{"id":1773772,"date":"2024-06-30T22:52:41","date_gmt":"2024-06-30T20:52:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/avocats-en-droit-des-affaires-a-paris-75017-kohen-avocats\/"},"modified":"2026-11-04T21:10:10","modified_gmt":"2026-11-04T20:10:10","slug":"business-law-attorneys-paris-75017","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/business-law-attorneys-paris-75017\/","title":{"rendered":"Business lawyer in Paris"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"1773772\" class=\"elementor elementor-1773772 elementor-3950\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5abe9b0 e-con-full e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5abe9b0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c9f42ee elementor-widget 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.chess-knight{top:295px;height:340px}\n.chess-hero{height:820px;margin-bottom:28px}\n}\n\n@media(min-width:651px){.chess-field{clip-path:none;border-radius:0;mask-image:url(\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%201000%20650%22%20preserveAspectRatio%3D%22none%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22white%22%20d%3D%22M38%2052H710Q740%2052%20740%2026Q740%200%20778%200H962Q1000%200%201000%2038V612Q1000%20650%20962%20650H38Q0%20650%200%20612V90Q0%2052%2038%2052Z%22\/%3E%3C\/svg%3E\");mask-size:100% 100%;mask-repeat:no-repeat}}\n\n\/* Groupes de pi\u00e8ces : cadrage large, texte d\u00e9gag\u00e9. *\/\n.chess-group .chess-preview .chess-knight{width:54%;right:0;height:580px;bottom:30px}\n@media(max-width:1000px) and (min-width:651px){.chess-group .chess-preview .chess-knight{width:52%;height:510px}}\n@media(max-width:650px){.chess-group .chess-preview .chess-knight{width:100%;right:0;top:310px;bottom:auto;height:320px}}\n\/* D\u00e9coupe initiale restaur\u00e9e : raccord concave arrondi, sans carte ajout\u00e9e. *\/\n@media(min-width:651px){\n .chess-intro{left:0;bottom:0;background:#f7f8f8;border-radius:0 35px 0 0;padding:30px 28px 25px 20px;max-width:36%}\n .chess-intro::before,.chess-intro::after{content:\"\";position:absolute;width:30px;height:30px;pointer-events:none;background:transparent}\n .chess-intro::before{left:0;top:-30px;border-radius:0 0 0 30px;box-shadow:0 15px 0 0 #f7f8f8}\n .chess-intro::after{right:-30px;bottom:0;border-radius:0 0 0 30px;box-shadow:0 15px 0 0 #f7f8f8}\n .chess-heading{top:115px}\n}\n@media(max-width:1000px) and (min-width:651px){.chess-intro{max-width:43%}.chess-heading{top:145px}}\n@media(min-width:651px){\n .chess-intro::before,.chess-intro::after{border-radius:0;box-shadow:none;background:radial-gradient(circle at 100% 0,transparent 29.5px,#f7f8f8 30px)}\n}\n\/* Raccords concaves : carr\u00e9 de masque complet, sans bord ext\u00e9rieur parasite. *\/\n@media(min-width:651px){\n .chess-intro::before,.chess-intro::after{\n  width:32px;height:32px;\n  background:radial-gradient(circle at 100% 0,transparent 31.5px,#f7f8f8 32px);\n }\n .chess-intro::before{top:-32px;left:0}\n .chess-intro::after{right:-32px;bottom:0}\n}\n\/* Raccord progressif entre la landing et les domaines d\u2019intervention. *\/\nbody:has(.chess-preview) .elementor-754 > .elementor-element-4fdc5e4{\n background:linear-gradient(180deg,#f7f8f8 0px,rgba(247,248,248,.85) 45px,rgba(247,248,248,0) 190px) !important;\n}\n\n\/* Transition du blanc du menu vers le gris de la landing. *\/\n.chess-preview{background:linear-gradient(180deg,#fff 0px,#f7f8f8 120px)!important}\n\n\/* Proposition B \u2014 composition d\u00e9cal\u00e9e. Header et charte partag\u00e9s inchang\u00e9s. *\/\n@media (max-width:650px) {\n  .mobile-study-b .chess-hero {\n    height:650px;\n    margin-bottom:12px;\n    overflow:visible;\n  }\n  .mobile-study-b .chess-heading {\n    inset:0 auto auto 8px;\n    width:calc(100% - 16px);\n    max-width:none;\n  }\n  .mobile-study-b .chess-heading h1 {\n    font-family:Lato,Arial,sans-serif!important;\n    font-weight:900!important;\n    font-size:clamp(43px,13.4vw,56px)!important;\n    line-height:.97!important;\n    letter-spacing:-.045em!important;\n  }\n  .mobile-study-b .chess-title-paris {\n    margin-top:0;\n    font-size:1em;\n    letter-spacing:-.045em;\n  }\n  .mobile-study-b .chess-motto {\n    width:115px;\n    margin:37px 0 0;\n    font-size:14px;\n    line-height:1.9;\n    letter-spacing:.015em;\n  }\n  \/* Un seul fond : la d\u00e9coupe porte sur son alpha, jamais sur le d\u00e9grad\u00e9. *\/\n  .mobile-study-b .chess-field {\n    inset:229px 0 155px 0;\n    border-radius:0;\n    clip-path:none;\n    background:linear-gradient(155deg,#e8f0f9,#d6e6f4 60%,#e7eaf2);\n    -webkit-mask-image:url(\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%201000%20304%22%20preserveAspectRatio%3D%22none%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22white%22%20d%3D%22M555%200H930Q1000%200%201000%2024V277Q1000%20304%20921%20304H73Q0%20304%200%20279V191Q0%20166%2073%20166H288Q370%20166%20370%20138V64Q370%200%20555%200Z%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\");\n    