{"id":2161025,"date":"2024-06-06T14:11:24","date_gmt":"2024-06-06T12:11:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/?page_id=2161025"},"modified":"2026-11-04T21:07:38","modified_gmt":"2026-11-04T20:07:38","slug":"property-sale-litigation-lawyer","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/real-estate-law-attorneys-paris-75017\/property-sale-litigation-lawyer\/","title":{"rendered":"Property sale litigation lawyer in Paris: agreements, defects, compensation"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"2161025\" class=\"elementor elementor-2161025 elementor-2226\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-v59aacc e-con-full e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"v59aacc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-v59aaccw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"v59aaccw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"kcv\" id=\"kci-root\" data-refresh-marker=\"refonte-fr-v3-2226-20261014\">\n<section class=\"kcv-hero\" aria-labelledby=\"kch-h1\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-in\">\n    <div class=\"kcv-head\">\n      <p class=\"kk\">Property sale litigation<\/p>\n      <h1 id=\"kch-h1\"><em>Property sale litigation lawyer<\/em> in Paris:<span class=\"kcv-tail\"> agreements, defects, compensation.<\/span><\/h1>\n      <p class=\"kcv-sub\">A property sale litigation lawyer in Paris starts from one fact: fraudulent misrepresentation, latent defects, a failed condition precedent, a refusal to complete the sale, or the liability of the notary or estate agent each call for a distinct legal basis, its own time limit and a specific strategy. The right basis is chosen within the first hours.<\/p>\n      <div class=\"kcv-btns\">\n        <a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a>\n        <a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kch-form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a>\n      <\/div>\n      <p class=\"kcv-urg\"><strong>A badly framed action runs into the limitation period or is dismissed: latent defects within two years of discovery, fraudulent misrepresentation within five years.<\/strong> Send the preliminary sale agreement, the deed and the diagnostics without delay.<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcv-stagewrap\"><div class=\"kcv-stageshadow\"><div class=\"kcv-stage\">\n      <link rel=\"preload\" as=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kohen-v3\/kohen-fr-2226-paysage-20261014.webp\" media=\"(min-width:761px)\" fetchpriority=\"high\">\n      <link rel=\"preload\" as=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kohen-v3\/kohen-fr-2226-paysage-1080-20261014.webp\" media=\"(max-width:760px)\" fetchpriority=\"high\">\n      <div class=\"kcv-media\" aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"--kcv-img:url('https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kohen-v3\/kohen-fr-2226-paysage-20261014.webp');--kcv-img-m:url('https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kohen-v3\/kohen-fr-2226-paysage-1080-20261014.webp')\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"kcv-panel kcv-glass\" id=\"kch-form\">\n        <div class=\"kcv-panel-head\">\n          <div>\n            <p class=\"kcv-panel-k\">Property sale litigation \u00b7 Paris<\/p>\n            <h2 class=\"kcv-panel-t\">Get a <em>first analysis<\/em><\/h2>\n            <p class=\"kcv-panel-l\">Buyer or seller, success depends on the legal basis chosen and on meeting the time limits. Send the preliminary sale agreement, the deed and the diagnostics: the firm replies within 24 to 48 business hours with an audit and a strategy.<\/p>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"kcv-chip kcv-glass\"><p class=\"kcv-chip-n\">24 \u00e0 48 h<\/p><p class=\"kcv-chip-x\">first legal<br>review<\/p><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"kcf-wrap\">\n<form id=\"kcf-2form\" data-kcf data-api-url=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-json\/kohen-form\/v1\/submit\" data-vps-url=\"https:\/\/upload-fr.46-224-152-225.sslip.io\/submit\" data-max-size=\"1073741824\" data-max-files=\"500\" novalidate enctype=\"multipart\/form-data\">\n  <input type=\"hidden\" name=\"rendered_at\" value=\"1776847557\">\n  <div class=\"kcf-hp\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><label for=\"kcf-2website\">Do not fill in<\/label><input id=\"kcf-2website\" name=\"website\" type=\"text\" tabindex=\"-1\" autocomplete=\"off\"><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcf-price\">\n    <span class=\"kcf-price-amount\">\u20ac80<small>incl. VAT<\/small><\/span>\n    <div class=\"kcf-price-body\">\n      <p class=\"kcf-price-text\"><strong>Preliminary review of your case.<\/strong> Examination of your documents and a first written analysis by Reda Kohen, within 24 to 48 business hours. Payment is made online after this form is sent.<\/p>\n      <ul class=\"kcf-price-meta\">\n        <li>Up to 1 GB of documents, folders and subfolders accepted<\/li>\n        <li>Secure payment, no banking data stored<\/li>\n        <li><a href=\"\/conditions-etude-prealable\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Terms and fee agreement<\/a><\/li>\n      <\/ul>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcf-row\">\n    <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n      <label class=\"kcf-label\" for=\"kcf-2name\">Full name<\/label>\n      <input class=\"kcf-input\" type=\"text\" id=\"kcf-2name\" name=\"name\" placeholder=\"Your name\" required autocomplete=\"name\" aria-describedby=\"kcf-2name-err\">\n      <p class=\"kcf-field-error\" id=\"kcf-2name-err\" role=\"alert\"><\/p>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n      <label class=\"kcf-label\" for=\"kcf-2phone\">Telephone <span class=\"kcf-optional\">(optional)<\/span><\/label>\n      <input class=\"kcf-input\" type=\"tel\" inputmode=\"tel\" id=\"kcf-2phone\" name=\"phone\" placeholder=\"06 00 00 00 00\" autocomplete=\"tel\" aria-describedby=\"kcf-2phone-err\">\n      <p class=\"kcf-field-error\" id=\"kcf-2phone-err\" role=\"alert\"><\/p>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n    <label class=\"kcf-label\" for=\"kcf-2email\">Email address<\/label>\n    <input class=\"kcf-input\" type=\"email\" id=\"kcf-2email\" name=\"email\" placeholder=\"your@email.com\" required autocomplete=\"email\" spellcheck=\"false\" autocapitalize=\"off\" aria-describedby=\"kcf-2email-err\">\n    <p class=\"kcf-field-error\" id=\"kcf-2email-err\" role=\"alert\"><\/p>\n  <\/div>\n  \n  <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n    <label class=\"kcf-label\" for=\"kcf-2message\">Message<\/label>\n    <textarea class=\"kcf-textarea\" id=\"kcf-2message\" name=\"message\" placeholder=\"Briefly describe your situation...\" required aria-describedby=\"kcf-2message-err\"><\/textarea>\n    <p class=\"kcf-field-error\" id=\"kcf-2message-err\" role=\"alert\"><\/p>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n    <label class=\"kcf-label\">Attachments <span class=\"kcf-optional\">(optional, 500 files max, 1 GB)<\/span><\/label>\n    <div class=\"kcf-dropzone\" id=\"kcf-2dropzone\">\n      <svg class=\"kcf-dropzone-icon\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M21 15v4a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-4\"\/><polyline points=\"17 8 12 3 7 8\"\/><line x1=\"12\" y1=\"3\" x2=\"12\" y2=\"15\"\/><\/svg>\n      <p class=\"kcf-dropzone-text\"><strong>Click<\/strong> or drag your files here<br>All formats accepted (PDF, Word, images, etc.)<\/p>\n      <input type=\"file\" name=\"attachments\" id=\"kcf-2files\" multiple>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcf-file-list\" id=\"kcf-2filelist\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcf-progress\" id=\"kcf-2progress\">\n      <div class=\"kcf-progress-bar\"><div class=\"kcf-progress-fill\" id=\"kcf-2progressfill\"><\/div><\/div>\n      <p class=\"kcf-progress-text\" id=\"kcf-2progresstext\">Sending...<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n  <button type=\"submit\" class=\"kcf-btn\">\n    <span class=\"kcf-spinner\"><\/span>\n    <span class=\"kcf-btn-text\">Pay \u20ac80 and send my case<\/span>\n  <\/button>\n  <div class=\"kcf-msg\" role=\"status\" aria-live=\"polite\" aria-atomic=\"true\" tabindex=\"-1\"><\/div>\n  <p class=\"kcf-note\">Payment constitutes a request for immediate performance of your analysis. 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l'\u00c9tat.\",\"auteur\":\"data.gouv.fr\",\"paraphrase\":true,\"libelle\":\"Voir la fiche sur data.gouv.fr\"},{\"titre\":\"Commentaires des d\u00e9cisions de justice par l'IA g\u00e9n\u00e9rative\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.data.gouv.fr\/reuses\/commentaires-des-decisions-de-justice-par-lia-generative\",\"citation\":\"R\u00e9utilisation des donn\u00e9es publiques de justice publi\u00e9e par Kohen Avocats et r\u00e9f\u00e9renc\u00e9e sur data.gouv.fr.\",\"auteur\":\"data.gouv.fr\",\"paraphrase\":true,\"libelle\":\"Voir la r\u00e9utilisation sur data.gouv.fr\"}]},\"awwwards\":{\"nom\":\"Awwwards\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Kohen Avocats, site nomm\u00e9 aux Awwwards\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.awwwards.com\/sites\/kohen-avocats\",\"citation\":\"Le site du cabinet figure parmi les sites nomm\u00e9s (\u00ab Nominee \u00bb) par Awwwards, r\u00e9f\u00e9rence internationale du design web.\",\"auteur\":\"Awwwards\",\"paraphrase\":true,\"libelle\":\"Voir la fiche sur 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\u00e0 la location ?\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.leboncoin.fr\/guide\/immobilier\/bouilloires-thermiques-bientot-interdites-a-la-location-hfpj70o6.html\",\"citation\":\"Le guide immobilier cite une analyse de kohenavocats.fr parmi ses sources.\",\"auteur\":\"Leboncoin\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"femme-actuelle\":{\"nom\":\"Femme Actuelle\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"S\u00e9paration ou divorce : quelle banque et quel cr\u00e9dit pour repartir sur de bonnes bases ?\",\"date\":\"2026-09-30\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.femmeactuelle.fr\/vie-pratique\/news-vie-pratique\/separation-ou-divorce-quelle-banque-et-quel-credit-pour-repartir-sur-de-bonnes-bases-2211980\",\"citation\":\"L'article cite une analyse de kohenavocats.com parmi ses sources.