{"id":2160947,"date":"2026-11-01T23:35:54","date_gmt":"2026-11-01T22:35:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/?page_id=2160947"},"modified":"2026-11-04T19:44:24","modified_gmt":"2026-11-04T18:44:24","slug":"blockchain-lawyer-paris","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/blockchain-lawyer-paris\/","title":{"rendered":"Blockchain lawyer in Paris: prove the transfer, enforce the contract."},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"2160947\" class=\"elementor elementor-2160947 elementor-2160645\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-v5bd59a e-con-full e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"v5bd59a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-v5bd59aw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"v5bd59aw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"kcv\" id=\"kci-root\" data-refresh-marker=\"expertise-fr-avocat-blockchain-paris-20261101\">\n<section class=\"kcv-hero\" aria-labelledby=\"kch-h1\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-in\">\n    <div class=\"kcv-head\">\n      <p class=\"kk\">Transactions, wallets, contracts and crypto loans: establishing the facts before the court<\/p>\n      <h1 id=\"kch-h1\"><em>Blockchain<\/em> lawyer in Paris:<span class=\"kcv-tail\"> prove the transfer, enforce the contract.<\/span><\/h1>\n      <p class=\"kcv-sub\">A transfer recorded on the chain is dated and verifiable, but it says neither why the funds moved nor who controls the addresses. Bitcoin loan, diverted payment, tokens not returned, mismatch between the code and the contract: as a blockchain lawyer in Paris, the firm assembles the proof of the fact and the proof of the agreement.<\/p>\n      <div class=\"kcv-btns\">\n        <a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a>\n        <a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kch-form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a>\n      <\/div>\n      <p class=\"kcv-urg\">Platforms do not keep data indefinitely, and funds move quickly. Note the transaction identifiers, addresses and dates, and keep messages in their original format.<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcv-stagewrap\"><div class=\"kcv-stageshadow\"><div class=\"kcv-stage\">\n      <link rel=\"preload\" as=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kohen-v3-expertises\/kohen-fr-droit-bancaire-paysage-20261025.webp\" media=\"(min-width:761px)\" fetchpriority=\"high\">\n      <link rel=\"preload\" as=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kohen-v3-expertises\/kohen-fr-droit-bancaire-paysage-1080-20261025.webp\" media=\"(max-width:760px)\" fetchpriority=\"high\">\n      <div class=\"kcv-media\" aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"--kcv-img:url('https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kohen-v3-expertises\/kohen-fr-droit-bancaire-paysage-20261025.webp');--kcv-img-m:url('https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kohen-v3-expertises\/kohen-fr-droit-bancaire-paysage-1080-20261025.webp')\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"kcv-panel kcv-glass\" id=\"kch-form\">\n        <div class=\"kcv-panel-head\">\n          <div>\n            <p class=\"kcv-panel-k\">Blockchain evidence \u00b7 Paris<\/p>\n            <h2 class=\"kcv-panel-t\">Get a <em>first analysis<\/em><\/h2>\n            <p class=\"kcv-panel-l\">Send the transaction identifiers, the wallet addresses, the contract or the exchanges that stand in for it, and the platform statements: the firm will review what is proven and what remains to be established.<\/p>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"kcv-chip kcv-glass\"><p class=\"kcv-chip-n\">24 \u00e0 48 h<\/p><p class=\"kcv-chip-x\">first legal<br>review<\/p><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"kcf-wrap\">\n<form id=\"kcf-2form\" data-kcf data-api-url=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-json\/kohen-form\/v1\/submit\" data-vps-url=\"https:\/\/upload-fr.46-224-152-225.sslip.io\/submit\" data-max-size=\"1073741824\" data-max-files=\"500\" novalidate enctype=\"multipart\/form-data\">\n  <input type=\"hidden\" name=\"rendered_at\" value=\"1776847557\">\n  <div class=\"kcf-hp\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><label for=\"kcf-2website\">Do not fill in<\/label><input id=\"kcf-2website\" name=\"website\" type=\"text\" tabindex=\"-1\" autocomplete=\"off\"><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcf-price\">\n    <span class=\"kcf-price-amount\">\u20ac80<small>incl. VAT<\/small><\/span>\n    <div class=\"kcf-price-body\">\n      <p class=\"kcf-price-text\"><strong>Preliminary review of your case.<\/strong> Examination of your documents and a first written analysis by Reda Kohen, within 24 to 48 business hours. Payment is made online after this form is sent.<\/p>\n      <ul class=\"kcf-price-meta\">\n        <li>Up to 1 GB of documents, folders and subfolders accepted<\/li>\n        <li>Secure payment, no banking data stored<\/li>\n        <li><a href=\"\/conditions-etude-prealable\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Terms and fee agreement<\/a><\/li>\n      <\/ul>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcf-row\">\n    <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n      <label class=\"kcf-label\" for=\"kcf-2name\">Full name<\/label>\n      <input class=\"kcf-input\" type=\"text\" id=\"kcf-2name\" name=\"name\" placeholder=\"Your name\" required autocomplete=\"name\" aria-describedby=\"kcf-2name-err\">\n      <p class=\"kcf-field-error\" id=\"kcf-2name-err\" role=\"alert\"><\/p>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n      <label class=\"kcf-label\" for=\"kcf-2phone\">Telephone <span class=\"kcf-optional\">(optional)<\/span><\/label>\n      <input class=\"kcf-input\" type=\"tel\" inputmode=\"tel\" id=\"kcf-2phone\" name=\"phone\" placeholder=\"06 00 00 00 00\" autocomplete=\"tel\" aria-describedby=\"kcf-2phone-err\">\n      <p class=\"kcf-field-error\" id=\"kcf-2phone-err\" role=\"alert\"><\/p>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n    <label class=\"kcf-label\" for=\"kcf-2email\">Email address<\/label>\n    <input class=\"kcf-input\" type=\"email\" id=\"kcf-2email\" name=\"email\" placeholder=\"your@email.com\" required autocomplete=\"email\" spellcheck=\"false\" autocapitalize=\"off\" aria-describedby=\"kcf-2email-err\">\n    <p class=\"kcf-field-error\" id=\"kcf-2email-err\" role=\"alert\"><\/p>\n  <\/div>\n  \n  <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n    <label class=\"kcf-label\" for=\"kcf-2message\">Message<\/label>\n    <textarea class=\"kcf-textarea\" id=\"kcf-2message\" name=\"message\" placeholder=\"Briefly describe your situation...\" required aria-describedby=\"kcf-2message-err\"><\/textarea>\n    <p class=\"kcf-field-error\" id=\"kcf-2message-err\" role=\"alert\"><\/p>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcf-group\">\n    <label class=\"kcf-label\">Attachments <span class=\"kcf-optional\">(optional, 500 files max, 1 GB)<\/span><\/label>\n    <div class=\"kcf-dropzone\" id=\"kcf-2dropzone\">\n      <svg class=\"kcf-dropzone-icon\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M21 15v4a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-4\"\/><polyline points=\"17 8 12 3 7 8\"\/><line x1=\"12\" y1=\"3\" x2=\"12\" y2=\"15\"\/><\/svg>\n      <p class=\"kcf-dropzone-text\"><strong>Click<\/strong> or drag your files here<br>All formats accepted (PDF, Word, images, etc.)<\/p>\n      <input type=\"file\" name=\"attachments\" id=\"kcf-2files\" multiple>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcf-file-list\" id=\"kcf-2filelist\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcf-progress\" id=\"kcf-2progress\">\n      <div class=\"kcf-progress-bar\"><div class=\"kcf-progress-fill\" id=\"kcf-2progressfill\"><\/div><\/div>\n      <p class=\"kcf-progress-text\" id=\"kcf-2progresstext\">Sending...<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n  <button type=\"submit\" class=\"kcf-btn\">\n    <span class=\"kcf-spinner\"><\/span>\n    <span class=\"kcf-btn-text\">Pay \u20ac80 and send my case<\/span>\n  <\/button>\n  <div class=\"kcf-msg\" role=\"status\" aria-live=\"polite\" aria-atomic=\"true\" tabindex=\"-1\"><\/div>\n  <p class=\"kcf-note\">Payment constitutes a request for immediate performance of your analysis. 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p.knp__watchlink{margin:0 0 2px;padding:0;line-height:17px}.kcv-press.knp a.knp__videos{gap:5px;padding:0;border:0;border-radius:0;background:none;box-shadow:none;font-size:11.5px;letter-spacing:.02em;line-height:17px;transform:none}.kcv-press.knp a.knp__videos:hover{background:none;box-shadow:none;transform:none}.kcv-press.knp a.knp__videos:hover span{text-decoration:underline;text-underline-offset:3px}.kcv-press.knp a.knp__videos svg{width:13px;height:13px}.knp .knp__vc{display:none}@media (max-width:900px){.kcv-press.knp .knp__vl{display:none}.kcv-press.knp .knp__vc{display:inline}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){.knp a.knp__videos{transition:none}.knp a.knp__videos:hover{transform:none}}<\/style><p class=\"knp__watchlink\"><a class=\"knp__videos\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/media\/\" aria-label=\"Watch the videos and their transcripts\"><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><circle cx=\"10\" cy=\"10\" 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l'\u00c9tat.\",\"auteur\":\"data.gouv.fr\",\"paraphrase\":true,\"libelle\":\"Voir la fiche sur data.gouv.fr\"},{\"titre\":\"Commentaires des d\u00e9cisions de justice par l'IA g\u00e9n\u00e9rative\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.data.gouv.fr\/reuses\/commentaires-des-decisions-de-justice-par-lia-generative\",\"citation\":\"R\u00e9utilisation des donn\u00e9es publiques de justice publi\u00e9e par Kohen Avocats et r\u00e9f\u00e9renc\u00e9e sur data.gouv.fr.\",\"auteur\":\"data.gouv.fr\",\"paraphrase\":true,\"libelle\":\"Voir la r\u00e9utilisation sur data.gouv.fr\"}]},\"awwwards\":{\"nom\":\"Awwwards\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Kohen Avocats, site nomm\u00e9 aux Awwwards\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.awwwards.com\/sites\/kohen-avocats\",\"citation\":\"Le site du cabinet figure parmi les sites nomm\u00e9s (\u00ab Nominee \u00bb) par Awwwards, r\u00e9f\u00e9rence internationale du design web.\",\"auteur\":\"Awwwards\",\"paraphrase\":true,\"libelle\":\"Voir la fiche sur 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\u00e0 la location ?\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.leboncoin.fr\/guide\/immobilier\/bouilloires-thermiques-bientot-interdites-a-la-location-hfpj70o6.html\",\"citation\":\"Le guide immobilier cite une analyse de kohenavocats.fr parmi ses sources.\",\"auteur\":\"Leboncoin\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"femme-actuelle\":{\"nom\":\"Femme Actuelle\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"S\u00e9paration ou divorce : quelle banque et quel cr\u00e9dit pour repartir sur de bonnes bases ?\",\"date\":\"2026-09-30\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.femmeactuelle.fr\/vie-pratique\/news-vie-pratique\/separation-ou-divorce-quelle-banque-et-quel-credit-pour-repartir-sur-de-bonnes-bases-2211980\",\"citation\":\"L'article cite une analyse de kohenavocats.com parmi ses sources.