{"id":2161122,"date":"2025-11-14T00:47:25","date_gmt":"2025-11-13T23:47:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/?page_id=2161122"},"modified":"2026-11-04T20:57:46","modified_gmt":"2026-11-04T19:57:46","slug":"ten-year-builders-liability-lawyer","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/real-estate-law-attorneys-paris-75017\/ten-year-builders-liability-lawyer\/","title":{"rendered":"Ten-Year Builder Liability Lawyer Paris"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"2161122\" class=\"elementor elementor-2161122 elementor-1749890\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-v5467fe e-con-full e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"v5467fe\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-v5467few elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"v5467few\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"kcv\" id=\"kci-root\" data-refresh-marker=\"refonte-fr-v3-1749890-20261014\">\n<section class=\"kcv-hero\" aria-labelledby=\"kch-h1\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-in\">\n    <div class=\"kcv-head\">\n      <p class=\"kk\">Ten-year builder's liability \u2014 project owners and builders<\/p>\n      <h1 id=\"kch-h1\"><em>Ten-year builder liability<\/em> lawyer Paris:<span class=\"kcv-tail\"> serious defects, insurance and remedies.<\/span><\/h1>\n      <p class=\"kcv-sub\">Article 1792 of the French Civil Code (Code civil) imposes liability by operation of law: there is no fault to prove, only the defect and its ten-year nature. As a ten-year builder liability lawyer in Paris, the firm classifies the defects, calculates the ten-year liability period and handles urgent applications for a court-appointed expert and actions against builders and insurers.<\/p>\n      <div class=\"kcv-btns\">\n        <a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a>\n        <a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kch-form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a>\n      <\/div>\n      <p class=\"kcv-urg\"><strong>The ten-year liability period runs from acceptance of the works, and only a writ of summons stops it: neither an acknowledgement by the builder nor letters from the insurer do so.<\/strong> A late writ of summons cannot be remedied.<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcv-stagewrap\"><div class=\"kcv-stageshadow\"><div class=\"kcv-stage\">\n      <link rel=\"preload\" as=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kohen-v3\/kohen-fr-1749890-paysage-20261014.webp\" media=\"(min-width:761px)\" fetchpriority=\"high\">\n      <link rel=\"preload\" as=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kohen-v3\/kohen-fr-1749890-paysage-1080-20261014.webp\" media=\"(max-width:760px)\" fetchpriority=\"high\">\n      <div class=\"kcv-media\" aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"--kcv-img:url('https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kohen-v3\/kohen-fr-1749890-paysage-20261014.webp');--kcv-img-m:url('https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kohen-v3\/kohen-fr-1749890-paysage-1080-20261014.webp')\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"kcv-panel kcv-glass\" id=\"kch-form\">\n        <div class=\"kcv-panel-head\">\n          <div>\n            <p class=\"kcv-panel-k\">Ten-year builder's liability \u00b7 Paris<\/p>\n            <h2 class=\"kcv-panel-t\">Get a <em>first analysis<\/em><\/h2>\n            <p class=\"kcv-panel-l\">The ten-year time bar runs from acceptance of the works, and a late writ of summons cannot be remedied. Send the acceptance report, the photographs and the letters: the firm replies within 24 to 48 hours.<\/p>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"kcv-chip kcv-glass\"><p class=\"kcv-chip-n\">24 \u00e0 48 h<\/p><p class=\"kcv-chip-x\">first legal<br>review<\/p><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"kcf-wrap\">\n<form id=\"kcf-2form\" data-kcf data-api-url=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-json\/kohen-form\/v1\/submit\" data-vps-url=\"https:\/\/upload-fr.46-224-152-225.sslip.io\/submit\" data-max-size=\"1073741824\" data-max-files=\"500\" novalidate enctype=\"multipart\/form-data\">\n  <input type=\"hidden\" name=\"rendered_at\" value=\"1776847557\">\n  <div class=\"kcf-hp\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><label for=\"kcf-2website\">Do not fill in<\/label><input id=\"kcf-2website\" name=\"website\" type=\"text\" tabindex=\"-1\" autocomplete=\"off\"><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcf-price\">\n    <span class=\"kcf-price-amount\">\u20ac80<small>incl. 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\u00e0 la location ?\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.leboncoin.fr\/guide\/immobilier\/bouilloires-thermiques-bientot-interdites-a-la-location-hfpj70o6.html\",\"citation\":\"Le guide immobilier cite une analyse de kohenavocats.fr parmi ses sources.\",\"auteur\":\"Leboncoin\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"femme-actuelle\":{\"nom\":\"Femme Actuelle\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"S\u00e9paration ou divorce : quelle banque et quel cr\u00e9dit pour repartir sur de bonnes bases ?\",\"date\":\"2026-09-30\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.femmeactuelle.fr\/vie-pratique\/news-vie-pratique\/separation-ou-divorce-quelle-banque-et-quel-credit-pour-repartir-sur-de-bonnes-bases-2211980\",\"citation\":\"L'article cite une analyse de kohenavocats.com parmi ses sources.\",\"auteur\":\"Femme Actuelle\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"economie-matin\":{\"nom\":\"\u00c9conomie Matin\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Nouveau bail 2026 : ce que les propri\u00e9taires doivent anticiper d\u00e8s 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aria-controls=\"kcv-p1\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The regime<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p2\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p2\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Your documents<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p3\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p3\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The method<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p4\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p4\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The timetable<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p5\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p5\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The checks<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-synthese\" aria-controls=\"kcv-synthese\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Summary<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-faq\" aria-controls=\"kcv-faq\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Questions<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-textes\" aria-controls=\"kcv-textes\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Legal texts<\/button><\/div><\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcv-track\"><div class=\"kcv-slide kcv-on\" id=\"kcv-avocat\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-avocat\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<div class=\"kcv-pro\">\n  <figure class=\"kcv-pro-photo\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" src=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/kohen-footer\/portrait-reda-20260920-lignes-orange.jpg\" alt=\"Reda Kohen, lawyer at the Paris Bar\" width=\"1122\" height=\"1402\" loading=\"eager\" decoding=\"async\">\n    <figcaption class=\"kcv-pro-cap kcv-glass\"><span class=\"kcv-pro-capn\">Reda Kohen<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pro-capr\">Lawyer at the Paris Bar<\/span><\/figcaption>\n  <\/figure>\n  <div class=\"kcv-pro-body\">\n    <p class=\"kk\">Real estate law \u00b7 Paris 17th arrondissement<\/p>\n    <h2>What a <em>ten-year builder liability lawyer<\/em> in Paris does<\/h2>\n    <ul class=\"kcv-pro-tags\"><li>Paris Bar<\/li><li>Real estate law<\/li><li>Firm in Paris 17th<\/li><\/ul>\n    <p class=\"kcv-p\">Lawyer at the Paris Bar \u2014 real estate law and construction law.<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-p\">The ten-year builder's liability (garantie d\u00e9cennale) covers, for ten years from acceptance of the works, damage that compromises the structural soundness of the building or makes it unfit for its purpose, with no fault to prove. The period under article 1792-4-1 is a ten-year liability period: only a writ of summons interrupts it. Apparent defects accepted through acceptance without reservations fall outside the warranty. Compensation is full: restoration, loss of use, accommodation, residual loss in value.<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-p\">Send what you have, even if incomplete: the firm will prioritise and complete the file with you. In an emergency, call <a href=\"tel:+33646605822\">06 46 60 58 22<\/a>.