{"id":2161078,"date":"2025-11-14T00:40:40","date_gmt":"2025-11-13T23:40:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/?page_id=2161078"},"modified":"2026-11-04T20:56:50","modified_gmt":"2026-11-04T19:56:50","slug":"sci-lawyer","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/real-estate-law-attorneys-paris-75017\/sci-lawyer\/","title":{"rendered":"SCI lawyer Paris: articles of association, partners, share transfers and property disputes"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"2161078\" class=\"elementor elementor-2161078 elementor-1749879\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-v54817a e-con-full e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"v54817a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-v54817aw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"v54817aw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"kcv\" id=\"kci-root\" data-refresh-marker=\"refonte-fr-v3-1749879-20261014\">\n<section class=\"kcv-hero\" aria-labelledby=\"kch-h1\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-in\">\n    <div class=\"kcv-head\">\n      <p class=\"kk\">Property SCI \u2014 partners, managers and families<\/p>\n      <h1 id=\"kch-h1\"><em>SCI<\/em> lawyer Paris:<span class=\"kcv-tail\"> articles of association, partners, share transfers and property disputes.<\/span><\/h1>\n      <p class=\"kcv-sub\">The SCI owns the building, the partners own shares: everything turns on how the articles of association are drafted. As an SCI lawyer in Paris, the firm drafts, audits and defends \u2014 approval of share transfers, abuse of majority, removal of the manager, estate planning.<\/p>\n      <div class=\"kcv-btns\">\n        <a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a>\n        <a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kch-form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a>\n      <\/div>\n      <p class=\"kcv-urg\"><strong>A suspect resolution can be challenged within five years, and a transfer made without approval remains unenforceable against the company.<\/strong> Send the articles of association and the latest minutes for a rapid audit.<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcv-stagewrap\"><div class=\"kcv-stageshadow\"><div class=\"kcv-stage\">\n      <link rel=\"preload\" as=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kohen-v3\/kohen-fr-1749879-paysage-20261014.webp\" media=\"(min-width:761px)\" fetchpriority=\"high\">\n      <link rel=\"preload\" as=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kohen-v3\/kohen-fr-1749879-paysage-1080-20261014.webp\" media=\"(max-width:760px)\" fetchpriority=\"high\">\n      <div class=\"kcv-media\" aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"--kcv-img:url('https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kohen-v3\/kohen-fr-1749879-paysage-20261014.webp');--kcv-img-m:url('https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kohen-v3\/kohen-fr-1749879-paysage-1080-20261014.webp')\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"kcv-panel kcv-glass\" id=\"kch-form\">\n        <div class=\"kcv-panel-head\">\n          <div>\n            <p class=\"kcv-panel-k\">SCI \u00b7 Paris<\/p>\n            <h2 class=\"kcv-panel-t\">Get a <em>first analysis<\/em><\/h2>\n            <p class=\"kcv-panel-l\">Articles to draft, a transfer to secure, an abuse of majority to challenge, a manager to remove: send the articles of association, the accounts and the minutes. The firm replies within 24 to 48 hours with an audit and a strategy.<\/p>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"kcv-chip kcv-glass\"><p class=\"kcv-chip-n\">24 \u00e0 48 h<\/p><p class=\"kcv-chip-x\">first legal<br>review<\/p><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"kcf-wrap\">\n<form id=\"kcf-2form\" data-kcf data-api-url=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-json\/kohen-form\/v1\/submit\" data-vps-url=\"https:\/\/upload-fr.46-224-152-225.sslip.io\/submit\" data-max-size=\"1073741824\" data-max-files=\"500\" novalidate enctype=\"multipart\/form-data\">\n  <input type=\"hidden\" name=\"rendered_at\" value=\"1776847557\">\n  <div class=\"kcf-hp\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><label for=\"kcf-2website\">Do not fill in<\/label><input id=\"kcf-2website\" name=\"website\" type=\"text\" tabindex=\"-1\" autocomplete=\"off\"><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcf-price\">\n    <span class=\"kcf-price-amount\">\u20ac80<small>incl. 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l'\u00c9tat.\",\"auteur\":\"data.gouv.fr\",\"paraphrase\":true,\"libelle\":\"Voir la fiche sur data.gouv.fr\"},{\"titre\":\"Commentaires des d\u00e9cisions de justice par l'IA g\u00e9n\u00e9rative\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.data.gouv.fr\/reuses\/commentaires-des-decisions-de-justice-par-lia-generative\",\"citation\":\"R\u00e9utilisation des donn\u00e9es publiques de justice publi\u00e9e par Kohen Avocats et r\u00e9f\u00e9renc\u00e9e sur data.gouv.fr.\",\"auteur\":\"data.gouv.fr\",\"paraphrase\":true,\"libelle\":\"Voir la r\u00e9utilisation sur data.gouv.fr\"}]},\"awwwards\":{\"nom\":\"Awwwards\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Kohen Avocats, site nomm\u00e9 aux Awwwards\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.awwwards.com\/sites\/kohen-avocats\",\"citation\":\"Le site du cabinet figure parmi les sites nomm\u00e9s (\u00ab Nominee \u00bb) par Awwwards, r\u00e9f\u00e9rence internationale du design web.\",\"auteur\":\"Awwwards\",\"paraphrase\":true,\"libelle\":\"Voir la fiche sur Awwwards\"}]},\"pappers\":{\"nom\":\"Pappers\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Divorce du dirigeant : ce que le r\u00e9gime matrimonial change pour votre soci\u00e9t\u00e9\",\"date\":\"2026-09-04\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.pappers.fr\/gestion-entreprise\/divorce-dirigeant-regime-matrimonial\",\"citation\":\"Le dirigeant a int\u00e9r\u00eat \u00e0 faire travailler ensemble son expert-comptable, son notaire et un avocat sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 en droit de la famille \u00e0 Paris.\",\"auteur\":\"Pappers\",\"paraphrase\":true},{\"titre\":\"Ma\u00eetre KOHEN Reda, avocat \u00e0 Paris\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/justice.pappers.fr\/avocat\/kohen-reda-75017\",\"citation\":\"Fiche de Me Reda Kohen sur Pappers Justice, avec les d\u00e9cisions de justice publi\u00e9es o\u00f9 il est intervenu.\",\"auteur\":\"Pappers Justice\",\"paraphrase\":true,\"libelle\":\"Voir la fiche sur Pappers Justice\"}]},\"leboncoin\":{\"nom\":\"Leboncoin\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Bouilloires thermiques : bient\u00f4t interdites \u00e0 la location ?\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.leboncoin.fr\/guide\/immobilier\/bouilloires-thermiques-bientot-interdites-a-la-location-hfpj70o6.html\",\"citation\":\"Le guide immobilier cite une analyse de kohenavocats.fr parmi ses sources.\",\"auteur\":\"Leboncoin\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"femme-actuelle\":{\"nom\":\"Femme Actuelle\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"S\u00e9paration ou divorce : quelle banque et quel cr\u00e9dit pour repartir sur de bonnes bases ?\",\"date\":\"2026-09-30\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.femmeactuelle.fr\/vie-pratique\/news-vie-pratique\/separation-ou-divorce-quelle-banque-et-quel-credit-pour-repartir-sur-de-bonnes-bases-2211980\",\"citation\":\"L'article cite une analyse de kohenavocats.com parmi ses sources.\",\"auteur\":\"Femme Actuelle\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"economie-matin\":{\"nom\":\"\u00c9conomie Matin\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Nouveau bail 2026 : ce que les propri\u00e9taires doivent anticiper d\u00e8s maintenant\",\"date\":\"2026-09-10\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.economiematin.fr\/bail-nouveau-2026-proprietaires-anticiper\",\"citation\":\"Sur le d\u00e9cret n\u00b0 2026-596 du 7 juillet 2026, l'article renvoie \u00e0 l'analyse publi\u00e9e par le cabinet.\",\"auteur\":\"\u00c9conomie Matin\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"la-voix-du-nord\":{\"nom\":\"La Voix du Nord\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Que risquent les personnes qui ach\u00e8tent des objets vol\u00e9s le 17 octobre ?\",\"date\":\"2026-10-19\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.lavoixdunord.fr\/1747700\/article\/2026-10-19\/que-risquent-les-personnes-qui-achetent-des-objets-voles-le-17-octobre\",\"citation\":\"L\u2019infraction suppose la connaissance de l\u2019origine : savoir que l\u2019objet provient d\u2019un vol.\",\"auteur\":\"Me Hassan Kohen\"}]},\"sortir-a-paris\":{\"nom\":\"Sortir \u00e0 Paris\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Manifestation du 24 octobre \u00e0 Paris : parcours, nouvelles stations ferm\u00e9es, les 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l\u2019obligation de d\u00e9livrer un logement d\u00e9cent pendant toute la dur\u00e9e du bail et l\u2019ordonnance du tribunal judiciaire de B\u00e9ziers du 31 mars 2026 sur une climatisation install\u00e9e sans autorisation.\",\"auteur\":\"Science \\u0026 Vie\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"frandroid\":{\"nom\":\"Frandroid\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Fin de Rakuten France : comment r\u00e9cup\u00e9rer vos factures, vos garanties et vos points Club R\",\"date\":\"2026-09-30\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.frandroid.com\/culture-tech\/web\/3266559_fin-de-rakuten-france-comment-recuperer-vos-factures-vos-garanties-et-vos-points-club-r\",\"citation\":\"Le cabinet Kohen Avocats leur conseille de retirer cet argent et de t\u00e9l\u00e9charger tout leur historique avant le 10 novembre.