mask-image:url(\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%201000%20304%22%20preserveAspectRatio%3D%22none%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22white%22%20d%3D%22M555%200H930Q1000%200%201000%2024V277Q1000%20304%20921%20304H73Q0%20304%200%20279V191Q0%20166%2073%20166H288Q370%20166%20370%20138V64Q370%200%20555%200Z%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\");\n    -webkit-mask-size:100% 100%;\n    mask-size:100% 100%;\n    -webkit-mask-repeat:no-repeat;\n    mask-repeat:no-repeat;\n  }\n  .mobile-study-b .chess-field::before,\n  .mobile-study-b .chess-field::after {\n    content:none;\n    display:none;\n  }\n  .mobile-study-b .chess-knight {\n    top:193px;\n    bottom:auto;\n    right:-7px;\n    width:66%;\n    height:302px;\n    object-fit:contain;\n    object-position:center bottom;\n    filter:drop-shadow(7px 16px 13px #243d6225);\n  }\n  .mobile-study-b .chess-intro {\n    top:511px;\n    bottom:auto;\n    left:8px;\n    width:calc(100% - 16px);\n    max-width:none;\n    padding:0;\n    border-radius:0;\n    background:transparent;\n  }\n  .mobile-study-b .chess-intro::before,\n  .mobile-study-b .chess-intro::after { display:none; }\n  .mobile-study-b .chess-intro-label {\n    font-size:9px;\n    letter-spacing:.15em;\n  }\n  .mobile-study-b .chess-intro p {\n    max-width:320px;\n    margin:9px 0 19px;\n    font-size:13px;\n    line-height:1.5;\n  }\n}\n@media (min-width:480px) and (max-width:650px) {\n  .mobile-study-b .chess-motto { margin-top:25px; }\n  .mobile-study-b .chess-knight { width:60%;height:300px;top:195px; }\n}\n@media (max-width:360px) {\n  .mobile-study-b .chess-motto { width:100px;font-size:12px;line-height:2.1; }\n  .mobile-study-b .chess-knight { width:64%; }\n}\n\n\/* Trois placements locaux : typo, image, contours et CTA de B conserv\u00e9s. *\/\n@media(max-width:650px){\n .mobile-study-b1{--title-shift:12px;--motto-top:238px}\n .mobile-study-b2{--title-shift:20px;--motto-top:258px}\n .mobile-study-b3{--title-shift:28px;--motto-top:278px}\n .mobile-study-b1 .chess-heading,.mobile-study-b2 .chess-heading,.mobile-study-b3 .chess-heading{top:var(--title-shift)}\n .mobile-study-b1 .chess-motto,.mobile-study-b2 .chess-motto,.mobile-study-b3 .chess-motto{position:absolute;top:calc(var(--motto-top) - var(--title-shift));left:0;margin:0}\n}\n\/* B2 valid\u00e9e : r\u00e9server toute la hauteur du CTA et de son halo. *\/\n@media(max-width:650px){\n .mobile-study-b2 .chess-hero{height:700px}\n .mobile-study-b2 .chess-field{bottom:auto;height:266px}\n}\n\n\/* \u00c9tudes mobiles uniquement ; menu et logo natifs, disposition plus compacte. *\/\n@media(max-width:650px){\n body:has(.fr-chess) .elementor-location-header{height:110px!important;min-height:110px!important}\n body:has(.fr-chess) .navo{position:relative!important;top:auto!important;left:auto!important;width:100%!important;height:110px!important;min-height:110px!important;padding:0 20px!important;margin:0!important;display:grid!important;grid-template-columns:1fr auto!important;grid-template-rows:72px 32px!important;gap:0!important;align-items:center!important;background:linear-gradient(#fff,#f7f8f8)!important;backdrop-filter:none!important}\n body:has(.fr-chess) .navo .elementor-element-26e7aca4{display:flex!important;visibility:visible!important;grid-area:1\/1;min-height:0!important;width:110px!important;padding:0!important;margin:0!important}\n body:has(.fr-chess) .navo .elementor-element-5176e41b{width:105px!important;margin:0!important;padding:0!important}\n body:has(.fr-chess) .navo .elementor-element-5176e41b img{width:105px!important;height:62px!important;object-fit:contain!important}\n body:has(.fr-chess) .navo .elementor-element-7f9425b9{display:contents!important}\n body:has(.fr-chess) .navo .elementor-element-68cc9a0{grid-area:2\/1\/3\/3;width:100%!important;margin:0!important;padding:0!important}\n body:has(.fr-chess) .navo .wpml-ls{width:100%!important;padding:0!important}\n body:has(.fr-chess) .navo .wpml-ls ul{display:flex!important;justify-content:center!important;gap:11px!important;align-items:center!important;padding:0!important;margin:0!important}\n body:has(.fr-chess) .navo .wpml-ls li{padding:0!important;margin:0!important}\n body:has(.fr-chess) .navo .wpml-ls a{padding:4px!important}\n body:has(.fr-chess) .navo .wpml-ls img{width:16px!important;height:11px!important}\n body:has(.fr-chess) .navo .elementor-element-2b355485{grid-area:1\/2;width:auto!important;margin:0!important;padding:0!important}\n body:has(.fr-chess) .navo .elementor-element-2b355485 a{display:grid!important;place-items:center!important;width:43px!important;height:43px!important;padding:0!important;border-radius:14px!important}\n body:has(.fr-chess) .navo .elementor-element-2b355485 svg{width:22px!important;height:22px!important}\n .chess-preview.mobile-study{padding:28px 16px 0!important;background:#f7f8f8!important;display:flow-root}\n .mobile-study .chess-knight{max-width:none}\n .mobile-study .chess-cta{max-width:calc(100vw - 64px)!important}\n .mobile-study .chess-intro-label{color:#6b747c}\n .mobile-study .chess-intro