<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-pro-meta\"><a href=\"https:\/\/consultation.avocat.fr\/avocat-paris\/reda-kohen-54670.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Official profile in the directory of French lawyers (CNB)<\/a><span>Firm at 11 rue Margueritte, 75017 Paris<\/span><\/p>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-cards\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-card\"><h3>Two categories of defects<\/h3><p>Impairment of structural soundness (structural cracks, foundation defects) or unfitness for purpose (massive water ingress, widespread waterproofing failure): classification is the central issue at trial.<\/p><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-card\"><h3>A wide circle of liable parties<\/h3><p>Contractor, architect, design office, developer, vendor after completion: all are deemed builders (article 1792-1) and may be held jointly and severally liable (in solidum) \u2014 a financial safeguard for the project owner.<\/p><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-card\"><h3>Compulsory insurance<\/h3><p>Every builder must hold ten-year liability cover from the start of the site works (article L. 241-1 of the Insurance Code, the Code des assurances). Failing to be insured is a criminal offence and exposes the builder's personal assets.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p1\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The regime<\/p>\n<h2>A presumption of liability that is <em>a matter of public policy<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">Four rules structure ten-year liability litigation.<\/p>\n<ol class=\"kcv-conds\">\n  <li>Every builder is liable by operation of law for damage, even where it results from a defect in the ground, that compromises the structural soundness of the building or makes it unfit for its purpose; only an external cause relieves it of liability (article 1792 of the Civil Code).<\/li>\n  <li>The ten-year liability period runs from acceptance of the works; at its end it discharges the builder (article 1792-4-1). The ten-year period of article 1792-4-3, which applies to ordinary contractual liability, is not interrupted by the builder's acknowledgement (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/60c1aaa21ce32f2fbf7feeac\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. 3e civ., 10 June 2021, No. 20-16.837<\/a>).<\/li>\n  <li>The following are deemed builders: the architect, the contractor, the technician bound by a contract for work, the vendor after completion and the agent performing the role of a contractor for the works (article 1792-1).<\/li>\n  <li>Liability by operation of law applies only to defects that appear after acceptance; ten-year insurance does not cover apparent defects covered by acceptance without reservations (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/627b53664d359c057dd01cdc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. 3e civ., 11 May 2022, No. 21-15.217<\/a>).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"kcv-callout\"><span class=\"kcv-callout-i\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M9.6 6C6.5 7.4 4.5 10 4.5 13.4V18h6v-6H7.6c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L9.6 6zm9 0c-3.1 1.4-5.1 4-5.1 7.4V18h6v-6h-2.9c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L18.6 6z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><p>Classification is decided case by case: a fa\u00e7ade render with a waterproofing function is a work, not an item of equipment, provided it is not designed to operate (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/5fca5c01d71a9c33e27587fd\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. 3e civ., 13 February 2020, No. 19-10.249<\/a>). The court-appointed expert assessment fixes this classification and the amount of loss on an adversarial basis.<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p2\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Your documents<\/p>\n<h2>What to send, <em>depending on your situation<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">A ten-year liability case is won on acceptance, dates and the chain of insurance.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-duel\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-opt kcv-opt-a\"><p class=\"kcv-opt-k\">Position A<\/p><p class=\"kcv-opt-t\">Project owner<\/p><ul><li>Construction contract (CCMI, private contract, off-plan sale) and amendments<\/li><li>Acceptance report, with or without reservations, letters lifting the reservations<\/li><li>Dated photographs of the defects, bailiff's reports, quotes from several contractors<\/li><li>Warning letters to builders and insurers, with proof of postal delivery<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-or\" aria-hidden=\"true\">or<\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-opt kcv-opt-b\"><p class=\"kcv-opt-k\">Position B<\/p><p class=\"kcv-opt-t\">Builders and insurance<\/p><ul><li>Full identity of the companies (corporate name, SIREN, registered office)<\/li><li>Ten-year liability insurance certificates of each participant and subcontractor<\/li><li>Identity and insurer of the architect and of the design office<\/li><li>Letters from insurers: appointment of experts, positions, offers<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-callout\"><span class=\"kcv-callout-i\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M9.6 6C6.5 7.4 4.5 10 4.5 13.4V18h6v-6H7.6c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L9.6 6zm9 0c-3.1 1.4-5.1 4-5.1 7.4V18h6v-6h-2.9c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L18.6 6z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><p>Common mistakes: acceptance signed without reservations despite visible defects; undated photographs; emails with no postal acknowledgement of receipt.<\/p><\/div>\n<p class=\"kcv-p\">The firm draws on the whole chain of compensation:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"kcv-pro-tags\"><li>Building-damage insurer<\/li><li>Ten-year liability insurer<\/li><li>Direct action<\/li><li>Filing a claim in the liquidation proceedings<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p3\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The method<\/p>\n<h2>How the firm <em>supports you<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">Early diagnosis preserves the ten-year liability period and the technical evidence.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-rows\">\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 1<\/p><h3>First exchange and sending your documents<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">Call or email, then send the acceptance report, letters, photographs and quotes. First legal reading within 24 to 48 hours.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 2<\/p><h3>Calculating the ten-year liability period<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">Exact date of acceptance, calculation of the period under article 1792-4-1, identification of the liable participants and of their ten-year liability insurers.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 3<\/p><h3>Urgent application for an expert under article 145<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">Writ of summons before the president of the Paris judicial court (tribunal judiciaire), adversarial appointment of an expert, joinder of all builders and insurers.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 4<\/p><h3>Action on the merits and oral argument<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">Writ of summons on the merits, oral argument on ten-year classification and the amount of loss, coordination with the building-damage insurer (dommages-ouvrage), follow-up on appeal.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-callout\"><span class=\"kcv-callout-i\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M9.6 6C6.5 7.4 4.5 10 4.5 13.4V18h6v-6H7.6c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L9.6 6zm9 0c-3.1 1.4-5.1 4-5.1 7.4V18h6v-6h-2.9c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L18.6 6z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><p>Amicable negotiations that drag on can lead to the permanent loss of the claim: only a writ of summons stops the time bar.<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p4\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The timetable<\/p>\n<h2>The timeline of a <em>well-handled<\/em> ten-year liability case<\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">Typical stages, from acceptance to judgment.<\/p>\n<ol class=\"kcv-hs\"><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Acceptance<\/p><p><strong>Day 0.<\/strong> Signed acceptance report, starting point of the ten-year period. Reservations recorded, lifted by written finding.