\",\"auteur\":\"Frandroid\",\"paraphrase\":true},{\"titre\":\"Goutte-\u00e0-goutte et inondation : que faire quand la climatisation du voisin ruine votre terrasse 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Voil\u00e0 pourquoi\",\"date\":\"2026-10-25\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.magicmaman.com\/vous-vivez-en-immeuble-et-vous-n-avez-toujours-pas-de-chauffage-cet-automne-voila-pourquoi,3787269.asp\",\"citation\":\"Cette date nationale n\u2019existe pas. La loi ne fixe pas un calendrier d\u2019allumage commun \u00e0 tous les immeubles.\",\"auteur\":\"Cabinet Kohen Avocats\"}]},\"next\":{\"nom\":\"Next\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Fin de Bloctel, interdiction du d\u00e9marchage d\u00e8s le 11 ao\u00fbt : on fait le point\",\"date\":\"2026-08-04\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/next.ink\/249950\/fin-de-bloctel-interdiction-du-demarchage-des-le-11-aout-on-fait-le-point\/\",\"citation\":\"Selon le cabinet Kohen Avocats, les jurisprudences dans ce secteur devraient \u00ab \u00e9clairer la port\u00e9e du futur r\u00e9gime \u00bb.\",\"auteur\":\"Next\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"actu-juridique\":{\"nom\":\"Actu-Juridique\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Magistrature et franc-ma\u00e7onnerie : que dit le droit ?\",\"date\":\"2026-09-22\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.actu-juridique.fr\/professions\/magistrats\/magistrature-et-franc-maconnerie-stupeur-et-evitements\/\",\"citation\":\"L\u2019article cite en r\u00e9f\u00e9rence l\u2019analyse de Ma\u00eetre Hassan Kohen, avocat en droit p\u00e9nal \u00e0 Paris, sur l\u2019avis du Coll\u00e8ge de d\u00e9ontologie du 9 juin 2026.\",\"auteur\":\"Actu-Juridique\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"batiweb\":{\"nom\":\"Batiweb\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Mayotte : Lecornu veut un \u00ab choc de mises en chantier \u00bb\",\"date\":\"2026-08-27\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.batiweb.com\/actualites\/urbanisme\/reconstruction-mayotte-lecornu-choc-mises-chantier-49208\",\"citation\":\"Sur les autorisations d\u2019urbanisme n\u00e9cessaires \u00e0 la reconstruction de Mayotte, l\u2019article cite les explications de Me Reda Kohen.\",\"auteur\":\"Batiweb\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"berliner-zeitung\":{\"nom\":\"Berliner Zeitung\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Null Euro Miete, daf\u00fcr Quizabende mit Rentnern: Wie eine 18-J\u00e4hrige ins Seniorenheim zog\",\"date\":\"2026-09-21\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.berliner-zeitung.de\/article\/null-euro-miete-dafuer-quizabende-mit-rentnern-wie-eine-18-jaehrige-ins-seniorenheim-zog-10414380\",\"citation\":\"Der Pariser Anwalt Reda Kohen ordnet das Modell als Gebrauchsleihe ein: Die Wohnung wird \u00fcberlassen, nicht vermietet.\",\"auteur\":\"Berliner Zeitung\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"startupitalia\":{\"nom\":\"StartupItalia\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Quasi 13 miliardi di dollari di Nvidia per la sconosciuta Hugging Face. 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tabindex=\"-1\">The framework<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p2\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p2\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Your documents<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p3\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p3\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The method<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p4\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p4\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The timetable<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p5\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p5\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The checks<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-synthese\" aria-controls=\"kcv-synthese\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Summary<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-faq\" aria-controls=\"kcv-faq\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Questions<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-textes\" aria-controls=\"kcv-textes\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Legal texts<\/button><\/div><\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcv-track\"><div class=\"kcv-slide kcv-on\" id=\"kcv-avocat\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-avocat\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<div class=\"kcv-pro\">\n  <figure class=\"kcv-pro-photo\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" src=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/kohen-footer\/portrait-reda-20260920-lignes-orange.jpg\" alt=\"Reda Kohen, lawyer at the Paris Bar\" width=\"1122\" height=\"1402\" loading=\"eager\" decoding=\"async\">\n    <figcaption class=\"kcv-pro-cap kcv-glass\"><span class=\"kcv-pro-capn\">Reda Kohen<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pro-capr\">Lawyer at the Paris Bar<\/span><\/figcaption>\n  <\/figure>\n  <div class=\"kcv-pro-body\">\n    <p class=\"kk\">Real estate law \u00b7 Paris 17th arrondissement<\/p>\n    <h2>What an <em>SCI lawyer<\/em> in Paris does<\/h2>\n    <ul class=\"kcv-pro-tags\"><li>Paris Bar<\/li><li>Real estate law<\/li><li>Firm in Paris 17th<\/li><\/ul>\n    <p class=\"kcv-p\">Lawyer at the Paris Bar \u2014 property holding companies and disputes between partners.<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-p\">The property holding company (SCI) is governed by Articles 1832 et seq. of the French Civil Code (Code civil). The articles of association set the manager's powers and the conditions for transferring shares, which as a rule require the unanimous approval of the partners. A minority partner can have a resolution annulled if it was taken solely to favour the majority, can demand disclosure of the accounts and can ask the court to remove the manager for legitimate cause. On the estate-planning side, splitting share ownership between bare ownership and usufruct (d\u00e9membrement) can optimise succession planning; the choice between income tax and corporate tax shapes the company's future.<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-p\">Send what you have, even if incomplete: the firm will prioritise and complete the file with you. In an emergency, call <a href=\"tel:+33646605822\">06 46 60 58 22<\/a>.<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-pro-meta\"><a href=\"https:\/\/consultation.avocat.fr\/avocat-paris\/reda-kohen-54670.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Official profile in the directory of French lawyers (CNB)<\/a><span>Firm at 11 rue Margueritte, 75017 Paris<\/span><\/p>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-cards\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-card\"><h3>Articles of association that decide everything<\/h3><p>Share capital, manager's powers, approval clauses, majorities: given the contractual freedom under Articles 1845 et seq. of the Civil Code, poorly drafted articles of association are the leading source of disputes.<\/p><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-card\"><h3>Approval, the lock on the capital<\/h3><p>Shares can be transferred only with the approval of all the partners, unless the articles of association provide otherwise (Article 1861). A transfer made without approval is not void: it is unenforceable against the company and the partners.<\/p><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-card\"><h3>Protected minority partners<\/h3><p>Abuse of majority, compelled disclosure of the accounts, judicial removal of the manager for legitimate cause (Article 1851, paragraph 2): the minority partner has real remedies.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p1\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The framework<\/p>\n<h2>A company built on contractual freedom, subject to a few <em>mandatory rules<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">Four rules shape the life of an SCI and its disputes.<\/p>\n<ol class=\"kcv-conds\">\n  <li>The SCI has legal personality and holds the building in its own name; the partners hold only shares (Articles 1832 et seq. and 1845 to 1870-1 of the Civil Code).<\/li>\n  <li>The manager binds the company through acts within the company's purpose (Article 1849); the articles of association may restrict the manager's powers as between the partners.<\/li>\n  <li>Shares can be transferred only with the approval of all the partners, unless the articles of association provide otherwise; without approval, the transfer is unenforceable against the company, but not void as between the parties (ruling made for a general partnership, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/5fca90b2d20f5d8407eff481\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 16 May 2018, No. 16-16.498<\/a>).<\/li>\n  <li>Abuse of majority \u2014 a decision contrary to the company's interest taken solely to favour the majority \u2014 is penalised by annulment and damages, including for systematic transfers to reserves (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/6079da8e9ba5988459c5be31\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 17 June 2008, No. 06-15.045<\/a>).