p{color:#40464a}\n}\n@media(max-width:650px){body:has(.fr-chess) .navo.elementor-sticky__spacer{display:none!important}}\n\nbody:has(.fr-chess) .navo{visibility:visible!important;opacity:1!important;animation:none!important;transform:none!important}\nbody:has(.fr-chess) .fr-hero-wrapper,body:has(.fr-chess) .fr-hero-widget{padding:0!important;margin:0!important;width:100%!important;max-width:none!important;gap:0!important}\nbody:has(.fr-chess) .fr-hero-widget>.elementor-widget-container{margin:0!important;padding:0!important}\nbody:has(.fr-chess) .fr-chess{display:flow-root}\nbody:has(.fr-chess) .fr-chess .chess-heading h1{font-size:clamp(45px,5.2vw,80px)!important;line-height:1!important}\nbody:has(.fr-chess) .fr-chess .chess-heading{top:112px;max-width:54%}\nbody:has(.fr-chess) .fr-chess .chess-knight{width:48%;height:640px;right:3%;bottom:0;top:auto;object-fit:contain}\nbody:has(.fr-chess) .fr-chess .chess-motto{font-size:clamp(16px,1.6vw,25px)}\nbody:has(.fr-chess) #fr-contact-form{scroll-margin-top:110px}\n@media(max-width:650px){\n body:has(.fr-chess) [data-elementor-type=\"header\"]{height:110px!important;min-height:110px!important}\n body:has(.fr-chess) .fr-chess .chess-heading{top:20px;max-width:none}\n body:has(.fr-chess) .fr-chess .chess-heading h1{font-size:clamp(37px,11.9vw,50px)!important;line-height:.97!important}\n body:has(.fr-chess) .fr-chess .chess-knight{top:193px;bottom:auto;right:-7px;width:66%;height:302px}\n body:has(.fr-chess) .fr-chess .chess-motto{font-size:12px;width:120px;line-height:2.1;top:238px}\n body:has(.fr-chess) .fr-chess .chess-intro{max-width:none}\n}\n@media(min-width:651px){\nbody:has(.fr-chess) [data-elementor-type=\"header\"]{height:80px!important;min-height:80px!important}\nbody:has(.fr-chess) .navo{height:80px!important;padding:0 32px!important;background:linear-gradient(#fff,#f7f8f8)!important}\nbody:has(.fr-chess) .navo .elementor-element-26e7aca4{width:125px!important;min-width:125px!important}\nbody:has(.fr-chess) .navo .elementor-element-5176e41b{width:110px!important}\nbody:has(.fr-chess) .navo .elementor-element-5176e41b img{width:110px!important;height:65px!important;object-fit:contain!important}\nbody:has(.fr-chess) .fr-chess{padding-top:30px}\n}\n\/* Le header natif FR est hors flux : r\u00e9server sa hauteur dans chaque copie. *\/\n@media(max-width:650px){body:has(.fr-chess) .chess-preview.mobile-study{padding-top:138px!important}}\n@media(min-width:651px){body:has(.fr-chess) .fr-chess{padding-top:80px!important}}\nbody:has(.fr-chess) .navo .elementor-invisible{visibility:visible!important;opacity:1!important;animation:none!important}\n\n@media(max-width:650px){body:has(.fr-chess):not(.home) .chess-preview.mobile-study{padding-top:28px!important}}\n@media(min-width:651px){body:has(.fr-chess):not(.home) .fr-chess{padding-top:0!important}}\n\/* Contenir les carrousels et le footer copi\u00e9s dans la largeur de pr\u00e9visualisation. *\/\n\n@media(max-width:650px){body:has(.fr-chess) .kcf-hero-inner{min-width:0!important;max-width:100%!important}body:has(.fr-chess) .kcf-wrap{min-width:0!important;max-width:100%!important}}\n\/* Raccord menu blanc vers fond gris, sans bande de couleur \u00e0 la jonction. *\/\n@media(max-width:650px){body:has(.fr-chess) .kcf-hero-text,body:has(.fr-chess) .kcf-hero-form{min-width:0!important;width:100%!important;max-width:100%!important}body:has(.fr-chess) .kcf-hero-title,body:has(.fr-chess) .kcf-hero-title-main{white-space:normal!important;overflow-wrap:anywhere}}@media(max-width:650px){body:has(.fr-chess) .hk-footer-avocat{max-width:100%!important}body:has(.fr-chess) .hk-footer-avocat img{max-width:100%!important}}body:has(.fr-chess) .elementor-element-7817ac8,body:has(.fr-chess) .elementor-element-7f97ff5,body:has(.fr-chess) .elementor-element-62048c2{background-image:linear-gradient(180deg,#f7f8f8 0px,rgba(247,248,248,.85) 45px,rgba(247,248,248,0) 200px)!important}body:has(.fr-chess) .elementor-element-da753e9{background-image:linear-gradient(180deg,#f7f8f8 0px,rgba(247,248,248,.85) 45px,rgba(247,248,248,0) 200px),linear-gradient(180deg,#f5f4f8 0%,#e4eef9 100%)!important}body:has(.fr-chess) .navo{background:#fff!important}\nbody:has(.fr-chess) .fr-chess{background:linear-gradient(180deg,#fff 0px,#f7f8f8 130px)!important}\n\nbody:has(.fr-chess) .elementor-element-b8c5a8a,body:has(.fr-chess) .elementor-element-5abe9b0,body:has(.fr-chess) .elementor-element-6667b04,body:has(.fr-chess) .elementor-element-b003989,body:has(.fr-chess) .elementor-element-990a523,body:has(.fr-chess) .elementor-element-c9f42ee,body:has(.fr-chess) .elementor-element-263bc05,body:has(.fr-chess) .elementor-element-6cc331c{padding:0!important;margin:0!important;width:100%!important;max-width:none!important;gap:0!important}\nbody:has(.fr-chess) .navo{background:#fff!important}body:has(.fr-chess) .fr-chess{background:linear-gradient(180deg,#fff 0px,#f7f8f8 130px)!important}\n@media(max-width:650px){body.home:has(.fr-chess) #content{padding-top:0!important}body.home:has(.fr-chess) .chess-preview.mobile-study{padding-top:138px!important}body:not(.home):has(.fr-chess) .chess-preview.mobile-study{padding-top:28px!important}}\nbody:has(.fr-chess) .chess-preview.mobile-study{background:linear-gradient(180deg,#fff 