\",\"auteur\":\"Femme Actuelle\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"economie-matin\":{\"nom\":\"\u00c9conomie Matin\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Nouveau bail 2026 : ce que les propri\u00e9taires doivent anticiper d\u00e8s 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l\u2019obligation de d\u00e9livrer un logement d\u00e9cent pendant toute la dur\u00e9e du bail et l\u2019ordonnance du tribunal judiciaire de B\u00e9ziers du 31 mars 2026 sur une climatisation install\u00e9e sans autorisation.\",\"auteur\":\"Science \\u0026 Vie\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"frandroid\":{\"nom\":\"Frandroid\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Fin de Rakuten France : comment r\u00e9cup\u00e9rer vos factures, vos garanties et vos points Club R\",\"date\":\"2026-09-30\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.frandroid.com\/culture-tech\/web\/3266559_fin-de-rakuten-france-comment-recuperer-vos-factures-vos-garanties-et-vos-points-club-r\",\"citation\":\"Le cabinet Kohen Avocats leur conseille de retirer cet argent et de t\u00e9l\u00e9charger tout leur historique avant le 10 novembre.\",\"auteur\":\"Frandroid\",\"paraphrase\":true},{\"titre\":\"Goutte-\u00e0-goutte et inondation : que faire quand la climatisation du voisin ruine votre terrasse 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aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The rules<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p2\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p2\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Your documents<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p3\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p3\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The method<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p4\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p4\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The timetable<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-p5\" aria-controls=\"kcv-p5\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">The checks<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-synthese\" aria-controls=\"kcv-synthese\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Summary<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-faq\" aria-controls=\"kcv-faq\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Questions<\/button><button class=\"kcv-chip-t\" type=\"button\" role=\"tab\" id=\"kcv-t-kcv-textes\" aria-controls=\"kcv-textes\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\">Legal texts<\/button><\/div><\/div>\n    <div class=\"kcv-track\"><div class=\"kcv-slide kcv-on\" id=\"kcv-avocat\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-avocat\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<div class=\"kcv-pro\">\n  <figure class=\"kcv-pro-photo\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" src=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/kohen-footer\/portrait-reda-20260920-lignes-orange.jpg\" alt=\"Reda Kohen, lawyer at the Paris Bar\" width=\"1122\" height=\"1402\" loading=\"eager\" decoding=\"async\">\n    <figcaption class=\"kcv-pro-cap kcv-glass\"><span class=\"kcv-pro-capn\">Reda Kohen<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pro-capr\">Lawyer at the Paris Bar<\/span><\/figcaption>\n  <\/figure>\n  <div class=\"kcv-pro-body\">\n    <p class=\"kk\">Crypto and fintech \u00b7 Paris 17th<\/p>\n    <h2>What a <em>blockchain lawyer<\/em> in Paris does<\/h2>\n    <ul class=\"kcv-pro-tags\"><li>Paris Bar<\/li><li>Blockchain and cryptocurrencies<\/li><li>Evidence and contracts<\/li><\/ul>\n    <p class=\"kcv-p\">Reda Kohen, avocat at the Paris Bar, advises on proving transactions recorded on a blockchain and on enforcing the contracts that accompany them.<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-p\">A public blockchain records transfers between addresses, on a date and for an amount that anyone can verify. Before the civil court, this entry remains an item of evidence governed by the ordinary law: facts may be proved by any means under <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032042316\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032042316\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1358 of the French Civil Code (Code civil)<\/a>, whereas legal acts are subject to stricter rules under <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032042311\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032042311\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1359 of the Civil Code<\/a>.<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-p\">The firm therefore examines two separate questions in each case: what the chain shows, and what the other documents prove about the agreement, the persons involved and the consideration promised. Loan of funds or bitcoins, payment diverted to a wallet, return of tokens, mismatch between the programme and the agreement: the answer depends on how these fit together.<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-p\">Send what you have, even if incomplete: the firm will prioritise and complete the file with you. In an emergency, call <a href=\"tel:+33646605822\">06 46 60 58 22<\/a>.<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-pro-meta\"><a href=\"https:\/\/consultation.avocat.fr\/avocat-paris\/reda-kohen-54670.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Official profile in the directory of French lawyers (CNB)<\/a><span>Firm at 11 rue Margueritte, 75017 Paris<\/span><\/p>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-cards\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-card\"><h3>The fact and the act<\/h3><p>The chain establishes a transfer. The obligation to return or to pay is proved by other means: a written document, a corroborated commencement of proof, or any means against a trader.<\/p><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-card\"><h3>Linking the address to a person<\/h3><p>A platform knows its customer. A pre-trial investigative measure may make it possible to obtain a wallet's history or the identity of its holder.<\/p><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-card\"><h3>The contract before the code<\/h3><p>The code is often used to perform an agreement. Clear clauses apply as written, and special conditions prevail over general conditions.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p1\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The rules<\/p>\n<h2>Proving before the court: <em>the applicable rules<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">Four rules govern the proof of a transaction carried out on a blockchain.<\/p>\n<ol class=\"kcv-conds\">\n  <li>Each party must prove the facts necessary for its claim to succeed (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006410102\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006410102\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 9 of the Code of Civil Procedure<\/a>). Unless the law provides otherwise, any means of proof is admitted (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032042316\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032042316\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1358 of the Civil Code<\/a>), but a legal act above the regulatory threshold requires a written document (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032042311\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032042311\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1359 of the Civil Code<\/a>). The handing over of funds does not by itself demonstrate an obligation to return them (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/698b8e61cdc6046d47cc5269\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">TJ Paris, 4th ch. 1st sect., 10 February 2026, No. 24\/03591<\/a>).<\/li>\n  <li>A written document may be electronic if it identifies its author and preserves its integrity (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032042461\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032042461\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1366 of the Civil Code<\/a>), and an electronic signature rests on a reliable identification process (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032042456\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032042456\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1367 of the Civil Code<\/a>). In a case concerning a sports agent's mandate, the Court of Cassation held that the required written document need not take the form of a single document and may result from emails (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/5fca896542d4057b0589353a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. 1re civ., 11 July 2018, No. 17-10.458<\/a>).<\/li>\n  <li>Between traders, commercial acts may be proved by any means (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006219127\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006219127\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 110-3 of the Commercial Code<\/a>), which the commercial chamber of the Court of Cassation applies to the commitment of a company (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/6137240dcd58014677411996\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 1 April 2003, No. 00-14.070<\/a>). Against a party who is not a trader, the civil-law rules apply: a written document or, failing that, a corroborated commencement of proof (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032042301\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032042301\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1361 of the Civil Code<\/a>), subject to statutory exceptions. A non-trader, by contrast, may prove by any means against a trader.<\/li>\n  <li>Evidence obtained unfairly is no longer excluded as a matter of principle: the judge checks that it is indispensable and that the interference is proportionate (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/65855660673fa80008f8d98d\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. ass. pl\u00e9n., 22 December 2023, No. 20-20.648<\/a>). Before any proceedings, the judge may order the preservation or obtaining of evidence where there is a legitimate reason (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000051869339\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000051869339\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 145 of the Code of Civil Procedure<\/a>), for example the history of a wallet held by a platform (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/690ba64028bf9d42b6e0e60b\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">TJ Paris, r\u00e9f., 5 November 2025, No. 25\/55721<\/a>).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"kcv-callout\"><span class=\"kcv-callout-i\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M9.6 6C6.5 7.4 4.5 10 4.5 13.4V18h6v-6H7.6c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L9.6 6zm9 0c-3.1 1.4-5.1 4-5.1 7.4V18h6v-6h-2.9c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L18.6 6z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><p>A block explorer shows that a transfer took place. It shows neither the reason for the transfer nor the identity of the persons involved: these two points are proved by other documents, which must be gathered before going to court.