{"id":2161169,"date":"2025-11-16T20:29:06","date_gmt":"2025-11-16T19:29:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/?page_id=2161169"},"modified":"2026-11-04T20:56:28","modified_gmt":"2026-11-04T19:56:28","slug":"insolvency-proceedings-lawyer","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/business-law-attorneys-paris-75017\/insolvency-proceedings-lawyer\/","title":{"rendered":"Insolvency proceedings lawyer in Paris: safeguard, reorganisation, liquidation and claim filing"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"2161169\" class=\"elementor elementor-2161169 elementor-1750898\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-v51e9db e-con-full e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"v51e9db\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-v51e9dbw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"v51e9dbw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"kcv\" id=\"kci-root\" data-refresh-marker=\"refonte-fr-v3-1750898-20261014\">\n<section class=\"kcv-hero\" aria-labelledby=\"kch-h1\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-in\">\n    <div class=\"kcv-head\">\n      <p class=\"kk\">Insolvency proceedings \u2014 debtors and creditors<\/p>\n      <h1 id=\"kch-h1\"><em>Insolvency proceedings<\/em> lawyer in Paris:<span class=\"kcv-tail\"> safeguard, reorganisation, liquidation and claim filing.<\/span><\/h1>\n      <p class=\"kcv-sub\">Insolvency proceedings run on a timeline: each step opens a time limit and demands a quick decision. The firm acts as insolvency proceedings lawyer in Paris, assisting the debtor at the opening and during the observation period, and creditors in filing, contesting and reclaiming.<\/p>\n      <div class=\"kcv-btns\">\n        <a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a>\n        <a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kch-form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a>\n      <\/div>\n      <p class=\"kcv-urg\">Two countdowns dominate: forty-five days to declare cessation of payments (cessation des paiements) on the director's side, and two months from publication in the BODACC (the French official bulletin of civil and commercial announcements) to file a claim on the creditor's side \u2014 failing which the claim is unenforceable against the proceedings.<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcv-stagewrap\"><div class=\"kcv-stageshadow\"><div class=\"kcv-stage\">\n      <link rel=\"preload\" as=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kohen-v3\/kohen-fr-1750898-paysage-20261014.webp\" media=\"(min-width:761px)\" fetchpriority=\"high\">\n      <link rel=\"preload\" as=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kohen-v3\/kohen-fr-1750898-paysage-1080-20261014.webp\" media=\"(max-width:760px)\" fetchpriority=\"high\">\n      <div class=\"kcv-media\" aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"--kcv-img:url('https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kohen-v3\/kohen-fr-1750898-paysage-20261014.webp');--kcv-img-m:url('https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kohen-v3\/kohen-fr-1750898-paysage-1080-20261014.webp')\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"kcv-panel kcv-glass\" id=\"kch-form\">\n        <div class=\"kcv-panel-head\">\n          <div>\n            <p class=\"kcv-panel-k\">Insolvency proceedings \u00b7 Paris<\/p>\n            <h2 class=\"kcv-panel-t\">Get a <em>first analysis<\/em><\/h2>\n            <p class=\"kcv-panel-l\">Cessation of payments to declare, a claim to save or a director to defend: send the cash-flow statement or the opening judgment. In this field every day counts \u2014 reply within 24 business hours.<\/p>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"kcv-chip kcv-glass\"><p class=\"kcv-chip-n\">24 \u00e0 48 h<\/p><p class=\"kcv-chip-x\">first legal<br>review<\/p><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"kcf-wrap\">\n<form id=\"kcf-2form\" data-kcf data-api-url=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-json\/kohen-form\/v1\/submit\" data-vps-url=\"https:\/\/upload-fr.46-224-152-225.sslip.io\/submit\" data-max-size=\"1073741824\" data-max-files=\"500\" novalidate enctype=\"multipart\/form-data\">\n  <input type=\"hidden\" name=\"rendered_at\" value=\"1776847557\">\n  <div class=\"kcf-hp\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><label for=\"kcf-2website\">Do not fill in<\/label><input id=\"kcf-2website\" name=\"website\" type=\"text\" tabindex=\"-1\" autocomplete=\"off\"><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcf-price\">\n    <span class=\"kcf-price-amount\">\u20ac80<small>incl. VAT<\/small><\/span>\n    <div class=\"kcf-price-body\">\n      <p class=\"kcf-price-text\"><strong>Preliminary review of your case.<\/strong> Examination of your documents and a first written analysis by Reda Kohen, within 24 to 48 business hours. Payment is made online after this form is sent.<\/p>\n      <ul class=\"kcf-price-meta\">\n        <li>Up to 1 GB of documents, folders and subfolders accepted<\/li>\n        <li>Secure payment, no banking data stored<\/li>\n        <li><a href=\"\/conditions-etude-prealable\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Terms and fee agreement<\/a><\/li>\n      <\/ul>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcf-row\">\n    <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n      <label class=\"kcf-label\" for=\"kcf-2name\">Full name<\/label>\n      <input class=\"kcf-input\" type=\"text\" id=\"kcf-2name\" name=\"name\" placeholder=\"Your name\" required autocomplete=\"name\" aria-describedby=\"kcf-2name-err\">\n      <p class=\"kcf-field-error\" id=\"kcf-2name-err\" role=\"alert\"><\/p>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n      <label class=\"kcf-label\" for=\"kcf-2phone\">Telephone <span class=\"kcf-optional\">(optional)<\/span><\/label>\n      <input class=\"kcf-input\" type=\"tel\" inputmode=\"tel\" id=\"kcf-2phone\" name=\"phone\" placeholder=\"06 00 00 00 00\" autocomplete=\"tel\" aria-describedby=\"kcf-2phone-err\">\n      <p class=\"kcf-field-error\" id=\"kcf-2phone-err\" role=\"alert\"><\/p>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n    <label class=\"kcf-label\" for=\"kcf-2email\">Email address<\/label>\n    <input class=\"kcf-input\" type=\"email\" id=\"kcf-2email\" name=\"email\" placeholder=\"your@email.com\" required autocomplete=\"email\" spellcheck=\"false\" autocapitalize=\"off\" aria-describedby=\"kcf-2email-err\">\n    <p class=\"kcf-field-error\" id=\"kcf-2email-err\" role=\"alert\"><\/p>\n  <\/div>\n  \n  <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n    <label class=\"kcf-label\" for=\"kcf-2message\">Message<\/label>\n    <textarea class=\"kcf-textarea\" id=\"kcf-2message\" name=\"message\" placeholder=\"Briefly describe your situation...\" required aria-describedby=\"kcf-2message-err\"><\/textarea>\n    <p class=\"kcf-field-error\" id=\"kcf-2message-err\" role=\"alert\"><\/p>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n    <label class=\"kcf-label\">Attachments <span class=\"kcf-optional\">(optional, 500 files max, 1 GB)<\/span><\/label>\n    <div class=\"kcf-dropzone\" id=\"kcf-2dropzone\">\n      <svg class=\"kcf-dropzone-icon\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M21 15v4a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-4\"\/><polyline points=\"17 8 12 3 7 8\"\/><line x1=\"12\" y1=\"3\" x2=\"12\" y2=\"15\"\/><\/svg>\n      <p class=\"kcf-dropzone-text\"><strong>Click<\/strong> or drag your files here<br>All formats accepted (PDF, Word, images, etc.)<\/p>\n      <input type=\"file\" name=\"attachments\" id=\"kcf-2files\" multiple>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcf-file-list\" id=\"kcf-2filelist\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcf-progress\" id=\"kcf-2progress\">\n      <div class=\"kcf-progress-bar\"><div class=\"kcf-progress-fill\" id=\"kcf-2progressfill\"><\/div><\/div>\n      <p class=\"kcf-progress-text\" id=\"kcf-2progresstext\">Sending...<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n  <button type=\"submit\" class=\"kcf-btn\">\n    <span class=\"kcf-spinner\"><\/span>\n    <span class=\"kcf-btn-text\">Pay \u20ac80 and send my case<\/span>\n  <\/button>\n  <div class=\"kcf-msg\" role=\"status\" aria-live=\"polite\" aria-atomic=\"true\" tabindex=\"-1\"><\/div>\n  <p class=\"kcf-note\">Payment constitutes a request for immediate performance of your analysis. 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l'\u00c9tat.