{"id":2161006,"date":"2024-06-06T14:08:51","date_gmt":"2024-06-06T12:08:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/?page_id=2161006"},"modified":"2026-11-04T19:51:45","modified_gmt":"2026-11-04T18:51:45","slug":"fonds-de-commerce-sale-lawyer","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/real-estate-law-attorneys-paris-75017\/fonds-de-commerce-sale-lawyer\/","title":{"rendered":"Fonds de commerce lawyer in Paris: lease audit, price and warranties"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"2161006\" class=\"elementor elementor-2161006 elementor-2211\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-v52319b e-con-full e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"v52319b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-v52319bw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"v52319bw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"kcv\" id=\"kci-root\" data-refresh-marker=\"refonte-fr-v3-2211-20261014\">\n<section class=\"kcv-hero\" aria-labelledby=\"kch-h1\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-in\">\n    <div class=\"kcv-head\">\n      <p class=\"kk\">Sale of a business \u2014 buyers and sellers<\/p>\n      <h1 id=\"kch-h1\"><em>Fonds de commerce<\/em> lawyer in Paris:<span class=\"kcv-tail\"> lease audit, price and warranties.<\/span><\/h1>\n      <p class=\"kcv-sub\">Customer base, leasehold right, declared turnover: the sale of a fonds de commerce (business) binds buyer and seller long after signature. As a fonds de commerce lawyer in Paris, the firm audits the deed before signature and defends the parties in cases of fraudulent misrepresentation (dol), creditor opposition or the landlord's refusal to approve the assignee.<\/p>\n      <div class=\"kcv-btns\">\n        <a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a>\n        <a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kch-form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a>\n      <\/div>\n      <p class=\"kcv-urg\"><strong>The price must never be paid to the seller before the creditors' opposition period has expired: any early payment risks paying twice.<\/strong> Have the deed reviewed before you sign.<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcv-stagewrap\"><div class=\"kcv-stageshadow\"><div class=\"kcv-stage\">\n      <link rel=\"preload\" as=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kohen-v3\/kohen-fr-2211-paysage-20261014.webp\" media=\"(min-width:761px)\" fetchpriority=\"high\">\n      <link rel=\"preload\" as=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kohen-v3\/kohen-fr-2211-paysage-1080-20261014.webp\" media=\"(max-width:760px)\" fetchpriority=\"high\">\n      <div class=\"kcv-media\" aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"--kcv-img:url('https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kohen-v3\/kohen-fr-2211-paysage-20261014.webp');--kcv-img-m:url('https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kohen-v3\/kohen-fr-2211-paysage-1080-20261014.webp')\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"kcv-panel kcv-glass\" id=\"kch-form\">\n        <div class=\"kcv-panel-head\">\n          <div>\n            <p class=\"kcv-panel-k\">Sale of a business \u00b7 Paris<\/p>\n            <h2 class=\"kcv-panel-t\">Get a <em>first analysis<\/em><\/h2>\n            <p class=\"kcv-panel-l\">Buyer or seller, the sale deed sets the schedule of payments and warranties. Send the draft deed, the lease and the balance sheets: the firm replies within 24 to 48 hours with a risk note.<\/p>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"kcv-chip kcv-glass\"><p class=\"kcv-chip-n\">24 \u00e0 48 h<\/p><p class=\"kcv-chip-x\">first legal<br>review<\/p><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"kcf-wrap\">\n<form id=\"kcf-2form\" data-kcf data-api-url=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-json\/kohen-form\/v1\/submit\" data-vps-url=\"https:\/\/upload-fr.46-224-152-225.sslip.io\/submit\" data-max-size=\"1073741824\" data-max-files=\"500\" novalidate enctype=\"multipart\/form-data\">\n  <input type=\"hidden\" name=\"rendered_at\" value=\"1776847557\">\n  <div class=\"kcf-hp\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><label for=\"kcf-2website\">Do not fill in<\/label><input id=\"kcf-2website\" name=\"website\" type=\"text\" tabindex=\"-1\" autocomplete=\"off\"><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcf-price\">\n    <span class=\"kcf-price-amount\">\u20ac80<small>incl. VAT<\/small><\/span>\n    <div class=\"kcf-price-body\">\n      <p class=\"kcf-price-text\"><strong>Preliminary review of your case.<\/strong> Examination of your documents and a first written analysis by Reda Kohen, within 24 to 48 business hours. Payment is made online after this form is sent.<\/p>\n      <ul class=\"kcf-price-meta\">\n        <li>Up to 1 GB of documents, folders and subfolders accepted<\/li>\n        <li>Secure payment, no banking data stored<\/li>\n        <li><a href=\"\/conditions-etude-prealable\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Terms and fee agreement<\/a><\/li>\n      <\/ul>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcf-row\">\n    <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n      <label class=\"kcf-label\" for=\"kcf-2name\">Full name<\/label>\n      <input class=\"kcf-input\" type=\"text\" id=\"kcf-2name\" name=\"name\" placeholder=\"Your name\" required autocomplete=\"name\" aria-describedby=\"kcf-2name-err\">\n      <p class=\"kcf-field-error\" id=\"kcf-2name-err\" role=\"alert\"><\/p>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n      <label class=\"kcf-label\" for=\"kcf-2phone\">Telephone <span class=\"kcf-optional\">(optional)<\/span><\/label>\n      <input class=\"kcf-input\" type=\"tel\" inputmode=\"tel\" id=\"kcf-2phone\" name=\"phone\" placeholder=\"06 00 00 00 00\" autocomplete=\"tel\" aria-describedby=\"kcf-2phone-err\">\n      <p class=\"kcf-field-error\" id=\"kcf-2phone-err\" role=\"alert\"><\/p>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n    <label class=\"kcf-label\" for=\"kcf-2email\">Email address<\/label>\n    <input class=\"kcf-input\" type=\"email\" id=\"kcf-2email\" name=\"email\" placeholder=\"your@email.com\" required autocomplete=\"email\" spellcheck=\"false\" autocapitalize=\"off\" aria-describedby=\"kcf-2email-err\">\n    <p class=\"kcf-field-error\" id=\"kcf-2email-err\" role=\"alert\"><\/p>\n  <\/div>\n  \n  <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n    <label class=\"kcf-label\" for=\"kcf-2message\">Message<\/label>\n    <textarea class=\"kcf-textarea\" id=\"kcf-2message\" name=\"message\" placeholder=\"Briefly describe your situation...\" required aria-describedby=\"kcf-2message-err\"><\/textarea>\n    <p class=\"kcf-field-error\" id=\"kcf-2message-err\" role=\"alert\"><\/p>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n    <label class=\"kcf-label\">Attachments <span class=\"kcf-optional\">(optional, 500 files max, 1 GB)<\/span><\/label>\n    <div class=\"kcf-dropzone\" id=\"kcf-2dropzone\">\n      <svg class=\"kcf-dropzone-icon\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M21 15v4a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-4\"\/><polyline points=\"17 8 12 3 7 8\"\/><line x1=\"12\" y1=\"3\" x2=\"12\" y2=\"15\"\/><\/svg>\n      <p class=\"kcf-dropzone-text\"><strong>Click<\/strong> or drag your files here<br>All formats accepted (PDF, Word, images, etc.)<\/p>\n      <input type=\"file\" name=\"attachments\" id=\"kcf-2files\" multiple>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcf-file-list\" id=\"kcf-2filelist\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcf-progress\" id=\"kcf-2progress\">\n      <div class=\"kcf-progress-bar\"><div class=\"kcf-progress-fill\" id=\"kcf-2progressfill\"><\/div><\/div>\n      <p class=\"kcf-progress-text\" id=\"kcf-2progresstext\">Sending...<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n  <button type=\"submit\" class=\"kcf-btn\">\n    <span class=\"kcf-spinner\"><\/span>\n    <span class=\"kcf-btn-text\">Pay \u20ac80 and send my case<\/span>\n  <\/button>\n  <div class=\"kcf-msg\" role=\"status\" aria-live=\"polite\" aria-atomic=\"true\" tabindex=\"-1\"><\/div>\n  <p class=\"kcf-note\">Payment constitutes a request for immediate performance of your analysis. 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l'\u00c9tat.\",\"auteur\":\"data.gouv.fr\",\"paraphrase\":true,\"libelle\":\"Voir la fiche sur data.gouv.fr\"},{\"titre\":\"Commentaires des d\u00e9cisions de justice par l'IA g\u00e9n\u00e9rative\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.data.gouv.fr\/reuses\/commentaires-des-decisions-de-justice-par-lia-generative\",\"citation\":\"R\u00e9utilisation des donn\u00e9es publiques de justice publi\u00e9e par Kohen Avocats et r\u00e9f\u00e9renc\u00e9e sur data.gouv.fr.\",\"auteur\":\"data.gouv.fr\",\"paraphrase\":true,\"libelle\":\"Voir la r\u00e9utilisation sur data.gouv.fr\"}]},\"awwwards\":{\"nom\":\"Awwwards\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Kohen Avocats, site nomm\u00e9 aux Awwwards\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.awwwards.com\/sites\/kohen-avocats\",\"citation\":\"Le site du cabinet figure parmi les sites nomm\u00e9s (\u00ab Nominee \u00bb) par Awwwards, r\u00e9f\u00e9rence internationale du design web.\",\"auteur\":\"Awwwards\",\"paraphrase\":true,\"libelle\":\"Voir la fiche sur 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\u00e0 la location ?\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.leboncoin.fr\/guide\/immobilier\/bouilloires-thermiques-bientot-interdites-a-la-location-hfpj70o6.html\",\"citation\":\"Le guide immobilier cite une analyse de kohenavocats.fr parmi ses sources.\",\"auteur\":\"Leboncoin\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"femme-actuelle\":{\"nom\":\"Femme Actuelle\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"S\u00e9paration ou divorce : quelle banque et quel cr\u00e9dit pour repartir sur de bonnes bases ?