<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p2\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Your documents<\/p>\n<h2>What to send, depending on <em>your position<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">The strength of a case lies in the match between the chain and the external documents.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-duel\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-opt kcv-opt-a\"><p class=\"kcv-opt-k\">Position A<\/p><p class=\"kcv-opt-t\">You are claiming funds or tokens<\/p><ul><li>Transaction identifiers, sending and receiving addresses, network used<\/li><li>Contract, general and special conditions, or the exchanges that stand in for them<\/li><li>Bank statements and platform statements, with the dates of deposit and withdrawal<\/li><li>Criminal complaint, flow analysis report, or report by a commissaire de justice (court bailiff) already drawn up<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-or\" aria-hidden=\"true\">or<\/div>\n  <div class=\"kcv-opt kcv-opt-b\"><p class=\"kcv-opt-k\">Position B<\/p><p class=\"kcv-opt-t\">A return of funds is being claimed from you<\/p><ul><li>Formal notice, writ of summons or order received, with its annexes<\/li><li>Documents establishing the nature of the handover: joint investment, mandate, gift, sale<\/li><li>Proof of partial returns or of transactions carried out on the other party's behalf<\/li><li>Exchanges showing the actual agreement on the consideration, the value and the timetable<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-callout\"><span class=\"kcv-callout-i\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M9.6 6C6.5 7.4 4.5 10 4.5 13.4V18h6v-6H7.6c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L9.6 6zm9 0c-3.1 1.4-5.1 4-5.1 7.4V18h6v-6h-2.9c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L18.6 6z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><p>Do not move the assets and do not delete any conversation before the state of the accounts and messages has been recorded: the chronology is hard to reconstruct afterwards.<\/p><\/div>\n<p class=\"kcv-p\">The firm also handles:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"kcv-pro-tags\"><li>Cryptocurrencies<\/li><li>Frozen investments<\/li><li>NFTs<\/li><li>Bank fraud<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p3\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The method<\/p>\n<h2>How the firm <em>supports you<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">Separate the fact from the law, consolidate each element, then choose the procedural route.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-rows\">\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 1<\/p><h3>Mapping the flows<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">The firm records each transaction, address, amount and date, and matches them against bank transfers and platform statements to produce a single chronology.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 2<\/p><h3>Characterising the agreement<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">Loan, sale, investment mandate, making assets available or payment for services: the characterisation determines the rule of evidence and the remedy for non-performance.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 3<\/p><h3>Completing the evidence<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">A commissaire de justice report made in accordance with the technical rules, an ex parte application or urgent application (r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9) to obtain the history or the identity of a wallet holder, a search for a commencement of proof in writing.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Step 4<\/p><h3>Formal notice and action<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\">A formal notice based on the documents, then an action for performance, return or compensation before the competent court, coordinated with a criminal complaint where the facts justify it.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-callout\"><span class=\"kcv-callout-i\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M9.6 6C6.5 7.4 4.5 10 4.5 13.4V18h6v-6H7.6c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L9.6 6zm9 0c-3.1 1.4-5.1 4-5.1 7.4V18h6v-6h-2.9c.2-1.9 1.4-3.4 3.2-4.3L18.6 6z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><p>The firm always distinguishes what the documents establish from what they merely suggest: a case that is honest about its weaknesses withstands the opposing party's challenges better.<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p4\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The timetable<\/p>\n<h2>The timeline <em>of a blockchain evidence dispute<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">From the first contested transfer to the judge's decision.<\/p>\n<ol class=\"kcv-hs\"><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Record of transactions<\/p><p><strong>From the start of the dispute.<\/strong> Note the identifiers, addresses, amounts and dates; export the conversations and the platform statements in their original format.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Formal record<\/p><p>Have a commissaire de justice record the relevant pages, accounts and transactions, with the technical prerequisites described in the report.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Legal classification<\/p><p>Reconstruct the agreement: written document, electronic exchanges, general and special conditions, and whether or not each party is a trader.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Investigative measure<\/p><p>If a platform holds the history or the identity, ask the judge to order disclosure of this information before any proceedings.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Formal notice<\/p><p>Send a precise demand that sets out the debt, the number of tokens or their value, and the deadline for performance.<\/p><\/li><li><span class=\"kcv-hs-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><p class=\"kcv-tl-t\">Action on the merits<\/p><p>Bring the matter before the competent court for performance, return or compensation, within the applicable limitation period.<\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-p5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-p5\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">The checks<\/p>\n<h2>What the firm checks <em>before acting<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">Every assertion in the case must rest on an identifiable document.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-split\">\n  <ul class=\"kcv-check\"><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Transactions: identifier, network, addresses, amount and date verified on a public explorer.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Linking addresses: platform account, exchanges, invoices or a report connecting each address to a person.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Nature of the agreement: written document, emails, general and special conditions, and whether the parties are traders or not.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Value claimed: number of tokens, counter-value applied and the date of the rate, promised interest and security.<\/span><\/li><li><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#E09019\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg><span>Time limits: starting point of the limitation period, data retention by the platform, urgency of a protective measure.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n  <aside class=\"kcv-act\">\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-k\">Case documents<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-t\">Send what you have, even if incomplete<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-p\">Submit your documents through the confidential form at the top of the page: the firm will prioritise and complete the file with you.<\/p>\n    <div class=\"kcv-act-b\"><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kch-form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n  <\/aside>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-synthese\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-synthese\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Summary<\/p>\n<h2>Situation, evidence, <em>response<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">The common configurations make it possible to set the first priority of the case.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-rows\">\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Loan of funds to invest in cryptocurrencies<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Acknowledgement of debt, the borrower's messages, transfer statements, criminal complaint if any.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Timing:<\/strong> Gather the written document or the commencement of proof before sending the formal notice.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Formal notice, then an action for repayment based on proof of the obligation.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Bitcoins made available and not returned<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Agreement making the bitcoins available, special conditions, deposit addresses, repayment schedule.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Timing:<\/strong> Quickly check solvency and any insolvency proceedings.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Enforced performance or compensation against the borrower and the guarantors.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Payment diverted to a wallet<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Invoices, exchanges, addresses provided, statement from the paying customer, report.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Timing:<\/strong> Act while the platform still holds the data and the funds.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Ex parte application or urgent application (r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9) for the history and the identity, then an action on the merits.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Contract concluded by messages<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Full export of the conversations, metadata, report on access to the account.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Timing:<\/strong> Preserve the messages before any deletion or change of device.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Establish the offer and the acceptance, then claim performance.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Mismatch between the code and the agreement<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Deployed code, parameters, documentation, general and special conditions.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Timing:<\/strong> Freeze the state of the programme and of the transactions at the time of the incident.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Characterise the mismatch, then seek performance, termination or compensation.