\",\"auteur\":\"data.gouv.fr\",\"paraphrase\":true,\"libelle\":\"Voir la fiche sur data.gouv.fr\"},{\"titre\":\"Commentaires des d\u00e9cisions de justice par l'IA g\u00e9n\u00e9rative\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.data.gouv.fr\/reuses\/commentaires-des-decisions-de-justice-par-lia-generative\",\"citation\":\"R\u00e9utilisation des donn\u00e9es publiques de justice publi\u00e9e par Kohen Avocats et r\u00e9f\u00e9renc\u00e9e sur data.gouv.fr.\",\"auteur\":\"data.gouv.fr\",\"paraphrase\":true,\"libelle\":\"Voir la r\u00e9utilisation sur data.gouv.fr\"}]},\"awwwards\":{\"nom\":\"Awwwards\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Kohen Avocats, site nomm\u00e9 aux Awwwards\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.awwwards.com\/sites\/kohen-avocats\",\"citation\":\"Le site du cabinet figure parmi les sites nomm\u00e9s (\u00ab Nominee \u00bb) par Awwwards, r\u00e9f\u00e9rence internationale du design web.\",\"auteur\":\"Awwwards\",\"paraphrase\":true,\"libelle\":\"Voir la fiche sur 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\u00e0 la location ?\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.leboncoin.fr\/guide\/immobilier\/bouilloires-thermiques-bientot-interdites-a-la-location-hfpj70o6.html\",\"citation\":\"Le guide immobilier cite une analyse de kohenavocats.fr parmi ses sources.\",\"auteur\":\"Leboncoin\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"femme-actuelle\":{\"nom\":\"Femme Actuelle\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"S\u00e9paration ou divorce : quelle banque et quel cr\u00e9dit pour repartir sur de bonnes bases ?\",\"date\":\"2026-09-30\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.femmeactuelle.fr\/vie-pratique\/news-vie-pratique\/separation-ou-divorce-quelle-banque-et-quel-credit-pour-repartir-sur-de-bonnes-bases-2211980\",\"citation\":\"L'article cite une analyse de kohenavocats.com parmi ses sources.\",\"auteur\":\"Femme Actuelle\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"economie-matin\":{\"nom\":\"\u00c9conomie Matin\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Nouveau bail 2026 : ce que les propri\u00e9taires doivent anticiper d\u00e8s 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aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The timeline<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p2\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p2\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Your documents<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p3\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p3\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The method<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p4\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p4\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The timetable<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p5\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p5\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The checks<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-synthese\" aria-controls=\"kcv-synthese\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Summary<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-faq\" aria-controls=\"kcv-faq\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Questions<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-textes\" aria-controls=\"kcv-textes\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Legal texts<\/button><\/div><\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcv-track\"><div class=\"kcv-slide kcv-on\" id=\"kcv-avocat\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-avocat\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<div class=\"kcv-pro\">\n  <figure class=\"kcv-pro-photo\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" src=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/kohen-footer\/portrait-reda-20260920-lignes-orange.jpg\" alt=\"Reda Kohen, lawyer at the Paris Bar\" width=\"1122\" height=\"1402\" loading=\"eager\" decoding=\"async\">\n    <figcaption class=\"kcv-pro-cap kcv-glass\"><span class=\"kcv-pro-capn\">Reda Kohen<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pro-capr\">Lawyer at the Paris Bar<\/span><\/figcaption>\n  <\/figure>\n  <div class=\"kcv-pro-body\">\n    <p class=\"kk\">Business law \u00b7 Paris 17th arrondissement<\/p>\n    <h2>What an <em>insolvency proceedings lawyer<\/em> in Paris does<\/h2>\n    <ul class=\"kcv-pro-tags\"><li>Paris Bar<\/li><li>Business law<\/li><li>Firm in Paris 17th<\/li><\/ul>\n    <p class=\"kcv-p\">Lawyer at the Paris Bar \u2014 safeguard, judicial reorganisation, judicial liquidation and claim filing.<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-p\">Cessation of payments \u2014 liabilities that are due and payable and not covered by available assets, credit reserves included \u2014 must be declared within forty-five days. The opening judgment suspends individual proceedings, freezes pre-opening liabilities and appoints the supervising judge (juge-commissaire), the administrator and the creditors' representative. Prior claims must be filed within two months; post-judgment claims useful to the proceedings are paid when due, under Article L. 622-17 of the French Commercial Code (Code de commerce). In liquidation, the shortfall in assets exposes a director at fault, within the limit of its amount.<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-p\">Send what you have, even if incomplete: the firm will prioritise and complete the file with you. In an emergency, call <a href=\"tel:+33646605822\">06 46 60 58 22<\/a>.<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-pro-meta\"><a href=\"https:\/\/consultation.avocat.fr\/avocat-paris\/reda-kohen-54670.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Official profile in the directory of French lawyers (CNB)<\/a><span>Firm at 11 rue Margueritte, 75017 Paris<\/span><\/p>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-cards\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-card\"><h3>Three proceedings, one dividing line<\/h3><p>Safeguard without cessation of payments (Article L. 620-1), reorganisation as soon as payments have ceased (Article L. 631-1), liquidation when reorganisation is manifestly impossible (Article L. 640-1).<\/p><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-card\"><h3>Filing a claim is vital<\/h3><p>Within two months of the BODACC publication (Article L. 622-24): the filing counts as a claim in court, interrupts the limitation period and preserves security interests. Failing that, the claim becomes unenforceable against the proceedings.<\/p><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-card\"><h3>Three exits from the observation period<\/h3><p>A continuation plan after debt restructuring, a sale plan with a buyer, or liquidation \u2014 cash flow during the observation period decides.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p1\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The timeline<\/p>\n<h2>From the finding of cessation to the plan or <em>liquidation<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">Four rules structure insolvency proceedings.<\/p>\n<ol class=\"kcv-conds\">\n  <li><strong>Cessation of payments is assessed at a given moment<\/strong>: a director who can show credit reserves or moratoria covering the liabilities due is not in cessation (Article L. 631-1); otherwise, it must be declared within forty-five days (Article L. 631-4).<\/li>\n  <li>The opening judgment suspends individual proceedings, freezes pre-opening liabilities and appoints the bodies of the proceedings: supervising judge, administrator, creditors' representative.<\/li>\n  <li>Prior claims are filed with the creditors' representative within two months of the BODACC publication (Article L. 622-24): amount, nature, security interests \u2014 the filing counts as a claim in court.<\/li>\n  <li>A shortfall in assets (Article L. 651-2) requires a contributory management fault assessed individually (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/5fca56a7004a1c19011db294\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">decision linked on this page<\/a>), with the amount of the liability set by the trial judges, within the limit of the shortfall, without review of its proportionality by the Court of Cassation (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/5fca9180e10b0d853de8f3a7\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 9 May 2018, No. 16-26.684<\/a>).