\",\"date\":\"2026-09-30\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.femmeactuelle.fr\/vie-pratique\/news-vie-pratique\/separation-ou-divorce-quelle-banque-et-quel-credit-pour-repartir-sur-de-bonnes-bases-2211980\",\"citation\":\"L'article cite une analyse de kohenavocats.com parmi ses sources.\",\"auteur\":\"Femme Actuelle\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"economie-matin\":{\"nom\":\"\u00c9conomie Matin\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Nouveau bail 2026 : ce que les propri\u00e9taires doivent anticiper d\u00e8s 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La loi ne fixe pas un calendrier d\u2019allumage commun \u00e0 tous les immeubles.\",\"auteur\":\"Cabinet Kohen Avocats\"}]},\"next\":{\"nom\":\"Next\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Fin de Bloctel, interdiction du d\u00e9marchage d\u00e8s le 11 ao\u00fbt : on fait le point\",\"date\":\"2026-08-04\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/next.ink\/249950\/fin-de-bloctel-interdiction-du-demarchage-des-le-11-aout-on-fait-le-point\/\",\"citation\":\"Selon le cabinet Kohen Avocats, les jurisprudences dans ce secteur devraient \u00ab \u00e9clairer la port\u00e9e du futur r\u00e9gime \u00bb.\",\"auteur\":\"Next\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"actu-juridique\":{\"nom\":\"Actu-Juridique\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Magistrature et franc-ma\u00e7onnerie : que dit le droit ?\",\"date\":\"2026-09-22\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.actu-juridique.fr\/professions\/magistrats\/magistrature-et-franc-maconnerie-stupeur-et-evitements\/\",\"citation\":\"L\u2019article cite en r\u00e9f\u00e9rence l\u2019analyse de Ma\u00eetre Hassan Kohen, avocat en droit p\u00e9nal \u00e0 Paris, sur l\u2019avis du Coll\u00e8ge de d\u00e9ontologie du 9 juin 2026.\",\"auteur\":\"Actu-Juridique\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"batiweb\":{\"nom\":\"Batiweb\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Mayotte : Lecornu veut un \u00ab choc de mises en chantier \u00bb\",\"date\":\"2026-08-27\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.batiweb.com\/actualites\/urbanisme\/reconstruction-mayotte-lecornu-choc-mises-chantier-49208\",\"citation\":\"Sur les autorisations d\u2019urbanisme n\u00e9cessaires \u00e0 la reconstruction de Mayotte, l\u2019article cite les explications de Me Reda Kohen.\",\"auteur\":\"Batiweb\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"berliner-zeitung\":{\"nom\":\"Berliner Zeitung\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Null Euro Miete, daf\u00fcr Quizabende mit Rentnern: Wie eine 18-J\u00e4hrige ins Seniorenheim zog\",\"date\":\"2026-09-21\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.berliner-zeitung.de\/article\/null-euro-miete-dafuer-quizabende-mit-rentnern-wie-eine-18-jaehrige-ins-seniorenheim-zog-10414380\",\"citation\":\"Der Pariser Anwalt Reda Kohen ordnet das Modell als Gebrauchsleihe ein: Die Wohnung wird \u00fcberlassen, nicht vermietet.\",\"auteur\":\"Berliner Zeitung\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"startupitalia\":{\"nom\":\"StartupItalia\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Quasi 13 miliardi di dollari di Nvidia per la sconosciuta Hugging Face. 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aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The framework<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p2\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p2\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Your documents<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p3\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p3\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The method<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p4\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p4\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The timetable<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p5\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p5\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The checks<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-s1\" aria-controls=\"kcv-s1\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Acquisition<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-synthese\" aria-controls=\"kcv-synthese\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Summary<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-faq\" aria-controls=\"kcv-faq\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Questions<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-textes\" aria-controls=\"kcv-textes\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Legal texts<\/button><\/div><\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcv-track\"><div class=\"kcv-slide kcv-on\" id=\"kcv-avocat\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-avocat\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<div class=\"kcv-pro\">\n  <figure class=\"kcv-pro-photo\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" src=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/kohen-footer\/portrait-reda-20260920-lignes-orange.jpg\" alt=\"Reda Kohen, lawyer at the Paris Bar\" width=\"1122\" height=\"1402\" loading=\"eager\" decoding=\"async\">\n    <figcaption class=\"kcv-pro-cap kcv-glass\"><span class=\"kcv-pro-capn\">Reda Kohen<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pro-capr\">Lawyer at the Paris Bar<\/span><\/figcaption>\n  <\/figure>\n  <div class=\"kcv-pro-body\">\n    <p class=\"kk\">Real estate law \u00b7 Paris 17th arrondissement<\/p>\n    <h2>What a <em>fonds de commerce lawyer<\/em> in Paris does<\/h2>\n    <ul class=\"kcv-pro-tags\"><li>Paris Bar<\/li><li>Real estate law<\/li><li>Firm in the Paris 17th arrondissement<\/li><\/ul>\n    <p class=\"kcv-p\">Lawyer at the Paris Bar \u2014 real estate law and sale of a business.<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-p\">The sale of a business is secured before signature: audit of the commercial lease (assignability, approval, joint guarantee), cross-checking of declared figures against the balance sheets, VAT returns and bank statements, and calibration of the warranty and indemnity agreement (garantie d'actif et de passif). After signature: publication, the ten-day opposition period, escrow, then gradual release of the price. In cases of deception, the action for nullity or for a price reduction on grounds of fraudulent misrepresentation (dol) remains open for five years from discovery.<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-p\">Send what you have, even if incomplete: the firm will prioritise and complete the file with you. In an emergency, call <a href=\"tel:+33646605822\">06 46 60 58 22<\/a>.<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-pro-meta\"><a href=\"https:\/\/consultation.avocat.fr\/avocat-paris\/reda-kohen-54670.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Official profile in the directory of French lawyers (CNB)<\/a><span>Firm at 11 rue Margueritte, 75017 Paris<\/span><\/p>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-cards\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-card\"><h3>The lease, the central asset of the business<\/h3><p>Any clause prohibiting the assignment of the lease to the buyer of the business is deemed unwritten under Article L. 145-16 of the French Commercial Code (Code de commerce). The landlord may, however, require approval and formalities, and failing to comply with them is costly.<\/p><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-card\"><h3>A protective payment schedule<\/h3><p>Publication within fifteen days, creditors' opposition for ten days, escrow of the price: a buyer who pays before the end of the period is not discharged as against third parties (Articles L. 141-12 et seq.).<\/p><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-card\"><h3>Fraudulent misrepresentation, the most frequent dispute<\/h3><p>Inflated turnover, customers tied to the seller personally: the intentional concealment of decisive information means the error is always excusable under Articles 1137 and 1139 of the French Civil Code (Code civil).<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p1\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The framework<\/p>\n<h2>A transaction governed by <em>mandatory rules<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">Four rules structure the sale and its disputes.<\/p>\n<ol class=\"kcv-conds\">\n  <li>The document showing monthly turnover since the close of the last financial year must be referred to in the deed, and the accounting books of the last three financial years must be kept available to the buyer for three years (Article L. 141-2 of the Commercial Code, any contrary clause being deemed unwritten).<\/li>\n  <li>The assignment of the lease to the buyer of the business cannot be prohibited; it may be made subject to an approval requirement and formalities, non-compliance with which exposes the assignment to termination (Article L. 145-16).<\/li>\n  <li>The sale is published within fifteen days; the seller's creditors have ten days to oppose payment of the price (Articles L. 141-12 and L. 141-14).<\/li>\n  <li>Fraudulent misrepresentation \u2014 manoeuvres, lies or intentional concealment of decisive information \u2014 opens the action for nullity or for a price reduction (Articles 1137 and 1139 of the Civil Code).