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"kcv-callout\"><span class=\"kcv-callout-i\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M9.6 6C6.5 7.4 4.5 10 4.5 13.4V18h6v-6H7.6c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L9.6 6zm9 0c-3.1 1.4-5.1 4-5.1 7.4V18h6v-6h-2.9c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L18.6 6z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><p>The manager can be removed by the general meeting at the majority set by the articles of association, but also by the courts for legitimate cause at the request of any partner \u2014 and the judges may not require intentional misconduct of particular seriousness (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/60797ba49ba5988459c4a153\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. 3e civ., 12 March 2014, No. 13-14.374<\/a>). This is the route open to a minority partner who cannot get anything passed at a meeting.<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p2\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Your documents<\/p>\n<h2>What to send, <em>depending on your situation<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">The up-to-date articles of association and the minutes of meetings carry most of the evidence.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-duel\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-opt kcv-opt-a\"><p class=\"kcv-opt-k\">Position A<\/p><p class=\"kcv-opt-t\">Minority partner<\/p><ul><li>Up-to-date articles of association and minutes of general meetings<\/li><li>Annual accounts for the last three financial years<\/li><li>Letters requesting disclosure and certificates of default<\/li><li>Emails exchanged with the other partners<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-or\" aria-hidden=\"true\">or<\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-opt kcv-opt-b\"><p class=\"kcv-opt-k\">Position B<\/p><p class=\"kcv-opt-t\">Manager or majority partner<\/p><ul><li>Articles of association, minutes, related-party agreements (conventions r\u00e9glement\u00e9es)<\/li><li>Leases granted by the SCI and partners' current accounts<\/li><li>Accountants' certificates<\/li><li>Supporting documents for the contested management decisions<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-callout\"><span class=\"kcv-callout-i\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M9.6 6C6.5 7.4 4.5 10 4.5 13.4V18h6v-6H7.6c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L9.6 6zm9 0c-3.1 1.4-5.1 4-5.1 7.4V18h6v-6h-2.9c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L18.6 6z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><p>Common mistakes: letting five years pass without challenging a suspect resolution; transferring jointly owned shares without the spouse's consent (Article 1424 of the Civil Code).<\/p><\/div>\n<p class=\"kcv-p\">The firm also handles transactions in shares:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"kcv-pro-tags\"><li>Transfer and approval<\/li><li>Gifts and split ownership<\/li><li>Partner withdrawal<\/li><li>Dissolution and liquidation<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p3\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The method<\/p>\n<h2>How the firm <em>supports you<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">One hour of audit at the outset avoids years of disputes between partners.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-rows\">\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 1<\/p><h3>First exchange and sending the file<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">Call or email, sending the articles of association, the latest accounts and the decisive documents. First legal review within 24 to 48 hours.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 2<\/p><h3>Full audit of the SCI<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">Drafting of the articles of association, register of meetings, current accounts, related-party agreements, leases granted: identification of strengths and weak points.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 3<\/p><h3>Amicable or judicial route<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">Formal notice, negotiation between partners, settlement; failing that, a writ of summons for annulment of a resolution, removal of the manager or appointment of an expert before the Paris judicial court (tribunal judiciaire).<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 4<\/p><h3>Following up on the decision<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">Service of the decision, appointment of the new manager, consequential amendments to the articles of association, recovery or enforcement.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-callout\"><span class=\"kcv-callout-i\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M9.6 6C6.5 7.4 4.5 10 4.5 13.4V18h6v-6H7.6c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L9.6 6zm9 0c-3.1 1.4-5.1 4-5.1 7.4V18h6v-6h-2.9c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L18.6 6z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><p>On the estate-planning side: an income tax \/ corporate tax simulation before any election, split ownership of the shares for succession planning, articles of association adapted to each family situation.<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p4\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The timetable<\/p>\n<h2>The life of an SCI <em>in practice<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">The typical stages, from creation to succession.<\/p>\n<ol class=\"kcv-hs\"><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Articles of association<\/p><p><strong>Day 0.<\/strong> Drafting adapted to the estate strategy: corporate purpose, share capital, management, approval clauses. Signed by all the partners.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Registration<\/p><p><strong>Day 15 to 30.<\/strong> Deposit of the share capital, legal notice, registration with the Trade and Companies Register (RCS), allocation of the SIREN number.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Acquisition<\/p><p><strong>Day 30 to 90.<\/strong> Preliminary sale agreement and notarial deed in the name of the SCI, bank financing and security.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Every year<\/p><p>Meeting to approve the accounts, allocation of profit, ratification of the manager's acts, updating of the registers.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Transfers<\/p><p><strong>Depending on strategy.<\/strong> Notification of the plan, approval, deed, tax registration, updating of the articles of association and of the RCS.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Succession<\/p><p><strong>At 10-30 years.<\/strong> Gift of the bare ownership to the children, retention of the usufruct, valuation under the scale in Article 669 of the General Tax Code (CGI).<\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p5\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The checks<\/p>\n<h2>What the firm checks <em>before acting<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">No proceedings are started until these points have been validated.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-split\">\n  <ul class=\"kcv-check\"><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Regularity of the articles of association and of meetings: notices, quorum, majorities, mandatory registers.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>The claimant's status as a partner and the regularity of the transfer or gift of shares, including joint management between spouses.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Establishing the manager's fault: related-party agreements, leases compared with market rents, current accounts.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Five-year limitation period for actions to annul resolutions.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Quantum: undistributed dividends, personal or corporate loss, expert valuation price.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Strategy: annulment of a resolution, damages, judicial removal or interim administrator.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n  <aside class=\"kcv-act\">\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-k\">Case documents<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-t\">Send what you have, even if incomplete<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-p\">Submit your documents through the confidential form at the top of the page: the firm will prioritise and complete the file with you.<\/p>\n    <div class=\"kcv-act-b\"><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kch-form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n  <\/aside>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-synthese\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-synthese\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Summary<\/p>\n<h2>Situation, evidence, <em>time limit, action<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">The most frequent configurations at the firm, to quickly choose the right procedural tool.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-rows\">\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Refusal to disclose the accounts<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Registered letter of request, certificate of default by the manager.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time limit:<\/strong> Without delay after the refusal.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Formal notice, then a writ of summons before the judicial court to compel disclosure.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Abuse of majority over transfers to reserves<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Minutes of meetings, annual accounts, partners' current accounts.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time limit:<\/strong> 5 years from the resolution.