\",\"auteur\":\"Femme Actuelle\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"economie-matin\":{\"nom\":\"\u00c9conomie Matin\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Nouveau bail 2026 : ce que les propri\u00e9taires doivent anticiper d\u00e8s 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aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The grounds<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p2\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p2\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Your documents<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p3\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p3\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The method<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p4\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p4\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The timetable<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p5\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p5\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The checks<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-synthese\" aria-controls=\"kcv-synthese\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Summary<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-faq\" aria-controls=\"kcv-faq\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Questions<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-textes\" aria-controls=\"kcv-textes\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Legal texts<\/button><\/div><\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcv-track\"><div class=\"kcv-slide kcv-on\" id=\"kcv-avocat\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-avocat\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<div class=\"kcv-pro\">\n  <figure class=\"kcv-pro-photo\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" src=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/kohen-footer\/portrait-reda-20260920-lignes-orange.jpg\" alt=\"Reda Kohen, lawyer at the Paris Bar\" width=\"1122\" height=\"1402\" loading=\"eager\" decoding=\"async\">\n    <figcaption class=\"kcv-pro-cap kcv-glass\"><span class=\"kcv-pro-capn\">Reda Kohen<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pro-capr\">Lawyer at the Paris Bar<\/span><\/figcaption>\n  <\/figure>\n  <div class=\"kcv-pro-body\">\n    <p class=\"kk\">Real estate law \u00b7 Paris 17th arrondissement<\/p>\n    <h2>What a <em>property sale litigation lawyer<\/em> does in Paris<\/h2>\n    <ul class=\"kcv-pro-tags\"><li>Paris Bar<\/li><li>Real estate law<\/li><li>Firm in Paris 17th arrondissement<\/li><\/ul>\n    <p class=\"kcv-p\">Lawyer at the Paris Bar \u2014 real estate law and property sale litigation.<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-p\">Before any action, the exact cause of the blockage and the matching legal basis must be identified: nullity for fraudulent misrepresentation (dol; five years from discovery), the warranty against latent defects (garantie des vices cach\u00e9s; two years from discovery, with a twenty-year long-stop), lapse of the condition precedent, specific performance of the sale, or adjustment of the penalty clause. A full reading of the preliminary sale agreement, its annexes and the notarial deed sets the framework for the defence.<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-p\">Send what you have, even if incomplete: the firm will prioritise and complete the file with you. In an emergency, call <a href=\"tel:+33646605822\">06 46 60 58 22<\/a>.<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-pro-meta\"><a href=\"https:\/\/consultation.avocat.fr\/avocat-paris\/reda-kohen-54670.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Official profile in the directory of French lawyers (CNB)<\/a><span>Firm at 11 rue Margueritte, 75017 Paris<\/span><\/p>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-cards\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-card\"><h3>Choosing the right legal basis<\/h3><p>Fraudulent misrepresentation under Article 1137 of the French Civil Code (Code civil), latent defect (Article 1641), mistake, warranty of surface area, liability of the diagnostician: confusing the legal bases leads to a writ that is dismissed or time-barred.<\/p><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-card\"><h3>Evidence above all<\/h3><p>Fraudulent misrepresentation is proved by letters, advertisements and concealment; a latent defect by the court-appointed expert assessment that establishes the seriousness, prior existence and hidden nature of the defect.<\/p><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-card\"><h3>Subsidiary liabilities<\/h3><p>Where the seller is insolvent, an action against the notary or the estate agent, both covered by compulsory insurance, secures compensation \u2014 provided professional fault can be established.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p1\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The grounds<\/p>\n<h2>Each blockage has its legal basis and <em>its time limit<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">Four routes dominate property sale litigation.<\/p>\n<ol class=\"kcv-conds\">\n  <li><strong>Fraudulent misrepresentation<\/strong>: manoeuvres, lies or deliberate concealment of decisive information (Article 1137 of the Civil Code); nullity of the contract and damages; five years from discovery.<\/li>\n  <li><strong>Latent defect<\/strong>: a serious defect, existing before the sale and hidden at signing (Article 1641); action to rescind the sale or to reduce the price within two years of discovery, and no later than twenty years from the sale (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/629071388129c751aa93ee3a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. 3e civ., 25 May 2022, No. 21-18.218<\/a>).<\/li>\n  <li><strong>Failed condition precedent<\/strong>: lapse of the preliminary agreement and return of the deposit, unless the party concerned prevented its fulfilment (Article 1304-3).<\/li>\n  <li><strong>Refusal to complete the sale<\/strong>: specific performance \u2014 the judgment may stand in for the sale \u2014 or a penalty clause, which the court may adjust (Article 1231-5).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"kcv-callout\"><span class=\"kcv-callout-i\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M9.6 6C6.5 7.4 4.5 10 4.5 13.4V18h6v-6H7.6c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L9.6 6zm9 0c-3.1 1.4-5.1 4-5.1 7.4V18h6v-6h-2.9c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L18.6 6z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><p>Case law provides two useful benchmarks: the fraudulent manoeuvres of the seller's representative, who is not a third party to the contract, engage the seller's liability (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/5fca8a3b451f367c17dc9c19\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. 3e civ., 5 July 2018, No. 17-20.121<\/a>), and the withdrawal period runs from the day after the first presentation of the registered letter, even if it is not collected (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/5fca9b6e7dee8290d47e88f6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. 1re civ., 14 February 2018, No. 17-10.514<\/a>).<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p2\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Your documents<\/p>\n<h2>What to send depending on <em>your role<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">Each document has its own evidential use and a specific recipient in the proceedings.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-duel\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-opt kcv-opt-a\"><p class=\"kcv-opt-k\">Position A<\/p><p class=\"kcv-opt-t\">Buyer<\/p><ul><li>Preliminary sale agreement with annexes and notarial deed<\/li><li>Technical diagnostics (energy rating, asbestos, lead, termites, parasite status)<\/li><li>Formal notice letters sent to the seller<\/li><li>Bank certificates of loan refusal, where applicable<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-or\" aria-hidden=\"true\">or<\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-opt kcv-opt-b\"><p class=\"kcv-opt-k\">Position B<\/p><p class=\"kcv-opt-t\">Seller<\/p><ul><li>Original purchase deed and invoices for works<\/li><li>Declarations of previous insurance claims<\/li><li>Mandate given to the estate agent<\/li><li>Letters exchanged with the buyer since the preliminary agreement<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-callout\"><span class=\"kcv-callout-i\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M9.6 6C6.5 7.4 4.5 10 4.5 13.4V18h6v-6H7.6c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L9.6 6zm9 0c-3.1 1.4-5.1 4-5.1 7.4V18h6v-6h-2.9c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L18.6 6z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><p>Common mistakes: overlooking annexes to the preliminary agreement that contradict the deed; underestimating the weight of old insurance letters.<\/p><\/div>\n<p class=\"kcv-p\">The firm also examines the liability of professionals:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"kcv-pro-tags\"><li>Notary who drew up the deed<\/li><li>Estate agent (Hoguet Act)<\/li><li>Diagnostician<\/li><li>Professional insurers<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p3\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The method<\/p>\n<h2>How the firm <em>supports you<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">The right legal basis is chosen in the first hours, not in the last weeks.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-rows\">\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 1<\/p><h3>First exchange and sending the file<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">Call or email, sending the preliminary agreement, the notarial deed, the diagnostics and the letters. First reading within 24 to 48 business hours.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 2<\/p><h3>Choice of legal basis and quantum<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">Selection between fraudulent misrepresentation, latent defect, condition precedent, specific performance and adjustment of the penalty clause. Costed note and cautious procedural timetable.