\"kcv-pro\">\n  <figure class=\"kcv-pro-photo\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" src=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/kohen-footer\/portrait-reda-20260920-lignes-orange.jpg\" alt=\"Reda Kohen, lawyer at the Paris Bar\" width=\"1122\" height=\"1402\" loading=\"eager\" decoding=\"async\">\n    <figcaption class=\"kcv-pro-cap kcv-glass\"><span class=\"kcv-pro-capn\">Reda Kohen<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pro-capr\">Lawyer at the Paris Bar<\/span><\/figcaption>\n  <\/figure>\n  <div class=\"kcv-pro-body\">\n    <p class=\"kk\">Trademarks, creations, inventions \u00b7 Paris 17th arrondissement<\/p>\n    <h2>What an <em>intellectual property lawyer<\/em> in Paris does<\/h2>\n    <ul class=\"kcv-pro-tags\"><li>Paris Bar<\/li><li>Intellectual property<\/li><li>Firm in Paris 17th<\/li><\/ul>\n    <p class=\"kcv-p\">Lawyer at the Paris Bar: inventory of rights, assignment and licence agreements, contributions in kind, registrations with the registers.<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-p\">Trademark rights arise from registration, which lasts ten years and is renewable without limit (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006279687\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006279687\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 712-1 of the French Intellectual Property Code<\/a>). Copyright, by contrast, arises from creation alone, and neither an employment contract nor a commissioning contract transfers it to the business (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000042814694\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000042814694\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 111-1<\/a>). Software written by an employee in the course of their duties is an exception, as the economic rights in it vest in the employer (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039279818\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039279818\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 113-9<\/a>). The firm therefore starts from a simple question: who holds each right the business exploits, and can it prove that to a buyer, a banker or a judge?<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-p\">Send us the documents you have, even if incomplete: the firm will sort them and tell you what is missing, on <a href=\"tel:+33646605822\">06 46 60 58 22<\/a>.<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-pro-meta\"><a href=\"https:\/\/consultation.avocat.fr\/avocat-paris\/reda-kohen-54670.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Official profile in the directory of French lawyers (CNB)<\/a><span>Firm at 11 rue Margueritte, 75017 Paris<\/span><\/p>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-cards\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-card\"><h3>Protect: choose the right title<\/h3><p>A registered trademark, a registered design, a patent granted for twenty years from filing (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000041573176\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000041573176\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 611-2<\/a>): each asset calls for its own title, and copyright has to be proved because there is no register.<\/p><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-card\"><h3>Contract: set out each right in writing<\/h3><p>An assignment of copyright must mention each assigned right separately and define its field of use, place and duration (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006278958\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006278958\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 131-3<\/a>).<\/p><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-card\"><h3>Enhance: record in order to enforce<\/h3><p>An assignment, licence or pledge of a trademark can be relied on against third parties only once recorded in the National Trademark Register (Registre national des marques) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039381630\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039381630\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 714-7<\/a>).<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p1\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Key levers<\/p>\n<h2>Take inventory, put in writing, <em>record, exploit<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">Four rules determine what a business's intellectual property portfolio is really worth.<\/p>\n<ol class=\"kcv-conds\">\n  <li><strong>Exploiting a creation is not enough to own it<\/strong>: a company that had granted another company an implied assignment of its economic rights lost the right to sue, the Court of Cassation approving the judges for holding that \u201cthe ownership of the author's economic rights in the creations was a condition for the admissibility of an infringement action in respect of those rights\u201d (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/6979b341cdc6046d47f27159\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. 1re civ., 28 January 2026, No. 24-11.394<\/a>).<\/li>\n  <li><strong>A mission invention belongs to the employer, who may assign it<\/strong>, because \u201cNo provision prevents the latter from assigning that right to a third party\u201d (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/61d5456fd1f0ab051874905c\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 5 January 2022, No. 19-22.030<\/a>). Conversely, the mere purchase of the intangible assets of a company in liquidation \u201cdoes not confer on the assignee the status of successor in title to the employer\u201d (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/5fca9d3f857db992fca16ba0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 31 January 2018, No. 16-13.262<\/a>), a solution unfavourable to the buyer.<\/li>\n  <li><strong>A transfer of the whole business carries the trademark with it<\/strong>, unless otherwise agreed (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039381638\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039381638\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 714-1<\/a>), but not the contracts surrounding it: \u201cThe sale of a business that includes the transfer of ownership of rights in trademarks does not, unless the deed of sale provides otherwise, entail the transfer of the selective distribution contract for products bearing those trademarks\u201d (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/69955ec3cdc6046d47c7ecb1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 18 February 2026, No. 23-23.681<\/a>).<\/li>\n  <li><strong>Registration determines enforceability against third parties<\/strong>: for a trademark included in a business that was sold, the Court of Cassation held that \u201cfailure to register within the period laid down by that provision results, not in the nullity of the trademark assignment, but in the security being unenforceable against third parties\u201d (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/667baefaeee23a0a3f11d24a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 26 June 2024, No. 23-11.020<\/a>); the provision now provides for unenforceability (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000044072418\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000044072418\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 143-17 of the French Commercial Code<\/a>).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"kcv-callout\"><span class=\"kcv-callout-i\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M9.6 6C6.5 7.4 4.5 10 4.5 13.4V18h6v-6H7.6c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L9.6 6zm9 0c-3.1 1.4-5.1 4-5.1 7.4V18h6v-6h-2.9c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L18.6 6z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><p>A dormant trademark is lost: a proprietor who, without proper reason, lets five years pass without genuine use risks revocation (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039381616\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039381616\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 714-5<\/a>), and the Court of Cassation requires the court hearing the case to examine the sub-categories of goods actually exploited (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/68242db9eaabb276d1616de1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 14 May 2025, No. 23-21.296<\/a>).