0px,#fff 110px,#f7f8f8 230px)!important}\n@media(max-width:650px){body.fr-hero-visible .kohen-avis-floating{visibility:hidden!important;pointer-events:none!important}}\n<\/style><div class=\"chess-preview fr-chess mobile-study mobile-study-b mobile-study-b2\">\n<section aria-labelledby=\"chess-title\" class=\"chess-hero\">\n<div aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"chess-field\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"chess-heading\"><h1 id=\"chess-title\"><span class=\"chess-title-back\">Business<\/span>\n<span class=\"chess-title-front\">lawyer<\/span>\n<span class=\"chess-title-front\">in<\/span>\n<span class=\"chess-title-paris\">Paris<\/span>\n<\/h1><p class=\"chess-motto\">Anticipate. <span>Structure.<\/span> Defend.<\/p><\/div>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Open knight and black pieces\" class=\"chess-knight\" fetchpriority=\"high\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/kohen-fr-affaires-hero.webp\"\/>\n<div class=\"chess-intro\"><span class=\"chess-intro-label\">YOUR CASE.<\/span><p>Contracts, commercial relationships, disputes: present your case to us.<\/p><a class=\"chess-cta\" href=\"#kcf-1form\"><span class=\"chess-cta-icon\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\"><rect height=\"14\" rx=\"2\" width=\"18\" x=\"3\" y=\"5\"><\/rect><path d=\"m3 6 9 7 9-7\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"chess-cta-text\">Go to the form<\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div><script id=\"fr-hero-widgets-20260920\">(()=>{const h=document.querySelector('.fr-chess');if(!h||!('IntersectionObserver' in window))return;const mq=matchMedia('(max-width:650px)');let inside=true;const sync=()=>document.body.classList.toggle('fr-hero-visible',mq.matches&&inside);new IntersectionObserver(e=>{inside=e[0].isIntersecting;sync()},{threshold:0}).observe(h);mq.addEventListener('change',sync);sync()})();<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4f2c08 e-con-full e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"a4f2c08\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e3d19 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e3d19\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<!-- Bandeau \u00ab Ils parlent de nous \u00bb (2026-10-04) -->\n<section class=\"knp\" aria-labelledby=\"knp-titre\">\n<style>\n    section.knp ul.knp__ruban{animation-duration:129s}@media (max-width:600px){section.knp ul.knp__ruban{animation-duration:93s}}\n    .elementor 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4px;padding:0 24px;text-align:center;line-height:1}.knp a.knp__videos{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:8px;padding:9px 18px 9px 14px;border:1px solid #CFDEF0;border-radius:999px;background:linear-gradient(135deg,#FFFFFF 0%,#E6EEF8 100%);color:#1F4FA8;font-family:inherit;font-size:14px;font-weight:600;letter-spacing:.01em;line-height:1.2;text-decoration:none;transition:border-color .2s ease,box-shadow .2s ease,transform .2s ease}.knp a.knp__videos svg{flex:0 0 auto;display:block}.knp a.knp__videos:hover{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#FFFFFF 0%,#DCEAFB 100%);border-color:#1F4FA8;color:#1F4FA8;box-shadow:0 6px 18px rgba(31,79,168,.14);transform:translateY(-1px)}.knp a.knp__videos:focus-visible{outline:2px solid #1F4FA8;outline-offset:3px}.kcv-press.knp{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;justify-content:center;align-items:center;column-gap:14px}.kcv-press.knp>.kcv-press-t,.kcv-press.knp>.knp__watchlink{flex:0 0 auto}.kcv-press.knp>.knp__piste{flex:0 0 100%}.kcv-press.knp p.knp__watchlink{margin:0 0 2px;padding:0;line-height:17px}.kcv-press.knp a.knp__videos{gap:5px;padding:0;border:0;border-radius:0;background:none;box-shadow:none;font-size:11.5px;letter-spacing:.02em;line-height:17px;transform:none}.kcv-press.knp a.knp__videos:hover{background:none;box-shadow:none;transform:none}.kcv-press.knp a.knp__videos:hover span{text-decoration:underline;text-underline-offset:3px}.kcv-press.knp a.knp__videos svg{width:13px;height:13px}.knp .knp__vc{display:none}@media (max-width:900px){.kcv-press.knp .knp__vl{display:none}.kcv-press.knp .knp__vc{display:inline}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){.knp a.knp__videos{transition:none}.knp a.knp__videos:hover{transform:none}}<\/style><p class=\"knp__watchlink\"><a class=\"knp__videos\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/media\/\" aria-label=\"Watch the videos and their transcripts\"><svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><circle cx=\"10\" cy=\"10\" r=\"9\" fill=\"#1F4FA8\"\/><path d=\"M8.3 6.4v7.2l5.6-3.6z\" fill=\"#fff\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"knp__vl\">Watch the videos and their transcripts<\/span><span class=\"knp__vc\">Videos<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"knp__piste\">\n<ul class=\"knp__ruban\" role=\"list\">\n<li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"france-2\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"France 2: watch the