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"kcv-callout\"><span class=\"kcv-callout-i\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M9.6 6C6.5 7.4 4.5 10 4.5 13.4V18h6v-6H7.6c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L9.6 6zm9 0c-3.1 1.4-5.1 4-5.1 7.4V18h6v-6h-2.9c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L18.6 6z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><p>The Commercial Chamber has held that a buyer who pays the seller before the opposition period has expired is not discharged as against third parties (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/64085bc466b1bafb02f11fa6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 8 March 2023, No. 21-18.677<\/a>), and that the assignee's lack of diligence does not bar an action for fraudulent misrepresentation, the induced error always being excusable (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/66eab8db49e2d93736d98a71\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 18 September 2024, No. 23-10.183<\/a>).<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p2\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Your documents<\/p>\n<h2>What to provide depending on <em>your role<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">Each document has its own evidential purpose; bank accounts are cross-checked against the declared balance sheets.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-duel\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-opt kcv-opt-a\"><p class=\"kcv-opt-k\">Position A<\/p><p class=\"kcv-opt-t\">Buyer<\/p><ul><li>Draft sale deed and the complete commercial lease with amendments<\/li><li>Last three balance sheets and VAT returns for the last two years<\/li><li>Business bank account statements, order book<\/li><li>Documents from the Trade and Companies Register<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-or\" aria-hidden=\"true\">or<\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-opt kcv-opt-b\"><p class=\"kcv-opt-k\">Position B<\/p><p class=\"kcv-opt-t\">Seller<\/p><ul><li>Signed sale deed and escrow agreement<\/li><li>Proof of publication in legal notices and the BODACC<\/li><li>Opposition letters received<\/li><li>Tax declaration under Article 201 of the General Tax Code (CGI), social security certificates<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-callout\"><span class=\"kcv-callout-i\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M9.6 6C6.5 7.4 4.5 10 4.5 13.4V18h6v-6H7.6c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L9.6 6zm9 0c-3.1 1.4-5.1 4-5.1 7.4V18h6v-6h-2.9c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L18.6 6z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><p>Frequent mistakes: relying on the declared balance sheets without cross-checking the bank accounts; releasing the price before the end of the opposition period.<\/p><\/div>\n<p class=\"kcv-p\">The firm also acts for related parties:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"kcv-pro-tags\"><li>Landlord and approval<\/li><li>Notary or drafter of the deed<\/li><li>Escrow agent<\/li><li>Opposing creditor<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p3\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The method<\/p>\n<h2>How the firm <em>supports you<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">In most cases, one hour of audit upstream avoids several months of proceedings.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-rows\">\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 1<\/p><h3>First exchange and sending your documents<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">Call or email, and send the draft deed, the lease and the key balance sheets. First legal reading within 24 to 48 hours.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 2<\/p><h3>Audit of the lease and the accounts<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">Assignability of the lease, cross-checking of balance sheets against bank accounts and tax returns, calibration of the warranty and indemnity agreement and of the non-competition covenant (clause de non-r\u00e9tablissement).<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 3<\/p><h3>Amicable or judicial route<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">Formal notice, negotiation with the seller and the landlord, or a writ of summons for nullity on grounds of fraudulent misrepresentation, for judicial authorisation of the assignment or for release of the escrow.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 4<\/p><h3>Follow-up of the decision and its enforcement<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">Service of the judgment, monitoring of the escrow, lifting of oppositions, recovery of sums or actual return of the price.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-callout\"><span class=\"kcv-callout-i\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M9.6 6C6.5 7.4 4.5 10 4.5 13.4V18h6v-6H7.6c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L9.6 6zm9 0c-3.1 1.4-5.1 4-5.1 7.4V18h6v-6h-2.9c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L18.6 6z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><p>Before signing, have the lease and the accounts audited: a lease with unfavourable clauses or unverifiable turnover can reduce the value of the business by 30 to 50%.<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p4\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The timetable<\/p>\n<h2>The timeline of a sale <em>in practice<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">From the promise to the release of the price. The actual duration depends on oppositions, the landlord and the financing.<\/p>\n<ol class=\"kcv-hs\"><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Promise<\/p><p><strong>Day 0.<\/strong> Bilateral promise with conditions precedent (landlord's approval, financing, accounting audit). Immobilisation indemnity held by the escrow agent.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">J+1 \u00e0 J+60<\/p><p>Notification to the landlord and request for approval, accounting audit, bank financing obtained.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Final deed<\/p><p><strong>Day 60 to Day 90.<\/strong> Signature with the particulars required by Article L. 141-2, the document of interim turnover figures, warranty and indemnity agreement. Price paid into escrow.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Publications<\/p><p><strong>Day 90 to Day 105.<\/strong> Legal notices and BODACC within fifteen days, declaration under Article 201 of the CGI within forty-five days.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Oppositions<\/p><p><strong>Day 105 to Day 115.<\/strong> Ten days for creditors to oppose, running from the last publication. No payment to the seller during this period.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Release of the price<\/p><p><strong>Day 120 to Day 270.<\/strong> Clearing of oppositions or their lifting, payment of the opposing creditors' claims, balance released after tax clearance and discharge of joint tax liability.<\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p5\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The checks<\/p>\n<h2>What the firm checks <em>before acting<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">No signature or proceedings without having validated these points.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-split\">\n  <ul class=\"kcv-check\"><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Mandatory particulars under Article L. 141-2: document of interim turnover figures referred to, accounting books kept available.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Audit of the commercial lease: assignability, approval required, joint guarantee, remaining term, permitted use, service charges and rents.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Credibility of the turnover: cross-checking balance sheets, VAT, bank statements and order book; share of customers tied to the seller personally.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Warranty and indemnity agreement: scope, duration, threshold, cap, notification and claims mechanism.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Non-competition covenant: proportionate in time and space, and necessary to protect the assignee's interests.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Escrow agreement and schedule for releasing the price, any oppositions.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n  <aside class=\"kcv-act\">\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-k\">Case documents<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-t\">Send what you have, even if incomplete<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-p\">Submit your documents through the confidential form at the top of the page: the firm will prioritise and complete the file with you.<\/p>\n    <div class=\"kcv-act-b\"><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kch-form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n  <\/aside>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-s1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-s1\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Acquisition<\/p>\n<h2>Lawyer for buying or acquiring a fonds de commerce in Paris: <em>7 checks before signing<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">The buyer should not only check the price. The legal audit tests the lease, the accounts and the operating conditions against one another in order to identify what could reduce the value of the business or prevent the takeover.<\/p>\n<ul class=\"kcv-check\"><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span><strong>1. Commercial lease.<\/strong> Read the lease and its amendments: remaining term, permitted use, rent, service charges, works, joint guarantee, approval and the summoning of the landlord.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span><strong>2. Turnover.<\/strong> Cross-check balance sheets, VAT returns, bank statements and recent monthly figures; isolate the customers tied to the seller personally.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span><strong>3. Scope of the sale.<\/strong> List separately the customer base, shop sign, trade name, leasehold right, equipment, stock, licences, contracts and files needed to run the business.