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"kcv-row\"><div class=\"kcv-row-h\"><p class=\"kcv-row-k\">Situation<\/p><h3>Services between companies paid in tokens<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"kcv-row-b\"><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Decisive evidence:<\/strong> Purchase order, invoices, history of the chain, signatories' authority.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Timing:<\/strong> Check who bound each company before acting.<\/p><p class=\"kcv-p\"><strong>Useful action:<\/strong> Proof of the commercial act by any means and a claim for payment.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-faq\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-faq\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Frequently asked questions<\/p>\n<h2>Your questions: <em>blockchain evidence and contracts<\/em><\/h2>\n<div class=\"kcv-faqgrid\">\n  <aside class=\"kcv-act kcv-act-sticky\">\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-k\">12 questions<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-t\">A situation not listed here?<\/p>\n    <p class=\"kcv-act-p\">Every case has its own features. The firm reads your documents before answering you.<\/p>\n    <div class=\"kcv-act-b\"><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kch-form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n  <\/aside>\n  <div class=\"kcv-faq\"><details><summary>Is a transaction recorded on the blockchain enough to prove a contract?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>It proves a fact: a transfer from one address to another, on a given date and for a given quantity. On its own, it says nothing about the reason for the transfer or about the identity of the people who control the addresses. Yet a person who asks for performance of an obligation must establish the act that gave rise to it, and not merely the movement of value. Facts may be proved by any means (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032042316\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032042316\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1358 of the French Civil Code<\/a>). For a legal act whose value exceeds the regulatory threshold, a written document is in principle required (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032042311\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032042311\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1359 of the Civil Code<\/a>). The Paris judicial court (tribunal judiciaire) points out that \u201cproof of the handing over of funds to a person is not sufficient to justify that person's obligation to return the sum received\u201d (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/698b8e61cdc6046d47cc5269\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">TJ Paris, 4th ch. 1st sect., 10 February 2026, No. 24\/03591<\/a>). A block explorer therefore shows the handover; the contract itself is proved by a written document, a corroborated commencement of proof or, between traders, by any means. The firm matches the history of the addresses, the exchanges preceding the transfer and any general conditions of the platform to reconstruct the agreement. It is this linking, and not the mere capture of a block, that allows the judge to characterise the transaction: loan, sale, deposit, investment mandate or a simple payment without consideration.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>How can I obtain the history of a wallet held by a platform?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>A public address can be read on the chain, but the link between that address, a customer account and a person is known only to the platform that holds the assets. Before any proceedings, the judge may order any legally admissible investigative measures if there is a legitimate reason to preserve or establish evidence of facts on which the outcome of the dispute depends (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000051869339\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000051869339\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 145 of the French Code of Civil Procedure<\/a>). Seised by a company that accused a former employee of diverting the payment of commissions to their own wallets, the Paris urgent applications judge held that \u201cthe claimant therefore has a legitimate reason to obtain the history of the transactions that took place on these wallets\u201d, in order to allow it \u201cto improve its evidentiary position with a view to the future trial\u201d (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/690ba64028bf9d42b6e0e60b\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">TJ Paris, r\u00e9f., 5 November 2025, No. 25\/55721<\/a>). The measure was limited in time and in scope, and no legally protected secret stood in the way. The request must therefore be precise: the addresses concerned, the period, the type of information expected, and the link with the action envisaged. The firm first gathers the elements that make the case credible (invoices, reports, exchanges, statements) before filing the ex parte application or the summons for an urgent hearing, then uses the statements obtained to quantify the claim on the merits.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can the holder of a wallet address be identified?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Yes, where the address is linked to an account opened with a provider that knows its customer. The Lyon judicial court, ruling in urgent proceedings, was seised by an individual who had filed a criminal complaint for fraud and had the path of their funds analysed as far as an address hosted by a platform. The platform, which intervened voluntarily, \u201cdoes not deny that it holds the information making it possible to identify the holders of the exchange account\u201d (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/6824dddbb351f8463a00b746\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">TJ Lyon, r\u00e9f., 5 May 2025, No. 25\/00185<\/a>). The judge ordered it, subject to a daily penalty, to provide the information needed to identify the holders and their habitual residence, and temporarily to suspend their access to the services. This is an urgent-applications order made on particular facts, not a general rule: each request depends on the analysis report produced, the complaint, the proportionality of the measure and the court's jurisdiction over the provider. For a self-hosted wallet, the identity of the holder does not follow from the address alone: the link is sought in the exchanges with the person who supplied the address, in the path of the funds and in the information that providers through which the funds passed may hold. The firm examines these elements before choosing the civil route, the criminal route or both.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>I lent funds or bitcoins without a written document: how do I prove the loan?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>A loan is a legal act. Above the amount set by decree, it must be proved in writing (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032042311\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032042311\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1359 of the Civil Code<\/a>), and the Metz court of appeal applies this threshold of \u20ac1,500 (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/69427e0e61c46255e1761ed4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CA Metz, 1st ch., 16 December 2025, No. 22\/01436<\/a>). Failing a proper written document, it may be replaced by a commencement of proof in writing corroborated by another element (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032042301\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032042301\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1361 of the Civil Code<\/a>), that is, a document emanating from the opposing party that makes the allegation likely (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032042296\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032042296\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1362 of the Civil Code<\/a>). In a case where funds had been handed over for cryptocurrency investments, the Paris judicial court ruled, on a typed acknowledgement of debt whose sum had not been written by the debtor herself as required by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032042411\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032042411\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1376 of the Civil Code<\/a>, that \u201cThis document cannot therefore constitute proof of her undertaking. It does, however, constitute a commencement of proof in writing.\u201d (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/698b8e61cdc6046d47cc5269\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">TJ Paris, 4th ch. 1st sect., 10 February 2026, No. 24\/03591<\/a>). The commencement of proof was corroborated by the borrower's complaint, an email and the bank statements, and the court ordered her to repay \u20ac130,000. The exception based on a moral impossibility of obtaining a written document (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032042306\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032042306\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1360 of the Civil Code<\/a>) is assessed strictly: the Bordeaux court of appeal pointed out that \u201cfamily or trust ties are not sufficient to justify the existence of a moral impossibility of obtaining a written document when the act was concluded\u201d (our translation), and upheld the dismissal of a lender's claim (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/67e644ed6c9863ce9f01be0a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CA Bordeaux, 1st civ. ch., 27 March 2025, No. 22\/04710<\/a>). The firm lists the messages, transfers, statements and wallet addresses that may play this role.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Are screenshots of messages enough before the court?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Not always, and this is often where cases are lost. The Metz court of appeal refused to treat a \u20ac10,000 loan as established on the strength of screenshots that \u201cdo not make it possible to know with certainty the identity of their authors\u201d (our translation), as no number or other element linked these messages to the defendant (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/69427e0e61c46255e1761ed4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CA Metz, 1st ch., 16 December 2025, No. 22\/01436<\/a>). The first-instance award was reduced from \u20ac13,000 to \u20ac3,000, the only amount supported by a document emanating from her. This decision went against the claimant: the screenshots produced made it possible neither to identify their authors with certainty nor to link the messages to the sum claimed. For an electronic document, the law sets precisely these two conditions: an identifiable person and a medium preserved in such a way that it cannot be altered (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032042461\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032042461\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1366 of the Civil Code<\/a>). The firm recommends exporting the conversations from the application, keeping the metadata, having access to the account recorded by a commissaire de justice and, where a wallet address appears in the messages, matching it against the history of the chain. Several concordant indications are worth more than a single screenshot.