report featuring Hassan Kohen\"><img class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/france-2.svg\" alt=\"France 2\" style=\"--h:30px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li>\n<li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"tf1\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"TF1: watch the news excerpt featuring Hassan Kohen\"><img class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/tf1.svg\" alt=\"TF1\" style=\"--h:36px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li>\n<li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"france-tv\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"France T\u00e9l\u00e9visions: watch the excerpt featuring Reda Kohen\"><img class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/france-tv.svg\" alt=\"France T\u00e9l\u00e9visions\" style=\"--h:28px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li>\n<li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"bfm\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"BFMTV: watch the excerpt featuring Reda Kohen\"><img class=\"skip-lazy knp--fixe\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/bfm.svg\" alt=\"BFMTV\" style=\"--h:30px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li>\n<li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"le-point\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"Le Point: see the 2 publications\"><img class=\"skip-lazy knp--fixe\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/le-point.svg\" alt=\"Le Point\" style=\"--h:24px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li>\n<li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"le-figaro\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"Le Figaro Immobilier: see the 3 publications\"><img class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/le-figaro.svg\" alt=\"Le Figaro\" style=\"--h:19px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li>\n<li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"liberation\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"Lib\u00e9ration: see the publication\"><img class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/liberation.svg\" alt=\"Lib\u00e9ration\" style=\"--h:28px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li>\n<li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"les-echos\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"Les Echos: see the publication\"><img class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/les-echos.svg\" alt=\"Les Echos\" style=\"--h:23px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li>\n<li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"20-minutes\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"20 Minutes: see the 12 publications\"><img class=\"skip-lazy knp--fixe\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/20-minutes.svg\" alt=\"20 Minutes\" style=\"--h:24px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li>\n<li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"ouest-france\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"Ouest-France: see the 2 publications\"><img class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/ouest-france.svg\" alt=\"Ouest-France\" style=\"--h:28px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li>\n<li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"franceinfo\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"franceinfo: see the 2 publications\"><img class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/franceinfo.svg\" alt=\"franceinfo\" style=\"--h:19px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li>\n<li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"actu-fr\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"actu.fr: see the 3 publications\"><img class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/actu-fr.svg\" alt=\"actu.fr\" style=\"--h:26px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li>\n<li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"marie-claire\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"Marie Claire: see the publication\"><img class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/marie-claire.svg\" alt=\"Marie Claire\" style=\"--h:19px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li>\n<li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"femme-actuelle\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"Femme Actuelle: see the publication\"><img class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/femme-actuelle.svg\" alt=\"Femme Actuelle\" style=\"--h:21px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li>\n<li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"psychologies\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"Psychologies: see the publication\"><img class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/psychologies.svg\" alt=\"Psychologies\" style=\"--h:21px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li>\n<li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"wikipedia\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"Wikipedia: view the 4 publications\"><img class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/wikipedia.svg\" alt=\"Wikipedia\" style=\"--h:21px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li>\n<li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"data-gouv\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"data.gouv.fr: view the 2 publications\"><img class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/data-gouv.svg\" alt=\"data.gouv.fr\" style=\"--h:26px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li>\n<li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"leboncoin\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"Leboncoin: view the publication\"><img class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/leboncoin.svg\" alt=\"Leboncoin\" style=\"--h:24px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li>\n<li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"pappers\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"Pappers: view the 2 publications\"><img class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/pappers.svg\" alt=\"Pappers\" style=\"--h:25px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li>\n<li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"laforet\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"Lafor\u00eat Montesson: view the publication\"><img class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/laforet.svg\" alt=\"Lafor\u00eat\" style=\"--h:24px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li>\n<li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"economie-matin\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"\u00c9conomie Matin: see the publication\"><img class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/economie-matin.jpg\" alt=\"\u00c9conomie Matin\" style=\"--h:24px;mix-blend-mode:multiply\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li>\n<li class=\"knp__item\"><img class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/lexbase.png\" alt=\"Lexbase\" style=\"--h:20px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/li>\n<li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"awwwards\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"Awwwards: view the publication\"><img class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/awwwards.svg\" alt=\"Awwwards\" style=\"--h:20px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li>\n<li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"la-voix-du-nord\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"La Voix du Nord: see the publication\"><img class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/la-voix-du-nord.svg\" alt=\"La Voix du Nord\" style=\"--h:17px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li><li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"sortir-a-paris\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"Sortir \u00e0 Paris: see the publication\"><img class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/sortir-a-paris.png\" alt=\"Sortir \u00e0 Paris\" style=\"--h:40px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li><li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"science-et-vie\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"Science &amp; Vie: see the publication\"><img class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/science-et-vie.svg\" alt=\"Science &amp; Vie\" style=\"--h:22px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li><li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"frandroid\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"Frandroid: see the 2 publications\"><img class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/frandroid.svg\" alt=\"Frandroid\" style=\"--h:15px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li><li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"magicmaman\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"Magicmaman: see the publication\"><img class=\"skip-lazy knp--fixe\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/magicmaman.svg\" alt=\"Magicmaman\" style=\"--h:20px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li><li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"selectra\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"Selectra: view the publication\"><img class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/selectra.svg\" alt=\"Selectra\" style=\"--h:22px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li><li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"knp__logo\" data-media=\"next\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"Next: see the publication\"><img class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/medias-presse\/next.svg\" alt=\"Next\" style=\"--h:20px\" decoding=\"async\"><\/button><\/li><li class=\"knp__item\"><button type=\"button\" 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conseille sur son site Internet de proc\u00e9der avec m\u00e9thode en l'absence de mesures suffisantes face \u00e0 une forte chaleur.