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Appearance of the defect<\/p><p>Documentation through dated photographs, first quotes, identification of the participants potentially liable.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Formal notice<\/p><p>Registered letter to the builders and their ten-year liability insurers: description of the defects, request for repair, time limit given.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Before the 10th anniversary<\/p><p>Writ of summons in an urgent application for an expert before the president of the Paris judicial court \u2014 the step that preserves the claim.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Expert assessment<\/p><p><strong>6 to 18 months.<\/strong> Adversarial meetings, technical examinations, draft report, replies to the parties' observations, final report.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Merits<\/p><p><strong>After the report.<\/strong> Writ of summons on the merits, submissions, oral argument, judgment ordering the builders and insurers jointly and severally (in solidum).<\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p5\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The checks<\/p>\n<h2>What the firm checks <em>before acting<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">No procedure without having validated these points.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-split\">\n  <ul class=\"kcv-check\"><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Exact date of acceptance and precise calculation of the ten-year liability period, with the deadline for serving the writ of summons.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Classification of the defect: structural soundness or unfitness for purpose; work, constituent element or item of equipment.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Reservations at acceptance: an apparent defect accepted without reservations falls outside the warranty and the ten-year insurance.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Identification of the builders, architects, design offices and subcontractors, and of their insurers and policies.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Amount of loss: several quotes, adversarial expert assessment, indirect losses (loss of use, accommodation, loss in value) \u2014 without under- or over-stating the claim.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Strategy: prior urgent application for an expert, direct action against the insurer, use of the building-damage insurance pre-financing.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n  <aside class=\"kcv-act\">\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-k\">Case documents<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-t\">Send what you have, even if incomplete<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-p\">Submit your documents through the confidential form at the top of the page: the firm will prioritise and complete the file with you.<\/p>\n    <div class=\"kcv-act-b\"><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kch-form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n  <\/aside>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-synthese\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-synthese\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Summary<\/p>\n<h2>Situation, evidence, <em>time limit, action<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">The most frequent configurations at the firm, to quickly calibrate the priority and the procedural tool.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-rows\">\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Defect appearing after acceptance, within ten years<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Acceptance report, dated photographs, quotes.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time limit:<\/strong> Before 10 years from acceptance.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Urgent application for an expert under article 145 of the Code of Civil Procedure, joinder of builders and insurers.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Defect present at acceptance without reservations<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Acceptance report without reservations, photographs from the time.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time limit:<\/strong> Ten-year builder's liability excluded.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Possible action in ordinary contractual liability.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Defect within the period but the contractor is in liquidation<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> The contractor's ten-year insurance certificate, the contract.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time limit:<\/strong> Before 10 years from acceptance.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Direct action against the ten-year liability insurer, filing a claim in the liquidation.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Defect arising once the ten-year period has expired<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> The contractor's registered letter, emails.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time limit:<\/strong> Time bar under article 1792-4-1 has taken effect.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> No remedy available, unless a writ of summons interrupting the period was served before it expired.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Refusal by the ten-year liability insurer<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Letter of refusal, general conditions, expert assessment.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time limit:<\/strong> As soon as possible.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Writ of summons on the merits against the insurer, enforceability of the article 1792 presumption.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Architect and contractor both involved<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Project management assignment, contractor's contract.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time limit:<\/strong> During the ten-year liability period.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Joint and several (in solidum) joinder with final apportionment between the co-obligors.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3 class=\"kcv-center\">The firm's practical cases<\/h3>\n<p class=\"kcv-small kcv-center\">Anonymised examples. The figures correspond to real cases, rounded for discretion.<\/p>\n<p class=\"kcv-p\">The anonymised examples below illustrate the variety of situations handled. The figures correspond to real cases but have been rounded for discretion.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-cards\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-card\"><h3>Compensation of \u20ac78,500 for roof leaks<\/h3><p>A Paris project owner finds leaks in a flat roof terrace seven years after acceptance without reservations. Urgent application for an expert under article 145 of the Code of Civil Procedure. The court-appointed expert assessment classifies the defects as making the building unfit for its purpose within the meaning of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006442052\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006442052\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">article 1792<\/a>. Action on the merits, with the contractor and its ten-year liability insurer ordered jointly and severally (in solidum).<\/p><p class=\"kcv-small\">Action: urgent application for an expert, then the merits. Result: \u20ac78,500, applied entirely to the repair work.<\/p><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-card\"><h3>Action time-barred at 11 years, project owner's claim dismissed<\/h3><p>A project owner discovers a serious defect eleven years after acceptance. An attempted writ of summons is inadmissible: the ten-year liability period under <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000019017055\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000019017055\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">article 1792-4-1<\/a> has expired. The Third Civil Chamber of the Court of Cassation confirmed in its <a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/60c1aaa21ce32f2fbf7feeac\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">judgment of 10 June 2021 (No. 20-16.837)<\/a> that the ten-year period of article 1792-4-3 is a time bar, not interrupted by an acknowledgement.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-small\">Action: too late to act. Result: an illustration of how strict the ten-year liability period is.