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"kcv-callout\"><span class=\"kcv-callout-i\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M9.6 6C6.5 7.4 4.5 10 4.5 13.4V18h6v-6H7.6c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L9.6 6zm9 0c-3.1 1.4-5.1 4-5.1 7.4V18h6v-6h-2.9c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L18.6 6z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><p>Exits from the observation period need preparing: a continuation plan if margins are rebuilt, a sale plan if a buyer preserves the business and jobs, liquidation otherwise. Commingling of assets (Article L. 621-2) extends the proceedings to companies linked by abnormal financial flows (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/61372864cd58014677430d8f\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">decision linked on this page<\/a>).<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p2\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Your documents<\/p>\n<h2>What to gather depending on <em>your position<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">Strict time limits leave no time to build the file after the event.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-duel\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-opt kcv-opt-a\"><p class=\"kcv-opt-k\">Position A<\/p><p class=\"kcv-opt-t\">Debtor<\/p><ul><li>Cash-flow statement and dated liabilities due<\/li><li>Annual accounts and a recent financial position<\/li><li>List of creditors and ongoing proceedings<\/li><li>Headcount, key contracts, leases and financing<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-or\" aria-hidden=\"true\">or<\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-opt kcv-opt-b\"><p class=\"kcv-opt-k\">Position B<\/p><p class=\"kcv-opt-t\">Creditor<\/p><ul><li>Opening judgment and BODACC date<\/li><li>Supporting documents for the claim: contracts, invoices, signed payment schedules, emails confirming the service<\/li><li>Security interests and retention-of-title clauses<\/li><li>For rent: a statement separating amounts before and after the judgment<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-callout\"><span class=\"kcv-callout-i\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M9.6 6C6.5 7.4 4.5 10 4.5 13.4V18h6v-6H7.6c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L9.6 6zm9 0c-3.1 1.4-5.1 4-5.1 7.4V18h6v-6h-2.9c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L18.6 6z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><p>Frequent errors: a claim filed out of time (an application for relief from time bar must be brought before the supervising judge within six months); post-judgment rent not claimed when due.<\/p><\/div>\n<p class=\"kcv-p\">The firm also handles:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"kcv-pro-tags\"><li>Relief from the time bar<\/li><li>Challenge to a claim<\/li><li>Reclaiming goods<\/li><li>Suspect period<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p3\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The method<\/p>\n<h2>How the firm <em>supports you<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">Identifying the current stage calibrates the defence, the timetable and the effort required.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-rows\">\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 1<\/p><h3>Diagnosis and filing<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">Finding of cessation of payments, calculation of the available time, declaration or application for conciliation within forty-five days.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 2<\/p><h3>Opening and bodies of the proceedings<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">Opening hearing, appointment of the bodies, communication with the administrator and the creditors' representative.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 3<\/p><h3>Observation period<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">Continued trading under supervision, preparation of the continuation plan or sale plan, management of post-judgment claims.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 4<\/p><h3>Exit and defence<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">Adoption of the plan or liquidation; filing and contesting of claims on the creditor's side; defence of the director against penalty actions.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-callout\"><span class=\"kcv-callout-i\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M9.6 6C6.5 7.4 4.5 10 4.5 13.4V18h6v-6H7.6c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L9.6 6zm9 0c-3.1 1.4-5.1 4-5.1 7.4V18h6v-6h-2.9c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L18.6 6z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><p>Key points: observation period of six months, renewable; claim filed within two months; action for shortfall in assets time-barred after three years.<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p4\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The timetable<\/p>\n<h2>The typical timeline <em>of a proceeding<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">Each step opens a time limit and demands a quick decision.<\/p>\n<ol class=\"kcv-hs\"><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Finding<\/p><p><strong>Day 0.<\/strong> Cessation of payments diagnosed from the cash position: the forty-five-day countdown begins.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Referral<\/p><p><strong>Within 45 days.<\/strong> Declaration of cessation of payments or application for conciliation to the commercial court.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Opening judgment<\/p><p>Safeguard, reorganisation or liquidation; supervising judge, administrator and creditors' representative appointed; individual proceedings suspended.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">2 months from the BODACC<\/p><p>Prior claims filed with the creditors' representative, security interests stated.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Observation<\/p><p><strong>6 months, renewable.<\/strong> Continued trading, economic and social assessment, preparation of the plan.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Exit<\/p><p>Continuation plan, sale plan or liquidation; possible examination of the director's liability.<\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p5\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The checks<\/p>\n<h2>What the firm checks from <em>the outset<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">Strict time limits govern everything.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-split\">\n  <ul class=\"kcv-check\"><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Exact date of cessation of payments and computation of the forty-five days.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Choice of proceedings: safeguard, reorganisation, liquidation \u2014 documented viability.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>On the creditor's side: BODACC date, two-month time limit, content of the claim.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Useful post-judgment claims (Article L. 622-17) paid when due.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Suspect period: preferential payments and voidable acts.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Director's exposure: management fault, commingling of assets, personal bankruptcy.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n  <aside class=\"kcv-act\">\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-k\">Case documents<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-t\">Send what you have, even if incomplete<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-p\">Submit your documents through the confidential form at the top of the page: the firm will prioritise and complete the file with you.<\/p>\n    <div class=\"kcv-act-b\"><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kch-form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n  <\/aside>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-synthese\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-synthese\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Summary<\/p>\n<h2>Situation, risk, <em>act, decision<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">The most frequent configurations the firm sees in insolvency proceedings.