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span><strong>4. Authorisations.<\/strong> Check whether licences and authorisations can be transferred, whether the activity complies with the permitted use under the lease, and any constraints specific to the premises.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span><strong>5. Security interests and creditors.<\/strong> Check registrations, pledges and preferential claims, then organise the publications, the opposition period and the safekeeping of the price.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span><strong>6. Conditions precedent.<\/strong> Make the final deed conditional on financing, the landlord's agreement, the result of the audit, the obtaining of authorisations and the absence of any adverse event.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span><strong>7. Contractual warranties.<\/strong> Calibrate the seller's representations, the non-competition covenant, compensation for inaccurate information and the retention or escrow mechanism.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<div class=\"kcv-callout\"><span class=\"kcv-callout-i\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M9.6 6C6.5 7.4 4.5 10 4.5 13.4V18h6v-6H7.6c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L9.6 6zm9 0c-3.1 1.4-5.1 4-5.1 7.4V18h6v-6h-2.9c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L18.6 6z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><p>Before signature, the firm reviews the draft deed, the lease and the accounting documents, then provides a prioritised risk note to negotiate the price, the conditions precedent and the warranties.<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-synthese\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-synthese\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Summary<\/p>\n<h2>Situation, evidence, <em>time limit, action<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">The most frequent configurations at the firm, to quickly choose the right procedural tool.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-rows\">\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Buyer discovers lower actual turnover<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Certified balance sheets, VAT returns, bank statements compared with the declared figures.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time limit:<\/strong> 5 years from discovery of the fraudulent misrepresentation.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Action for nullity or price reduction under Articles 1137 and 1139 of the Civil Code.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Landlord refuses to approve the assignee<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Notification of the proposed assignment, request for approval, reasoned refusal or silence.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time limit:<\/strong> 2 months from the refusal or from the expiry of the contractual period.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Application to the urgent applications judge or the trial court for judicial authorisation of the assignment.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Creditor opposes payment of the price<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Valid act of opposition, proof of the debt, election of domicile.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time limit:<\/strong> 10 days after the last publication in legal notices.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Application to the urgent applications judge for lifting of the opposition if the debt is disputable, under Article L. 141-15 of the Commercial Code.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Seller breaches the non-competition covenant<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Bailiff's report, screenshots of the website, letters from solicited customers.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time limit:<\/strong> For the duration of the covenant + 5 years for damages.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Urgent application to stop the breach, action on the merits for damages, application of the stipulated penalty clause.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Warranty and indemnity claim triggered<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Notice of tax reassessment, judgment, letters of claim.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time limit:<\/strong> Duration of the warranty + the stipulated notification period.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Informing the seller within the time limits, claim for compensation, action for specific performance if refused.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Buyer paid before the 10 days had elapsed<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Seller's receipt, proof of payment, publication schedule.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Time limit:<\/strong> Creditors may act until the limitation period expires.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Risk of paying twice: third-party claim against the escrow agent or the drafter of the deed.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3 class=\"kcv-center\">Practical cases handled by the firm<\/h3>\n<p class=\"kcv-small kcv-center\">Anonymised examples. The figures correspond to real cases, rounded for discretion.<\/p>\n<p class=\"kcv-p\">The anonymised examples below illustrate the variety of situations handled. The figures correspond to real cases but have been rounded for discretion.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-cards\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-card\"><h3>Annulment for fraudulent misrepresentation over fictitious turnover, \u20ac285,000 price returned<\/h3><p>Sale of a Parisian convenience store for \u20ac285,000. After six months of operation, the buyer found that actual turnover was 45% lower than the declared figures. By cross-checking bank accounts and VAT returns, the firm established intentional concealment. The seller was ordered to repay the price in full and to pay damages.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-small\">Action: writ of summons for nullity on grounds of fraudulent misrepresentation. Outcome: repayment of \u20ac285,000 + damages of \u20ac35,000.<\/p><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-card\"><h3>\u20ac142,000 escrow released after creditors' opposition resolved<\/h3><p>Sale of a restaurant in the 11th arrondissement. The escrow agent held \u20ac142,000, against which two suppliers had lodged oppositions. The firm showed that one of them had no certain, liquidated and due debt, and negotiated an amicable settlement of the second debt for \u20ac18,000. The balance was released to the seller.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-small\">Action: urgent application for lifting of the opposition, amicable negotiation. Outcome: \u20ac124,000 released to the seller.<\/p><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-card\"><h3>Sale refused by the landlord, action for judicial authorisation<\/h3><p>Sale of a hairdressing business in the 9th arrondissement. The landlord refused to approve the assignee on the ground that they lacked the required experience. The firm showed that the assignee had ten years of documented experience, a solid financial standing and a project consistent with the permitted use. The court authorised the assignment despite the refusal.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-small\">Action: writ of summons for judicial authorisation of the assignment. Outcome: assignment authorised and completed.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-faq\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-faq\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Frequently asked questions<\/p>\n<h2>Your questions: <em>sale of a business<\/em><\/h2>\n<div class=\"kcv-faqgrid\">\n  <aside class=\"kcv-act kcv-act-sticky\">\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-k\">15 questions<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-t\">A situation not listed here?<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-p\">Every case has its own features. The firm reads your documents before answering you.<\/p>\n    <div class=\"kcv-act-b\"><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kch-form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n  <\/aside>\n  <div class=\"kcv-faq\"><details><summary>What are the steps in the sale of a fonds de commerce?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The sale of a fonds de commerce follows seven main steps. First, signature of a bilateral promise of sale with conditions precedent (landlord's approval, the buyer's financing, accounting audit). Second, notification of the proposed sale to the landlord and the request for approval. Third, satisfaction of the conditions precedent, in particular obtaining the loan and auditing the accounts. Fourth, signature of the final deed with the mandatory particulars of Article L. 141-2 of the Commercial Code and payment of the price into escrow. Fifth, publication in legal notices and the BODACC within fifteen days. Sixth, the ten-day opposition period for the seller's creditors. Seventh, gradual release of the price by the escrow agent after oppositions are cleared and the three-month joint tax liability has expired. The firm calibrates each of these steps in advance to avoid later disputes.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Why audit the commercial lease before buying?