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Action for annulment of the resolution and damages.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Transfer of shares without approval<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Deed of transfer, absence of notification or of minutes recording approval.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time limit:<\/strong> 5 years from knowledge.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Action to have the transfer declared unenforceable against the company and the partners.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Transfer of shares without the spouse's consent to jointly owned shares<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Marriage contract, deed of transfer, absence of the spouse's signature.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time limit:<\/strong> 2 years from the date on which the spouse learned of the act, and never more than 2 years after the dissolution of the marital community.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Action for nullity under Articles 1424 and 1427 of the Civil Code.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Manager at fault or in a conflict of interest<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Documents establishing legitimate cause, undervalued leases, related-party agreements.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time limit:<\/strong> Without delay.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Action for judicial removal under Article 1851, paragraph 2.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>A partner's personal loss<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Evidence of a loss distinct from the company's, causal link.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time limit:<\/strong> 5 years from knowledge.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Individual liability action against the manager.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3 class=\"kcv-center\">The firm's practical cases<\/h3>\n<p class=\"kcv-small kcv-center\">Anonymised examples. The figures correspond to real cases, rounded for discretion.<\/p>\n<p class=\"kcv-p\">The anonymised examples below illustrate the variety of situations handled. The figures correspond to real cases but have been rounded for discretion.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-cards\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-card\"><h3>Abuse of majority established, general meetings annulled and \u20ac22,000 compensation<\/h3><p>A family SCI holding two Paris flats: the majority partner had had systematic transfers to reserves voted over five years while paying himself substantial current-account sums. The firm showed that the reserves policy had no economic justification and had been decided solely to favour the majority partner.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-small\">Action: writ of summons for annulment of the general meetings and damages. Outcome: the resolutions were annulled and \u20ac22,000 compensation was awarded.<\/p><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-card\"><h3>Removal of a manager at fault without compensation, division of shares between ex-spouses<\/h3><p>An SCI formed by two ex-spouses during their divorce. The manager had granted undervalued leases to his new partner and refused any disclosure of the accounts. The firm obtained his judicial removal for legitimate cause, without compensation, and the appointment of an interim administrator while the shares were divided.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-small\">Action: writ of summons for judicial removal and appointment of an administrator. Outcome: immediate removal without compensation.<\/p><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-card\"><h3>Share transfer approved at \u20ac180,000 after a court-appointed expert valuation<\/h3><p>An estate-holding SCI with a departing partner wishing to sell his shares to a third party. The other partners refused approval without making a serious buy-out offer. The firm obtained the appointment of an expert under Article 1843-4 and a valuation of the shares at \u20ac180,000. The partners preferred to buy at the expert's price rather than approve a third party.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-small\">Action: application for the appointment of an expert, post-valuation negotiation. Outcome: the partner left at \u20ac180,000.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-faq\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-faq\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Frequently asked questions<\/p>\n<h2>Your questions: <em>SCI<\/em><\/h2>\n<div class=\"kcv-faqgrid\">\n  <aside class=\"kcv-act kcv-act-sticky\">\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-k\">15 questions<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-t\">A situation not listed here?<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-p\">Every case has its own features. The firm reads your documents before answering you.<\/p>\n    <div class=\"kcv-act-b\"><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kch-form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n  <\/aside>\n  <div class=\"kcv-faq\"><details><summary>Why set up a property SCI?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The property holding company (SCI) allows several people to hold real estate together while avoiding co-ownership in undivided shares (indivision), which often paralyses management. The SCI has legal personality, signs leases in its own name, collects the rent and pays the charges. The partners hold shares in the company, not fractions of the building. This structure eases succession planning, allows new partners to join through share transfers and permits tax optimisation through split ownership (bare ownership and usufruct). It also protects the partners' personal assets: liability for the company's debts is proportionate to each partner's share of the capital and subsidiary (Articles 1857 and 1858 of the Civil Code), but not capped at the amount of their contribution. In most estate-planning cases, the family SCI is the standard tool for managing a building between spouses, parents and children, or brothers and sisters.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Should the articles of association be tailor-made, or should a template be used?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The standard templates of articles of association available online do not cover the variety of estate-planning situations. They often omit essential clauses: approval procedure, limits on the manager's powers, management of split ownership, a partner's exit. Standard articles of association end up aggravating most disputes between partners. A poorly formed SCI weakens the whole chain of wealth, from the rent collected to succession. The firm drafts articles of association adapted to each situation: SCI between spouses, SCI between parents and children, rental investment SCI, single-partner investment SCI, SCI set up to acquire a single building, SCI subject to corporate tax for tax optimisation. Each draft takes account of the succession strategy, the relationships between partners and any plans to sell.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Must the manager be a partner, or can the manager be an outsider?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006444042\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006444042\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1845 of the Civil Code<\/a> allows an outside manager who is not a partner to be appointed. In practice this remains rare: in 90% of family SCIs the manager is a partner, often one of the parents in a parent-child SCI. An outside manager can be considered where the partners disagree, where a professional is to be put in charge of management (property manager, chartered accountant, ad hoc representative) or to defuse a family conflict. An outside manager's mandate must be carefully framed: term, remuneration, extent of powers, procedure for removal. The articles of association set out these rules. An outside manager's civil liability is the same as that of a manager who is a partner, under Article 1850 of the Civil Code.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>How does approval work for a share transfer?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006444072\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006444072\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1861 of the Civil Code<\/a> requires, unless the articles of association provide otherwise, the unanimous approval of the partners for a transfer of shares to a third party outside the company. The articles of association may provide for approval by a majority, exempt transfers between partners from approval, or allow transfers between spouses, ascendants and descendants freely. The procedure follows a strict sequence: notification of the planned transfer to the company and to each partner, and the partners' decision. If no offer to purchase is made to the transferor within six months of the last notification, approval is deemed given, unless the other partners decide, within the same period, on the early dissolution of the company (Article 1863 of the Civil Code). If approval is refused, the partners may acquire the shares; failing that, the company may have them acquired by a designated third party or buy them back with a view to cancelling them, under <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006444075\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006444075\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1862 of the Civil Code<\/a>. The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/5fca90b2d20f5d8407eff481\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Court of Cassation, commercial chamber, 16 May 2018, No. 16-16.498<\/a>, published in the Bulletin, held, in respect of a general partnership, that lack of approval does not make the transfer void but renders it unenforceable against the company and the partners.