<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p2\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Your documents<\/p>\n<h2>What to gather in order to <em>map the rights<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">The quality of the inventory determines the value you can defend before a buyer, an investor or a licensee.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-duel\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-opt kcv-opt-a\"><p class=\"kcv-opt-k\">Position A<\/p><p class=\"kcv-opt-t\">Company holding the rights<\/p><ul><li>Registration certificates and renewals (INPI, EUIPO, WIPO)<\/li><li>Employment, service and commissioning contracts for the creations<\/li><li>Dated evidence of use of each trademark, product by product<\/li><li>Licences, assignments, pledges and proof of registration<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-or\" aria-hidden=\"true\">or<\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-opt kcv-opt-b\"><p class=\"kcv-opt-k\">Position B<\/p><p class=\"kcv-opt-t\">Buyer, investor or licensee<\/p><ul><li>List of titles and chain of rights from the creator<\/li><li>Extracts from the trademark and patent registers<\/li><li>Oppositions, formal notices and pending disputes<\/li><li>Confidentiality agreements and measures protecting trade secrets<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-callout\"><span class=\"kcv-callout-i\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M9.6 6C6.5 7.4 4.5 10 4.5 13.4V18h6v-6H7.6c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L9.6 6zm9 0c-3.1 1.4-5.1 4-5.1 7.4V18h6v-6h-2.9c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L18.6 6z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><p>Common mistakes: registering the trademark in the name of the company director rather than the company that exploits it; having a logo, website or software created by a service provider without a written assignment; signing a licence without recording it.<\/p><\/div>\n<p class=\"kcv-p\">The firm also draws on:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"kcv-pro-tags\"><li>National Trademark Register<\/li><li>National Patent Register<\/li><li>Confidentiality agreements<\/li><li>Contributions appraiser<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p3\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The method<\/p>\n<h2>How the firm <em>supports you<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">The order never changes: know what you hold before assigning it, licensing it or contributing it.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-rows\">\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 1<\/p><h3>Inventory and ownership<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">Review of titles, contracts and evidence of creation; a table of the rights, their holders and their expiry dates.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 2<\/p><h3>Regularisation<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">Written assignments of commissioned creations, missing filings, transfer into the company's name of titles filed by a third party or by the director.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 3<\/p><h3>Tailored contract<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">Assignment, exclusive or non-exclusive licence, contribution to a company, confidentiality agreement, each limited by its duration, territory and purpose.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 4<\/p><h3>Recording and monitoring<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">Recording in the registers, renewal calendar, building the evidence of use, monitoring of competing filings.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-callout\"><span class=\"kcv-callout-i\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M9.6 6C6.5 7.4 4.5 10 4.5 13.4V18h6v-6H7.6c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L9.6 6zm9 0c-3.1 1.4-5.1 4-5.1 7.4V18h6v-6h-2.9c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L18.6 6z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><p>Benchmarks: trademark ten years, renewable; patent twenty years from filing; design five years, extendable up to twenty-five (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000043975026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000043975026\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 513-1<\/a>); copyright for the author's lifetime and seventy years after their death (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006278937\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006278937\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 123-1<\/a>).<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p4\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The timetable<\/p>\n<h2>The stages of an <em>intellectual property transaction<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">From inventory to registration, with indicative timings depending on the portfolio.<\/p>\n<ol class=\"kcv-hs\"><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Inventory<\/p><p><strong>Weeks 1-2.<\/strong> Titles, contracts, evidence of creation and use, renewal dates.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Regularisation<\/p><p><strong>Weeks 2-4.<\/strong> Missing assignments of rights, additional filings, transfers of titles.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Negotiation<\/p><p><strong>Depending on the transaction.<\/strong> Price or royalty, warranties, exclusivity, territory, fate of improvements.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Signing<\/p><p>Written deed, required on pain of nullity for the assignment of a trademark or a patent (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006279475\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006279475\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 613-8<\/a>).<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Recording<\/p><p><strong>After signing.<\/strong> National Trademark Register or National Patent Register, to make the deed enforceable against third parties.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Monitoring<\/p><p><strong>Every year.<\/strong> Renewals, evidence of use, monitoring of new trademark applications.<\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p5\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The checks<\/p>\n<h2>What the firm checks <em>before you sign<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">No assignment, licence or contribution without first validating these points.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-split\">\n  <ul class=\"kcv-check\"><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Actual holder of each title and each creation, complete chain of rights.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Contents of the assignment: rights assigned, scope, purpose, place, duration.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Genuine use of each trademark for the goods covered, dated evidence.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Employee inventions: inventive mission, notification, additional remuneration.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Registrations in the registers, pledges and licences already granted.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Trade secrets: information protected and protective measures taken.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n  <aside class=\"kcv-act\">\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-k\">Case documents<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-t\">Send what you have, even if incomplete<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-p\">Submit your documents through the confidential form at the top of the page: the firm will prioritise and complete the file with you.