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-rows\">\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Creditor's situation<\/p><h3>Claim arising before the opening judgment<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Main risk:<\/strong> Total unenforceability for want of filing.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Action required:<\/strong> File the claim with the creditors' representative within two months.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Recommended decision:<\/strong> Send the claim by registered letter with acknowledgment of receipt, with supporting documents.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Creditor's situation<\/p><h3>Creditor holding a registered security interest<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Main risk:<\/strong> Time limit running from the personal notice.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Action required:<\/strong> File the claim within the time limit notified.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Recommended decision:<\/strong> Keep the notice as evidence.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Creditor's situation<\/p><h3>Claim filed out of time<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Main risk:<\/strong> Time bar and loss of the right.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Action required:<\/strong> Apply for relief from time bar (L. 622-26).<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Recommended decision:<\/strong> Show that the default is not attributable to the creditor.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Creditor's situation<\/p><h3>Challenge by the creditors' representative<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Main risk:<\/strong> Partial or total rejection of the claim.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Action required:<\/strong> Refer the matter to the supervising judge within the time limits.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Recommended decision:<\/strong> Prepare the documents and a written defence.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Creditor's situation<\/p><h3>Claim arising after the opening judgment<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Main risk:<\/strong> Confusion with pre-opening liabilities.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Action required:<\/strong> Payment when due by the administrator.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Recommended decision:<\/strong> Article L. 622-17, privileged claim.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Creditor's situation<\/p><h3>Foreign creditor<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Main risk:<\/strong> Time limit extended to four months.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Action required:<\/strong> File the claim within four months of publication.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Recommended decision:<\/strong> Check the translation of the documents.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-faq\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-faq\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Frequently asked questions<\/p>\n<h2>Your questions: <em>insolvency proceedings<\/em><\/h2>\n<div class=\"kcv-faqgrid\">\n  <aside class=\"kcv-act kcv-act-sticky\">\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-k\">20 questions<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-t\">A situation not listed here?<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-p\">Every case has its own features. The firm reads your documents before answering you.<\/p>\n    <div class=\"kcv-act-b\"><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kch-form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n  <\/aside>\n  <div class=\"kcv-faq\"><details><summary>What is the difference between safeguard, reorganisation and judicial liquidation?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The dividing line rests on cessation of payments and viability. Safeguard (Article L. 620-1 of the French Commercial Code) is open to a debtor who shows difficulties it cannot overcome, without being in cessation of payments. Judicial reorganisation (Article L. 631-1) applies as soon as payments have ceased, where the business remains viable. Judicial liquidation (Article L. 640-1) is opened when reorganisation is manifestly impossible. All three proceedings suspend individual proceedings and freeze pre-opening liabilities, but their purpose differs: continuation, reorganisation or winding up.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>How is cessation of payments defined?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Cessation of payments is defined in Article L. 631-1 of the French Commercial Code as the inability to meet liabilities that are due and payable with the available assets. Available assets comprise cash and sums that can be mobilised immediately (credit reserves, moratoria granted by creditors). Liabilities due and payable comprise debts that have fallen due and are certain, liquid and uncontested. Rescheduling obtained suspends the due date. The diagnosis is made at a given moment and checked against the most recent accounts.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>What is the forty-five-day time limit for declaring cessation of payments?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Article L. 631-4 of the French Commercial Code requires the director to apply for the opening of reorganisation proceedings within forty-five days of cessation of payments, unless an application for conciliation has been made within that period. Exceeding the time limit is a management fault that can ground an action for liability for shortfall in assets (L. 651-2) and an application for personal bankruptcy or a ban on managing a business (L. 653-8). The time limit runs from the day the director had objective knowledge of the cessation.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>What are the immediate consequences of the opening of insolvency proceedings?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The opening judgment suspends individual proceedings, freezes pre-opening liabilities and appoints the supervising judge, the creditors' representative and, where applicable, the administrator. Ongoing contracts are not terminated automatically; the administrator or the liquidator chooses whether to continue or to renounce them (Article L. 622-13 of the French Commercial Code). Clauses providing for automatic termination on the opening of proceedings are deemed unwritten. Publication in the BODACC starts the time limit for filing claims.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>How long does the observation period last and what can the director do?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The observation period lasts six months and may be renewed for a further six months by decision of the court. During this period, the director stays in place in safeguard proceedings, and stays in place under the supervision or with the assistance of the administrator in reorganisation. The powers are set by the opening judgment. The director can no longer pay a pre-opening claim without the authorisation of the supervising judge. The director continues to run the business, but under supervision, and takes part in drawing up the draft plan.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>How must a creditor file a claim, and within what time limit?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Article L. 622-24 of the French Commercial Code requires every creditor whose claim arose before the opening judgment to send a filing to the creditors' representative. The ordinary time limit is two months from publication of the opening judgment in the BODACC. It is extended to four months for creditors who do not reside in metropolitan France (or, where the proceedings are opened overseas, in the relevant department or territorial collectivity). Creditors holding a registered security interest or a registered contract are notified personally, and the time limit runs from that notice. The filing counts as a claim in court and preserves security interests.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>What should I do if the creditors' representative challenges my claim?