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 3<\/p><h3>Formal notice and attempt at settlement<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">Registered letter of formal demand setting out the legal basis and the quantified claim. Settlement sought where the economic assessment justifies it.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 4<\/p><h3>Writ of summons and oral argument<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">Urgent application for an expert assessment if necessary under Article 145 of the Code of Civil Procedure (code de proc\u00e9dure civile), writ of summons on the merits before the judicial court, submissions, oral argument, follow-up of the judgment and of any appeal.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-callout\"><span class=\"kcv-callout-i\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M9.6 6C6.5 7.4 4.5 10 4.5 13.4V18h6v-6H7.6c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L9.6 6zm9 0c-3.1 1.4-5.1 4-5.1 7.4V18h6v-6h-2.9c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L18.6 6z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><p>The economics of the proceedings are checked before issuing the writ: recoverable quantum, the opponent's solvency, foreseeable costs.<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p4\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The timetable<\/p>\n<h2>The timeline of <em>sale<\/em> litigation<\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">Typical stages and their theoretical time limits. The duration depends on the court and on any appeals.<\/p>\n<ol class=\"kcv-hs\"><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Discovery of the grievance<\/p><p><strong>Day 0.<\/strong> Discovery of the fraudulent misrepresentation, the defect, the refusal to complete or the failure of the condition. The limitation period runs according to the legal basis.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Case audit<\/p><p><strong>Day 7.<\/strong> Full reading of the documents, legal characterisation, calculation of the quantum, choice of the principal and subsidiary legal bases.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Formal notice<\/p><p><strong>Day 15.<\/strong> Letter of formal demand setting out the legal basis and the quantified claim, with a response period of fifteen to thirty days.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Urgent application for an expert assessment<\/p><p><strong>Day 60 to Day 150.<\/strong> Application to the urgent applications judge to establish the technical evidence. Order within four to eight weeks.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Writ of summons on the merits<\/p><p><strong>Day 180.<\/strong> Paris judicial court or the court for the place where the property is located: nullity, specific performance, action to rescind the sale or reduce the price, adjustment.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Day 540 and beyond<\/p><p>Hearing, judgment, order to pay costs and an Article 700 award, possible appeal within one month of service of the judgment.<\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p5\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The checks<\/p>\n<h2>What the firm checks <em>before acting<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">A solid defence rests on these preliminary checks.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-split\">\n  <ul class=\"kcv-check\"><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Strength of the legal basis: fraudulent misrepresentation, latent defect, condition precedent, mistake or shortfall in surface area, and consistency of the documents with the basis chosen.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Compliance with time limits: withdrawal period under Article L. 271-1, the two years for latent defects, the five years for fraudulent misrepresentation, contractual time limits in the preliminary agreement.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Regularity of the notification of the preliminary agreement that starts the withdrawal period.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Opponent's solvency: provisional judicial mortgage, subsidiary action against the notary or the estate agent \u2014 the notary, however, owes no duty of advice to third parties to the deed (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/5fca92169f7b5f85f85e5134\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. 1re civ., 3 May 2018, No. 17-12.473<\/a>).<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Quantum: refund of the price, transfer costs, works costed by expert assessment, loss of enjoyment, financing costs.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Economics of the proceedings: settlement recommended where the assessment does not justify going to court.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n  <aside class=\"kcv-act\">\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-k\">Case documents<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-t\">Send what you have, even if incomplete<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-p\">Submit your documents through the confidential form at the top of the page: the firm will prioritise and complete the file with you.<\/p>\n    <div class=\"kcv-act-b\"><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kch-form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n  <\/aside>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-synthese\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-synthese\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Summary<\/p>\n<h2>Situation, evidence, <em>time limit, action<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">The most frequent configurations at the firm, to quickly calibrate the priority and the procedural tool.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-rows\">\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Seller concealed a risk (flooding, insurance claim)<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Advertisements, insurance letters, neighbours' statements, court-appointed expert assessment.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time limit:<\/strong> 5 years from discovery.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Action for nullity for fraudulent misrepresentation and damages.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Latent defect discovered after the deed<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Bailiff's report, costed court-appointed expert assessment, prior existence of the defect.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time limit:<\/strong> 2 years from definite discovery.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Urgent application for an expert assessment, then action to rescind the sale or reduce the price.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Buyer does not obtain the loan<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Reasoned bank certificate of refusal, complete file submitted to the banks.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time limit:<\/strong> Before the preliminary agreement's deadline expires.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Declaration of lapse, return of the escrow deposit.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Seller refuses to complete the sale<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Signed preliminary agreement, registered formal notice, bailiff's formal summons to state a position.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time limit:<\/strong> Five-year limitation period (Article 2224 of the Civil Code).<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Action for specific performance of the sale.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Notary erred in the notification<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Acknowledgement of receipt, the notary's letters, irregularity in the dispatch.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time limit:<\/strong> 5 years from knowledge of the fault.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Liability action against the notary and their insurer.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Manifestly excessive penalty clause<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Calculation of the loss actually suffered by the seller, rapid resale.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time limit:<\/strong> During the main proceedings.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Application for adjustment under Article 1231-5.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3 class=\"kcv-center\">Case studies from the firm<\/h3>\n<p class=\"kcv-small kcv-center\">Anonymised examples. The figures correspond to real cases, rounded for discretion.<\/p>\n<p class=\"kcv-p\">The anonymised examples below illustrate the variety of situations handled. The figures correspond to real cases, rounded for discretion.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-cards\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-card\"><h3>Annulment for fraudulent misrepresentation, refund of the \u20ac540,000 price<\/h3><p>Purchase of a house in the inner Paris suburbs for \u20ac540,000. The seller had concealed a recurring flood risk evidenced by insurance letters from the previous five years. Action for nullity for fraudulent misrepresentation under Article 1137 of the Civil Code. Annulment ordered, full refund of the price and of the notary's fees, and \u20ac22,000 in damages for non-material and financial loss.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-small\">Action: nullity for fraudulent misrepresentation. Result: total annulment of the sale.<\/p><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-card\"><h3>Notary ordered jointly and severally to pay \u20ac28,000<\/h3><p>Purchase of a Paris flat. The notary had failed to pass on to the buyer the lead diagnostic mentioned in the seller's original purchase deed, which revealed a long-standing presence of lead. Action in contractual liability against the notary for breach of the duty to verify. Ordered in solidum with the seller to pay \u20ac28,000, covered by professional insurance.