<\/p>\n    <div class=\"kcv-act-b\"><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kcf-1form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n  <\/aside>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-synthese\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-synthese\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Summary<\/p>\n<h2>Situation, risk, <em>act, decision<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">The most common decisions to be made on an intellectual property portfolio.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-rows\">\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Logo, website or software created by a service provider<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Main risk:<\/strong> A company that exploits a work without owning it.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Preferred step:<\/strong> Written assignment compliant with Article L. 131-3.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Recommended decision:<\/strong> Regularise before any fundraising or sale.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Invention developed by an employee<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Main risk:<\/strong> Dispute over ownership or a claim for remuneration.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Preferred step:<\/strong> Classification of the invention under Article L. 611-7.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Recommended decision:<\/strong> Inform the employee and set the additional remuneration.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Trademark filed in the name of the director<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Main risk:<\/strong> An asset outside the balance sheet of the company that exploits it.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Preferred step:<\/strong> Written assignment or licence, then recording.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Recommended decision:<\/strong> Choose between assignment and licence before the transaction.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Sale of the business or the company<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Main risk:<\/strong> Licences and contracts linked to the trademarks not transferred.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Preferred step:<\/strong> Express clause for each contract and each title.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Recommended decision:<\/strong> Record the assignment with the INPI without delay.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Trademark little used for several years<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Main risk:<\/strong> Revocation action by a competitor.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Preferred step:<\/strong> Building the evidence of use, product by product.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Recommended decision:<\/strong> Resume use or refile with an adjusted specification.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Know-how passed to a partner<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Main risk:<\/strong> Disclosure without legal protection.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Preferred step:<\/strong> Confidentiality agreement and secrecy measures.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Recommended decision:<\/strong> Document the measures before any communication.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-faq\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-faq\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Frequently asked questions<\/p>\n<h2>Your questions: <em>a business's intellectual property<\/em><\/h2>\n<div class=\"kcv-faqgrid\">\n  <aside class=\"kcv-act kcv-act-sticky\">\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-k\">12 questions<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-t\">A situation not listed here?<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-p\">Every case has its own features. The firm reads your documents before answering you.<\/p>\n    <div class=\"kcv-act-b\"><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kcf-1form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n  <\/aside>\n  <div class=\"kcv-faq\"><details><summary>Why consult an intellectual property lawyer before any dispute?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Because the value of a trademark, a piece of software or an invention depends less on its quality than on the strength of the chain of rights. A business that exploits a creation without owning it can neither usefully assign it, nor give it as security, nor defend it. The Court of Cassation reiterated this in approving a court of appeal for having held that \u201cthe ownership of the author's economic rights in the creations was a condition for the admissibility of an infringement action in respect of those rights\u201d (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/6979b341cdc6046d47f27159\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. 1re civ., 28 January 2026, No. 24-11.394<\/a>): the company that had implicitly assigned its rights to another company no longer had standing to sue.<\/p><p>Acting early serves three purposes. It identifies the right title for each asset, drafts the contracts that transfer or license the rights, and then has those deeds recorded in the registers so that they can be relied on against third parties. The firm examines these points before a fundraising, a sale of a business, the arrival of an industrial partner or the signing of a licence, which are the moments when a buyer or an investor will ask for proof of each right.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>How can I find out which intellectual property rights my business really holds?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The inventory starts with registered titles: trademarks registered with the INPI, the European Union Intellectual Property Office or the WIPO, designs, patents. Trademark rights arise from registration (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006279687\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006279687\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 712-1<\/a>), so the name of the applicant shown in the register matters as much as the sign itself.<\/p><p>Next come creations without a register. Copyright belongs to the author by the sole fact of creation, and the existence of an employment or service contract does not change this (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000042814694\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000042814694\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 111-1<\/a>). Unless proven otherwise, the author is presumed to be the person under whose name the work is disclosed (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006278881\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006278881\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 113-1<\/a>). Software written by employees and mission inventions follow their own rules, which favour the employer.<\/p><p>Finally, some information qualifies as a trade secret where it is not readily accessible, has commercial value and is subject to reasonable protective measures (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037266553\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037266553\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 151-1 of the French Commercial Code<\/a>). For each asset, the firm checks the holder, the proof and the expiry date.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>An employee created software or an invention: does the business own it?