\",\"auteur\":\"Les Echos\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"ouest-france\":{\"nom\":\"Ouest-France\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Elle a laiss\u00e9 son fils b\u00e2tir sa maison au fond de son terrain, sans rien signer chez le notaire : 20 ans plus tard, \u00e0 la succession, la maison n'\u00e9tait pas \u00e0 lui\",\"date\":\"2026-10-06\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/pause-maison.ouest-france.fr\/elle-a-laisse-son-fils-batir-sa-maison-au-fond-de-son-terrain-sans-rien-signer-chez-le-notaire-20-ans-plus-tard-a-la-succession-la-maison-n-etait-pas-a-lui\",\"citation\":\"Selon le cabinet Kohen Avocats, cinq informations doivent \u00eatre r\u00e9unies avant toute analyse.\",\"auteur\":\"Pause Maison, Ouest-France\",\"paraphrase\":true},{\"titre\":\"Auchan devient Lidl : ce que change (ou pas) votre cr\u00e9dit Oney en 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Kohen\"}]},\"marie-claire\":{\"nom\":\"Marie Claire\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Des plafonds de 31 et 62 jours : tout comprendre \u00e0 la nouvelle r\u00e9forme des arr\u00eats de travail\",\"date\":\"2026-09-01\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.marieclaire.fr\/reforme-arret-de-travail-septembre-2026-plafonds-droits-salaries,1519083.asp\",\"citation\":\"Pour une pathologie longue, l'arr\u00eat initial sera suivi de prolongations successives, chacune r\u00e9\u00e9valu\u00e9e par le praticien.\",\"auteur\":\"Me Hassan Kohen\"}]},\"psychologies\":{\"nom\":\"Psychologies\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Ce changement dans la loi sur le consentement pourrait tout changer pour les victimes de viol, et voici pourquoi\",\"date\":\"2025-06-18\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.psychologies.com\/actualites\/societe\/changement-loi-consentement-pourrait-tout-changer-victimes-viol-604168\",\"citation\":\"[\u2026] la charge de la preuve incombe \u00e0 l'accusation, et le doute doit syst\u00e9matiquement profiter 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kohenavocats.fr parmi ses sources.\",\"auteur\":\"20 Minutes\",\"paraphrase\":true},{\"titre\":\"Le coup de vent de mercredi a couch\u00e9 mon vieux cerisier sur la v\u00e9randa du voisin : \u00e0 l'assurance, j'ai compris pourquoi \u00ab c'est la faute du vent \u00bb ne suffirait pas\",\"date\":\"2026-10-08\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/journaldesseniors.20minutes.fr\/actualite\/le-coup-de-vent-de-mercredi-a-couche-mon-vieux-cerisier-sur-la-veranda-du-voisin-a-l-assurance-j-ai-compris-pourquoi-c-est-la-faute-du-vent-ne-suffirait-pas\",\"citation\":\"L'article cite une analyse de kohenavocats.fr parmi ses sources.\",\"auteur\":\"20 Minutes\",\"paraphrase\":true},{\"titre\":\"J'ai fait isoler le plafond de ma cave juste pour toucher une prime, apr\u00e8s un simple appel : les pr\u00e9l\u00e8vements sont tomb\u00e9s, alors que ce contrat \u00e9tait 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fra\u00eechement isol\u00e9s juste pour y faire entrer la lumi\u00e8re : un an plus tard, c\u2019est la mairie qui a tout recompt\u00e9\",\"date\":\"2026-10-07\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/maison.20minutes.fr\/mm151832-jai-fait-percer-le-toit-de-mes-combles-fraichement-isoles-juste-pour-y-faire-entrer-la-lumiere-un-an-plus-tard-cest-la-mairie-qui-a-tout-recompte\",\"citation\":\"L'article cite une analyse de kohenavocats.fr parmi ses sources.\",\"auteur\":\"20 Minutes\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"wikipedia\":{\"nom\":\"Wikip\u00e9dia\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Rupture conventionnelle du contrat de travail\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rupture_conventionnelle_du_contrat_de_travail\",\"citation\":\"Le cabinet y est cit\u00e9 en r\u00e9f\u00e9rence : \u00ab La rupture conventionnelle \u00e0 l'\u00e9preuve de la loi du 11 juin 2026 : l'inflexion d'un dispositif entre libert\u00e9 contractuelle et ma\u00eetrise des deniers publics 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Awwwards\"}]},\"pappers\":{\"nom\":\"Pappers\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Divorce du dirigeant : ce que le r\u00e9gime matrimonial change pour votre soci\u00e9t\u00e9\",\"date\":\"2026-09-04\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.pappers.fr\/gestion-entreprise\/divorce-dirigeant-regime-matrimonial\",\"citation\":\"Le dirigeant a int\u00e9r\u00eat \u00e0 faire travailler ensemble son expert-comptable, son notaire et un avocat sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 en droit de la famille \u00e0 Paris.\",\"auteur\":\"Pappers\",\"paraphrase\":true},{\"titre\":\"Ma\u00eetre KOHEN Reda, avocat \u00e0 Paris\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/justice.pappers.fr\/avocat\/kohen-reda-75017\",\"citation\":\"Fiche de Me Reda Kohen sur Pappers Justice, avec les d\u00e9cisions de justice publi\u00e9es o\u00f9 il est intervenu.\",\"auteur\":\"Pappers Justice\",\"paraphrase\":true,\"libelle\":\"Voir la fiche sur Pappers Justice\"}]},\"leboncoin\":{\"nom\":\"Leboncoin\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Bouilloires thermiques : bient\u00f4t interdites \u00e0 la location ?