<\/p><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-card\"><h3>Architect and contractor ordered jointly and severally to pay \u20ac42,800<\/h3><p>A structural design defect is revealed five years after acceptance of an off-plan (VEFA) building. Urgent application for an expert involving the architect, the contractor and their insurers. The expert assessment finds joint liability: a design error and an execution defect. Joint and several (in solidum) order, 50\/50 internal apportionment, borne by the respective insurers.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-small\">Action: cross-joinder of the architect and the contractor. Result: \u20ac42,800 for the remedial works.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-faq\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-faq\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Frequently asked questions<\/p>\n<h2>Your questions: <em>ten-year builder's liability<\/em><\/h2>\n<div class=\"kcv-faqgrid\">\n  <aside class=\"kcv-act kcv-act-sticky\">\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-k\">14 questions<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-t\">A situation not listed here?<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-p\">Every case has its own features. The firm reads your documents before answering you.<\/p>\n    <div class=\"kcv-act-b\"><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kch-form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n  <\/aside>\n  <div class=\"kcv-faq\"><details><summary>What is ten-year builder's liability?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The ten-year builder's liability is the liability by operation of law that rests on every builder of a work for ten years from acceptance. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006442052\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006442052\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1792 of the Civil Code<\/a> provides that <q>every builder of a work is liable by operation of law, towards the project owner or the purchaser of the work, for damage, even where it results from a defect in the ground, that compromises the structural soundness of the work or that, affecting it in one of its constituent elements or one of its items of equipment, makes it unfit for its purpose<\/q> (our translation).<\/p><p>The mechanism rests on a presumption: the project owner does not have to prove the builder's fault. It is enough to establish the existence of a defect serious enough to engage ten-year liability and its link with the work. The builder can escape liability only by demonstrating an external cause. This reverses the burden of proof and makes ten-year liability the project owner's main weapon against serious defects that appear after acceptance.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Which defects does ten-year liability cover?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006442052\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006442052\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1792 of the Civil Code<\/a> identifies two categories of defects: those that <q>compromise the structural soundness of the work<\/q> and those that <q>affecting it in one of its constituent elements or one of its items of equipment, make it unfit for its purpose<\/q> (our translation). The first category covers structural cracks, foundation defects and instability of floors or roof frames. The second concerns defects that prevent normal use of the property: massive water ingress, waterproofing failures, major malfunction of an inseparable item of equipment.<\/p><p>The Third Civil Chamber of the Court of Cassation stated in a judgment of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/5fca5c01d71a9c33e27587fd\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">13 February 2020 (No. 19-10.249, Bull, Rapport)<\/a> that <q>every builder of a work is liable by operation of law, towards the project owner or the purchaser of the work, for damage, even where it results from a defect in the ground, that compromises the structural soundness of the work or that, affecting it in one of its constituent elements or one of its items of equipment, makes it unfit for its purpose<\/q> (our translation). Classification is central and determines the outcome of the case.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>When does the ten-year period start to run?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The ten-year period runs from acceptance of the works, defined by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006442059\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006442059\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">article 1792-6 of the Civil Code<\/a>, which provides that <q>acceptance is the act by which the project owner declares that it accepts the work, with or without reservations. It takes place at the request of the more diligent party, either amicably or, failing that, by the court<\/q> (our translation). Acceptance is the pivotal legal act that closes the contractual construction phase and opens the statutory warranty.<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000019017055\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000019017055\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1792-4-1 of the Civil Code<\/a> specifies that <q>any individual or legal entity whose liability may be engaged under articles 1792 to 1792-4 of this Code is discharged from the liabilities and warranties resting on it, under articles 1792 to 1792-2, after ten years from acceptance of the works or, under article 1792-3, on expiry of the period referred to in that article<\/q> (our translation). The period is a time bar: it can be interrupted only by a writ of summons, and not by a mere acknowledgement by the debtor, as the Third Civil Chamber held, for the ten-year period of article 1792-4-3 (ordinary contractual liability), in a judgment of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/60c1aaa21ce32f2fbf7feeac\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">10 June 2021 (No. 20-16.837, Bull, Rapport)<\/a>.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Who can be held liable under ten-year builder's liability?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006442053\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006442053\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1792-1 of the Civil Code<\/a> deems to be a builder <q>any architect, contractor, technician or other person bound to the project owner by a contract for work<\/q>, as well as <q>any person who sells, after completion, a work that it has built or had built<\/q> and <q>any person who, although acting as agent of the owner of the work, performs a task comparable to that of a contractor for the works<\/q> (our translation). The scope is wide.<\/p><p>The general contractor, the architect, the design office, the quantity surveyor, the property developer and the builder of individual houses can all be sued. The Third Civil Chamber of the Court of Cassation held on <a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/627b53664d359c057dd01cdc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">11 May 2022 (No. 21-15.217, Bull)<\/a> that <q>the builder's liability by operation of law for damage of ten-year nature applies only to defects that appeared after acceptance<\/q> (our translation). A joint and several (in solidum) order may be made against all the participants who contributed to the defect.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Is the architect liable under ten-year builder's liability?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Yes, without any restriction. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006442053\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006442053\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1792-1 of the Civil Code<\/a> expressly refers to <q>any architect, contractor, technician or other person bound to the project owner by a contract for work<\/q> (our translation). The architect is presumed liable by operation of law for defects within the scope of the design or site-supervision assignment, unless an external cause unrelated to the architect's work is proved.<\/p><p>The architect may be ordered to pay alone or jointly and severally (in solidum) with the contractor. Where the defect results from a design error or a failure of supervision, the architect's liability is fully engaged. In practice, the architect is often sued together with the insurer (notably the Mutuelle des architectes fran\u00e7ais) to secure effective enforcement of the order. This mechanism frequently leads to prompt compensation, without having to trace the exact author of the defect. To go further, see <a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/real-estate-law-attorneys-paris-75017\/construction-defects-lawyer\/\">the page on construction defects<\/a>.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Does the absence of ten-year insurance block the claim?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>No, but it complicates enforcement. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006799579\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006799579\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 241-1 of the Insurance Code<\/a> requires that <q>any individual or legal entity whose ten-year liability may be engaged on the basis of the presumption established by articles 1792 et seq. of the Civil Code must be covered by insurance<\/q> (our translation). Failure to take out insurance is a criminal offence (article L. 243-3) and exposes the builder's personal assets.<\/p><p>In practice, where the contractor is uninsured and in liquidation, an order becomes difficult to enforce. The Third Civil Chamber of the Court of Cassation held on <a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/627b53664d359c057dd01cdc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">11 May 2022 (No. 21-15.217, Bull)<\/a> that <q>compulsory ten-year liability insurance does not cover apparent defects which, whatever their degree of gravity, are covered by acceptance without reservations<\/q> (our translation). A project owner with building-damage insurance benefits from pre-financing and remains protected. To go further, see <a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/real-estate-law-attorneys-paris-75017\/dommages-ouvrage-insurance-lawyer\/\">the page on building-damage insurance<\/a>.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>How is ten-year loss calculated?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The loss consists of the cost of restoring the work, possibly supplemented by indirect losses (loss of use, temporary accommodation costs, loss in value of the property, expert costs). The method is rigorous: multiple quotes priced by several contractors, an adversarial expert assessment, amicable or court-appointed, and account taken of works already carried out as protective measures.<\/p><p>The project owner must avoid two errors: understating the claim by relying on a single low quote, or overstating it by claiming repairs exceeding the restoration needed. Case law applies the principle of full compensation: the owner must be put back in the position it would have been in without the defect. Judges check that the quotes are consistent with the expert report and do not award manifestly excessive compensation. Preparation of the financial file determines the outcome of the hearing.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Is a court-appointed expert assessment compulsory?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Not formally, but it is generally decisive. A court-appointed expert assessment ordered on an urgent application under article 145 of the Code of Civil Procedure makes it possible to establish, on an adversarial basis, the ten-year nature of the defects, their extent and the cost of repair. It becomes necessary as soon as the parties disagree on classification or on the amount of the repairs.<\/p><p>The expert report is a central item of evidence on the merits. It fixes the date on which the defects appeared, their causal link with the works and the amount of the repair. The Third Civil Chamber of the Court of Cassation has stressed in several judgments that the judge is not bound by the expert's conclusions but must give reasons for departing from them. The firm's practice is to seek a court-appointed expert assessment on an urgent application as soon as a serious defect appears, in order to fix the classification and build a file that can be relied on against all participants.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Are defects that were apparent at acceptance covered?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>No, unless express reservations are recorded in the acceptance report. The Third Civil Chamber of the Court of Cassation held on <a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/627b53664d359c057dd01cdc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">11 May 2022 (No. 21-15.217, Bull)<\/a> that <q>the builder's liability by operation of law for damage of ten-year nature applies only to defects that appeared after acceptance<\/q> and that <q>compulsory ten-year liability insurance does not cover apparent defects which, whatever their degree of gravity, are covered by acceptance without reservations<\/q> (our translation).<\/p><p>A project owner who notices a visible defect at the time of acceptance must have it recorded as a reservation. The reservation triggers the one-year completion warranty under <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006442058\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006442058\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">article 1792-6, paragraph 2, of the Civil Code<\/a>, which covers for one year the defects and faults noted. Reservations are lifted by written finding. Without a reservation, the visible defect is regarded as accepted and falls outside ten-year liability. To go further, see <a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/real-estate-law-attorneys-paris-75017\/works-acceptance-lawyer\/\">the page on acceptance of the works<\/a>.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>What is the difference between article 1792 and article 1792-2?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006442052\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006442052\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1792 of the Civil Code<\/a> lays down the general principle of the builder's ten-year liability. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006442054\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006442054\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1792-2 of the Civil Code<\/a> extends this presumption to <q>damage affecting the soundness of the items of equipment of a work, but only where they form an inseparable whole with the utilities, foundation, framework, enclosure or roofing works<\/q> (our translation).<\/p><p>The distinction is decisive. The Third Civil Chamber of the Court of Cassation held on <a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/5fca5c01d71a9c33e27587fd\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">13 February 2020 (No. 19-10.249, Bull, Rapport)<\/a> that <q>a fa\u00e7ade render, which is a work where it has a waterproofing function, is not an item of equipment, even if it has a damp-proofing function, provided that it is not designed to operate<\/q> (our translation). Classification as a work or as an item of equipment determines the applicable regime and the scope of the warranty. Judges examine the technical function of the element in dispute case by case.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Is acceptance essential to ten-year builder's liability?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Yes. Acceptance is the legal act that triggers the ten-year period. Without acceptance, whether amicable, judicial or tacit, ten-year liability does not apply: the relationship remains contractual under ordinary law. The Third Civil Chamber of the Court of Cassation held on <a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/627b53664d359c057dd01cdc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">11 May 2022 (No. 21-15.217, Bull)<\/a> that <q>the builder's liability by operation of law for damage of ten-year nature applies only to defects that appeared after acceptance<\/q> (our translation).<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006442059\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006442059\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1792-6 of the Civil Code<\/a> specifies that <q>acceptance takes place at the request of the more diligent party, either amicably or, failing that, by the court<\/q> (our translation). Where the contractor refuses to request acceptance, the project owner may apply to the court for compulsory acceptance. The date of acceptance conditions everything: the ten-year period, the place of trial, the scope of the insurers involved. Fixing it is not a side issue. To go further, see <a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/real-estate-law-attorneys-paris-75017\/works-acceptance-lawyer\/\">the page on acceptance of the works<\/a>.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>What is the difference from the two-year equipment warranty?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The two-year warranty, known as the good-working-order warranty, is laid down by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006443534\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006443534\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">article 1792-3 of the Civil Code<\/a>, which provides that <q>the other items of equipment of the work are covered by a good-working-order warranty of a minimum duration of two years from its acceptance<\/q> (our translation). It covers items of equipment that are separable from the work: shutters, taps, built-in household appliances, certain interior doors.