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>For software, the economic rights in programs and their documentation created by an employee in the exercise of their duties or following the employer's instructions vest in the employer, unless otherwise stipulated (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039279818\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039279818\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 113-9<\/a>). For the employee's other creations, such as texts, visuals or videos, the employment contract does not transfer anything automatically, and a written assignment remains necessary.<\/p><p>For an invention, Article L. 611-7 draws a distinction. An invention made in the performance of an inventive mission corresponding to the employee's actual duties, or of studies expressly entrusted to them, belongs to the employer, who informs the employee when the application is filed and when the title is granted (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039279789\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039279789\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 611-7<\/a>). The employee is entitled to additional remuneration, and the Court of Cassation held that \u201cthe employee's action for additional remuneration fell within the exclusive jurisdiction of the tribunal de grande instance, now the judicial court\u201d (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/6718920dd8ceca1cd7018c90\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. soc., 23 October 2024, No. 22-19.700<\/a>).<\/p><p>The employer may assign this right to the patent, the Court of Cassation stating that \u201cNo provision prevents the latter from assigning that right to a third party\u201d (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/61d5456fd1f0ab051874905c\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 5 January 2022, No. 19-22.030<\/a>). The deed must therefore refer precisely to the inventions concerned.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>What should a copyright assignment contract with a service provider provide for?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The law requires each assigned right to be mentioned separately in the deed, and the field of use to be defined as to its scope, purpose, place and duration (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006278958\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006278958\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 131-3<\/a>). The law also requires a written document for any contract transferring copyright (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032042977\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032042977\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 131-2<\/a>). A general clause assigning \u201call rights\u201d without further detail exposes the business to challenge.<\/p><p>The Court of Cassation states, for a publishing contract, that \u201cthe written record of the publishing contract is not required for the validity of the contract but for its proof\u201d (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/6a994109195da062e0f85c84\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. 1re civ., 2 September 2026, No. 25-15.216<\/a>). An admission can then take the place of a written document, provided it makes it possible to define the field of use. It is better not to depend on that.<\/p><p>The author's remuneration is in principle proportional to revenue, but it may be a lump sum in the cases listed by law, in particular for the assignment of rights in software or where the author's contribution is only incidental (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000049579339\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000049579339\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 131-4<\/a>). The firm drafts or reviews the assignment clause, the assignor's warranty against third-party claims and the fate of the source files.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Should an assignment or licence of a trademark be recorded in the INPI register?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Yes, if you want to rely on it against third parties. Any transfer or change of the rights attached to a trademark must be recorded in the National Trademark Register to be enforceable; before recording, the deed can be relied on only against third parties who knew of it (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039381630\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039381630\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 714-7<\/a>). The rule is the same for patents, with the National Patent Register (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000019298708\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000019298708\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 613-9<\/a>).<\/p><p>Recording is not a condition of validity between the parties. For a trademark included in a business that was sold, the Court of Cassation held that \u201cfailure to register within the period laid down by that provision results, not in the nullity of the trademark assignment, but in the security being unenforceable against third parties\u201d (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/667baefaeee23a0a3f11d24a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 26 June 2024, No. 23-11.020<\/a>). In its version in force since 1 January 2023, resulting from the reform of the law of security interests, Article L. 143-17 of the French Commercial Code (Code de commerce) now expressly provides for unenforceability against third parties (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000044072418\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000044072418\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 143-17 of the French Commercial Code<\/a>).<\/p><p>A licensee whose contract is not recorded can still intervene in the infringement proceedings brought by the proprietor in order to obtain compensation for its own loss. Recording remains the simple measure that avoids disputes.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can a registered but little-used trademark be lost?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Yes. A proprietor who, without proper reason, has not made genuine use of the trademark for the goods or services covered during an uninterrupted period of five years is liable to revocation of its rights (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039381616\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039381616\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 714-5<\/a>). Use with the proprietor's consent, by a licensee for example, or in a modified form that does not alter the distinctive character, counts as use.<\/p><p>Revocation may be partial. The Court of Cassation holds that, where the extent of use is disputed, \u201cthe judge must determine whether the category covered by the trademark registration can be divided, objectively and non-arbitrarily, into autonomous and coherent sub-categories\u201d (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/68242db9eaabb276d1616de1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 14 May 2025, No. 23-21.296<\/a>). A trademark registered for a broad specification but used for only one type of product may therefore survive only for that product.<\/p><p>The answer lies in evidence. Invoices, catalogues, dated website captures, sales figures by product range: these documents are kept year after year, product by product. The firm can audit a portfolio, identify the trademarks at risk and propose a better-targeted new filing where use has changed.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>What happens to the trademark when the business or the company is sold?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>A transfer of the whole business carries with it the rights attached to the trademark, unless otherwise agreed or unless the circumstances clearly show otherwise (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039381638\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039381638\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 714-1<\/a>). The assignment of the trademark itself must be recorded in writing, on pain of nullity, under the same article.