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>How can the manager of an SCI be removed?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006444049\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006444049\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1851 of the Civil Code<\/a> provides for two routes of removal. The first, by collective decision of the partners, follows the majority set by the articles of association. The second, by the courts for legitimate cause, is open to any partner. The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/60797ba49ba5988459c4a153\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Court of Cassation, third civil chamber, 12 March 2014, No. 13-14.374<\/a>, published in the Bulletin, held that legitimate cause is not the same as intentional misconduct of particular seriousness. It is understood more broadly and covers mismanagement, conflicts of interest, systematic refusal to disclose the accounts, and leases undervalued for the benefit of the manager or the manager's relatives. The case is heard by the judicial court for the SCI's registered office. Removal has two effects: the end of the mandate and, where applicable, damages if the removal is made without just cause. The firm brings and defends these actions in Paris.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>What is abuse of majority in an SCI?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Abuse of majority arises where a decision of a meeting is taken contrary to the company's general interest and solely to favour the majority partners at the expense of the minority. Classic examples are systematic transfers of profits to reserves, the granting of undervalued leases to the majority manager, excessive remuneration of the manager, and a capital increase that dilutes the minority partner. The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/6079da8e9ba5988459c5be31\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Court of Cassation, commercial chamber, 17 June 2008, No. 06-15.045<\/a>, published in the Bulletin, upheld the annulment of resolutions of an SCI that had systematically allocated profits to reserves, finding that these decisions <q>did not serve either the purpose or the interests of the company<\/q> (our translation). The penalty is retroactive annulment of the resolution, together with damages. The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/5fca32299c3644b39432cda6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Court of Cassation, commercial chamber, 30 September 2020, No. 18-22.076<\/a>, published in the Bulletin, also accepted the civil liability of majority partners in the case of fraud diluting the minority partner's holding in the capital.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>How can real estate be passed on through an SCI?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Succession planning through an SCI rests on three complementary levers. The first is the gift of shares in full ownership, within the tax allowances (\u20ac100,000 per parent and per child every fifteen years). The second is split ownership: the parents keep the usufruct and the children receive the bare ownership. Transfer taxes are calculated on the value of the bare ownership under the scale in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037992519\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037992519\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 669 of the General Tax Code<\/a>. On the death of the usufructuary, full ownership is reconstituted in the hands of the bare owner without tax. The third lever is the gift-partition of shares (donation-partage), which fixes the value of the shares at the date of the gift and rules out later collation. The firm calibrates the most effective combination according to the client's assets, age and family make-up, in coordination with the client's notary (notaire). In most cases, passing on property through an SCI is more advantageous for tax purposes than passing on the building directly.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>SCI subject to income tax or corporate tax: which to choose?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>A property SCI is, by default, subject to income tax: each partner is taxed on their share of the profit, as property income (revenus fonciers) for unfurnished letting. The SCI may opt for corporate tax, which allows the building to be depreciated, but crystallises a business capital gain taxed at 25% on the sale of the building or on the liquidation surplus. For a family SCI whose aim is to pass on assets, the corporate tax option significantly reduces the net return. For a rental investment SCI with heavy depreciation leverage, corporate tax may be worthwhile in the short and medium term. The option for corporate tax is in principle irrevocable, except for withdrawal within the first five years. The decision commits the tax position of the SCI and of its partners over the long term. In estate-planning matters, the firm recommends staying under income tax unless a quantified simulation justifies corporate tax. Prior consultation with a tax lawyer or a chartered accountant is essential before opting.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Is split ownership of SCI shares worthwhile?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Split ownership of shares is one of the most effective estate-planning tools. The parents give the bare ownership of the shares to their children while keeping the usufruct. Gift duties are calculated on the value of the bare ownership under the scale in Article 669 of the General Tax Code: at age 60, the usufruct is worth 50% and the bare ownership 50%. On the death of the usufructuary, full ownership is reconstituted in the hands of the bare owner without further tax. The division of powers between usufructuary and bare owner within the SCI must be set out in the articles of association: who votes on the allocation of profit? On the sale of the building? On an amendment to the articles? Defective drafting creates long-term disputes between bare owner and usufructuary. The firm systematically drafts a complete split-ownership clause when the SCI is created or when shares are given. Rigorous succession planning makes it possible, in most cases, to pass on substantial real estate with controlled taxation.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can an SCI let its property without risk?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Yes, provided it stays within the scope of unfurnished letting. An SCI subject to income tax can let its building under a residential lease, a commercial lease or a professional lease, with property income taxation for the partners. An SCI cannot, however, carry on furnished letting on a regular basis: that activity is commercial and makes the SCI subject to corporate tax, with the heavy tax consequences mentioned above. For furnished letting, practice recommends creating a family limited liability company (SARL) alongside the SCI, or occasional letting within the thresholds accepted by the tax authorities. The SCI must declare its property income each year on form 2072. Deductible charges include loan interest, maintenance works, property tax and management fees. The firm checks that the lease complies with legal requirements and that the transaction is consistent for tax purposes.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>What can be done if a partner blocks every decision?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Disagreement between partners is one of the major risks of an SCI. Where a minority partner blocks decisions by systematically voting against, the situation can lead to the paralysis of the company. The articles of association may provide for deadlock mechanisms: a casting vote for the manager, a mediation procedure, or the majority's right to buy out the minority partner's shares. Failing that, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006444076\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006444076\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1869 of the Civil Code<\/a> allows withdrawal for just cause: a partner can apply to the court to withdraw and obtain repayment of the value of their shares. The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/6079da8e9ba5988459c5be31\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Court of Cassation, commercial chamber, 17 June 2008, No. 06-15.045<\/a>, published in the Bulletin, recalled that a withdrawing partner loses partner status only after actual repayment of their corporate rights. Where the disagreement becomes insurmountable, a partner may seek judicial dissolution for just cause under Article 1844-7 of the Civil Code. The firm secures these contested exits.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>How can a partner recover their shares in a divorce?