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The commercial lease is generally the most valuable asset of the business, sometimes the only one that can really be valued. A lease with unfavourable clauses, an overvalued rent, an assignability clause incompatible with your project or a defective administrative authorisation can reduce the value of the business by 30 to 50%. The audit covers the remaining term, the assignability and approval clauses, the permitted use of the premises, any de-specialisation, the rent compared with the market, the history of rent reviews, the position on service charges, the joint guarantee provided for by Article L. 145-16-2 of the Commercial Code and the necessary administrative authorisations. The firm carries out this audit within forty-eight hours on the basis of the documents provided and issues a quantified risk note. <a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/real-estate-law-attorneys-paris-75017\/commercial-tenancy-lawyer\/\">The commercial leases page<\/a> sets out our approach.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>How does the escrow of the price work?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The escrow agent is in practice a notary, a lawyer or a trusted third party named in the sale deed. They receive the sale price on the day of signature and hold it for three to six months. This period corresponds to the combined opposition period of the creditors (ten days after the last publication), the joint tax liability period (three months from filing of the Article 201 CGI declaration) and any extended joint tax liability. The price is released gradually: repayment of justified oppositions, payment of established debts, and the balance to the seller after tax clearance. Where an opposition is disputable, the seller may apply to the urgent applications judge under Article L. 141-15 of the Commercial Code for authorisation to receive the price despite the opposition. The firm drafts escrow agreements and handles the related disputes.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>What can be done if the landlord refuses the assignment of the lease?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The landlord's refusal of approval is not absolute. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000047591361\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000047591361\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 145-16 of the Commercial Code<\/a> provides that agreements aimed at prohibiting the tenant from assigning the lease to the buyer of their business are deemed unwritten. The assignment to the buyer of the business is therefore protected by a mandatory rule. The landlord may nevertheless make agreement conditional on legitimate obligations: approval, joint guarantee, provision of the assignee's documents, participation in the deed. Where the refusal is not based on objective grounds (the assignee's insolvency, a clear lack of experience, a project incompatible with the permitted use), it may be challenged before the urgent applications judge or the trial court. The court grants judicial authorisation of the assignment in most cases where the assignee shows sufficient financial standing and a consistent project.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>What is the creditors' opposition period?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000033388390\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000033388390\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 141-14 of the Commercial Code<\/a> gives the seller's creditors ten days to oppose payment of the price, running from the last of the publications required by Article L. 141-12 (legal notice and BODACC). On pain of nullity, the opposition must state the amount and causes of the debt and include an election of domicile within the jurisdiction of the business. The landlord, by way of derogation, may not lodge an opposition for current or future rent. During this period, the escrow agent holds the entire price. The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/64085bc466b1bafb02f11fa6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Court of Cassation, Commercial Chamber, 8 March 2023, No. 21-18.677<\/a>, published in the Bulletin, reiterated that payment made to the seller before this period expires does not discharge the buyer as against third parties, exposing the buyer to paying twice.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>How can fraudulent misrepresentation about turnover be proved?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Proof of fraudulent misrepresentation about turnover rests on cross-checking several documents. The certified balance sheets provided at the sale are compared with the business bank statements, the VAT returns and the accounting books that the seller must make available for three years under Article L. 141-2 of the Commercial Code. Where the gap between the declared figures and reality exceeds 20%, fraudulent misrepresentation is generally established. The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/5fca2b939720f107bdacba1d\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Court of Cassation, Commercial Chamber, 4 November 2020, No. 18-19.747<\/a>, illustrates a ruling against a seller who had concealed a fall of more than half in turnover over the last financial year. The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/66eab8db49e2d93736d98a71\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Court of Cassation, 18 September 2024, No. 23-10.183<\/a>, published in the Bulletin, held that the assignee's lack of diligence cannot be a ground for rejecting the action for fraudulent misrepresentation.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>What is the warranty and indemnity agreement?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The warranty and indemnity agreement (garantie d'actif et de passif, GAP) is a contract freely negotiated between seller and assignee. It protects the assignee against the appearance, after the sale, of debts or liabilities that arose earlier but had not been disclosed (tax reassessment, employment dispute, customer dispute, concealed supplier debt). The GAP sets several essential parameters. The scope: taxes, disputes, latent defects in equipment, minimum working capital. The duration: generally two to three years, sometimes five years for tax matters. The threshold: the amount below which the warranty is not triggered. The cap: the maximum amount of compensation. The claims mechanism: notifying the seller within a strict time limit, the possibility of joint management of the dispute, and how the loss is assessed. The firm drafts precise GAPs adapted to the profile of the business and the parties.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>How long can a non-competition covenant last?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The non-competition covenant prohibits the seller from carrying on a similar activity for a limited period and within a limited geographical area. To be valid, it must be proportionate and necessary to protect the assignee's legitimate interests. Case law traditionally accepts periods of two to five years, and geographical scopes that vary with the nature of the business. A neighbourhood bakery justifies a zone of one to two kilometres for three years. A B2B consultancy with a national clientele justifies a national scope for two to three years. A five-year clause covering the whole of France for a local business would probably be annulled as disproportionate. Validity is also assessed in light of the seller's age and ability to carry on another activity. The firm drafts calibrated clauses and defends their validity or their disproportion in litigation.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>How can a creditor's opposition be lifted?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Where a creditor opposes payment of the price, the seller may apply to the urgent applications judge of the judicial court or the commercial court, under <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000033388390\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000033388390\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 141-15 of the Commercial Code<\/a>, for authorisation to receive the price despite the opposition. Several grounds justify lifting it. The debt is not certain, liquidated and due. The opposition is manifestly abusive, for example where the creditor is itself a debtor of the seller. The debt has been extinguished by set-off, payment, limitation or waiver. The form of the opposition is irregular: no election of domicile, or failure to state the amount or causes. The judge rules in urgent proceedings on the basis of the documents provided. The amicable route, by direct negotiation with the opposing creditor, is often preferable where the debt is partly justified.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Is the landlord's approval always required?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Approval is not legally required but results from the terms of the lease. Most commercial leases contain an approval clause for the assignee, the landlord having a legitimate interest in knowing who its new tenant is. The clause generally details the procedural obligations: prior notification, supply of the assignee's documents (Kbis extract, articles of association, balance sheets, guarantees), and the landlord's participation in the deed. Failure to comply with these obligations can lead to termination of the lease, to the buyer's detriment. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000047591361\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000047591361\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 145-16 of the Commercial Code<\/a> nevertheless protects the assignment to the buyer of the business: no clause may prohibit the assignment to the assignee of the business. The landlord may make its agreement conditional, not prohibit it. In the event of an unjustified refusal, judicial authorisation is available.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>What tax applies to the seller?