<\/p><p>Contracts linked to the trademark do not follow automatically. The Court of Cassation so held for selective distribution: \u201cThe sale of a business that includes the transfer of ownership of rights in trademarks does not, unless the deed of sale provides otherwise, entail the transfer of the selective distribution contract for products bearing those trademarks\u201d (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/69955ec3cdc6046d47c7ecb1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 18 February 2026, No. 23-23.681<\/a>). Where that contract and the trademark licence formed an indivisible whole, the licence was no more transferred.<\/p><p>The deed of sale must therefore list the titles, the licences granted or received and the distribution contracts, and then specify the fate of each. The sale of a business that includes trademarks, designs or patents must also be recorded with the INPI to be enforceable against third parties (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000044072418\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000044072418\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 143-17 of the French Commercial Code<\/a>).<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can a trademark or a patent be contributed to a company's share capital?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Yes. The rights attached to a trademark can be transferred in whole or in part (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039381638\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039381638\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 714-1<\/a>), as can those attached to a patent (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006279475\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006279475\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 613-8<\/a>), and they can therefore be the subject of a contribution in kind. In a public limited company (soci\u00e9t\u00e9 anonyme), a contributions appraiser assesses, under their own responsibility, the value of contributions in kind (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000048539465\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000048539465\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 225-147 of the French Commercial Code<\/a>); the simplified joint-stock company (SAS) follows these rules, with a possible waiver by unanimous decision below thresholds set by decree (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000048535177\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000048535177\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 227-1 of the French Commercial Code<\/a>).<\/p><p>The independence of this appraiser is checked. In a case concerning a contribution of shares, the Court of Cassation held that \u201cthe functions of contributions appraiser are, on pain of nullity of the resolutions passed on the basis of their report, incompatible with any activity or act liable to undermine their independence\u201d (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/6a17df46cdc6046d4732b37c\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 28 May 2026, No. 25-13.211<\/a>).<\/p><p>The contribution is recorded in writing and entered in the trademark or patent register to be enforceable. Where the contributor wishes to keep ownership, a licence granted to the company can be an alternative; the firm compares the two structures in light of the planned transaction.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>How can I protect know-how that cannot be patented?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Through trade secret protection. Protection extends to any information that is not generally known or readily accessible in the sector, that has commercial value because it is secret and that is subject to reasonable protective measures by its lawful holder (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037266553\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037266553\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 151-1 of the French Commercial Code<\/a>).<\/p><p>The third condition is the one most often neglected. Confidentiality agreements before any negotiation, restricted access to files, confidentiality notices, clauses in employment and service contracts: these measures must exist before a leak and be capable of being proved.<\/p><p>The protection is not absolute. The Court of Cassation accepts that \u201cthe right to evidence may justify the production of material covered by trade secrets, provided that the production is indispensable to the exercise of that right and that the interference is strictly proportionate to the aim pursued\u201d (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/665fffbf2bde7b00080c3140\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 5 June 2024, No. 23-10.954<\/a>). A competitor may therefore, in certain circumstances, produce in court a document covered by secrecy. The firm helps decide what should be patented, what should remain secret and how to document the measures taken.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>A third party has registered as a trademark the name my business uses: what can I do?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Time matters. Within two months of publication of the application, an opposition may be filed with the Director General of the INPI, in particular on the basis of an earlier company name, trade name or domain name creating a risk of confusion (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039381569\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039381569\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 712-4<\/a>).<\/p><p>Where registration was applied for in fraud of a third party's rights, the person who believes they have a right in the trademark can claim ownership of it in court; unless the applicant acted in bad faith, the action is subject to a five-year limitation period running from publication of the application (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000028717103\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000028717103\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 712-6<\/a>).<\/p><p>Waiting can be costly. The proprietor of an earlier right who has tolerated for five years the use of a later registered trademark, knowing of that use, can no longer seek its nullity, unless the filing was made in bad faith (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039377714\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039377714\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 716-2-8<\/a>). The Court of Cassation applies this even to a trademark with a reputation, whose proprietor \u201ccan no longer seek the nullity of the later trademark, or oppose its use for the goods or services for which the later trademark has been used\u201d (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/665fffbc2bde7b00080c313c\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 5 June 2024, No. 23-15.380<\/a>), a solution unfavourable to the inactive proprietor.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>How long does a trademark, a patent or a design protect a business?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>A trademark is protected for ten years from filing, and the registration can be renewed indefinitely (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006279687\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006279687\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 712-1<\/a>), provided it is genuinely used. A patent is granted for twenty years from the filing date of the application, a utility certificate for ten years (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000041573176\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000041573176\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 611-2<\/a>). For a product subject to a marketing authorisation, a supplementary protection certificate can extend the effect of the patent by up to seven years after its expiry, under the same article.