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-small\">Action: liability of the notary. Result: compensation paid by the insurer.<\/p><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-card\"><h3>Penalty clause adjusted by the court from \u20ac75,000 to \u20ac28,000<\/h3><p>Preliminary agreement signed for a property at \u20ac750,000, with a penalty clause set at ten per cent. As the buyer had delayed completing the sale without legitimate reason, the seller sought an award of \u20ac75,000. The court, applying Article 1231-5 of the Civil Code, reduced the penalty to \u20ac28,000, since the actual loss was limited to the time it took to resell.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-small\">Action: adjustment of a penalty clause. Result: saving of \u20ac47,000.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-faq\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-faq\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Frequently asked questions<\/p>\n<h2>Your questions: <em>property sale litigation<\/em><\/h2>\n<div class=\"kcv-faqgrid\">\n  <aside class=\"kcv-act kcv-act-sticky\">\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-k\">15 questions<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-t\">A situation not listed here?<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-p\">Every case has its own features. The firm reads your documents before answering you.<\/p>\n    <div class=\"kcv-act-b\"><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kch-form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n  <\/aside>\n  <div class=\"kcv-faq\"><details><summary>What should I do if a property sale is blocked?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The first step is to identify precisely the cause of the blockage. Refusal to complete the sale, failure of a condition precedent, discovery of a defect, challenge to the withdrawal: each cause calls for a distinct legal basis, its own time limit and a specific strategy. The firm carries out this audit within 24 to 48 business hours from the preliminary sale agreement (compromis de vente), the notarial deed, the diagnostics and the letters exchanged. For the buyer, the main routes are the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032041417\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032041417\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">action for nullity for fraudulent misrepresentation<\/a>, the warranty against latent defects, mistake as to essential qualities, or failure of a condition precedent. For the seller, the action aims at specific performance of the sale, application of the penalty clause, or defence against the buyer's late withdrawal. Confusing the legal bases leads to a writ that is dismissed or time-barred.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>How long do I have to take action against the seller?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The time limit depends on the legal basis. An <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000020466328\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000020466328\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">action under the warranty against latent defects<\/a> must be brought within two years of the definite discovery of the defect, subject to a long-stop period of twenty years from the original sale. The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/629071388129c751aa93ee3a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Court of Cassation, 25 May 2022<\/a>, confirmed this. An action for nullity for fraudulent misrepresentation is subject to a five-year limitation period from discovery of the misrepresentation, under <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032040823\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032040823\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 2224 of the Civil Code<\/a>. The non-professional buyer's withdrawal period is ten days from the first presentation of the letter, under <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037667680\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037667680\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 271-1 of the Construction and Housing Code (CCH)<\/a>. Meeting these time limits determines whether the claim is admissible, with no examination of the merits if it is time-barred.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Fraudulent misrepresentation or latent defect: what is the difference?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Both bases protect the buyer but follow different regimes. Fraudulent misrepresentation, defined in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032041417\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032041417\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1137 of the Civil Code<\/a>, requires manoeuvres, lies or concealment by the seller that determined the buyer's consent. It leads to nullity of the contract and may justify damages. The limitation period is five years from discovery. A latent defect, defined in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006441924\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006441924\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1641 of the Civil Code<\/a>, requires a serious defect, existing before the sale and hidden at the time of signing. It opens an action to rescind the sale and refund the price, or an action to reduce the price. The time limit is two years from discovery. Fraudulent misrepresentation is proved by letters and statements; a latent defect by the court-appointed expert assessment that establishes the seriousness, prior existence and concealed nature of the defect.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Is the notary liable if the sale falls through?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The notary incurs liability if they breach their duty of advice and verification. The notary must ensure the legal effectiveness of the deed they draw up, warn the parties of the risks of a manifestly abusive clause and flag insurance claims or irregularities revealed by earlier deeds. The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/5fca92169f7b5f85f85e5134\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">1st civil chamber, 3 May 2018<\/a>, clarified that the notary owes no duty of information to third parties to the deed. Notarial liability is therefore limited to the parties. A notary may also be held liable for a fault in notifying the preliminary agreement that starts the withdrawal period, but the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/5fca9b6e7dee8290d47e88f6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">1st civil chamber, 14 February 2018<\/a>, set aside a finding of notarial liability where the buyer, duly notified, had not collected the registered letter, since the withdrawal period runs from the day after its first presentation. The award is generally in solidum with the seller. Compulsory professional insurance covers the compensation, which secures payment where the seller is insolvent.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can the estate agent keep their commission?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The estate agent receives a commission only on signature of the notarial deed of sale, under the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/loda\/id\/JORFTEXT000000865419\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/loda\/id\/JORFTEXT000000865419\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Hoguet Act of 2 January 1970<\/a>. If the sale is not completed, no commission is due. An estate agent who knew, through viewings or letters, of a concealed earlier insurance claim may be ordered to pay jointly and severally with the seller where the buyer brings an action. The award is generally in solidum, which improves overall solvency. The estate agent has compulsory professional insurance covering this liability. Proof of fault rests on viewing reports, statements given to the buyer, emails and disclosure of the documents in the file. Any mention in the mandate or the preliminary agreement showing that the agent knew of the defect opens the way to a subsidiary action against the agent.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can a preliminary sale agreement be cancelled?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Yes, in several situations. The non-professional buyer may withdraw within ten days from the first presentation of the letter, under <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037667680\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037667680\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 271-1 of the CCH<\/a>. Beyond that, the preliminary agreement may be annulled for a defect in consent (fraudulent misrepresentation, mistake, duress), for lack of subject matter, for lack of cause or for failure of a condition precedent. The agreement may also be set aside by the court in the event of fraudulent manoeuvres by the seller or the seller's representative. The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/5fca8a3b451f367c17dc9c19\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">3rd civil chamber, 5 July 2018<\/a>, reiterated that the representative's manoeuvres engage the seller's liability. Nullity has retroactive effect: the parties are restored to their position before the preliminary agreement, the escrow deposit is returned and any price paid is refunded.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can the court reduce a penalty clause?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Yes. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032041459\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032041459\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1231-5 of the Civil Code<\/a> allows the court, even of its own motion, to reduce or increase the penalty if it is manifestly excessive or derisory. Any stipulation to the contrary is deemed unwritten. The adjustment is assessed by reference to the loss actually suffered by the party claiming the penalty. A penalty clause fixed at ten per cent of the price can thus be reduced to a lower amount where the seller was able to sell quickly to a new buyer without significant loss. The seller bears the burden of proving the loss; failing that, the court reduces the amount. Conversely, if the loss exceeds the penalty (difficult sale, fall in the value of the property), the court may increase the amount. The adjustment is requested during the main proceedings, in the quantified submissions. This judicial flexibility avoids unjust enrichment and purely coercive penalties.