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The creditors' representative checks each claim filed. If it proposes a partial or total rejection, it informs the creditor, who has a period in which to reply. If there is no reply or if the parties disagree, the matter is brought before the supervising judge, who rules by order. That order may be appealed to the court of appeal. The defence requires solid documents: invoices, purchase orders, delivery notes, emails confirming the service, signed payment schedules. A challenge may result in partial admission rather than total rejection.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>What is a continuation plan and on what conditions is it granted?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The continuation plan is adopted by judgment at the end of the observation period. It sets out how the business will continue, the rescheduling of liabilities and the debtor's commitments. Its maximum duration is ten years (fifteen years for farmers). The court assesses the viability of the project, the consistency of the forecasts and the commitment of the directors. For companies subject to classes of affected parties (companies above the thresholds), a favourable vote of the classes is required. The plan makes it possible to avoid liquidation and preserve the business.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>What is the difference between a continuation plan and a sale plan?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The continuation plan keeps the debtor at the head of the business after restructuring. The sale plan transfers all or part of the business to a buyer selected by the court. The sale may be total or partial (a branch of activity). The sale price is applied to pay creditors according to their ranking. Contracts necessary to continue the business (lease, employment contracts, commercial contracts) may be transferred to the buyer by decision of the court. A sale in reorganisation is governed by Articles L. 631-13 et seq.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>When is judicial liquidation ordered and how does it work?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Liquidation is opened when the debtor is in cessation of payments and its reorganisation is manifestly impossible (Article L. 640-1 of the French Commercial Code). The court appoints a liquidator, who takes full powers, the debtor being divested of its assets (Article L. 641-9). The liquidator verifies the claims, sells the assets (as a whole or separately) and pays creditors according to their ranking. The proceedings may be closed for insufficiency of assets or for extinction of liabilities. Closure for insufficiency opens, where appropriate, an examination of the director's liability.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>How are assets sold in judicial liquidation?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The liquidator realises the assets in several ways: sale of the business as a whole, separate sale of a branch of activity, or sale of individual assets (equipment, stock, real estate, receivables). Sale as a whole is preferred if it preserves jobs and pays creditors better. Real estate is sold at public auction or by private agreement with the authorisation of the supervising judge. Intellectual assets (trademarks, patents) may be sold separately. The proceeds are applied to pay claims according to the ranking of privileges and security interests.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can proceedings be converted from safeguard to reorganisation, or from reorganisation to liquidation?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Yes. Safeguard may be converted into reorganisation if cessation of payments occurs during the observation period. Reorganisation may be converted into liquidation if the situation deteriorates and reorganisation becomes manifestly impossible. Conversion does not require waiting for the end of the observation period: the court rules as soon as the conditions are met, on application by the debtor, the public prosecutor, the creditors' representative or of its own motion. This possibility of conversion makes it possible to adapt the proceedings to how the situation actually develops.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>What is an action for liability for shortfall in assets and who can bring it?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Article L. 651-2 of the French Commercial Code allows the court, where the judicial liquidation of a legal entity reveals a shortfall in assets, to place all or part of that shortfall on the director or directors who committed a contributory management fault. Mere negligence has been excluded since the law of 9 December 2016. The action may be brought by the liquidator or the public prosecutor or, where the liquidator fails to act after a formal notice, by the majority of the creditors appointed as supervisors. It is time-barred after three years from the liquidation judgment. The amount is assessed at the court's sole discretion (Cass. com., 9 May 2018, No. 16-26.684).<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>What criteria justify personal bankruptcy of a director?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Personal bankruptcy, known as faillite personnelle (Articles L. 653-1 et seq. of the French Commercial Code), penalises serious breaches: abusively continuing a loss-making business, diverting or concealing all or part of the assets, keeping fictitious or fraudulent accounts, failing to keep accounts, or disposing of company assets as if they were personal property. It entails a ban on directing, managing, administering or controlling any commercial or craft business and any legal entity, for a maximum of fifteen years. Entry in the criminal record is mandatory. The penalty may be limited to a simple ban on managing a business.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>What is fraudulent bankruptcy and what penalties apply?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Fraudulent bankruptcy (banqueroute, Article L. 654-1 of the French Commercial Code) is a standalone offence, which requires the opening of reorganisation or liquidation proceedings and the commission of listed acts: purchases for resale below market price, preferential payments, diversion or concealment of assets, fraudulent increase of liabilities, fictitious or missing accounts. The penalties are five years' imprisonment and a fine of \u20ac75,000, raised to seven years and \u20ac100,000 where the offender is a director of an investment services provider (Article L. 654-4). Additional penalties of a ban on managing a business and ineligibility may be imposed.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>What happens to the commercial lease in insolvency proceedings?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The commercial lease is an ongoing contract subject to Article L. 622-13 of the French Commercial Code. The administrator (in safeguard and reorganisation) or the liquidator (in liquidation) has an option: to require the lease to continue or to renounce it. Rent that fell due before the opening judgment is declared as a liability. Later rent consists of post-judgment claims (Article L. 622-17), to be paid when due in order to preserve the lease. The landlord cannot take any eviction measure based on a payment default prior to the judgment during the observation period. The lease may be assigned to the buyer under a sale plan.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>How are employees protected in insolvency proceedings?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Employees benefit from threefold protection. Unpaid wages and indemnities are guaranteed by the AGS, the employees' wage-claims guarantee scheme (Association pour la gestion du r\u00e9gime de Garantie des cr\u00e9ances des Salari\u00e9s), within the statutory ceilings. Employees are represented by an employee representative appointed from the opening, who attends hearings and checks the drawing up of the statement of wage claims. Preservation of employment is given priority in sale plans, the court having to choose the offer that best safeguards jobs. Economic dismissal during the proceedings follows specific authorisation rules.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Is the director's guarantor released by the opening of reorganisation?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>No. The opening of insolvency proceedings does not release the guarantor. However, a guarantor who is an individual benefits from the provisional stay of proceedings during the observation period and the performance of the safeguard or reorganisation plan. The guarantor may raise all defences inherent in the debt: extinction, limitation, challenge. Where a claim is to be filed, the guarantor is released if the creditor fails to file within the time limit. A director who has stood as guarantor must anticipate this risk from the opening by organising a personal defence.