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>What precautions apply to a commissaire de justice report on an online transaction?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>A report gives pages, a wallet or a block explorer a reliable date and description, provided it is carried out according to the rules. The Paris court of appeal points out that \u201cCompliance with a number of technical prerequisites, intended to ensure the integrity of the findings made, is required of the commissaire de justice before drawing up the report recording findings on the internet\u201d (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/6a47ebde93c619cd1f42dcdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CA Paris, p\u00f4le 5 ch. 1, 17 June 2026, No. 24\/07818<\/a>). It lists the equipment used, the IP address, the browsing mode, the clearing of caches, cookies and history, the deactivation of the proxy and the annexing of the extractions. For a part of a report where these checks were missing, it upheld the exclusion, noting that \u201cWhile this omission is liable to compromise the integrity of the information thus collected, justifying that page 5 of this report be excluded from the proceedings\u201d (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/6a47ebde93c619cd1f42dcdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CA Paris, p\u00f4le 5 ch. 1, 17 June 2026, No. 24\/07818<\/a>). It did, however, reinstate the pages reproducing messages that had already been loaded and could be read offline, which the first-instance judges had excluded. Before commissioning one, the firm therefore prepares the list of addresses, transaction identifiers and pages to be consulted, checks that the commissaire de justice works from their own computer and asks for the raw extractions to be annexed. A blockchain transaction lends itself well to this work: its identifier allows any third party, including the expert or the judge, to find the same entry and check the report.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can an exchange of emails or messages stand in for a written contract?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>Yes, if these messages contain the elements of the agreement and satisfy the conditions for an electronic written document. The Court of Cassation set aside a court of appeal decision that had refused to see a contract in a series of emails on the ground that they did not form a single document: in its view, \u201cArticle L. 222-17 of the Sports Code does not require the contract whose legal regime it lays down to be drawn up as a single written instrument\u201d (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/5fca896542d4057b0589353a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. 1re civ., 11 July 2018, No. 17-10.458<\/a>). It also rejected the idea that an electronic message could not, by nature, carry the parties' undertakings. The judgment concerned a written document required for the validity of that mandate. In matters of evidence, it is the law that sets the general rule: a dematerialised document has the same evidential value as paper provided that its author can be identified and its content is preserved without alteration (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032042461\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032042461\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1366 of the Civil Code<\/a>). For a blockchain project, this means that the offer, the acceptance, the price in tokens or euros, the delivery address and the timetable may result from correspondence. It must still be possible to produce it reliably. For a contract signed online, the Rennes court of appeal relied on the signature provider's evidence file, corroborated by other documents, and noted that the debtor, who had defaulted, did not dispute their signature (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/6a482e7393c619cd1f48ee17\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CA Rennes, 2nd ch., 23 June 2026, No. 24\/02562<\/a>). The firm reconstructs the chronology of the exchanges, identifies the message that marks acceptance and checks that each essential element appears in it, before drafting a formal notice that refers to it precisely.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can evidence gathered without the other party's knowledge be produced?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>It is no longer excluded as a matter of principle. The plenary assembly of the Court of Cassation holds that \u201cin civil proceedings, the unlawfulness or unfairness in obtaining or producing evidence does not necessarily lead to its exclusion from the proceedings\u201d (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/65855660673fa80008f8d98d\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. ass. pl\u00e9n., 22 December 2023, No. 20-20.648<\/a>). If asked, the judge must check that production is indispensable to the exercise of the right to evidence and that the interference with the other party's rights is strictly proportionate to the aim pursued. The second civil chamber applied this review in approving a court of appeal that had admitted a recording made covertly, limited to the sequence of events, where the witnesses present depended on the employer (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/6661515cbbc6ae00084dd4b9\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. 2e civ., 6 June 2024, No. 22-11.736<\/a>). For a blockchain transaction, the question arises with a call recording, access to a third party's account or the extraction of a shared messaging account. The risk remains: unfair evidence that is not indispensable, or whose interference is excessive, will be excluded, and obtaining it may have its own consequences. The firm always starts with the fair evidence available (the public history of the chain, a report, an investigative measure) and discusses producing a sensitive item only as a last resort, with the justification for its necessity.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>The smart contract code says something different from the signed contract: which one applies?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The parties are bound by what they have agreed (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032040777\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032040777\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1103 of the Civil Code<\/a>). Where the code was intended as a tool of performance, its operation does not by itself modify the obligations stipulated; it must still be checked what place the parties gave it in their agreement. If the written stipulations are clear, the judge cannot reinterpret them: it is forbidden to distort a clear and precise clause (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032041250\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032041250\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1192 of the Civil Code<\/a>), and the Court of Cassation set aside a court of appeal decision, pointing out that \u201cthe lower courts may interpret agreements only if they are obscure or ambiguous\u201d (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/6a043f03cdc6046d4791a0c8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 13 May 2026, No. 25-10.491<\/a>). Only where there is ambiguity does the common intention prevail over the wording (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032041270\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032041270\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1188 of the Civil Code<\/a>). A mismatch between the deployed code and the contractual documentation is therefore treated first as a question of performance: did the programme do what the contract provided for. Where several documents coexist (general conditions, special conditions, white paper), the hierarchy between them matters; the law gives priority to the special conditions (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032040866\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032040866\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1119 of the Civil Code<\/a>). The firm compares the written undertakings with the technical elements available, assesses whether an opinion from a technician on the deployed code is needed, then characterises the mismatch: performance error, non-performance, or an ambiguous clause to be interpreted.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>The borrower does not return the crypto-assets lent: what can be done?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>First reread the agreement making the assets available, its general conditions and its special conditions, because the object of the return depends on them: the same quantity of tokens, or their counter-value on a given date. In a case concerning bitcoins lent for a guaranteed return, the Nice judicial court noted a contradiction between the two documents and held that \u201cwhere the general and special conditions do not coincide, the latter prevail over the former\u201d (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/694678c975782d5f06f1e447\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">TJ Nice, 4th civ. ch., 14 November 2025, No. 24\/01200<\/a>). The return was due at the value on the day of the loan, with the interest promised. As the borrower had been placed in judicial liquidation and the attachments had proved fruitless, the court ordered the person who had undertaken that the contract would be performed (porte-fort) to pay, adding a loss of a chance linked to the rise in the exchange rate. The creditor has the remedies for non-performance: enforced performance, termination, compensation (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000036829854\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000036829854\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1217 of the Civil Code<\/a>), and the debtor is ordered, where appropriate, to pay damages, unless there is force majeure (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032010123\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032010123\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 1231-1 of the Civil Code<\/a>). The firm checks each debtor's solvency, the security stipulated, the existence of insolvency proceedings and the rate applied, before sending the formal notice and choosing the court.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>Between traders, how is a transaction settled in cryptocurrency proved?