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Where two spouses are partners in an SCI under the statutory community regime, divorce opens a sensitive period. Shares held in the name of one spouse alone but financed by the community fall within the joint assets to be liquidated. The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/607967779ba5988459c4996d\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Court of Cassation, first civil chamber, 9 November 2011, No. 10-12.123<\/a>, published in the Bulletin, laid down the principle that <q>the wife could not transfer, without her husband's consent, the shares of such a company, which are not negotiable corporate rights<\/q> (our translation). Any transfer of SCI shares by a spouse married under a community property regime therefore requires the spouse's consent, on pain of nullity. On divorce, the shares are valued at the date of dissolution of the community or at the date of the division, according to the rules set by Article 1469 of the Civil Code. The firm works with the family's lawyer to coordinate the liquidation of the community with the constraints of the SCI, in particular the approval of the other partners or the buy-out of shares by one of the spouses.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Which court has jurisdiction over an SCI dispute in Paris?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The judicial court has jurisdiction over disputes between SCI partners whatever the amount of the claim; where the claim is for an amount of 10,000 euros or less, however, the parties are exempt from having to appoint a lawyer, except in matters within the exclusive jurisdiction of the judicial court (Article 761(3) of the Code of Civil Procedure). Territorial jurisdiction is governed by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006410140\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006410140\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 42 of the Code of Civil Procedure<\/a>, which designates the court for the place where the defendant resides, that is, for an SCI as defendant, the place where it is established (Article 43 of the same Code). For an SCI whose registered office is in Paris, the Paris judicial court has jurisdiction. The actions concerned include nullity of a resolution, judicial removal of the manager, appointment of an interim administrator, expert valuation under Article 1843-4, withdrawal for just cause and judicial dissolution. The procedure is the ordinary one, with mandatory representation by a lawyer. Hearing times vary between chambers, but preparing a full file often allows a first-instance decision within 12 to 18 months. The firm, located at 11 rue Margueritte 75017 Paris, regularly pleads before the chambers competent for disputes between partners.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can an SCI have a single partner?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>No. An SCI requires at least two partners under <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006444013\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006444013\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1832 of the Civil Code<\/a>. Where all the shares come together in one hand, the company is not dissolved automatically: any interested party may apply for its dissolution if the situation has not been regularised within one year (Article 1844-5 of the Civil Code). An SCI in which a majority partner holds 99% of the shares and a token partner 1% is common but legally risky. If the sole holder wishes to manage a real estate portfolio, other structures can be considered: a single-member limited liability company (EURL) or a real estate investment SARL, or a personal holding company. For a family SCI, having several partners is in practice desirable and natural: spouse, children, brothers. The firm systematically advises setting up a genuinely multi-partner SCI to avoid the risks of tax requalification or dissolution.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>How long does it take to set up an SCI in Paris?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Setting up a property SCI generally takes two to six weeks. The steps are as follows: drafting the articles of association (5 to 10 days), gathering the constitutive documents (proof of identity, marriage certificate, proof of registered office), depositing the capital with the bank (3 to 5 days), publishing a legal notice in an authorised newspaper, lodging the application file with the registry of the commercial court (in practice the Paris RCS for a Paris SCI), and allocation of the SIREN number within the following 5 to 10 days. Once registered, the SCI can sign the preliminary sale agreement and the notarial deed of acquisition of the building. The firm centralises the whole process and coordinates with the notary to align the setting up of the SCI with the acquisition timetable. Careful drafting of the articles of association at the outset remains the main safeguard: a poorly drafted SCI weakens the whole chain of wealth, from the rent collected to succession.<\/p><\/div><\/details><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-textes\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-textes\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Sources and related pages<\/p>\n<h2>Official texts and <em>related pages<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">The sources for this page and the firm's related areas of practice.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-arts\"><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/texte_lc\/LEGITEXT000006070721\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/texte_lc\/LEGITEXT000006070721\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Civil Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">Articles 1832 et seq., 1845 to 1870-1<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/texte_lc\/LEGITEXT000006069577\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/texte_lc\/LEGITEXT000006069577\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">General Tax Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">Scale for split ownership, Article 669<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<h3 class=\"kcv-center\">Further reading<\/h3>\n<div class=\"kcv-pgs\"><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/company-law-lawyer-paris\/shareholder-disputes-lawyer\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Disputes between partners<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">The firm's practice area<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/company-law-lawyer-paris\/share-transfer-lawyer\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Transfer of shares and stock<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">The firm's practice area<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/company-law-lawyer-paris\/articles-of-association-lawyer\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Drafting articles of association<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">The firm's practice area<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/real-estate-law-attorneys-paris-75017\/compromis-de-vente-lawyer\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Preliminary sale agreement<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">The firm's practice area<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Real estate law in Paris<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">The firm's practice area<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/contact\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Contact<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">Write to or meet the firm<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<p class=\"kcv-small kcv-center\">Page updated on 11 June 2026.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"kcv-cta\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-in\">\n    <div class=\"kcv-cta-card\">\n      <h2>SCI to set up or a dispute under way? <em>Act today<\/em>.<\/h2>\n      <p>Articles to draft, a transfer to secure, an abuse of majority to challenge, a manager to remove: send the articles of association, the accounts and the minutes. The firm replies within 24 to 48 hours with an audit and a strategy.<\/p>\n      <div class=\"kcv-btns\">\n        <a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a>\n        <a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kch-form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n<div class=\"kcv-news-band\"><h2>The latest <em>news.<\/em><\/h2><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\", \"@type\": \"FAQPage\", \"mainEntity\": [{\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Why set up a property SCI?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The property holding company (SCI) allows several people to hold real estate together while avoiding co-ownership in undivided shares (indivision), which often paralyses management. The SCI has legal personality, signs leases in its own name, collects the rent and pays the charges. The partners hold shares in the company, not fractions of the building. This structure eases succession planning, allows new partners to join through share transfers and permits tax optimisation through split ownership (bare ownership and usufruct). It also protects the partners' personal assets: liability for the company's debts is proportionate to each partner's share of the capital and subsidiary (Articles 1857 and 1858 of the Civil Code), but not capped at the amount of their contribution. In most estate-planning cases, the family SCI is the standard tool for managing a building between spouses, parents and children, or brothers and sisters.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Should the articles of association be tailor-made, or should a template be used?