<\/p><p>A registered design takes effect for five years from filing, extendable in five-year periods up to a maximum of twenty-five years (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000043975026\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000043975026\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 513-1<\/a>). Copyright, which requires no formality, lasts for the author's lifetime and then for the current calendar year and the seventy years following their death (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006278937\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006278937\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 123-1<\/a>).<\/p><p>These periods call for active management: renewals, evidence of use, monitoring of competing filings. The firm can draw up a calendar of the portfolio's deadlines so that no title lapses for lack of diligence.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can a trademark licensee sue an infringer alone?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>In principle, the civil infringement action belongs to the trademark proprietor; a licensee may bring it only with the proprietor's consent, unless the contract provides otherwise (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039378218\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039378218\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 716-4-2<\/a>). However, the holder of an exclusive right of use may sue if, after formal notice, the proprietor does not act within a reasonable time.<\/p><p>Any party to a licence contract may intervene in proceedings brought by another party in order to obtain compensation for its own loss. The time limit for bringing proceedings is five years; it runs from the last fact that the proprietor knew, or should have known, under the same article.<\/p><p>These rules are negotiated when the licence is drawn up. Who monitors the market, who decides to sue, who bears the costs and who receives the damages: the contract must say so. The firm drafts these clauses according to the business's position, as proprietor or licensee, and sees to the recording of the licence in the register.<\/p><\/div><\/details><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-textes\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-textes\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Sources and related pages<\/p>\n<h2>Official texts and <em>related pages<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">The sources for this page, checked as at 1 November 2026, and the firm's related practice areas.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-arts\"><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000042814694\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000042814694\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">French Intellectual Property Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">Article L. 111-1, author's rights<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039279818\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039279818\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">French Intellectual Property Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">Article L. 113-9, employees' software<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006278958\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006278958\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">French Intellectual Property Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">Article L. 131-3, contents of an assignment<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039279789\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039279789\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">French Intellectual Property Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">Article L. 611-7, employee inventions<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039381638\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039381638\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">French Intellectual Property Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">Article L. 714-1, trademark assignment and licence<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039381630\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039381630\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">French Intellectual Property Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">Article L. 714-7, recording in the register<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039381616\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000039381616\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">French Intellectual Property Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">Article L. 714-5, revocation for non-use<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037266553\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037266553\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">French Commercial Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">Article L. 151-1, trade secrets<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<h3 class=\"kcv-center\">Further reading<\/h3>\n<div class=\"kcv-pgs\"><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/trademark-lawyer-paris\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Trademark law<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">Firm practice area<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/copyright-lawyer-paris\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Copyright<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">Firm practice area<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/patent-lawyer-paris\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Patents<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">Firm practice area<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/company-law-lawyer-paris\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Company law in Paris<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">Firm practice group<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/business-law-attorneys-paris-75017\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Business law in Paris<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">Firm practice group<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/contact\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Contact<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">Write to or meet the firm<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<p class=\"kcv-small kcv-center\">Page updated on 1 November 2026.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\", \"@type\": \"FAQPage\", \"mainEntity\": [{\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Why consult an intellectual property lawyer before any dispute?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Because the value of a trademark, a piece of software or an invention depends less on its quality than on the strength of the chain of rights. A business that exploits a creation without owning it can neither usefully assign it, nor give it as security, nor defend it. The Court of Cassation reiterated this in approving a court of appeal for having held that \u201cthe ownership of the author's economic rights in the creations was a condition for the admissibility of an infringement action in respect of those rights\u201d (our translation) (Cass. 1re civ., 28 January 2026, No. 24-11.394): the company that had implicitly assigned its rights to another company no longer had standing to sue. Acting early serves three purposes. It identifies the right title for each asset, drafts the contracts that transfer or license the rights, and then has those deeds recorded in the registers so that they can be relied on against third parties. The firm examines these points before a fundraising, a sale of a business, the arrival of an industrial partner or the signing of a licence, which are the moments when a buyer or an investor will ask for proof of each right.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"How can I find out which intellectual property rights my business really holds?