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>More freely than between individuals. As regards traders, commercial acts may be proved by any means, unless the law provides otherwise (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006219127\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006219127\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article L. 110-3 of the Commercial Code<\/a>). The Court of Cassation pointed this out in a case concerning a guarantee given by a commercial company: \u201cthe guarantee in question being a commercial act, it may be proved by any means\u201d (our translation) (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/6137240dcd58014677411996\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cass. com., 1 April 2003, No. 00-14.070<\/a>). This judgment also shows the limit of the rule: the decision was set aside on another point, for lack of proof of the authority of the person who had bound the company. Freedom of proof therefore does not remove the need to establish who acted and with what authority. For services paid in tokens, an exchange of messages, an invoice mentioning an address, the history of the chain and the platform statements may together establish the agreement and the payment. Where the customer is an individual, the written-document rule regains its force against them. The firm therefore checks the status of each party, the nature of the act and the signatory's authority, before choosing the documents to produce and the competent court.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details><summary>What is the time limit for acting after a dispute arising from a blockchain transaction?<\/summary><div class=\"a\"><p>The ordinary limitation period for personal actions is five years (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000019017112\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000019017112\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 2224 of the Civil Code<\/a>). Its starting point is not necessarily the date of the transfer: it runs from the time the person knew, or should have known, the facts that allowed them to act. For a token loan, this will often be the missed return date; for a diverted payment, the discovery of the diversion. The timestamp of the chain helps precisely to date these events, which serves both the claim and the defence. But waiting is rarely useful. Platforms do not keep their customers' data indefinitely, funds move quickly, and an investigative measure before proceedings presupposes a dispute that is still credible (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000051869339\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000051869339\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\">Article 145 of the Code of Civil Procedure<\/a>). In the case decided in Lyon, the claimant, who had filed a criminal complaint in February 2024, issued a summons in January 2025 to obtain the identification of the holders and the suspension of access to the account where part of their funds had been located (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/6824dddbb351f8463a00b746\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">TJ Lyon, r\u00e9f., 5 May 2025, No. 25\/00185<\/a>). From the first contact, the firm draws up a dated chronology, transaction by transaction, and flags the steps that must be taken quickly: report, application, formal notice or complaint.<\/p><\/div><\/details><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"kcv-slide\" id=\"kcv-textes\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"kcv-t-kcv-textes\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<p class=\"kk\">Sources and related pages<\/p>\n<h2>Official texts and <em>related pages<\/em><\/h2>\n<p class=\"kcv-lead\">The sources for this page and the firm's related areas of practice.<\/p>\n<div class=\"kcv-arts\"><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032042316\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032042316\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article 1358 of the Civil Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">freedom of proof<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032042311\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032042311\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article 1359 of the Civil Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">written proof of legal acts<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032042306\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032042306\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article 1360 of the Civil Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">impossibility of obtaining a written document<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032042301\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032042301\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article 1361 of the Civil Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">means of proof supplementing a written document<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032042296\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032042296\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article 1362 of the Civil Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">commencement of proof in writing<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032042461\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032042461\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article 1366 of the Civil Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">electronic written document<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032042456\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032042456\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article 1367 of the Civil Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">electronic signature<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032042411\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032042411\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article 1376 of the Civil Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">unilateral undertaking to pay or deliver<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006219127\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006219127\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article L. 110-3 of the Commercial Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">proof between traders<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000051869339\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000051869339\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article 145 of the Code of Civil Procedure<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">investigative measure before any proceedings<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032040777\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032040777\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article 1103 of the Civil Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">binding force of contracts<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032040866\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032040866\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article 1119 of the Civil Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">general conditions and special conditions<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032041250\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032041250\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article 1192 of the Civil Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">clear and precise clauses<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000036829854\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000036829854\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article 1217 of the Civil Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">remedies for non-performance<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000019017112\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000019017112\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article 2224 of the Civil Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">five-year limitation period<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032041270\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032041270\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article 1188 of the Civil Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">interpretation by common intention<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-art kohen-legifrance-popup-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032010123\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-kohen-legifrance-url=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000032010123\" data-kohen-legifrance-title=\"Texte officiel Legifrance\"><span class=\"kcv-art-n\">Article 1231-1 of the Civil Code<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-t\">contractual damages<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<h3 class=\"kcv-center\">Further reading<\/h3>\n<div class=\"kcv-pgs\"><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/fintech-lawyer-paris\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Crypto and fintech<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">Area of practice<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/crypto-lawyer-paris\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Cryptocurrencies<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">Area of practice<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/nft-lawyer-paris\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">NFTs<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">Area of practice<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/blocked-investments-lawyer-paris\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Frozen investments<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">Area of practice<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><a class=\"kcv-pg\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/bank-fraud-lawyer-paris\/\"><span class=\"kcv-pg-t\">Bank fraud<\/span><span class=\"kcv-pg-s\">Area of practice<\/span><span class=\"kcv-art-a\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"18\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M7 17 17 7M9 7h8v8\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<p class=\"kcv-small kcv-center\">Page updated on 1 November 2026.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"kcv-cta\">\n  <div class=\"kcv-in\">\n    <div class=\"kcv-cta-card\">\n      <h2>A transaction to prove, a contract to enforce? Review your position <em>today<\/em>.<\/h2>\n      <p>Send the transaction identifiers, the addresses, the contract or the exchanges, and the statements you have already gathered: the firm will examine what is established and the appropriate route.<\/p>\n      <div class=\"kcv-btns\">\n        <a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-tel\" href=\"tel:+33646605822\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"0\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M22 16.9v3a2 2 0 0 1-2.2 2 19.8 19.8 0 0 1-8.6-3.1 19.5 19.5 0 0 1-6-6A19.8 19.8 0 0 1 2.1 4.2 2 2 0 0 1 4.1 2h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 1.7c.1.9.4 1.8.7 2.7a2 2 0 0 1-.5 2.1L8 9.8a16 16 0 0 0 6 6l1.3-1.3a2 2 0 0 1 2.1-.4c.9.3 1.8.6 2.7.7a2 2 0 0 1 1.7 2z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Call the firm<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">06&nbsp;46&nbsp;60&nbsp;58&nbsp;22<\/span><\/span><\/a>\n        <a class=\"kcv-fb kcv-fb-mail\" href=\"#kch-form\"><span class=\"kcv-fb-orb\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><rect x=\"2.5\" y=\"4.5\" width=\"19\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2.5\"\/><path d=\"m3.