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The standard templates of articles of association available online do not cover the variety of estate-planning situations. They often omit essential clauses: approval procedure, limits on the manager's powers, management of split ownership, a partner's exit. Standard articles of association end up aggravating most disputes between partners. A poorly formed SCI weakens the whole chain of wealth, from the rent collected to succession. The firm drafts articles of association adapted to each situation: SCI between spouses, SCI between parents and children, rental investment SCI, single-partner investment SCI, SCI set up to acquire a single building, SCI subject to corporate tax for tax optimisation. Each draft takes account of the succession strategy, the relationships between partners and any plans to sell.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Must the manager be a partner, or can the manager be an outsider?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Article 1845 of the Civil Code allows an outside manager who is not a partner to be appointed. In practice this remains rare: in 90% of family SCIs the manager is a partner, often one of the parents in a parent-child SCI. An outside manager can be considered where the partners disagree, where a professional is to be put in charge of management (property manager, chartered accountant, ad hoc representative) or to defuse a family conflict. An outside manager's mandate must be carefully framed: term, remuneration, extent of powers, procedure for removal. The articles of association set out these rules. An outside manager's civil liability is the same as that of a manager who is a partner, under Article 1850 of the Civil Code.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"How does approval work for a share transfer?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Article 1861 of the Civil Code requires, unless the articles of association provide otherwise, the unanimous approval of the partners for a transfer of shares to a third party outside the company. The articles of association may provide for approval by a majority, exempt transfers between partners from approval, or allow transfers between spouses, ascendants and descendants freely. The procedure follows a strict sequence: notification of the planned transfer to the company and to each partner, and the partners' decision. If no offer to purchase is made to the transferor within six months of the last notification, approval is deemed given, unless the other partners decide, within the same period, on the early dissolution of the company (Article 1863 of the Civil Code). If approval is refused, the partners may acquire the shares; failing that, the company may have them acquired by a designated third party or buy them back with a view to cancelling them, under Article 1862 of the Civil Code. The Court of Cassation, commercial chamber, 16 May 2018, No. 16-16.498, published in the Bulletin, held, in respect of a general partnership, that lack of approval does not make the transfer void but renders it unenforceable against the company and the partners.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"How can the manager of an SCI be removed?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Article 1851 of the Civil Code provides for two routes of removal. The first, by collective decision of the partners, follows the majority set by the articles of association. The second, by the courts for legitimate cause, is open to any partner. The Court of Cassation, third civil chamber, 12 March 2014, No. 13-14.374, published in the Bulletin, held that legitimate cause is not the same as intentional misconduct of particular seriousness. It is understood more broadly and covers mismanagement, conflicts of interest, systematic refusal to disclose the accounts, and leases undervalued for the benefit of the manager or the manager's relatives. The case is heard by the judicial court for the SCI's registered office. Removal has two effects: the end of the mandate and, where applicable, damages if the removal is made without just cause. The firm brings and defends these actions in Paris.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What is abuse of majority in an SCI?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Abuse of majority arises where a decision of a meeting is taken contrary to the company's general interest and solely to favour the majority partners at the expense of the minority. Classic examples are systematic transfers of profits to reserves, the granting of undervalued leases to the majority manager, excessive remuneration of the manager, and a capital increase that dilutes the minority partner. The Court of Cassation, commercial chamber, 17 June 2008, No. 06-15.045, published in the Bulletin, upheld the annulment of resolutions of an SCI that had systematically allocated profits to reserves, finding that these decisions did not serve either the purpose or the interests of the company. The penalty is retroactive annulment of the resolution, together with damages. The Court of Cassation, commercial chamber, 30 September 2020, No. 18-22.076, published in the Bulletin, also accepted the civil liability of majority partners in the case of fraud diluting the minority partner's holding in the capital.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"How can real estate be passed on through an SCI?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Succession planning through an SCI rests on three complementary levers. The first is the gift of shares in full ownership, within the tax allowances (\u20ac100,000 per parent and per child every fifteen years). The second is split ownership: the parents keep the usufruct and the children receive the bare ownership. Transfer taxes are calculated on the value of the bare ownership under the scale in Article 669 of the General Tax Code. On the death of the usufructuary, full ownership is reconstituted in the hands of the bare owner without tax. The third lever is the gift-partition of shares (donation-partage), which fixes the value of the shares at the date of the gift and rules out later collation. The firm calibrates the most effective combination according to the client's assets, age and family make-up, in coordination with the client's notary (notaire). In most cases, passing on property through an SCI is more advantageous for tax purposes than passing on the building directly.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"SCI subject to income tax or corporate tax: which to choose?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"A property SCI is, by default, subject to income tax: each partner is taxed on their share of the profit, as property income (revenus fonciers) for unfurnished letting. The SCI may opt for corporate tax, which allows the building to be depreciated, but crystallises a business capital gain taxed at 25% on the sale of the building or on the liquidation surplus. For a family SCI whose aim is to pass on assets, the corporate tax option significantly reduces the net return. For a rental investment SCI with heavy depreciation leverage, corporate tax may be worthwhile in the short and medium term. The option for corporate tax is in principle irrevocable, except for withdrawal within the first five years. The decision commits the tax position of the SCI and of its partners over the long term. In estate-planning matters, the firm recommends staying under income tax unless a quantified simulation justifies corporate tax. Prior consultation with a tax lawyer or a chartered accountant is essential before opting.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Is split ownership of SCI shares worthwhile?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Split ownership of shares is one of the most effective estate-planning tools. The parents give the bare ownership of the shares to their children while keeping the usufruct. Gift duties are calculated on the value of the bare ownership under the scale in Article 669 of the General Tax Code: at age 60, the usufruct is worth 50% and the bare ownership 50%. On the death of the usufructuary, full ownership is reconstituted in the hands of the bare owner without further tax. The division of powers between usufructuary and bare owner within the SCI must be set out in the articles of association: who votes on the allocation of profit? On the sale of the building? On an amendment to the articles? Defective drafting creates long-term disputes between bare owner and usufructuary. The firm systematically drafts a complete split-ownership clause when the SCI is created or when shares are given. Rigorous succession planning makes it possible, in most cases, to pass on substantial real estate with controlled taxation.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Can an SCI let its property without risk?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Yes, provided it stays within the scope of unfurnished letting. An SCI subject to income tax can let its building under a residential lease, a commercial lease or a professional lease, with property income taxation for the partners. An SCI cannot, however, carry on furnished letting on a regular basis: that activity is commercial and makes the SCI subject to corporate tax, with the heavy tax consequences mentioned above. For furnished letting, practice recommends creating a family limited liability company (SARL) alongside the SCI, or occasional letting within the thresholds accepted by the tax authorities. The SCI must declare its property income each year on form 2072. Deductible charges include loan interest, maintenance works, property tax and management fees. The firm checks that the lease complies with legal requirements and that the transaction is consistent for tax purposes.