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The inventory starts with registered titles: trademarks registered with the INPI, the European Union Intellectual Property Office or the WIPO, designs, patents. Trademark rights arise from registration (Article L. 712-1), so the name of the applicant shown in the register matters as much as the sign itself. Next come creations without a register. Copyright belongs to the author by the sole fact of creation, and the existence of an employment or service contract does not change this (Article L. 111-1). Unless proven otherwise, the author is presumed to be the person under whose name the work is disclosed (Article L. 113-1). Software written by employees and mission inventions follow their own rules, which favour the employer. Finally, some information qualifies as a trade secret where it is not readily accessible, has commercial value and is subject to reasonable protective measures (Article L. 151-1 of the French Commercial Code). For each asset, the firm checks the holder, the proof and the expiry date.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"An employee created software or an invention: does the business own it?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"For software, the economic rights in programs and their documentation created by an employee in the exercise of their duties or following the employer's instructions vest in the employer, unless otherwise stipulated (Article L. 113-9). For the employee's other creations, such as texts, visuals or videos, the employment contract does not transfer anything automatically, and a written assignment remains necessary. For an invention, Article L. 611-7 draws a distinction. An invention made in the performance of an inventive mission corresponding to the employee's actual duties, or of studies expressly entrusted to them, belongs to the employer, who informs the employee when the application is filed and when the title is granted (Article L. 611-7). The employee is entitled to additional remuneration, and the Court of Cassation held that \u201cthe employee's action for additional remuneration fell within the exclusive jurisdiction of the tribunal de grande instance, now the judicial court\u201d (our translation) (Cass. soc., 23 October 2024, No. 22-19.700). The employer may assign this right to the patent, the Court of Cassation stating that \u201cNo provision prevents the latter from assigning that right to a third party\u201d (our translation) (Cass. com., 5 January 2022, No. 19-22.030). The deed must therefore refer precisely to the inventions concerned.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What should a copyright assignment contract with a service provider provide for?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The law requires each assigned right to be mentioned separately in the deed, and the field of use to be defined as to its scope, purpose, place and duration (Article L. 131-3). The law also requires a written document for any contract transferring copyright (Article L. 131-2). A general clause assigning \u201call rights\u201d without further detail exposes the business to challenge. The Court of Cassation states, for a publishing contract, that \u201cthe written record of the publishing contract is not required for the validity of the contract but for its proof\u201d (our translation) (Cass. 1re civ., 2 September 2026, No. 25-15.216). An admission can then take the place of a written document, provided it makes it possible to define the field of use. It is better not to depend on that. The author's remuneration is in principle proportional to revenue, but it may be a lump sum in the cases listed by law, in particular for the assignment of rights in software or where the author's contribution is only incidental (Article L. 131-4). The firm drafts or reviews the assignment clause, the assignor's warranty against third-party claims and the fate of the source files.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Should an assignment or licence of a trademark be recorded in the INPI register?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Yes, if you want to rely on it against third parties. Any transfer or change of the rights attached to a trademark must be recorded in the National Trademark Register to be enforceable; before recording, the deed can be relied on only against third parties who knew of it (Article L. 714-7). The rule is the same for patents, with the National Patent Register (Article L. 613-9). Recording is not a condition of validity between the parties. For a trademark included in a business that was sold, the Court of Cassation held that \u201cfailure to register within the period laid down by that provision results, not in the nullity of the trademark assignment, but in the security being unenforceable against third parties\u201d (our translation) (Cass. com., 26 June 2024, No. 23-11.020). In its version in force since 1 January 2023, resulting from the reform of the law of security interests, Article L. 143-17 of the French Commercial Code (Code de commerce) now expressly provides for unenforceability against third parties (Article L. 143-17 of the French Commercial Code). A licensee whose contract is not recorded can still intervene in the infringement proceedings brought by the proprietor in order to obtain compensation for its own loss. Recording remains the simple measure that avoids disputes.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Can a registered but little-used trademark be lost?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Yes. A proprietor who, without proper reason, has not made genuine use of the trademark for the goods or services covered during an uninterrupted period of five years is liable to revocation of its rights (Article L. 714-5). Use with the proprietor's consent, by a licensee for example, or in a modified form that does not alter the distinctive character, counts as use. Revocation may be partial. The Court of Cassation holds that, where the extent of use is disputed, \u201cthe judge must determine whether the category covered by the trademark registration can be divided, objectively and non-arbitrarily, into autonomous and coherent sub-categories\u201d (our translation) (Cass. com., 14 May 2025, No. 23-21.296). A trademark registered for a broad specification but used for only one type of product may therefore survive only for that product. The answer lies in evidence. Invoices, catalogues, dated website captures, sales figures by product range: these documents are kept year after year, product by product. The firm can audit a portfolio, identify the trademarks at risk and propose a better-targeted new filing where use has changed.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What happens to the trademark when the business or the company is sold?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"A transfer of the whole business carries with it the rights attached to the trademark, unless otherwise agreed or unless the circumstances clearly show otherwise (Article L. 714-1). The assignment of the trademark itself must be recorded in writing, on pain of nullity, under the same article. Contracts linked to the trademark do not follow automatically. The Court of Cassation so held for selective distribution: \u201cThe sale of a business that includes the transfer of ownership of rights in trademarks does not, unless the deed of sale provides otherwise, entail the transfer of the selective distribution contract for products bearing those trademarks\u201d (our translation) (Cass. com., 18 February 2026, No. 23-23.681). Where that contract and the trademark licence formed an indivisible whole, the licence was no more transferred. The deed of sale must therefore list the titles, the licences granted or received and the distribution contracts, and then specify the fate of each. The sale of a business that includes trademarks, designs or patents must also be recorded with the INPI to be enforceable against third parties (Article L. 143-17 of the French Commercial Code).