<\/p><p>The distinction turns on whether the element is separable or inseparable. Where the element forms an inseparable whole with the work, ten-year liability applies. Where it is separable, the two-year warranty applies for 2 years. Beyond that, ordinary contractual liability remains possible within the ten-year period of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000019017132\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000019017132\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">article 1792-4-3<\/a>, which the Third Civil Chamber of the Court of Cassation classified as a time bar in its judgment of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/60c1aaa21ce32f2fbf7feeac\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">10 June 2021 (No. 20-16.837, Bull, Rapport)<\/a>. The classification of each defect determines the time limit and the procedural weapon to deploy.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Which court hears a ten-year liability action in Paris?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The competent judicial court is, in principle, that of the place where the defendant resides (article 42 of the Code of Civil Procedure); the claimant may also bring the case, at their choice, before the court of the place where the service is performed in contractual matters, or of the harmful event in tort matters (article 46), generally that of the place where the property is situated. For a Paris property, the Paris judicial court may therefore hear the ten-year liability dispute. The Paris court of appeal then has jurisdiction on appeal.<\/p><p>For sites in the inner suburbs, the judicial courts of Bobigny, Cr\u00e9teil, Nanterre or Versailles may have jurisdiction depending on the municipality. The firm, located at <a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/contact\/\">11 rue Margueritte 75017 Paris<\/a>, regularly pleads before these courts and coordinates court-appointed expert assessments throughout the jurisdiction of the Paris court of appeal. Procedural rigour is essential: the ten-year liability period must be observed, all the participants who may be sued must be identified, and cross-joinders must be used to preserve remedies.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Do you need a lawyer as soon as the defect appears?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Early involvement of a lawyer is an elementary rule of prudence. As the ten-year period is a matter of public policy, a badly prepared case may be left with no judicial outcome at all. Building a complete evidence file, sending formal notices to the builders and their insurers, bringing an urgent application for an expert and coordinating with any building-damage insurer are all steps that require legal expertise.<\/p><p>The lawyer drafts correspondence as if it were already a writ of summons. The lawyer identifies all the participants potentially liable, calculates the ten-year liability period, engages the insurers, prepares the adversarial expert assessment and decides the strategy of action. The Third Civil Chamber of the Court of Cassation recalled in its judgment of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/60c1aaa21ce32f2fbf7feeac\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">10 June 2021 (No. 20-16.837, Bull, Rapport)<\/a> that <q>the ten-year period for bringing proceedings against builders on the basis of article 1792-4-3 of the Civil Code is a time bar, which is not, unless otherwise provided, governed by the provisions on limitation periods<\/q> (our translation). Procedural caution is decisive.<\/p><\/div><\/details><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-textes\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-textes\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Sources and related pages<\/p>\n<h2>Official texts and <em>related pages<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">The sources for this page and the firm's related areas of practice.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-arts\"><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/texte_lc\/LEGITEXT000006070721\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/texte_lc\/LEGITEXT000006070721\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Civil Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">articles 1792 to 1792-6<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/texte_lc\/LEGITEXT000006073984\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/texte_lc\/LEGITEXT000006073984\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Insurance Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">articles L. 241-1, L. 242-1 and L. 243-3<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<h3 class=\"kcv-center\">Further reading<\/h3>\n<div class=\"kcv-pgs\"><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/real-estate-law-attorneys-paris-75017\/construction-law-lawyer\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Construction law<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">Firm's practice area<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/real-estate-law-attorneys-paris-75017\/construction-defects-lawyer\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Construction defects<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">Firm's practice area<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/real-estate-law-attorneys-paris-75017\/dommages-ouvrage-insurance-lawyer\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Building-damage insurance<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">Firm's practice area<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/real-estate-law-attorneys-paris-75017\/works-acceptance-lawyer\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Acceptance of the works<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">Firm's practice area<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Real estate law in Paris<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">The firm's real estate practice<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/contact\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Contact<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">Write to or meet the firm<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<p class=\"kcv-small kcv-center\">Page updated on 11 June 2026.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"kcv-cta\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-in\">\n    <div class=\"kcv-cta-card\">\n      <h2>Defects after acceptance? Preserve <em>the deadlines<\/em>.<\/h2>\n      <p>The ten-year time bar runs from acceptance of the works, and a late writ of summons cannot be remedied. Send the acceptance report, the photographs and the letters: the firm replies within 24 to 48 hours.<\/p>\n      <div class=\"kcv-btns\">\n        <a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a>\n        <a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kch-form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n<div class=\"kcv-news-band\"><h2>The latest <em>news.<\/em><\/h2><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\", \"@type\": \"FAQPage\", \"mainEntity\": [{\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What is ten-year builder's liability?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The ten-year builder's liability is the liability by operation of law that rests on every builder of a work for ten years from acceptance. Article 1792 of the Civil Code provides that every builder of a work is liable by operation of law, towards the project owner or the purchaser of the work, for damage, even where it results from a defect in the ground, that compromises the structural soundness of the work or that, affecting it in one of its constituent elements or one of its items of equipment, makes it unfit for its purpose. The mechanism rests on a presumption: the project owner does not have to prove the builder's fault. It is enough to establish the existence of a defect serious enough to engage ten-year liability and its link with the work. The builder can escape liability only by demonstrating an external cause. This reverses the burden of proof and makes ten-year liability the project owner's main weapon against serious defects that appear after acceptance.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Which defects does ten-year liability cover?