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The tax treatment of the sale depends on the seller's status and the form of operation. For a sole proprietorship, the capital gain is taxed under the regime for business capital gains, with possible exemptions depending on turnover (Article 151 septies CGI), the value of the assets sold (Article 238 quindecies CGI) or retirement (Article 151 septies A CGI). For a company subject to corporate income tax, the gain on intangible assets is taxed at the standard corporate income tax rate. For shareholders selling shares, capital gains on securities are taxed at the 30% single flat-rate levy or, by election, at the progressive scale. The assignee is jointly liable for the tax due by the seller for three months from the filing of the Article 201 CGI declaration. The firm advises providing for a tax escrow calibrated to this period.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>What are the mandatory particulars of the deed?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000033613529\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000033613529\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 141-2 of the Commercial Code<\/a> requires that, on the day of the sale, the parties initial a document showing the monthly turnover achieved between the close of the last financial year and the month preceding the sale. The seller must also make available to the buyer, for three years, all the accounting books kept during the three financial years preceding the sale. Any contrary clause is deemed unwritten. The deed must also include the precise description of the business (customer base, shop sign, trade name, leasehold right, equipment, goods), the price broken down between intangible and tangible assets, the origin of ownership, the position on registered security interests, the necessary administrative authorisations, the non-competition undertaking and the escrow agreement. Omitting a mandatory particular engages the liability of the drafter of the deed.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>How long do nullity proceedings take?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The action for nullity on grounds of fraudulent misrepresentation is subject to a five-year limitation period running from the buyer's discovery of the defect, under Article 2224 of the Civil Code. Proceedings before the judicial court or the Paris commercial court last between twelve and twenty-four months at first instance. The procedure is ordinary, with mandatory representation by a lawyer once the value of the dispute exceeds \u20ac10,000, which is almost always the case for sales of a business. The court-appointed expert assessment phase, sometimes necessary to establish the turnover gap, can add six to twelve months. On appeal, the duration is generally twelve to eighteen months. Where possible, the firm favours an amicable, negotiated settlement to reduce delay and cost. In practice, a settlement can achieve a significant price reduction in six to nine months.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Which court has jurisdiction over a sale dispute in Paris?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Jurisdiction depends on the nature of the dispute and the status of the parties. For a dispute between traders relating to the sale (fraudulent misrepresentation, warranty and indemnity, non-competition covenant), the commercial court has jurisdiction under Article L. 721-3 of the Commercial Code. In Paris, it sits at 1 quai de la Corse, in the 4th arrondissement. For a dispute with the landlord (approval, termination, joint guarantee under L. 145-16-2), the judicial court has jurisdiction. For a dispute with the escrow agent or opposing creditors, the judicial court or the commercial court has jurisdiction depending on the status of the parties. Territorial jurisdiction follows several rules. For actions relating to the commercial lease, the court for the place where the property is located has jurisdiction. For other actions, the court for the defendant's domicile. In Paris, the judicial court sits in the 17th arrondissement. Representation by a lawyer is mandatory above \u20ac10,000 and, whatever the amount, in matters within the exclusive jurisdiction of the judicial court, such as commercial leases (other than the setting of a revised or renewed rent).<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can a sale be annulled for a missing particular?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Omitting a mandatory particular under Article L. 141-1 of the Commercial Code, as worded from 11 December 2016 to 21 July 2019, could lead to nullity of the sale, on the buyer's application made within one year. As that article was repealed on 21 July 2019, the omission can no longer in itself ground nullity of the sale. The buyer nevertheless retains two routes. The first is civil liability against the drafter of the deed (notary, lawyer, chartered accountant), who owes a duty of advice and vigilance. Failing to include an essential particular engages their liability, unless it is shown that the information was provided by other means. The second is fraudulent misrepresentation, where the omission was deliberate and determined the buyer's consent. The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/66eab8db49e2d93736d98a71\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Court of Cassation, 18 September 2024, No. 23-10.183<\/a>, published in the Bulletin, reaffirmed that the intentional concealment of decisive information constitutes fraudulent misrepresentation. The fraudulent misrepresentation route remains the most effective where the concealment can be proved.<\/p><\/div><\/details><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-textes\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-textes\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Sources and related pages<\/p>\n<h2>Official texts and <em>related pages<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">The sources for this page and the firm's related areas of practice.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-arts\"><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/texte_lc\/LEGITEXT000005634379\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/texte_lc\/LEGITEXT000005634379\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Commercial Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">sale of the business (L. 141-1 et seq.) and the lease regime (L. 145-1 et seq.)<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/texte_lc\/LEGITEXT000006070721\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/texte_lc\/LEGITEXT000006070721\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Civil Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">fraudulent misrepresentation (Articles 1137 and 1139) and warranty against eviction (Articles 1626 et seq.)<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/texte_lc\/LEGITEXT000006069577\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/texte_lc\/LEGITEXT000006069577\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">General Tax Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">declaration of sale, Article 201<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<h3 class=\"kcv-center\">Further reading<\/h3>\n<div class=\"kcv-pgs\"><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/real-estate-law-attorneys-paris-75017\/commercial-tenancy-lawyer\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Commercial leases<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">Firm practice area<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/business-law-attorneys-paris-75017\/business-sale-lawyer\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Sale of a business: the business law side<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">Firm practice area<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/business-law-attorneys-paris-75017\/warranty-and-indemnity-lawyer\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Warranty and indemnity agreement<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">Firm practice area<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/business-law-attorneys-paris-75017\/debt-recovery-lawyer\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Debt recovery<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">Firm practice area<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Real estate law in Paris<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">The firm's core area<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/contact\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Contact<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">Write to or meet the firm<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<p class=\"kcv-small kcv-center\">Page updated on 15 July 2026.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"kcv-cta\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-in\">\n    <div class=\"kcv-cta-card\">\n      <h2>Sale signed or ready to sign? <em>Act today<\/em>.<\/h2>\n      <p>Buyer or seller, the sale deed sets the schedule of payments and warranties. Send the draft deed, the lease and the balance sheets: the firm replies within 24 to 48 hours with a risk note.<\/p>\n      <div class=\"kcv-btns\">\n        <a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a>\n        <a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kch-form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n<div class=\"kcv-news-band\"><h2>The latest <em>news.<\/em><\/h2><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\", \"@type\": \"FAQPage\", \"mainEntity\": [{\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What are the steps in the sale of a fonds de commerce?