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can you force the signing of the notarial deed?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Yes. A bilateral promise of sale is equivalent to a sale, under <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006441324\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006441324\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1589 of the Civil Code<\/a>. Where the seller or the buyer refuses to complete without legitimate reason, the other party may apply to the judicial court for a judgment that stands in for the deed of sale. This action for specific performance is subject to a five-year limitation period running from the day the right-holder knew, or ought to have known, the facts enabling them to exercise it (Article 2224 of the Civil Code). It assumes that all conditions precedent have been met and that the preliminary agreement suffers from no nullity. The final judgment serves as a notarial deed for the purposes of registration at the land registry (service de la publicit\u00e9 fonci\u00e8re). This route is useful where the property has risen in value since the preliminary agreement was signed, or where the buyer needs the property for a specific project. A prior registered formal notice is mandatory and fixes the date of default. The proceedings generally last between fifteen and twenty-four months at first instance.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>How do I get back the deposit held by the notary?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The escrow deposit, generally between five and ten per cent of the price, is held by the notary until the notarial deed is signed. If the buyer defaults without legitimate reason, the seller may ask for the deposit to be released to them, under the penalty clause. Conversely, a buyer who has legitimately withdrawn (withdrawal under Article L. 271-1, failure of a condition precedent not attributable to the buyer, fraudulent misrepresentation discovered) may ask for full repayment. Release of the deposit in principle requires the agreement of both parties. Failing that, an application to the urgent applications judge is needed to obtain an order for release. The procedure takes four to eight weeks. If the notary holds a clear mandate to keep the funds in the event of a dispute, proceedings on the merits may be necessary. The firm drafts the urgent application within forty-eight hours where urgency justifies it, in particular where the buyer needs the funds for a new purchase.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>What is a mortgage condition precedent?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The mortgage condition precedent is the stipulation by which the buyer makes their commitment conditional on obtaining bank financing within a set period and on specified terms. It is governed by Article L. 313-41 of the Consumer Code (Code de la consommation) for purchases financed by a property loan. The preliminary agreement sets the loan amount, the maximum interest rate, the term and the number of lenders to approach. If the buyer does not obtain the loan on the stipulated terms, the condition has failed and the preliminary agreement lapses. The escrow deposit is returned. The failure is, however, recognised only if it is not attributable to the buyer. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032041399\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032041399\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1304-3 of the Civil Code<\/a> provides that a condition is deemed fulfilled where the party with an interest in it has prevented its fulfilment. The buyer must therefore prove that they applied in good faith for suitable financing. Proof rests on reasoned bank certificates of refusal and the complete file submitted to the lenders.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>What does the 10-day withdrawal period mean?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037667680\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000037667680\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 271-1 of the Construction and Housing Code<\/a> gives the non-professional buyer of a residential property a withdrawal period of ten days from the day after the first presentation of the letter notifying the deed. During this period the buyer may withdraw without giving reasons and recovers in full the escrow deposit paid. The period starts on first presentation, regardless of whether the letter is actually collected. The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/5fca9b6e7dee8290d47e88f6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">1st civil chamber, 14 February 2018<\/a>, held that the period ran against a buyer who, duly notified, had not collected the registered letter. Withdrawal is made by registered letter with acknowledgement of receipt sent to the seller or the notary. After the period, withdrawal is no longer possible without legitimate reason, and the buyer is exposed to the penalty clause stipulated in the preliminary agreement.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Which court has jurisdiction in Paris for a real estate dispute?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The Paris judicial court has jurisdiction over disputes concerning property located in Paris. Subject-matter jurisdiction lies with the judicial court (with no financial ceiling), in accordance with Articles L. 211-3 et seq. of the Code of Judicial Organisation (code de l'organisation judiciaire). Territorial jurisdiction follows from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006410097\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006410097\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 44 of the Code of Civil Procedure<\/a>: in real estate matters, the court for the place where the property is located has jurisdiction. For a Paris property, that is therefore the Paris judicial court (Parvis du Tribunal de Paris, 75017). The construction and real estate division handles technical cases. Representation by a lawyer is mandatory for actions on the merits. An appeal is lodged with the Paris court of appeal within one month of service of the judgment. In high-value disputes, the pre-trial preparation phase lasts between twelve and twenty-four months at first instance. The firm regularly pleads before these courts and knows the specialised chambers and their criteria for judgment.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>How much does real estate litigation cost?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The cost depends on the complexity of the case. Three main items: lawyer's fees, the cost of any court-appointed expert assessment, and costs of proceedings. Lawyer's fees are generally between five thousand and fifteen thousand euros for a full procedure (formal notice, any urgent application, writ of summons on the merits, oral argument), sometimes with a success-based element. The cost of a court-appointed expert assessment varies between three thousand and fifteen thousand euros depending on complexity (deposit paid to the court's finance office, recoverable in case of success). Costs of proceedings are assessed at the end of the case and include the court registry, the bailiff and registration. If successful, the court may order the losing party to pay costs and an award under <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006411178\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006411178\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 700 of the Code of Civil Procedure<\/a>, generally between three thousand and ten thousand euros. The economic balance is positive where the recoverable quantum exceeds fifty thousand euros. The firm provides a detailed quote at the start of the case.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>What evidence proves fraudulent misrepresentation?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The buyer bears the burden of proving fraudulent misrepresentation, under <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032041417\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032041417\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1137 of the Civil Code<\/a>. Three elements must be shown: manoeuvres, lies or concealment by the seller or the seller's representative; the intentional nature of the concealment; and its decisive effect on consent. Many documents are probative. Property advertisements and viewing reports reveal the gap between the property described and the real property. Earlier insurance letters establish the claims known to the seller. Neighbours' statements document the chronology of the problems. Technical diagnostics supplied or omitted provide a body of evidence. Emails exchanged between the parties reveal the questions asked and the seller's incomplete answers. The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/5fca8a3b451f367c17dc9c19\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">3rd civil chamber, 5 July 2018<\/a>, reiterated that the representative's manoeuvres engage the seller's liability, which extends the evidence to letters from the estate agent or the architect.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Is a court-appointed expert assessment needed for a latent defect?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>It is not formally compulsory but becomes indispensable in practice. A court-appointed expert assessment sought under <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006410694\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006410694\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 145 of the Code of Civil Procedure<\/a> establishes the reality of the problem, its technical origin and its existence before the sale. Without an expert assessment, proof of the defect rests on the buyer's word alone, which is insufficient to convince the court. The urgent application for an expert assessment is heard by the urgent applications judge of the judicial court, on the basis of a quantified request. The order appoints a suitable expert, sets the mission and the deposit. The operations take place in the presence of the parties and their lawyers. The expert files a final report, which can then be produced in the proceedings on the merits. The cost of the assessment (between three thousand and fifteen thousand euros depending on complexity) is advanced by the claimant, then recovered in case of success. The urgent application takes four to eight weeks for the order, and six to eighteen months for the operations.