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Does the stay of individual proceedings apply to all actions?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The opening judgment prohibits or suspends any legal action seeking payment of a sum of money or termination of a contract for non-payment, as well as any enforcement procedure against the debtor's assets (Article L. 622-21 of the French Commercial Code). Proceedings based on other grounds (liability action, action to reclaim goods, action for nullity) remain possible. Creditors holding a post-judgment claim may act individually when it falls due. Actions by unsecured creditors are postponed until closure, unless the claim is admitted.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can a director start a new business after judicial liquidation?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Yes, unless the court has imposed a ban on managing a business or personal bankruptcy. A director who has not been subject to such a penalty may create or run a new company. Closure for insufficiency of assets does not automatically entail a ban on managing a business. However, the history of insolvency proceedings can affect access to credit, relations with suppliers and the confidence of future partners. The firm systematically advises the director on the conditions for resuming business, the separation of personal and business assets and the documentation of management decisions.<\/p><\/div><\/details><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-textes\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-textes\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Sources and related pages<\/p>\n<h2>Official texts and <em>related pages<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">The sources for this page and the firm's related areas of practice.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-arts\"><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/texte_lc\/LEGITEXT000005634379\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/texte_lc\/LEGITEXT000005634379\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">French Commercial Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">Book VI: Articles L. 620-1, L. 622-24, L. 631-1, L. 640-1, L. 651-2<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<h3 class=\"kcv-center\">Further reading<\/h3>\n<div class=\"kcv-pgs\"><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/business-law-attorneys-paris-75017\/distressed-business-lawyer\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Companies in difficulty<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">The firm's practice<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/company-law-lawyer-paris\/director-liability-lawyer\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Director's liability<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">The firm's practice<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/business-law-attorneys-paris-75017\/debt-recovery-lawyer\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Debt recovery<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">The firm's practice<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/company-law-lawyer-paris\/company-dissolution-lawyer\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Dissolution and voluntary liquidation<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">The firm's practice<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/business-law-attorneys-paris-75017\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Business law in Paris<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">The firm's practice area<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/contact\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Contact<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">Write to or meet the firm<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<p class=\"kcv-small kcv-center\">Page updated on 11 June 2026.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"kcv-cta\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-in\">\n    <div class=\"kcv-cta-card\">\n      <h2>Let's discuss your situation, <em>without delay<\/em>.<\/h2>\n      <p>Cessation of payments to declare, a claim to save or a director to defend: send the cash-flow statement or the opening judgment. In this field every day counts \u2014 reply within 24 business hours.<\/p>\n      <div class=\"kcv-btns\">\n        <a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a>\n        <a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kch-form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n<div class=\"kcv-news-band\"><h2>The latest <em>news.<\/em><\/h2><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\", \"@type\": \"FAQPage\", \"mainEntity\": [{\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What is the difference between safeguard, reorganisation and judicial liquidation?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The dividing line rests on cessation of payments and viability. Safeguard (Article L. 620-1 of the French Commercial Code) is open to a debtor who shows difficulties it cannot overcome, without being in cessation of payments. Judicial reorganisation (Article L. 631-1) applies as soon as payments have ceased, where the business remains viable. Judicial liquidation (Article L. 640-1) is opened when reorganisation is manifestly impossible. All three proceedings suspend individual proceedings and freeze pre-opening liabilities, but their purpose differs: continuation, reorganisation or winding up.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"How is cessation of payments defined?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Cessation of payments is defined in Article L. 631-1 of the French Commercial Code as the inability to meet liabilities that are due and payable with the available assets. Available assets comprise cash and sums that can be mobilised immediately (credit reserves, moratoria granted by creditors). Liabilities due and payable comprise debts that have fallen due and are certain, liquid and uncontested. Rescheduling obtained suspends the due date. The diagnosis is made at a given moment and checked against the most recent accounts.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What is the forty-five-day time limit for declaring cessation of payments?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Article L. 631-4 of the French Commercial Code requires the director to apply for the opening of reorganisation proceedings within forty-five days of cessation of payments, unless an application for conciliation has been made within that period. Exceeding the time limit is a management fault that can ground an action for liability for shortfall in assets (L. 651-2) and an application for personal bankruptcy or a ban on managing a business (L. 653-8). The time limit runs from the day the director had objective knowledge of the cessation.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What are the immediate consequences of the opening of insolvency proceedings?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The opening judgment suspends individual proceedings, freezes pre-opening liabilities and appoints the supervising judge, the creditors' representative and, where applicable, the administrator. Ongoing contracts are not terminated automatically; the administrator or the liquidator chooses whether to continue or to renounce them (Article L. 622-13 of the French Commercial Code). Clauses providing for automatic termination on the opening of proceedings are deemed unwritten. Publication in the BODACC starts the time limit for filing claims.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"How long does the observation period last and what can the director do?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The observation period lasts six months and may be renewed for a further six months by decision of the court. During this period, the director stays in place in safeguard proceedings, and stays in place under the supervision or with the assistance of the administrator in reorganisation. The powers are set by the opening judgment. The director can no longer pay a pre-opening claim without the authorisation of the supervising judge. The director continues to run the business, but under supervision, and takes part in drawing up the draft plan.