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The sale of a fonds de commerce follows seven main steps. First, signature of a bilateral promise of sale with conditions precedent (landlord's approval, the buyer's financing, accounting audit). Second, notification of the proposed sale to the landlord and the request for approval. Third, satisfaction of the conditions precedent, in particular obtaining the loan and auditing the accounts. Fourth, signature of the final deed with the mandatory particulars of Article L. 141-2 of the Commercial Code and payment of the price into escrow. Fifth, publication in legal notices and the BODACC within fifteen days. Sixth, the ten-day opposition period for the seller's creditors. Seventh, gradual release of the price by the escrow agent after oppositions are cleared and the three-month joint tax liability has expired. The firm calibrates each of these steps in advance to avoid later disputes.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Why audit the commercial lease before buying?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The commercial lease is generally the most valuable asset of the business, sometimes the only one that can really be valued. A lease with unfavourable clauses, an overvalued rent, an assignability clause incompatible with your project or a defective administrative authorisation can reduce the value of the business by 30 to 50%. The audit covers the remaining term, the assignability and approval clauses, the permitted use of the premises, any de-specialisation, the rent compared with the market, the history of rent reviews, the position on service charges, the joint guarantee provided for by Article L. 145-16-2 of the Commercial Code and the necessary administrative authorisations. The firm carries out this audit within forty-eight hours on the basis of the documents provided and issues a quantified risk note. The commercial leases page sets out our approach.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"How does the escrow of the price work?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The escrow agent is in practice a notary, a lawyer or a trusted third party named in the sale deed. They receive the sale price on the day of signature and hold it for three to six months. This period corresponds to the combined opposition period of the creditors (ten days after the last publication), the joint tax liability period (three months from filing of the Article 201 CGI declaration) and any extended joint tax liability. The price is released gradually: repayment of justified oppositions, payment of established debts, and the balance to the seller after tax clearance. Where an opposition is disputable, the seller may apply to the urgent applications judge under Article L. 141-15 of the Commercial Code for authorisation to receive the price despite the opposition. The firm drafts escrow agreements and handles the related disputes.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What can be done if the landlord refuses the assignment of the lease?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The landlord's refusal of approval is not absolute. Article L. 145-16 of the Commercial Code provides that agreements aimed at prohibiting the tenant from assigning the lease to the buyer of their business are deemed unwritten. The assignment to the buyer of the business is therefore protected by a mandatory rule. The landlord may nevertheless make agreement conditional on legitimate obligations: approval, joint guarantee, provision of the assignee's documents, participation in the deed. Where the refusal is not based on objective grounds (the assignee's insolvency, a clear lack of experience, a project incompatible with the permitted use), it may be challenged before the urgent applications judge or the trial court. The court grants judicial authorisation of the assignment in most cases where the assignee shows sufficient financial standing and a consistent project.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What is the creditors' opposition period?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Article L. 141-14 of the Commercial Code gives the seller's creditors ten days to oppose payment of the price, running from the last of the publications required by Article L. 141-12 (legal notice and BODACC). On pain of nullity, the opposition must state the amount and causes of the debt and include an election of domicile within the jurisdiction of the business. The landlord, by way of derogation, may not lodge an opposition for current or future rent. During this period, the escrow agent holds the entire price. The Court of Cassation, Commercial Chamber, 8 March 2023, No. 21-18.677, published in the Bulletin, reiterated that payment made to the seller before this period expires does not discharge the buyer as against third parties, exposing the buyer to paying twice.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"How can fraudulent misrepresentation about turnover be proved?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Proof of fraudulent misrepresentation about turnover rests on cross-checking several documents. The certified balance sheets provided at the sale are compared with the business bank statements, the VAT returns and the accounting books that the seller must make available for three years under Article L. 141-2 of the Commercial Code. Where the gap between the declared figures and reality exceeds 20%, fraudulent misrepresentation is generally established. The Court of Cassation, Commercial Chamber, 4 November 2020, No. 18-19.747, illustrates a ruling against a seller who had concealed a fall of more than half in turnover over the last financial year. The Court of Cassation, 18 September 2024, No. 23-10.183, published in the Bulletin, held that the assignee's lack of diligence cannot be a ground for rejecting the action for fraudulent misrepresentation.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What is the warranty and indemnity agreement?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The warranty and indemnity agreement (garantie d'actif et de passif, GAP) is a contract freely negotiated between seller and assignee. It protects the assignee against the appearance, after the sale, of debts or liabilities that arose earlier but had not been disclosed (tax reassessment, employment dispute, customer dispute, concealed supplier debt). The GAP sets several essential parameters. The scope: taxes, disputes, latent defects in equipment, minimum working capital. The duration: generally two to three years, sometimes five years for tax matters. The threshold: the amount below which the warranty is not triggered. The cap: the maximum amount of compensation. The claims mechanism: notifying the seller within a strict time limit, the possibility of joint management of the dispute, and how the loss is assessed. The firm drafts precise GAPs adapted to the profile of the business and the parties.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"How long can a non-competition covenant last?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The non-competition covenant prohibits the seller from carrying on a similar activity for a limited period and within a limited geographical area. To be valid, it must be proportionate and necessary to protect the assignee's legitimate interests. Case law traditionally accepts periods of two to five years, and geographical scopes that vary with the nature of the business. A neighbourhood bakery justifies a zone of one to two kilometres for three years. A B2B consultancy with a national clientele justifies a national scope for two to three years. A five-year clause covering the whole of France for a local business would probably be annulled as disproportionate. Validity is also assessed in light of the seller's age and ability to carry on another activity. The firm drafts calibrated clauses and defends their validity or their disproportion in litigation.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"How can a creditor's opposition be lifted?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Where a creditor opposes payment of the price, the seller may apply to the urgent applications judge of the judicial court or the commercial court, under Article L. 141-15 of the Commercial Code, for authorisation to receive the price despite the opposition. Several grounds justify lifting it. The debt is not certain, liquidated and due. The opposition is manifestly abusive, for example where the creditor is itself a debtor of the seller. The debt has been extinguished by set-off, payment, limitation or waiver. The form of the opposition is irregular: no election of domicile, or failure to state the amount or causes. The judge rules in urgent proceedings on the basis of the documents provided. The amicable route, by direct negotiation with the opposing creditor, is often preferable where the debt is partly justified.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Is the landlord's approval always required?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Approval is not legally required but results from the terms of the lease. Most commercial leases contain an approval clause for the assignee, the landlord having a legitimate interest in knowing who its new tenant is. The clause generally details the procedural obligations: prior notification, supply of the assignee's documents (Kbis extract, articles of association, balance sheets, guarantees), and the landlord's participation in the deed. Failure to comply with these obligations can lead to termination of the lease, to the buyer's detriment. Article L. 145-16 of the Commercial Code nevertheless protects the assignment to the buyer of the business: no clause may prohibit the assignment to the assignee of the business. The landlord may make its agreement conditional, not prohibit it. In the event of an unjustified refusal, judicial authorisation is available.