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Article 1792 of the Civil Code identifies two categories of defects: those that compromise the structural soundness of the work and those that affecting it in one of its constituent elements or one of its items of equipment, make it unfit for its purpose. The first category covers structural cracks, foundation defects and instability of floors or roof frames. The second concerns defects that prevent normal use of the property: massive water ingress, waterproofing failures, major malfunction of an inseparable item of equipment. The Third Civil Chamber of the Court of Cassation stated in a judgment of 13 February 2020 (No. 19-10.249, Bull, Rapport) that every builder of a work is liable by operation of law, towards the project owner or the purchaser of the work, for damage, even where it results from a defect in the ground, that compromises the structural soundness of the work or that, affecting it in one of its constituent elements or one of its items of equipment, makes it unfit for its purpose. Classification is central and determines the outcome of the case.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"When does the ten-year period start to run?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The ten-year period runs from acceptance of the works, defined by article 1792-6 of the Civil Code, which provides that acceptance is the act by which the project owner declares that it accepts the work, with or without reservations. It takes place at the request of the more diligent party, either amicably or, failing that, by the court. Acceptance is the pivotal legal act that closes the contractual construction phase and opens the statutory warranty. Article 1792-4-1 of the Civil Code specifies that any individual or legal entity whose liability may be engaged under articles 1792 to 1792-4 of this Code is discharged from the liabilities and warranties resting on it, under articles 1792 to 1792-2, after ten years from acceptance of the works or, under article 1792-3, on expiry of the period referred to in that article. The period is a time bar: it can be interrupted only by a writ of summons, and not by a mere acknowledgement by the debtor, as the Third Civil Chamber held, for the ten-year period of article 1792-4-3 (ordinary contractual liability), in a judgment of 10 June 2021 (No. 20-16.837, Bull, Rapport).\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Who can be held liable under ten-year builder's liability?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Article 1792-1 of the Civil Code deems to be a builder any architect, contractor, technician or other person bound to the project owner by a contract for work, as well as any person who sells, after completion, a work that it has built or had built and any person who, although acting as agent of the owner of the work, performs a task comparable to that of a contractor for the works. The scope is wide. The general contractor, the architect, the design office, the quantity surveyor, the property developer and the builder of individual houses can all be sued. The Third Civil Chamber of the Court of Cassation held on 11 May 2022 (No. 21-15.217, Bull) that the builder's liability by operation of law for damage of ten-year nature applies only to defects that appeared after acceptance. A joint and several (in solidum) order may be made against all the participants who contributed to the defect.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Is the architect liable under ten-year builder's liability?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Yes, without any restriction. Article 1792-1 of the Civil Code expressly refers to any architect, contractor, technician or other person bound to the project owner by a contract for work. The architect is presumed liable by operation of law for defects within the scope of the design or site-supervision assignment, unless an external cause unrelated to the architect's work is proved. The architect may be ordered to pay alone or jointly and severally (in solidum) with the contractor. Where the defect results from a design error or a failure of supervision, the architect's liability is fully engaged. In practice, the architect is often sued together with the insurer (notably the Mutuelle des architectes fran\u00e7ais) to secure effective enforcement of the order. This mechanism frequently leads to prompt compensation, without having to trace the exact author of the defect. To go further, see the page on construction defects.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Does the absence of ten-year insurance block the claim?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"No, but it complicates enforcement. Article L. 241-1 of the Insurance Code requires that any individual or legal entity whose ten-year liability may be engaged on the basis of the presumption established by articles 1792 et seq. of the Civil Code must be covered by insurance. Failure to take out insurance is a criminal offence (article L. 243-3) and exposes the builder's personal assets. In practice, where the contractor is uninsured and in liquidation, an order becomes difficult to enforce. The Third Civil Chamber of the Court of Cassation held on 11 May 2022 (No. 21-15.217, Bull) that compulsory ten-year liability insurance does not cover apparent defects which, whatever their degree of gravity, are covered by acceptance without reservations. A project owner with building-damage insurance benefits from pre-financing and remains protected. To go further, see the page on building-damage insurance.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"How is ten-year loss calculated?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The loss consists of the cost of restoring the work, possibly supplemented by indirect losses (loss of use, temporary accommodation costs, loss in value of the property, expert costs). The method is rigorous: multiple quotes priced by several contractors, an adversarial expert assessment, amicable or court-appointed, and account taken of works already carried out as protective measures. The project owner must avoid two errors: understating the claim by relying on a single low quote, or overstating it by claiming repairs exceeding the restoration needed. Case law applies the principle of full compensation: the owner must be put back in the position it would have been in without the defect. Judges check that the quotes are consistent with the expert report and do not award manifestly excessive compensation. Preparation of the financial file determines the outcome of the hearing.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Is a court-appointed expert assessment compulsory?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Not formally, but it is generally decisive. A court-appointed expert assessment ordered on an urgent application under article 145 of the Code of Civil Procedure makes it possible to establish, on an adversarial basis, the ten-year nature of the defects, their extent and the cost of repair. It becomes necessary as soon as the parties disagree on classification or on the amount of the repairs. The expert report is a central item of evidence on the merits. It fixes the date on which the defects appeared, their causal link with the works and the amount of the repair. The Third Civil Chamber of the Court of Cassation has stressed in several judgments that the judge is not bound by the expert's conclusions but must give reasons for departing from them. The firm's practice is to seek a court-appointed expert assessment on an urgent application as soon as a serious defect appears, in order to fix the classification and build a file that can be relied on against all participants.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Are defects that were apparent at acceptance covered?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"No, unless express reservations are recorded in the acceptance report. The Third Civil Chamber of the Court of Cassation held on 11 May 2022 (No. 21-15.217, Bull) that the builder's liability by operation of law for damage of ten-year nature applies only to defects that appeared after acceptance and that compulsory ten-year liability insurance does not cover apparent defects which, whatever their degree of gravity, are covered by acceptance without reservations. A project owner who notices a visible defect at the time of acceptance must have it recorded as a reservation. The reservation triggers the one-year completion warranty under article 1792-6, paragraph 2, of the Civil Code, which covers for one year the defects and faults noted. Reservations are lifted by written finding. Without a reservation, the visible defect is regarded as accepted and falls outside ten-year liability. To go further, see the page on acceptance of the works.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What is the difference between article 1792 and article 1792-2?