\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Can a trademark or a patent be contributed to a company's share capital?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Yes. The rights attached to a trademark can be transferred in whole or in part (Article L. 714-1), as can those attached to a patent (Article L. 613-8), and they can therefore be the subject of a contribution in kind. In a public limited company (soci\u00e9t\u00e9 anonyme), a contributions appraiser assesses, under their own responsibility, the value of contributions in kind (Article L. 225-147 of the French Commercial Code); the simplified joint-stock company (SAS) follows these rules, with a possible waiver by unanimous decision below thresholds set by decree (Article L. 227-1 of the French Commercial Code). The independence of this appraiser is checked. In a case concerning a contribution of shares, the Court of Cassation held that \u201cthe functions of contributions appraiser are, on pain of nullity of the resolutions passed on the basis of their report, incompatible with any activity or act liable to undermine their independence\u201d (our translation) (Cass. com., 28 May 2026, No. 25-13.211). The contribution is recorded in writing and entered in the trademark or patent register to be enforceable. Where the contributor wishes to keep ownership, a licence granted to the company can be an alternative; the firm compares the two structures in light of the planned transaction.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"How can I protect know-how that cannot be patented?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Through trade secret protection. Protection extends to any information that is not generally known or readily accessible in the sector, that has commercial value because it is secret and that is subject to reasonable protective measures by its lawful holder (Article L. 151-1 of the French Commercial Code). The third condition is the one most often neglected. Confidentiality agreements before any negotiation, restricted access to files, confidentiality notices, clauses in employment and service contracts: these measures must exist before a leak and be capable of being proved. The protection is not absolute. The Court of Cassation accepts that \u201cthe right to evidence may justify the production of material covered by trade secrets, provided that the production is indispensable to the exercise of that right and that the interference is strictly proportionate to the aim pursued\u201d (our translation) (Cass. com., 5 June 2024, No. 23-10.954). A competitor may therefore, in certain circumstances, produce in court a document covered by secrecy. The firm helps decide what should be patented, what should remain secret and how to document the measures taken.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"A third party has registered as a trademark the name my business uses: what can I do?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Time matters. Within two months of publication of the application, an opposition may be filed with the Director General of the INPI, in particular on the basis of an earlier company name, trade name or domain name creating a risk of confusion (Article L. 712-4). Where registration was applied for in fraud of a third party's rights, the person who believes they have a right in the trademark can claim ownership of it in court; unless the applicant acted in bad faith, the action is subject to a five-year limitation period running from publication of the application (Article L. 712-6). Waiting can be costly. The proprietor of an earlier right who has tolerated for five years the use of a later registered trademark, knowing of that use, can no longer seek its nullity, unless the filing was made in bad faith (Article L. 716-2-8). The Court of Cassation applies this even to a trademark with a reputation, whose proprietor \u201ccan no longer seek the nullity of the later trademark, or oppose its use for the goods or services for which the later trademark has been used\u201d (our translation) (Cass. com., 5 June 2024, No. 23-15.380), a solution unfavourable to the inactive proprietor.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"How long does a trademark, a patent or a design protect a business?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"A trademark is protected for ten years from filing, and the registration can be renewed indefinitely (Article L. 712-1), provided it is genuinely used. A patent is granted for twenty years from the filing date of the application, a utility certificate for ten years (Article L. 611-2). For a product subject to a marketing authorisation, a supplementary protection certificate can extend the effect of the patent by up to seven years after its expiry, under the same article. A registered design takes effect for five years from filing, extendable in five-year periods up to a maximum of twenty-five years (Article L. 513-1). Copyright, which requires no formality, lasts for the author's lifetime and then for the current calendar year and the seventy years following their death (Article L. 123-1). These periods call for active management: renewals, evidence of use, monitoring of competing filings. The firm can draw up a calendar of the portfolio's deadlines so that no title lapses for lack of diligence.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Can a trademark licensee sue an infringer alone?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"In principle, the civil infringement action belongs to the trademark proprietor; a licensee may bring it only with the proprietor's consent, unless the contract provides otherwise (Article L. 716-4-2). However, the holder of an exclusive right of use may sue if, after formal notice, the proprietor does not act within a reasonable time. Any party to a licence contract may intervene in proceedings brought by another party in order to obtain compensation for its own loss. The time limit for bringing proceedings is five years; it runs from the last fact that the proprietor knew, or should have known, under the same article. These rules are negotiated when the licence is drawn up. Who monitors the market, who decides to sue, who bears the costs and who receives the damages: the contract must say so. The firm drafts these clauses according to the business's position, as proprietor or licensee, and sees to the recording of the licence in the register.\"}}]}<\/script>\n<script nowprocket data-no-optimize=\"1\" data-no-defer=\"1\">\n(function(){\n  var root = document.querySelector('.kccm .kcv'); if (!root) return;\n  var tabs = root.querySelector('#kcv-cabinet'); if (!tabs) return;\n  var ch = [].slice.call(tabs.querySelectorAll('.kcv-chip-t'));\n  var sl = [].slice.call(tabs.querySelectorAll('.kcv-slide'));\n  if (!ch.length || !sl.length) return;\n  root.classList.add('js');\n  function show(id, focus){\n    var c = ch.filter(function(x){ return x.getAttribute('aria-controls') === id; })[0]; if (!c) return false;\n    ch.forEach(function(x){ var on = x === c; x.classList.toggle('on', on); x.setAttribute('aria-selected', on ? 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Contract. Enhance. YOUR ASSETS. Trademarks, creations, software, inventions: tell our intellectual property lawyer in France what your business needs to protect. Go to the form In the media View the videos and their transcriptsVideos Discover our know-how in intellectual property. Lawyer TRADEMARK LAW Paris Lawyer TRADEMARK REGISTRATION Paris Lawyer [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":251031307,"featured_media":1915146,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2161182","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.2 (Yoast SEO v28.2) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Intellectual Property Lawyer France | Kohen Avocats<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Intellectual property lawyer in France: trademarks, copyright, patents and licences. We map your rights and draft the contracts. 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