<\/p><\/div><\/details><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-textes\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-textes\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Sources and related pages<\/p>\n<h2>Official texts and <em>related pages<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">The sources for this page and the firm's related areas of practice.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-arts\"><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/texte_lc\/LEGITEXT000006070721\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/texte_lc\/LEGITEXT000006070721\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">French Civil Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">fraudulent misrepresentation (1137), latent defects (1641 et seq.), penalty clause (1231-5)<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/texte_lc\/LEGITEXT000006074096\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/texte_lc\/LEGITEXT000006074096\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Construction and Housing Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">withdrawal period, Article L. 271-1<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/texte_lc\/LEGITEXT000006070716\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/texte_lc\/LEGITEXT000006070716\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Code of Civil Procedure<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">urgent application for expert assessment, Article 145<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<h3 class=\"kcv-center\">Further reading<\/h3>\n<div class=\"kcv-pgs\"><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/real-estate-law-attorneys-paris-75017\/compromis-de-vente-lawyer\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Preliminary sale agreement<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">Firm's area of work<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/real-estate-law-attorneys-paris-75017\/latent-defects-lawyer\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Latent defects<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">Firm's area of work<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/real-estate-law-attorneys-paris-75017\/ten-year-builders-liability-lawyer\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Ten-year builder's liability<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">Firm's area of work<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/real-estate-law-attorneys-paris-75017\/property-auction-lawyer\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Auction sales of property<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">Firm's area of work<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Real estate law in Paris<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">The firm's practice<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/contact\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Contact<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">Write to or meet the firm<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<p class=\"kcv-small kcv-center\">Page updated on 11 June 2026.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"kcv-cta\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-in\">\n    <div class=\"kcv-cta-card\">\n      <h2>Blocked sale? Choose the <em>right legal basis<\/em>.<\/h2>\n      <p>Buyer or seller, success depends on the legal basis chosen and on meeting the time limits. Send the preliminary sale agreement, the deed and the diagnostics: the firm replies within 24 to 48 business hours with an audit and a strategy.<\/p>\n      <div class=\"kcv-btns\">\n        <a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a>\n        <a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kch-form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n<div class=\"kcv-news-band\"><h2>The latest <em>news.<\/em><\/h2><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\", \"@type\": \"FAQPage\", \"mainEntity\": [{\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What should I do if a property sale is blocked?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The first step is to identify precisely the cause of the blockage. Refusal to complete the sale, failure of a condition precedent, discovery of a defect, challenge to the withdrawal: each cause calls for a distinct legal basis, its own time limit and a specific strategy. The firm carries out this audit within 24 to 48 business hours from the preliminary sale agreement (compromis de vente), the notarial deed, the diagnostics and the letters exchanged. For the buyer, the main routes are the action for nullity for fraudulent misrepresentation, the warranty against latent defects, mistake as to essential qualities, or failure of a condition precedent. For the seller, the action aims at specific performance of the sale, application of the penalty clause, or defence against the buyer's late withdrawal. Confusing the legal bases leads to a writ that is dismissed or time-barred.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"How long do I have to take action against the seller?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The time limit depends on the legal basis. An action under the warranty against latent defects must be brought within two years of the definite discovery of the defect, subject to a long-stop period of twenty years from the original sale. The Court of Cassation, 25 May 2022, confirmed this. An action for nullity for fraudulent misrepresentation is subject to a five-year limitation period from discovery of the misrepresentation, under Article 2224 of the Civil Code. The non-professional buyer's withdrawal period is ten days from the first presentation of the letter, under Article L. 271-1 of the Construction and Housing Code (CCH). Meeting these time limits determines whether the claim is admissible, with no examination of the merits if it is time-barred.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Fraudulent misrepresentation or latent defect: what is the difference?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Both bases protect the buyer but follow different regimes. Fraudulent misrepresentation, defined in Article 1137 of the Civil Code, requires manoeuvres, lies or concealment by the seller that determined the buyer's consent. It leads to nullity of the contract and may justify damages. The limitation period is five years from discovery. A latent defect, defined in Article 1641 of the Civil Code, requires a serious defect, existing before the sale and hidden at the time of signing. It opens an action to rescind the sale and refund the price, or an action to reduce the price. The time limit is two years from discovery. Fraudulent misrepresentation is proved by letters and statements; a latent defect by the court-appointed expert assessment that establishes the seriousness, prior existence and concealed nature of the defect.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Is the notary liable if the sale falls through?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The notary incurs liability if they breach their duty of advice and verification. The notary must ensure the legal effectiveness of the deed they draw up, warn the parties of the risks of a manifestly abusive clause and flag insurance claims or irregularities revealed by earlier deeds. The 1st civil chamber, 3 May 2018, clarified that the notary owes no duty of information to third parties to the deed. Notarial liability is therefore limited to the parties. A notary may also be held liable for a fault in notifying the preliminary agreement that starts the withdrawal period, but the 1st civil chamber, 14 February 2018, set aside a finding of notarial liability where the buyer, duly notified, had not collected the registered letter, since the withdrawal period runs from the day after its first presentation. The award is generally in solidum with the seller. Compulsory professional insurance covers the compensation, which secures payment where the seller is insolvent.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Can the estate agent keep their commission?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The estate agent receives a commission only on signature of the notarial deed of sale, under the Hoguet Act of 2 January 1970. If the sale is not completed, no commission is due. An estate agent who knew, through viewings or letters, of a concealed earlier insurance claim may be ordered to pay jointly and severally with the seller where the buyer brings an action. The award is generally in solidum, which improves overall solvency. The estate agent has compulsory professional insurance covering this liability. Proof of fault rests on viewing reports, statements given to the buyer, emails and disclosure of the documents in the file. Any mention in the mandate or the preliminary agreement showing that the agent knew of the defect opens the way to a subsidiary action against the agent.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Can a preliminary sale agreement be cancelled?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Yes, in several situations. The non-professional buyer may withdraw within ten days from the first presentation of the letter, under Article L. 271-1 of the CCH. Beyond that, the preliminary agreement may be annulled for a defect in consent (fraudulent misrepresentation, mistake, duress), for lack of subject matter, for lack of cause or for failure of a condition precedent. The agreement may also be set aside by the court in the event of fraudulent manoeuvres by the seller or the seller's representative. The 3rd civil chamber, 5 July 2018, reiterated that the representative's manoeuvres engage the seller's liability. Nullity has retroactive effect: the parties are restored to their position before the preliminary agreement, the escrow deposit is returned and any price paid is refunded.