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Article 1792 of the Civil Code lays down the general principle of the builder's ten-year liability. Article 1792-2 of the Civil Code extends this presumption to damage affecting the soundness of the items of equipment of a work, but only where they form an inseparable whole with the utilities, foundation, framework, enclosure or roofing works. The distinction is decisive. The Third Civil Chamber of the Court of Cassation held on 13 February 2020 (No. 19-10.249, Bull, Rapport) that a fa\u00e7ade render, which is a work where it has a waterproofing function, is not an item of equipment, even if it has a damp-proofing function, provided that it is not designed to operate. Classification as a work or as an item of equipment determines the applicable regime and the scope of the warranty. Judges examine the technical function of the element in dispute case by case.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Is acceptance essential to ten-year builder's liability?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Yes. Acceptance is the legal act that triggers the ten-year period. Without acceptance, whether amicable, judicial or tacit, ten-year liability does not apply: the relationship remains contractual under ordinary law. The Third Civil Chamber of the Court of Cassation held on 11 May 2022 (No. 21-15.217, Bull) that the builder's liability by operation of law for damage of ten-year nature applies only to defects that appeared after acceptance. Article 1792-6 of the Civil Code specifies that acceptance takes place at the request of the more diligent party, either amicably or, failing that, by the court. Where the contractor refuses to request acceptance, the project owner may apply to the court for compulsory acceptance. The date of acceptance conditions everything: the ten-year period, the place of trial, the scope of the insurers involved. Fixing it is not a side issue. To go further, see the page on acceptance of the works.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What is the difference from the two-year equipment warranty?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The two-year warranty, known as the good-working-order warranty, is laid down by article 1792-3 of the Civil Code, which provides that the other items of equipment of the work are covered by a good-working-order warranty of a minimum duration of two years from its acceptance. It covers items of equipment that are separable from the work: shutters, taps, built-in household appliances, certain interior doors. The distinction turns on whether the element is separable or inseparable. Where the element forms an inseparable whole with the work, ten-year liability applies. Where it is separable, the two-year warranty applies for 2 years. Beyond that, ordinary contractual liability remains possible within the ten-year period of article 1792-4-3, which the Third Civil Chamber of the Court of Cassation classified as a time bar in its judgment of 10 June 2021 (No. 20-16.837, Bull, Rapport). The classification of each defect determines the time limit and the procedural weapon to deploy.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Which court hears a ten-year liability action in Paris?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The competent judicial court is, in principle, that of the place where the defendant resides (article 42 of the Code of Civil Procedure); the claimant may also bring the case, at their choice, before the court of the place where the service is performed in contractual matters, or of the harmful event in tort matters (article 46), generally that of the place where the property is situated. For a Paris property, the Paris judicial court may therefore hear the ten-year liability dispute. The Paris court of appeal then has jurisdiction on appeal. For sites in the inner suburbs, the judicial courts of Bobigny, Cr\u00e9teil, Nanterre or Versailles may have jurisdiction depending on the municipality. The firm, located at 11 rue Margueritte 75017 Paris, regularly pleads before these courts and coordinates court-appointed expert assessments throughout the jurisdiction of the Paris court of appeal. Procedural rigour is essential: the ten-year liability period to be respected, the scope of participants to be sued, cross-joinders to preserve remedies.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Do you need a lawyer as soon as the defect appears?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Early involvement of a lawyer is an elementary rule of prudence. As the ten-year period is a matter of public policy, a badly prepared case may be left with no judicial outcome at all. Building a complete evidence file, sending formal notices to the builders and their insurers, bringing an urgent application for an expert and coordinating with any building-damage insurer are all steps that require legal expertise. The lawyer drafts correspondence as if it were already a writ of summons. The lawyer identifies all the participants potentially liable, calculates the ten-year liability period, engages the insurers, prepares the adversarial expert assessment and decides the strategy of action. The Third Civil Chamber of the Court of Cassation recalled in its judgment of 10 June 2021 (No. 20-16.837, Bull, Rapport) that the ten-year period for bringing proceedings against builders on the basis of article 1792-4-3 of the Civil Code is a time bar, which is not, unless otherwise provided, governed by the provisions on limitation periods. Procedural caution is decisive.\"}}]}<\/script>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\", \"@type\": \"LegalService\", \"name\": \"Ten-year builder's liability lawyer in Paris \u2014 Kohen Avocats\", \"url\": \"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/real-estate-law-attorneys-paris-75017\/ten-year-builders-liability-lawyer\/\", \"telephone\": \"+33646605822\", \"email\": \"contact@kohenavocats.fr\", \"address\": {\"@type\": \"PostalAddress\", \"streetAddress\": \"11 rue Margueritte\", \"postalCode\": \"75017\", \"addressLocality\": \"Paris\", \"addressCountry\": \"FR\"}, \"areaServed\": \"Paris region (\u00cele-de-France)\", \"founder\": {\"@type\": \"Person\", \"name\": \"Reda Kohen\", \"jobTitle\": \"Lawyer at the Paris Bar\", \"sameAs\": [\"https:\/\/consultation.avocat.fr\/avocat-paris\/reda-kohen-54670.html\"]}, \"openingHours\": \"Mo-Su 00:00-24:00\"}<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element 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\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n  .elementor-1983483 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 {\n    flex-shrink: 0 !important;\n    scroll-snap-align: start !important;\n    width: clamp(300px, 30vw, 400px) !important;\n    min-width: 300px !important;\n  }\n\n  @media (max-width: 767px) {\n    .elementor-1983483 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 {\n      width: 350px !important;\n      min-width: 350px !important;\n      max-width: 350px !important;\n    }\n  }\/* End custom CSS *\/<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2156630 post-2156630 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-en-real-estate\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" 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Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2153925 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2153925 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/annie-spratt-GWCvnsMtiBg-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2153925 post-2153925 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-en-real-estate\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/21\/france-evict-tenant-unpaid-rent-foreign-landlords-guide\/\">Tenant Stopped Paying Rent in France: How a Foreign Landlord Terminates the Lease and Recovers the Flat<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2153797 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2153797 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/claudio-testa-iqeG5xA96M4-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2153797 post-2153797 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-en-real-estate\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/21\/france-storm-austen-foreign-owners-insurance-claims-repairs-guide\/\">Storm Austen and Your French Property: Damage, Insurance Claims and Repairs<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. 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Article 1792 of the French Civil Code (Code civil) imposes liability by operation of law: there is no fault to prove, only the defect and its ten-year nature. As a ten-year builder liability lawyer in Paris, the [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":251031307,"featured_media":1749834,"parent":1773696,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2161122","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.2 (Yoast SEO v28.2) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Ten-Year Builder Liability Lawyer Paris | Kohen Avocats<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Ten-year builder liability lawyer Paris: serious defects, insurers and the ten-year period. 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