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5-6.5\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kcv-fb-txt\">Send your documents<span class=\"kcv-fb-n\">confidential form<\/span><\/span><\/a>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n<div class=\"kcv-news-band\"><h2>The latest <em>news.<\/em><\/h2><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\", \"@type\": \"FAQPage\", \"mainEntity\": [{\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Is a transaction recorded on the blockchain enough to prove a contract?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"It proves a fact: a transfer from one address to another, on a given date and for a given quantity. On its own, it says nothing about the reason for the transfer or about the identity of the people who control the addresses. Yet a person who asks for performance of an obligation must establish the act that gave rise to it, and not merely the movement of value. Facts may be proved by any means (Article 1358 of the French Civil Code). For a legal act whose value exceeds the regulatory threshold, a written document is in principle required (Article 1359 of the Civil Code). The Paris judicial court (tribunal judiciaire) points out that \u201cproof of the handing over of funds to a person is not sufficient to justify that person's obligation to return the sum received\u201d (our translation) (TJ Paris, 4th ch. 1st sect., 10 February 2026, No. 24\/03591). A block explorer therefore shows the handover; the contract itself is proved by a written document, a corroborated commencement of proof or, between traders, by any means. The firm matches the history of the addresses, the exchanges preceding the transfer and any general conditions of the platform to reconstruct the agreement. It is this linking, and not the mere capture of a block, that allows the judge to characterise the transaction: loan, sale, deposit, investment mandate or a simple payment without consideration.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"How can I obtain the history of a wallet held by a platform?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"A public address can be read on the chain, but the link between that address, a customer account and a person is known only to the platform that holds the assets. Before any proceedings, the judge may order any legally admissible investigative measures if there is a legitimate reason to preserve or establish evidence of facts on which the outcome of the dispute depends (Article 145 of the French Code of Civil Procedure). Seised by a company that accused a former employee of diverting the payment of commissions to their own wallets, the Paris urgent applications judge held that \u201cthe claimant therefore has a legitimate reason to obtain the history of the transactions that took place on these wallets\u201d, in order to allow it \u201cto improve its evidentiary position with a view to the future trial\u201d (our translation) (TJ Paris, r\u00e9f., 5 November 2025, No. 25\/55721). The measure was limited in time and in scope, and no legally protected secret stood in the way. The request must therefore be precise: the addresses concerned, the period, the type of information expected, and the link with the action envisaged. The firm first gathers the elements that make the case credible (invoices, reports, exchanges, statements) before filing the ex parte application or the summons for an urgent hearing, then uses the statements obtained to quantify the claim on the merits.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Can the holder of a wallet address be identified?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Yes, where the address is linked to an account opened with a provider that knows its customer. The Lyon judicial court, ruling in urgent proceedings, was seised by an individual who had filed a criminal complaint for fraud and had the path of their funds analysed as far as an address hosted by a platform. The platform, which intervened voluntarily, \u201cdoes not deny that it holds the information making it possible to identify the holders of the exchange account\u201d (our translation) (TJ Lyon, r\u00e9f., 5 May 2025, No. 25\/00185). The judge ordered it, subject to a daily penalty, to provide the information needed to identify the holders and their habitual residence, and temporarily to suspend their access to the services. This is an urgent-applications order made on particular facts, not a general rule: each request depends on the analysis report produced, the complaint, the proportionality of the measure and the court's jurisdiction over the provider. For a self-hosted wallet, the identity of the holder does not follow from the address alone: the link is sought in the exchanges with the person who supplied the address, in the path of the funds and in the information that providers through which the funds passed may hold. The firm examines these elements before choosing the civil route, the criminal route or both.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"I lent funds or bitcoins without a written document: how do I prove the loan?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"A loan is a legal act. Above the amount set by decree, it must be proved in writing (Article 1359 of the Civil Code), and the Metz court of appeal applies this threshold of \u20ac1,500 (CA Metz, 1st ch., 16 December 2025, No. 22\/01436). Failing a proper written document, it may be replaced by a commencement of proof in writing corroborated by another element (Article 1361 of the Civil Code), that is, a document emanating from the opposing party that makes the allegation likely (Article 1362 of the Civil Code). In a case where funds had been handed over for cryptocurrency investments, the Paris judicial court ruled, on a typed acknowledgement of debt whose sum had not been written by the debtor herself as required by Article 1376 of the Civil Code, that \u201cThis document cannot therefore constitute proof of her undertaking. It does, however, constitute a commencement of proof in writing.\u201d (our translation) (TJ Paris, 4th ch. 1st sect., 10 February 2026, No. 24\/03591). The commencement of proof was corroborated by the borrower's complaint, an email and the bank statements, and the court ordered her to repay \u20ac130,000. The exception based on a moral impossibility of obtaining a written document (Article 1360 of the Civil Code) is assessed strictly: the Bordeaux court of appeal pointed out that \u201cfamily or trust ties are not sufficient to justify the existence of a moral impossibility of obtaining a written document when the act was concluded\u201d (our translation), and upheld the dismissal of a lender's claim (CA Bordeaux, 1st civ. ch., 27 March 2025, No. 22\/04710). The firm lists the messages, transfers, statements and wallet addresses that may play this role.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Are screenshots of messages enough before the court?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Not always, and this is often where cases are lost. The Metz court of appeal refused to treat a \u20ac10,000 loan as established on the strength of screenshots that \u201cdo not make it possible to know with certainty the identity of their authors\u201d (our translation), as no number or other element linked these messages to the defendant (CA Metz, 1st ch., 16 December 2025, No. 22\/01436). The first-instance award was reduced from \u20ac13,000 to \u20ac3,000, the only amount supported by a document emanating from her. This decision went against the claimant: the screenshots produced made it possible neither to identify their authors with certainty nor to link the messages to the sum claimed. For an electronic document, the law sets precisely these two conditions: an identifiable person and a medium preserved in such a way that it cannot be altered (Article 1366 of the Civil Code). The firm recommends exporting the conversations from the application, keeping the metadata, having access to the account recorded by a commissaire de justice and, where a wallet address appears in the messages, matching it against the history of the chain. Several concordant indications are worth more than a single screenshot.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What precautions apply to a commissaire de justice report on an online transaction?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"A report gives pages, a wallet or a block explorer a reliable date and description, provided it is carried out according to the rules. The Paris court of appeal points out that \u201cCompliance with a number of technical prerequisites, intended to ensure the integrity of the findings made, is required of the commissaire de justice before drawing up the report recording findings on the internet\u201d (our translation) (CA Paris, p\u00f4le 5 ch. 1, 17 June 2026, No. 24\/07818). It lists the equipment used, the IP address, the browsing mode, the clearing of caches, cookies and history, the deactivation of the proxy and the annexing of the extractions. For a part of a report where these checks were missing, it upheld the exclusion, noting that \u201cWhile this omission is liable to compromise the integrity of the information thus collected, justifying that page 5 of this report be excluded from the proceedings\u201d (our translation) (CA Paris, p\u00f4le 5 ch. 1, 17 June 2026, No. 24\/07818). It did, however, reinstate the pages reproducing messages that had already been loaded and could be read offline, which the first-instance judges had excluded. Before commissioning one, the firm therefore prepares the list of addresses, transaction identifiers and pages to be consulted, checks that the commissaire de justice works from their own computer and asks for the raw extractions to be annexed. A blockchain transaction lends itself well to this work: its identifier allows any third party, including the expert or the judge, to find the same entry and check the report.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Can an exchange of emails or messages stand in for a written contract?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Yes, if these messages contain the elements of the agreement and satisfy the conditions for an electronic written document. The Court of Cassation set aside a court of appeal decision that had refused to see a contract in a series of emails on the ground that they did not form a single document: in its view, \u201cArticle L. 222-17 of the Sports Code does not require the contract whose legal regime it lays down to be drawn up as a single written instrument\u201d (our translation) (Cass. 1re civ., 11 July 2018, No. 17-10.458). It also rejected the idea that an electronic message could not, by nature, carry the parties' undertakings. The judgment concerned a written document required for the validity of that mandate. In matters of evidence, it is the law that sets the general rule: a dematerialised document has the same evidential value as paper provided that its author can be identified and its content is preserved without alteration (Article 1366 of the Civil Code). For a blockchain project, this means that the offer, the acceptance, the price in tokens or euros, the delivery address and the timetable may result from correspondence. It must still be possible to produce it reliably. For a contract signed online, the Rennes court of appeal relied on the signature provider's evidence file, corroborated by other documents, and noted that the debtor, who had defaulted, did not dispute their signature (CA Rennes, 2nd ch., 23 June 2026, No. 24\/02562). The firm reconstructs the chronology of the exchanges, identifies the message that marks acceptance and checks that each essential element appears in it, before drafting a formal notice that refers to it precisely.