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Can the court reduce a penalty clause?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Yes. Article 1231-5 of the Civil Code allows the court, even of its own motion, to reduce or increase the penalty if it is manifestly excessive or derisory. Any stipulation to the contrary is deemed unwritten. The adjustment is assessed by reference to the loss actually suffered by the party claiming the penalty. A penalty clause fixed at ten per cent of the price can thus be reduced to a lower amount where the seller was able to sell quickly to a new buyer without significant loss. The seller bears the burden of proving the loss; failing that, the court reduces the amount. Conversely, if the loss exceeds the penalty (difficult sale, fall in the value of the property), the court may increase the amount. The adjustment is requested during the main proceedings, in the quantified submissions. This judicial flexibility avoids unjust enrichment and purely coercive penalties.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Can you force the signing of the notarial deed?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Yes. A bilateral promise of sale is equivalent to a sale, under Article 1589 of the Civil Code. Where the seller or the buyer refuses to complete without legitimate reason, the other party may apply to the judicial court for a judgment that stands in for the deed of sale. This action for specific performance is subject to a five-year limitation period running from the day the right-holder knew, or ought to have known, the facts enabling them to exercise it (Article 2224 of the Civil Code). It assumes that all conditions precedent have been met and that the preliminary agreement suffers from no nullity. The final judgment serves as a notarial deed for the purposes of registration at the land registry (service de la publicit\u00e9 fonci\u00e8re). This route is useful where the property has risen in value since the preliminary agreement was signed, or where the buyer needs the property for a specific project. A prior registered formal notice is mandatory and fixes the date of default. The proceedings generally last between fifteen and twenty-four months at first instance.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"How do I get back the deposit held by the notary?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The escrow deposit, generally between five and ten per cent of the price, is held by the notary until the notarial deed is signed. If the buyer defaults without legitimate reason, the seller may ask for the deposit to be released to them, under the penalty clause. Conversely, a buyer who has legitimately withdrawn (withdrawal under Article L. 271-1, failure of a condition precedent not attributable to the buyer, fraudulent misrepresentation discovered) may ask for full repayment. Release of the deposit in principle requires the agreement of both parties. Failing that, an application to the urgent applications judge is needed to obtain an order for release. The procedure takes four to eight weeks. If the notary holds a clear mandate to keep the funds in the event of a dispute, proceedings on the merits may be necessary. The firm drafts the urgent application within forty-eight hours where urgency justifies it, in particular where the buyer needs the funds for a new purchase.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What is a mortgage condition precedent?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The mortgage condition precedent is the stipulation by which the buyer makes their commitment conditional on obtaining bank financing within a set period and on specified terms. It is governed by Article L. 313-41 of the Consumer Code (Code de la consommation) for purchases financed by a property loan. The preliminary agreement sets the loan amount, the maximum interest rate, the term and the number of lenders to approach. If the buyer does not obtain the loan on the stipulated terms, the condition has failed and the preliminary agreement lapses. The escrow deposit is returned. The failure is, however, recognised only if it is not attributable to the buyer. Article 1304-3 of the Civil Code provides that a condition is deemed fulfilled where the party with an interest in it has prevented its fulfilment. The buyer must therefore prove that they applied in good faith for suitable financing. Proof rests on reasoned bank certificates of refusal and the complete file submitted to the lenders.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What does the 10-day withdrawal period mean?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Article L. 271-1 of the Construction and Housing Code gives the non-professional buyer of a residential property a withdrawal period of ten days from the day after the first presentation of the letter notifying the deed. During this period the buyer may withdraw without giving reasons and recovers in full the escrow deposit paid. The period starts on first presentation, regardless of whether the letter is actually collected. The 1st civil chamber, 14 February 2018, held that the period ran against a buyer who, duly notified, had not collected the registered letter. Withdrawal is made by registered letter with acknowledgement of receipt sent to the seller or the notary. After the period, withdrawal is no longer possible without legitimate reason, and the buyer is exposed to the penalty clause stipulated in the preliminary agreement.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Which court has jurisdiction in Paris for a real estate dispute?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The Paris judicial court has jurisdiction over disputes concerning property located in Paris. Subject-matter jurisdiction lies with the judicial court (with no financial ceiling), in accordance with Articles L. 211-3 et seq. of the Code of Judicial Organisation (code de l'organisation judiciaire). Territorial jurisdiction follows from Article 44 of the Code of Civil Procedure: in real estate matters, the court for the place where the property is located has jurisdiction. For a Paris property, that is therefore the Paris judicial court (Parvis du Tribunal de Paris, 75017). The construction and real estate division handles technical cases. Representation by a lawyer is mandatory for actions on the merits. An appeal is lodged with the Paris court of appeal within one month of service of the judgment. In high-value disputes, the pre-trial preparation phase lasts between twelve and twenty-four months at first instance. The firm regularly pleads before these courts and knows the specialised chambers and their criteria for judgment.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"How much does real estate litigation cost?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The cost depends on the complexity of the case. Three main items: lawyer's fees, the cost of any court-appointed expert assessment, and costs of proceedings. Lawyer's fees are generally between five thousand and fifteen thousand euros for a full procedure (formal notice, any urgent application, writ of summons on the merits, oral argument), sometimes with a success-based element. The cost of a court-appointed expert assessment varies between three thousand and fifteen thousand euros depending on complexity (deposit paid to the court's finance office, recoverable in case of success). Costs of proceedings are assessed at the end of the case and include the court registry, the bailiff and registration. If successful, the court may order the losing party to pay costs and an award under Article 700 of the Code of Civil Procedure, generally between three thousand and ten thousand euros. The economic balance is positive where the recoverable quantum exceeds fifty thousand euros. The firm provides a detailed quote at the start of the case.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What evidence proves fraudulent misrepresentation?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The buyer bears the burden of proving fraudulent misrepresentation, under Article 1137 of the Civil Code. Three elements must be shown: manoeuvres, lies or concealment by the seller or the seller's representative; the intentional nature of the concealment; and its decisive effect on consent. Many documents are probative. Property advertisements and viewing reports reveal the gap between the property described and the real property. Earlier insurance letters establish the claims known to the seller. Neighbours' statements document the chronology of the problems. Technical diagnostics supplied or omitted provide a body of evidence. Emails exchanged between the parties reveal the questions asked and the seller's incomplete answers. The 3rd civil chamber, 5 July 2018, reiterated that the representative's manoeuvres engage the seller's liability, which extends the evidence to letters from the estate agent or the architect.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Is a court-appointed expert assessment needed for a latent defect?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"It is not formally compulsory but becomes indispensable in practice. A court-appointed expert assessment sought under Article 145 of the Code of Civil Procedure establishes the reality of the problem, its technical origin and its existence before the sale. Without an expert assessment, proof of the defect rests on the buyer's word alone, which is insufficient to convince the court. The urgent application for an expert assessment is heard by the urgent applications judge of the judicial court, on the basis of a quantified request. The order appoints a suitable expert, sets the mission and the deposit. The operations take place in the presence of the parties and their lawyers. The expert files a final report, which can then be produced in the proceedings on the merits. The cost of the assessment (between three thousand and fifteen thousand euros depending on complexity) is advanced by the claimant, then recovered in case of success. The urgent application takes four to eight weeks for the order, and six to eighteen months for the operations.