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What tax applies to the seller?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The tax treatment of the sale depends on the seller's status and the form of operation. For a sole proprietorship, the capital gain is taxed under the regime for business capital gains, with possible exemptions depending on turnover (Article 151 septies CGI), the value of the assets sold (Article 238 quindecies CGI) or retirement (Article 151 septies A CGI). For a company subject to corporate income tax, the gain on intangible assets is taxed at the standard corporate income tax rate. For shareholders selling shares, capital gains on securities are taxed at the 30% single flat-rate levy or, by election, at the progressive scale. The assignee is jointly liable for the tax due by the seller for three months from the filing of the Article 201 CGI declaration. The firm advises providing for a tax escrow calibrated to this period.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What are the mandatory particulars of the deed?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Article L. 141-2 of the Commercial Code requires that, on the day of the sale, the parties initial a document showing the monthly turnover achieved between the close of the last financial year and the month preceding the sale. The seller must also make available to the buyer, for three years, all the accounting books kept during the three financial years preceding the sale. Any contrary clause is deemed unwritten. The deed must also include the precise description of the business (customer base, shop sign, trade name, leasehold right, equipment, goods), the price broken down between intangible and tangible assets, the origin of ownership, the position on registered security interests, the necessary administrative authorisations, the non-competition undertaking and the escrow agreement. Omitting a mandatory particular engages the liability of the drafter of the deed.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"How long do nullity proceedings take?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The action for nullity on grounds of fraudulent misrepresentation is subject to a five-year limitation period running from the buyer's discovery of the defect, under Article 2224 of the Civil Code. Proceedings before the judicial court or the Paris commercial court last between twelve and twenty-four months at first instance. The procedure is ordinary, with mandatory representation by a lawyer once the value of the dispute exceeds \u20ac10,000, which is almost always the case for sales of a business. The court-appointed expert assessment phase, sometimes necessary to establish the turnover gap, can add six to twelve months. On appeal, the duration is generally twelve to eighteen months. Where possible, the firm favours an amicable, negotiated settlement to reduce delay and cost. In practice, a settlement can achieve a significant price reduction in six to nine months.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Which court has jurisdiction over a sale dispute in Paris?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Jurisdiction depends on the nature of the dispute and the status of the parties. For a dispute between traders relating to the sale (fraudulent misrepresentation, warranty and indemnity, non-competition covenant), the commercial court has jurisdiction under Article L. 721-3 of the Commercial Code. In Paris, it sits at 1 quai de la Corse, in the 4th arrondissement. For a dispute with the landlord (approval, termination, joint guarantee under L. 145-16-2), the judicial court has jurisdiction. For a dispute with the escrow agent or opposing creditors, the judicial court or the commercial court has jurisdiction depending on the status of the parties. Territorial jurisdiction follows several rules. For actions relating to the commercial lease, the court for the place where the property is located has jurisdiction. For other actions, the court for the defendant's domicile. In Paris, the judicial court sits in the 17th arrondissement. Representation by a lawyer is mandatory above \u20ac10,000 and, whatever the amount, in matters within the exclusive jurisdiction of the judicial court, such as commercial leases (other than the setting of a revised or renewed rent).\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Can a sale be annulled for a missing particular?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Omitting a mandatory particular under Article L. 141-1 of the Commercial Code, as worded from 11 December 2016 to 21 July 2019, could lead to nullity of the sale, on the buyer's application made within one year. As that article was repealed on 21 July 2019, the omission can no longer in itself ground nullity of the sale. The buyer nevertheless retains two routes. The first is civil liability against the drafter of the deed (notary, lawyer, chartered accountant), who owes a duty of advice and vigilance. Failing to include an essential particular engages their liability, unless it is shown that the information was provided by other means. The second is fraudulent misrepresentation, where the omission was deliberate and determined the buyer's consent. The Court of Cassation, 18 September 2024, No. 23-10.183, published in the Bulletin, reaffirmed that the intentional concealment of decisive information constitutes fraudulent misrepresentation. The fraudulent misrepresentation route remains the most effective where the concealment can be proved.\"}}]}<\/script>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\", \"@type\": \"LegalService\", \"name\": \"Fonds de commerce lawyer in Paris \u2014 Kohen Avocats\", \"url\": \"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/real-estate-law-attorneys-paris-75017\/fonds-de-commerce-sale-lawyer\/\", \"telephone\": \"+33646605822\", \"email\": \"contact@kohenavocats.fr\", \"address\": {\"@type\": \"PostalAddress\", \"streetAddress\": \"11 rue Margueritte\", \"postalCode\": \"75017\", \"addressLocality\": \"Paris\", \"addressCountry\": \"FR\"}, \"areaServed\": \"Paris region (\u00cele-de-France)\", \"founder\": {\"@type\": \"Person\", \"name\": \"Reda Kohen\", \"jobTitle\": \"Lawyer at the Paris Bar\", \"sameAs\": [\"https:\/\/consultation.avocat.fr\/avocat-paris\/reda-kohen-54670.html\"]}, \"openingHours\": \"Mo-Su 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.elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836::after {\n  content: '';\n  position: absolute;\n  inset: 0;\n  background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);\n  box-shadow: \n    inset 0.5px 0.5px 0.5px 0 rgba(255, 255, 255, 0),\n    inset -0.5px -0.5px 0.5px 0 rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);\n  opacity: 0;\n  pointer-events: none;\n  z-index: 0;\n  transition: all 1.2s cubic-bezier(0.25, 0.1, 0.25, 1);\n}\n\/* ACTIVATION AU HOVER *\/\n.elementor-1983483 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:hover {\n  box-shadow: 0 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2), 0 0 20px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);\n  transform: translateY(-2px);\n}\n.elementor-1983483 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:hover::before {\n  backdrop-filter: blur(8px);\n}\n.elementor-1983483 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:hover::after {\n  background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.25);\n  box-shadow: \n    inset 0.5px 0.5px 0.5px 0 rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15),\n    inset -0.5px -0.5px 0.5px 0 rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15);\n  opacity: 1;\n} \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n  .elementor-1983483 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 {\n    flex-shrink: 0 !important;\n    scroll-snap-align: start !important;\n    width: clamp(300px, 30vw, 400px) !important;\n    min-width: 300px !important;\n  }\n\n  @media (max-width: 767px) {\n    .elementor-1983483 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 {\n      width: 350px !important;\n      min-width: 350px !important;\n      max-width: 350px !important;\n    }\n  }\/* End custom CSS *\/<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2156630 post-2156630 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-en-real-estate\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/24\/france-ten-year-builder-warranty-garantie-decennale-foreign-owners-guide\/\">Cracks After Buying in France: The Ten-Year Builder Warranty (Garantie Decennale) Explained for Foreign Owners<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          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Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2153925 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2153925 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/annie-spratt-GWCvnsMtiBg-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2153925 post-2153925 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-en-real-estate\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/21\/france-evict-tenant-unpaid-rent-foreign-landlords-guide\/\">Tenant Stopped Paying Rent in France: How a Foreign Landlord Terminates the Lease and Recovers the Flat<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2153797 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2153797 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/claudio-testa-iqeG5xA96M4-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2153797 post-2153797 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-en-real-estate\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/21\/france-storm-austen-foreign-owners-insurance-claims-repairs-guide\/\">Storm Austen and Your French Property: Damage, Insurance Claims and Repairs<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. 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