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What can be done if a partner blocks every decision?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Disagreement between partners is one of the major risks of an SCI. Where a minority partner blocks decisions by systematically voting against, the situation can lead to the paralysis of the company. The articles of association may provide for deadlock mechanisms: a casting vote for the manager, a mediation procedure, or the majority's right to buy out the minority partner's shares. Failing that, Article 1869 of the Civil Code allows withdrawal for just cause: a partner can apply to the court to withdraw and obtain repayment of the value of their shares. The Court of Cassation, commercial chamber, 17 June 2008, No. 06-15.045, published in the Bulletin, recalled that a withdrawing partner loses partner status only after actual repayment of their corporate rights. Where the disagreement becomes insurmountable, a partner may seek judicial dissolution for just cause under Article 1844-7 of the Civil Code. The firm secures these contested exits.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"How can a partner recover their shares in a divorce?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Where two spouses are partners in an SCI under the statutory community regime, divorce opens a sensitive period. Shares held in the name of one spouse alone but financed by the community fall within the joint assets to be liquidated. The Court of Cassation, first civil chamber, 9 November 2011, No. 10-12.123, published in the Bulletin, laid down the principle that the wife could not transfer, without her husband's consent, the shares of such a company, which are not negotiable corporate rights. Any transfer of SCI shares by a spouse married under a community property regime therefore requires the spouse's consent, on pain of nullity. On divorce, the shares are valued at the date of dissolution of the community or at the date of the division, according to the rules set by Article 1469 of the Civil Code. The firm works with the family's lawyer to coordinate the liquidation of the community with the constraints of the SCI, in particular the approval of the other partners or the buy-out of shares by one of the spouses.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Which court has jurisdiction over an SCI dispute in Paris?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The judicial court has jurisdiction over disputes between SCI partners whatever the amount of the claim; where the claim is for an amount of 10,000 euros or less, however, the parties are exempt from having to appoint a lawyer, except in matters within the exclusive jurisdiction of the judicial court (Article 761(3) of the Code of Civil Procedure). Territorial jurisdiction is governed by Article 42 of the Code of Civil Procedure, which designates the court for the place where the defendant resides, that is, for an SCI as defendant, the place where it is established (Article 43 of the same Code). For an SCI whose registered office is in Paris, the Paris judicial court has jurisdiction. The actions concerned include nullity of a resolution, judicial removal of the manager, appointment of an interim administrator, expert valuation under Article 1843-4, withdrawal for just cause and judicial dissolution. The procedure is the ordinary one, with mandatory representation by a lawyer. Hearing times vary between chambers, but preparing a full file often allows a first-instance decision within 12 to 18 months. The firm, located at 11 rue Margueritte 75017 Paris, regularly pleads before the chambers competent for disputes between partners.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Can an SCI have a single partner?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"No. An SCI requires at least two partners under Article 1832 of the Civil Code. Where all the shares come together in one hand, the company is not dissolved automatically: any interested party may apply for its dissolution if the situation has not been regularised within one year (Article 1844-5 of the Civil Code). An SCI in which a majority partner holds 99% of the shares and a token partner 1% is common but legally risky. If the sole holder wishes to manage a real estate portfolio, other structures can be considered: a single-member limited liability company (EURL) or a real estate investment SARL, or a personal holding company. For a family SCI, having several partners is in practice desirable and natural: spouse, children, brothers. The firm systematically advises setting up a genuinely multi-partner SCI to avoid the risks of tax requalification or dissolution.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"How long does it take to set up an SCI in Paris?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Setting up a property SCI generally takes two to six weeks. The steps are as follows: drafting the articles of association (5 to 10 days), gathering the constitutive documents (proof of identity, marriage certificate, proof of registered office), depositing the capital with the bank (3 to 5 days), publishing a legal notice in an authorised newspaper, lodging the application file with the registry of the commercial court (in practice the Paris RCS for a Paris SCI), and allocation of the SIREN number within the following 5 to 10 days. Once registered, the SCI can sign the preliminary sale agreement and the notarial deed of acquisition of the building. The firm centralises the whole process and coordinates with the notary to align the setting up of the SCI with the acquisition timetable. Careful drafting of the articles of association at the outset remains the main safeguard: a poorly drafted SCI weakens the whole chain of wealth, from the rent collected to succession.\"}}]}<\/script>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\", \"@type\": \"LegalService\", \"name\": \"SCI lawyer Paris \u2014 Kohen Avocats\", \"url\": \"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/real-estate-law-attorneys-paris-75017\/sci-lawyer\/\", \"telephone\": \"+33646605822\", \"email\": \"contact@kohenavocats.fr\", \"address\": {\"@type\": \"PostalAddress\", \"streetAddress\": \"11 rue Margueritte\", \"postalCode\": \"75017\", \"addressLocality\": \"Paris\", \"addressCountry\": \"FR\"}, \"areaServed\": \"The Paris region (\u00cele-de-France)\", \"founder\": {\"@type\": \"Person\", \"name\": \"Reda Kohen\", \"jobTitle\": \"Lawyer at the Paris Bar\", \"sameAs\": [\"https:\/\/consultation.avocat.fr\/avocat-paris\/reda-kohen-54670.html\"]}, \"openingHours\": \"Mo-Su 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\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n  .elementor-1983483 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 {\n    flex-shrink: 0 !important;\n    scroll-snap-align: start !important;\n    width: clamp(300px, 30vw, 400px) !important;\n    min-width: 300px !important;\n  }\n\n  @media (max-width: 767px) {\n    .elementor-1983483 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 {\n      width: 350px !important;\n      min-width: 350px !important;\n      max-width: 350px !important;\n    }\n  }\/* End custom CSS *\/<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2156630 post-2156630 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-en-real-estate\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/24\/france-ten-year-builder-warranty-garantie-decennale-foreign-owners-guide\/\">Cracks After Buying in France: The Ten-Year Builder Warranty (Garantie Decennale) Explained for Foreign Owners<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          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function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. 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Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2156454 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2156454 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/gabriel-ghnassia-VmS8VQ0n39Q-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2156454 post-2156454 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-en-real-estate\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/24\/france-storm-boelo-evacuated-building-peril-rent-insurance-foreign-owners-guide\/\">Storm Boelo in Paris: Foreign Owners&#8217; Guide to Evacuated Buildings, Safety Orders, Rent and Insurance Claims<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. 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Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. 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The SCI owns the building, the partners own shares: everything turns on how the articles of association are drafted. As an SCI lawyer in Paris, the firm drafts, audits and defends \u2014 approval of share transfers, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":251031307,"featured_media":1749834,"parent":1773696,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2161078","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.2 (Yoast SEO v28.2) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>SCI Lawyer Paris | Kohen Avocats<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"SCI lawyer Paris: articles of association, share transfers, abuse of majority and removal of a manager. Send your documents and call the firm.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/real-estate-law-attorneys-paris-75017\/sci-lawyer\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"SCI Lawyer Paris | Kohen Avocats\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"SCI lawyer Paris: articles of association, share transfers, abuse of majority and removal of a manager. 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