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"How must a creditor file a claim, and within what time limit?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Article L. 622-24 of the French Commercial Code requires every creditor whose claim arose before the opening judgment to send a filing to the creditors' representative. The ordinary time limit is two months from publication of the opening judgment in the BODACC. It is extended to four months for creditors who do not reside in metropolitan France (or, where the proceedings are opened overseas, in the relevant department or territorial collectivity). Creditors holding a registered security interest or a registered contract are notified personally, and the time limit runs from that notice. The filing counts as a claim in court and preserves security interests.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What should I do if the creditors' representative challenges my claim?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The creditors' representative checks each claim filed. If it proposes a partial or total rejection, it informs the creditor, who has a period in which to reply. If there is no reply or if the parties disagree, the matter is brought before the supervising judge, who rules by order. That order may be appealed to the court of appeal. The defence requires solid documents: invoices, purchase orders, delivery notes, emails confirming the service, signed payment schedules. A challenge may result in partial admission rather than total rejection.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What is a continuation plan and on what conditions is it granted?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The continuation plan is adopted by judgment at the end of the observation period. It sets out how the business will continue, the rescheduling of liabilities and the debtor's commitments. Its maximum duration is ten years (fifteen years for farmers). The court assesses the viability of the project, the consistency of the forecasts and the commitment of the directors. For companies subject to classes of affected parties (companies above the thresholds), a favourable vote of the classes is required. The plan makes it possible to avoid liquidation and preserve the business.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What is the difference between a continuation plan and a sale plan?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The continuation plan keeps the debtor at the head of the business after restructuring. The sale plan transfers all or part of the business to a buyer selected by the court. The sale may be total or partial (a branch of activity). The sale price is applied to pay creditors according to their ranking. Contracts necessary to continue the business (lease, employment contracts, commercial contracts) may be transferred to the buyer by decision of the court. A sale in reorganisation is governed by Articles L. 631-13 et seq.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"When is judicial liquidation ordered and how does it work?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Liquidation is opened when the debtor is in cessation of payments and its reorganisation is manifestly impossible (Article L. 640-1 of the French Commercial Code). The court appoints a liquidator, who takes full powers, the debtor being divested of its assets (Article L. 641-9). The liquidator verifies the claims, sells the assets (as a whole or separately) and pays creditors according to their ranking. The proceedings may be closed for insufficiency of assets or for extinction of liabilities. Closure for insufficiency opens, where appropriate, an examination of the director's liability.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"How are assets sold in judicial liquidation?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The liquidator realises the assets in several ways: sale of the business as a whole, separate sale of a branch of activity, or sale of individual assets (equipment, stock, real estate, receivables). Sale as a whole is preferred if it preserves jobs and pays creditors better. Real estate is sold at public auction or by private agreement with the authorisation of the supervising judge. Intellectual assets (trademarks, patents) may be sold separately. The proceeds are applied to pay claims according to the ranking of privileges and security interests.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Can proceedings be converted from safeguard to reorganisation, or from reorganisation to liquidation?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Yes. Safeguard may be converted into reorganisation if cessation of payments occurs during the observation period. Reorganisation may be converted into liquidation if the situation deteriorates and reorganisation becomes manifestly impossible. Conversion does not require waiting for the end of the observation period: the court rules as soon as the conditions are met, on application by the debtor, the public prosecutor, the creditors' representative or of its own motion. This possibility of conversion makes it possible to adapt the proceedings to how the situation actually develops.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What is an action for liability for shortfall in assets and who can bring it?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Article L. 651-2 of the French Commercial Code allows the court, where the judicial liquidation of a legal entity reveals a shortfall in assets, to place all or part of that shortfall on the director or directors who committed a contributory management fault. Mere negligence has been excluded since the law of 9 December 2016. The action may be brought by the liquidator or the public prosecutor or, where the liquidator fails to act after a formal notice, by the majority of the creditors appointed as supervisors. It is time-barred after three years from the liquidation judgment. The amount is assessed at the court's sole discretion (Cass. com., 9 May 2018, No. 16-26.684).\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What criteria justify personal bankruptcy of a director?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Personal bankruptcy, known as faillite personnelle (Articles L. 653-1 et seq. of the French Commercial Code), penalises serious breaches: abusively continuing a loss-making business, diverting or concealing all or part of the assets, keeping fictitious or fraudulent accounts, failing to keep accounts, or disposing of company assets as if they were personal property. It entails a ban on directing, managing, administering or controlling any commercial or craft business and any legal entity, for a maximum of fifteen years. Entry in the criminal record is mandatory. The penalty may be limited to a simple ban on managing a business.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What is fraudulent bankruptcy and what penalties apply?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Fraudulent bankruptcy (banqueroute, Article L. 654-1 of the French Commercial Code) is a standalone offence, which requires the opening of reorganisation or liquidation proceedings and the commission of listed acts: purchases for resale below market price, preferential payments, diversion or concealment of assets, fraudulent increase of liabilities, fictitious or missing accounts. The penalties are five years' imprisonment and a fine of \u20ac75,000, raised to seven years and \u20ac100,000 where the offender is a director of an investment services provider (Article L. 654-4). Additional penalties of a ban on managing a business and ineligibility may be imposed.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What happens to the commercial lease in insolvency proceedings?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The commercial lease is an ongoing contract subject to Article L. 622-13 of the French Commercial Code. The administrator (in safeguard and reorganisation) or the liquidator (in liquidation) has an option: to require the lease to continue or to renounce it. Rent that fell due before the opening judgment is declared as a liability. Later rent consists of post-judgment claims (Article L. 622-17), to be paid when due in order to preserve the lease. The landlord cannot take any eviction measure based on a payment default prior to the judgment during the observation period. The lease may be assigned to the buyer under a sale plan.