\"}}]}<\/script>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\", \"@type\": \"LegalService\", \"name\": \"Property sale litigation lawyer in Paris \u2014 Kohen Avocats\", \"url\": \"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/real-estate-law-attorneys-paris-75017\/property-sale-litigation-lawyer\/\", \"telephone\": \"+33646605822\", \"email\": \"contact@kohenavocats.fr\", \"address\": {\"@type\": \"PostalAddress\", \"streetAddress\": \"11 rue Margueritte\", \"postalCode\": \"75017\", \"addressLocality\": \"Paris\", \"addressCountry\": \"FR\"}, \"areaServed\": \"The Paris region (\u00cele-de-France)\", \"founder\": {\"@type\": \"Person\", \"name\": \"Reda Kohen\", \"jobTitle\": \"Lawyer at the Paris Bar\", \"sameAs\": [\"https:\/\/consultation.avocat.fr\/avocat-paris\/reda-kohen-54670.html\"]}, \"openingHours\": \"Mo-Su 00:00-24:00\"}<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fdb3c6b scroll-horizontal e-con-full e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"fdb3c6b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;gradient&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f4453f6 elementor-grid-3 elementor-grid-tablet-2 elementor-grid-mobile-1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-loop-grid\" data-id=\"f4453f6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" 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h3,\n  .elementor-1983483 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 h4,\n  .elementor-1983483 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 h5,\n  .elementor-1983483 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 h6,\n  .elementor-1983483 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 .elementor-heading-title {\n    line-height: 1.25 !important;\n    font-size: 0.8em !important;\n  }\n}\n@media (min-width: 769px) and (max-width: 1200px) {\n  .elementor-1983483 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 {\n    font-size: 0.9em;\n  }\n  \n  .elementor-1983483 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 h1,\n  .elementor-1983483 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 h2,\n  .elementor-1983483 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 h3,\n  .elementor-1983483 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 h4,\n  .elementor-1983483 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 h5,\n  .elementor-1983483 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 h6,\n  .elementor-1983483 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 .elementor-heading-title {\n    line-height: 1.3 !important;\n    font-size: 0.85em !important;\n  }\n}\n@media (min-width: 1201px) {\n  .elementor-1983483 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 {\n    font-size: 0.95em;\n  }\n  \n  .elementor-1983483 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 h1,\n  .elementor-1983483 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 h2,\n  .elementor-1983483 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 h3,\n  .elementor-1983483 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 h4,\n  .elementor-1983483 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 h5,\n  .elementor-1983483 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 h6,\n  .elementor-1983483 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 .elementor-heading-title {\n    line-height: 1.35 !important;\n    font-size: 0.9em !important;\n  }\n}\n\/* M\u00e9dia queries pour le texte normal *\/\n@media (max-width: 768px) {\n  .elementor-1983483 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 {\n    line-height: 1.6;\n  }\n}\n@media (min-width: 769px) and (max-width: 1200px) {\n  .elementor-1983483 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 {\n    line-height: 1.65;\n  }\n}\n@media (min-width: 1201px) {\n  .elementor-1983483 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 {\n    line-height: 1.75;\n  }\n}\n\/* Filtre noir semi-transparent - \u00c9tat initial visible, maintenu au hover *\/\n\/* Z-INDEX 1 : au-dessus du flou mais en dessous du texte *\/\n.elementor-1983483 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836::before {\n  content: '';\n  position: absolute;\n  inset: 0;\n  background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6);\n  backdrop-filter: blur(0px);\n  opacity: 1;\n  pointer-events: none;\n  z-index: 1;\n  transition: backdrop-filter 1.2s cubic-bezier(0.25, 0.1, 0.25, 1);\n  will-change: backdrop-filter;\n}\n\/* Brillance + flou - \u00c9tat initial invisible *\/\n\/* Z-INDEX 0 : en dessous de la teinte noire *\/\n.elementor-1983483 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836::after {\n  content: '';\n  position: absolute;\n  inset: 0;\n  background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);\n  box-shadow: \n    inset 0.5px 0.5px 0.5px 0 rgba(255, 255, 255, 0),\n    inset -0.5px -0.5px 0.5px 0 rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);\n  opacity: 0;\n  pointer-events: none;\n  z-index: 0;\n  transition: all 1.2s cubic-bezier(0.25, 0.1, 0.25, 1);\n}\n\/* ACTIVATION AU HOVER *\/\n.elementor-1983483 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:hover {\n  box-shadow: 0 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2), 0 0 20px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);\n  transform: translateY(-2px);\n}\n.elementor-1983483 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:hover::before {\n  backdrop-filter: blur(8px);\n}\n.elementor-1983483 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:hover::after {\n  background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.25);\n  box-shadow: \n    inset 0.5px 0.5px 0.5px 0 rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15),\n    inset -0.5px -0.5px 0.5px 0 rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15);\n  opacity: 1;\n} \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n  .elementor-1983483 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 {\n    flex-shrink: 0 !important;\n    scroll-snap-align: start !important;\n    width: clamp(300px, 30vw, 400px) !important;\n    min-width: 300px !important;\n  }\n\n  @media (max-width: 767px) {\n    .elementor-1983483 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 {\n      width: 350px !important;\n      min-width: 350px !important;\n      max-width: 350px !important;\n    }\n  }\/* End custom CSS *\/<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2156630 post-2156630 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-en-real-estate\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/24\/france-ten-year-builder-warranty-garantie-decennale-foreign-owners-guide\/\">Cracks After Buying in France: The Ten-Year Builder Warranty (Garantie Decennale) Explained for Foreign Owners<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. 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Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2156454 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2156454 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/gabriel-ghnassia-VmS8VQ0n39Q-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2156454 post-2156454 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-en-real-estate\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/24\/france-storm-boelo-evacuated-building-peril-rent-insurance-foreign-owners-guide\/\">Storm Boelo in Paris: Foreign Owners&#8217; Guide to Evacuated Buildings, Safety Orders, Rent and Insurance Claims<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2155861 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2155861 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/gabriel-ghnassia-VmS8VQ0n39Q-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2155861 post-2155861 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-en-real-estate\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/23\/france-nonresident-selling-capital-gains-tax-representative-secure-sale-guide\/\">Selling French Property as a Non-Resident: Capital Gains Tax, the Tax Representative and How to Secure the Sale<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. 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Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2153925 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2153925 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/annie-spratt-GWCvnsMtiBg-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2153925 post-2153925 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-en-real-estate\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/21\/france-evict-tenant-unpaid-rent-foreign-landlords-guide\/\">Tenant Stopped Paying Rent in France: How a Foreign Landlord Terminates the Lease and Recovers the Flat<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2153797 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2153797 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/claudio-testa-iqeG5xA96M4-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2153797 post-2153797 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-en-real-estate\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/21\/france-storm-austen-foreign-owners-insurance-claims-repairs-guide\/\">Storm Austen and Your French Property: Damage, Insurance Claims and Repairs<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. 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A property sale litigation lawyer in Paris starts from one fact: fraudulent misrepresentation, latent defects, a failed condition precedent, a refusal to complete the sale, or the liability of the notary or estate agent each call for a distinct legal basis, its own [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":251031307,"featured_media":1642220,"parent":1773696,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2161025","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.2 (Yoast SEO v28.2) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Property Sale Litigation Lawyer Paris | Kohen Avocats<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Property sale litigation lawyer Paris: fraud, latent defects, penalty clause, notary liability. 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