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Can evidence gathered without the other party's knowledge be produced?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"It is no longer excluded as a matter of principle. The plenary assembly of the Court of Cassation holds that \u201cin civil proceedings, the unlawfulness or unfairness in obtaining or producing evidence does not necessarily lead to its exclusion from the proceedings\u201d (our translation) (Cass. ass. pl\u00e9n., 22 December 2023, No. 20-20.648). If asked, the judge must check that production is indispensable to the exercise of the right to evidence and that the interference with the other party's rights is strictly proportionate to the aim pursued. The second civil chamber applied this review in approving a court of appeal that had admitted a recording made covertly, limited to the sequence of events, where the witnesses present depended on the employer (Cass. 2e civ., 6 June 2024, No. 22-11.736). For a blockchain transaction, the question arises with a call recording, access to a third party's account or the extraction of a shared messaging account. The risk remains: unfair evidence that is not indispensable, or whose interference is excessive, will be excluded, and obtaining it may have its own consequences. The firm always starts with the fair evidence available (the public history of the chain, a report, an investigative measure) and discusses producing a sensitive item only as a last resort, with the justification for its necessity.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"The smart contract code says something different from the signed contract: which one applies?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The parties are bound by what they have agreed (Article 1103 of the Civil Code). Where the code was intended as a tool of performance, its operation does not by itself modify the obligations stipulated; it must still be checked what place the parties gave it in their agreement. If the written stipulations are clear, the judge cannot reinterpret them: it is forbidden to distort a clear and precise clause (Article 1192 of the Civil Code), and the Court of Cassation set aside a court of appeal decision, pointing out that \u201cthe lower courts may interpret agreements only if they are obscure or ambiguous\u201d (our translation) (Cass. com., 13 May 2026, No. 25-10.491). Only where there is ambiguity does the common intention prevail over the wording (Article 1188 of the Civil Code). A mismatch between the deployed code and the contractual documentation is therefore treated first as a question of performance: did the programme do what the contract provided for. Where several documents coexist (general conditions, special conditions, white paper), the hierarchy between them matters; the law gives priority to the special conditions (Article 1119 of the Civil Code). The firm compares the written undertakings with the technical elements available, assesses whether an opinion from a technician on the deployed code is needed, then characterises the mismatch: performance error, non-performance, or an ambiguous clause to be interpreted.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"The borrower does not return the crypto-assets lent: what can be done?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"First reread the agreement making the assets available, its general conditions and its special conditions, because the object of the return depends on them: the same quantity of tokens, or their counter-value on a given date. In a case concerning bitcoins lent for a guaranteed return, the Nice judicial court noted a contradiction between the two documents and held that \u201cwhere the general and special conditions do not coincide, the latter prevail over the former\u201d (our translation) (TJ Nice, 4th civ. ch., 14 November 2025, No. 24\/01200). The return was due at the value on the day of the loan, with the interest promised. As the borrower had been placed in judicial liquidation and the attachments had proved fruitless, the court ordered the person who had undertaken that the contract would be performed (porte-fort) to pay, adding a loss of a chance linked to the rise in the exchange rate. The creditor has the remedies for non-performance: enforced performance, termination, compensation (Article 1217 of the Civil Code), and the debtor is ordered, where appropriate, to pay damages, unless there is force majeure (Article 1231-1 of the Civil Code). The firm checks each debtor's solvency, the security stipulated, the existence of insolvency proceedings and the rate applied, before sending the formal notice and choosing the court.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Between traders, how is a transaction settled in cryptocurrency proved?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"More freely than between individuals. As regards traders, commercial acts may be proved by any means, unless the law provides otherwise (Article L. 110-3 of the Commercial Code). The Court of Cassation pointed this out in a case concerning a guarantee given by a commercial company: \u201cthe guarantee in question being a commercial act, it may be proved by any means\u201d (our translation) (Cass. com., 1 April 2003, No. 00-14.070). This judgment also shows the limit of the rule: the decision was set aside on another point, for lack of proof of the authority of the person who had bound the company. Freedom of proof therefore does not remove the need to establish who acted and with what authority. For services paid in tokens, an exchange of messages, an invoice mentioning an address, the history of the chain and the platform statements may together establish the agreement and the payment. Where the customer is an individual, the written-document rule regains its force against them. The firm therefore checks the status of each party, the nature of the act and the signatory's authority, before choosing the documents to produce and the competent court.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What is the time limit for acting after a dispute arising from a blockchain transaction?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The ordinary limitation period for personal actions is five years (Article 2224 of the Civil Code). Its starting point is not necessarily the date of the transfer: it runs from the time the person knew, or should have known, the facts that allowed them to act. For a token loan, this will often be the missed return date; for a diverted payment, the discovery of the diversion. The timestamp of the chain helps precisely to date these events, which serves both the claim and the defence. But waiting is rarely useful. Platforms do not keep their customers' data indefinitely, funds move quickly, and an investigative measure before proceedings presupposes a dispute that is still credible (Article 145 of the Code of Civil Procedure). In the case decided in Lyon, the claimant, who had filed a criminal complaint in February 2024, issued a summons in January 2025 to obtain the identification of the holders and the suspension of access to the account where part of their funds had been located (TJ Lyon, r\u00e9f., 5 May 2025, No. 25\/00185). 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\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n  .elementor-1983483 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 {\n    flex-shrink: 0 !important;\n    scroll-snap-align: start !important;\n    width: clamp(300px, 30vw, 400px) !important;\n    min-width: 300px !important;\n  }\n\n  @media (max-width: 767px) {\n    .elementor-1983483 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 {\n      width: 350px !important;\n      min-width: 350px !important;\n      max-width: 350px !important;\n    }\n  }\/* End custom CSS *\/<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2157105 post-2157105 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/25\/foreign-business-france-vat-registration-fiscal-representative-challenge-abroad\/\">Your Foreign Business Owes French VAT Without a French Company: Registration, Fiscal Representative and How to Challenge the Bill From Abroad<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. 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Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2157013 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2157013 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/getty-images-p1ZW7qeVRyE-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2157013 post-2157013 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/25\/foreign-company-france-sas-pay-abroad-salary-dividends-management-fees\/\">Your French SAS Pays You While You Live Abroad: Salary, Dividends or Management Fees<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2156883 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2156883 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/getty-images-p1ZW7qeVRyE-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2156883 post-2156883 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/25\/foreign-company-france-sas-capital-increase-cash-call-filing-abroad\/\">Your French SAS Needs Cash From Abroad: Increase Capital, Call Up Unpaid Shares or Lend Instead \u2014 Filing and New Kbis Without Flying to Paris<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. 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Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2156668 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2156668 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/alex-vasey-F5HtPjpBb9k-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2156668 post-2156668 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/24\/foreign-company-france-management-fees-transfer-pricing-file-defence-abroad\/\">Your French Subsidiary Pays Management Fees to Its Foreign Parent While You Live Abroad: Transfer Pricing File, Deduction and Reassessment Defence<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. 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Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. 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A transfer recorded on the chain is dated and verifiable, but it says neither why the funds moved nor who controls the addresses. Bitcoin loan, diverted payment, tokens not returned, mismatch between the [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":251031307,"featured_media":2157182,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2160947","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.2 (Yoast SEO v28.2) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Blockchain Lawyer Paris | Kohen Avocats<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Blockchain lawyer Paris: Kohen Avocats proves transfers, wallets and crypto loans and enforces the contract. 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