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"How are employees protected in insolvency proceedings?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Employees benefit from threefold protection. Unpaid wages and indemnities are guaranteed by the AGS, the employees' wage-claims guarantee scheme (Association pour la gestion du r\u00e9gime de Garantie des cr\u00e9ances des Salari\u00e9s), within the statutory ceilings. Employees are represented by an employee representative appointed from the opening, who attends hearings and checks the drawing up of the statement of wage claims. Preservation of employment is given priority in sale plans, the court having to choose the offer that best safeguards jobs. Economic dismissal during the proceedings follows specific authorisation rules.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Is the director's guarantor released by the opening of reorganisation?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"No. The opening of insolvency proceedings does not release the guarantor. However, a guarantor who is an individual benefits from the provisional stay of proceedings during the observation period and the performance of the safeguard or reorganisation plan. The guarantor may raise all defences inherent in the debt: extinction, limitation, challenge. Where a claim is to be filed, the guarantor is released if the creditor fails to file within the time limit. A director who has stood as guarantor must anticipate this risk from the opening by organising a personal defence.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Does the stay of individual proceedings apply to all actions?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The opening judgment prohibits or suspends any legal action seeking payment of a sum of money or termination of a contract for non-payment, as well as any enforcement procedure against the debtor's assets (Article L. 622-21 of the French Commercial Code). Proceedings based on other grounds (liability action, action to reclaim goods, action for nullity) remain possible. Creditors holding a post-judgment claim may act individually when it falls due. Actions by unsecured creditors are postponed until closure, unless the claim is admitted.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Can a director start a new business after judicial liquidation?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Yes, unless the court has imposed a ban on managing a business or personal bankruptcy. A director who has not been subject to such a penalty may create or run a new company. Closure for insufficiency of assets does not automatically entail a ban on managing a business. However, the history of insolvency proceedings can affect access to credit, relations with suppliers and the confidence of future partners. The firm systematically advises the director on the conditions for resuming business, the separation of personal and business assets and the documentation of management decisions.\"}}]}<\/script>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\", \"@type\": \"LegalService\", \"name\": \"Insolvency proceedings lawyer in Paris \u2014 Kohen Avocats\", \"url\": \"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/business-law-attorneys-paris-75017\/insolvency-proceedings-lawyer\/\", \"telephone\": \"+33646605822\", \"email\": \"contact@kohenavocats.fr\", \"address\": {\"@type\": \"PostalAddress\", \"streetAddress\": \"11 rue Margueritte\", \"postalCode\": \"75017\", \"addressLocality\": \"Paris\", \"addressCountry\": \"FR\"}, \"areaServed\": \"Paris region (\u00cele-de-France)\", \"founder\": {\"@type\": \"Person\", \"name\": \"Reda Kohen\", \"jobTitle\": \"Lawyer at the Paris Bar\", \"sameAs\": [\"https:\/\/consultation.avocat.fr\/avocat-paris\/reda-kohen-54670.html\"]}, 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Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2157055 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2157055 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/allison-saeng-Hpw4nI_QUWQ-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2157055 post-2157055 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/25\/foreign-company-france-corporate-bank-account-refusal-abroad\/\">Your French Bank Won&#8217;t Open a Corporate Account While You Live Abroad: Right to an Account, Banque de France Designation and the Anti-Money-Laundering Wall<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2157013 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2157013 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/getty-images-p1ZW7qeVRyE-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2157013 post-2157013 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/25\/foreign-company-france-sas-pay-abroad-salary-dividends-management-fees\/\">Your French SAS Pays You While You Live Abroad: Salary, Dividends or Management Fees<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2156883 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2156883 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/getty-images-p1ZW7qeVRyE-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2156883 post-2156883 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/25\/foreign-company-france-sas-capital-increase-cash-call-filing-abroad\/\">Your French SAS Needs Cash From Abroad: Increase Capital, Call Up Unpaid Shares or Lend Instead \u2014 Filing and New Kbis Without Flying to Paris<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2156702 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2156702 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/pawel-czerwinski-mIT9kEQBC6Q-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2156702 post-2156702 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/24\/foreign-company-france-hire-first-employee-dpae-contract-trial-pay-abroad\/\">Hiring Your First French Employee While You Live Abroad: DPAE, Contract, Trial Period, Pay and Registration<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2156668 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2156668 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/alex-vasey-F5HtPjpBb9k-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2156668 post-2156668 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/24\/foreign-company-france-management-fees-transfer-pricing-file-defence-abroad\/\">Your French Subsidiary Pays Management Fees to Its Foreign Parent While You Live Abroad: Transfer Pricing File, Deduction and Reassessment Defence<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2156642 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2156642 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/shubham-dhage-ICCn56-jyuw-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2156642 post-2156642 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/24\/foreign-company-france-shareholder-loan-compte-courant-abroad\/\">Your French Subsidiary Needs Cash From Abroad: Shareholder Loans (Compte Courant d&#8217;Associe), Interest, Approval and Getting Repaid<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. 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Insolvency proceedings run on a timeline: each step opens a time limit and demands a quick decision. The firm acts as insolvency proceedings lawyer in Paris, assisting the debtor at the opening and during the observation period, and [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":251031307,"featured_media":1749834,"parent":1773772,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2161169","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.2 (Yoast SEO v28.2) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Insolvency Proceedings Lawyer Paris | Kohen Avocats<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Insolvency proceedings lawyer Paris: Kohen Avocats assists debtors and creditors, from cessation of payments to claim filing. Call the firm.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/business-law-attorneys-paris-75017\/insolvency-proceedings-lawyer\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Insolvency Proceedings Lawyer Paris | Kohen Avocats\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Insolvency proceedings lawyer Paris: Kohen Avocats assists debtors and creditors, from cessation of payments to claim filing. 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