\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.leboncoin.fr\/guide\/immobilier\/bouilloires-thermiques-bientot-interdites-a-la-location-hfpj70o6.html\",\"citation\":\"Le guide immobilier cite une analyse de kohenavocats.fr parmi ses sources.\",\"auteur\":\"Leboncoin\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"femme-actuelle\":{\"nom\":\"Femme Actuelle\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"S\u00e9paration ou divorce : quelle banque et quel cr\u00e9dit pour repartir sur de bonnes bases ?\",\"date\":\"2026-09-30\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.femmeactuelle.fr\/vie-pratique\/news-vie-pratique\/separation-ou-divorce-quelle-banque-et-quel-credit-pour-repartir-sur-de-bonnes-bases-2211980\",\"citation\":\"L'article cite une analyse de kohenavocats.com parmi ses sources.\",\"auteur\":\"Femme Actuelle\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"economie-matin\":{\"nom\":\"\u00c9conomie Matin\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Nouveau bail 2026 : ce que les propri\u00e9taires doivent anticiper d\u00e8s maintenant\",\"date\":\"2026-09-10\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.economiematin.fr\/bail-nouveau-2026-proprietaires-anticiper\",\"citation\":\"Sur le d\u00e9cret n\u00b0 2026-596 du 7 juillet 2026, l'article renvoie \u00e0 l'analyse publi\u00e9e par le cabinet.\",\"auteur\":\"\u00c9conomie Matin\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"la-voix-du-nord\":{\"nom\":\"La Voix du Nord\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Que risquent les personnes qui ach\u00e8tent des objets vol\u00e9s le 17 octobre ?\",\"date\":\"2026-10-19\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.lavoixdunord.fr\/1747700\/article\/2026-10-19\/que-risquent-les-personnes-qui-achetent-des-objets-voles-le-17-octobre\",\"citation\":\"L\u2019infraction suppose la connaissance de l\u2019origine : savoir que l\u2019objet provient d\u2019un vol.\",\"auteur\":\"Me Hassan Kohen\"}]},\"sortir-a-paris\":{\"nom\":\"Sortir \u00e0 Paris\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Manifestation du 24 octobre \u00e0 Paris : parcours, nouvelles stations ferm\u00e9es, les infos\",\"date\":\"2026-10-20\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.sortiraparis.com\/actualites\/a-paris\/articles\/355171-manifestation-du-24-octobre-a-paris-parcours-nouvelles-stations-fermees-les-infos\",\"citation\":\"Sur le d\u00e9lai de d\u00e9claration d\u2019une manifestation \u00e0 Paris, l\u2019article renvoie \u00e0 l\u2019analyse du cabinet, pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 comme \u00ab un avocat p\u00e9naliste parisien \u00bb.\",\"auteur\":\"Sortir \u00e0 Paris\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"science-et-vie\":{\"nom\":\"Science \\u0026 Vie\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Canicule : sans climatisation, ces quelques gestes simples permettraient de faire chuter la temp\u00e9rature de votre logement\",\"date\":\"2026-07-07\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.science-et-vie.com\/nature-et-environnement\/climat\/canicule-sans-climatisation-quelques-gestes-simples-permettraient-de-faire-chuter-la-temperature-de-votre-logement-247975.html\",\"citation\":\"L\u2019article renvoie \u00e0 deux analyses du cabinet : l\u2019obligation de d\u00e9livrer un logement d\u00e9cent pendant toute la dur\u00e9e du bail et l\u2019ordonnance du tribunal judiciaire de B\u00e9ziers du 31 mars 2026 sur une climatisation install\u00e9e sans autorisation.\",\"auteur\":\"Science \\u0026 Vie\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"frandroid\":{\"nom\":\"Frandroid\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Fin de Rakuten France : comment r\u00e9cup\u00e9rer vos factures, vos garanties et vos points Club R\",\"date\":\"2026-09-30\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.frandroid.com\/culture-tech\/web\/3266559_fin-de-rakuten-france-comment-recuperer-vos-factures-vos-garanties-et-vos-points-club-r\",\"citation\":\"Le cabinet Kohen Avocats leur conseille de retirer cet argent et de t\u00e9l\u00e9charger tout leur historique avant le 10 novembre.\",\"auteur\":\"Frandroid\",\"paraphrase\":true},{\"titre\":\"Goutte-\u00e0-goutte et inondation : que faire quand la climatisation du voisin ruine votre terrasse ?\",\"date\":\"2026-07-28\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.frandroid.com\/produits-android\/maison-connectee\/climatiseur\/3196305_goutte-a-goutte-et-inondation-que-faire-quand-la-climatisation-du-voisin-ruine-votre-terrasse\",\"citation\":\"L\u2019article renvoie \u00e0 la grille de lecture juridique publi\u00e9e par le cabinet sur les condensats de climatisation en copropri\u00e9t\u00e9.\",\"auteur\":\"Frandroid\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"magicmaman\":{\"nom\":\"Magicmaman\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Vous vivez en immeuble et vous n\u2019avez toujours pas de chauffage cet automne ? Voil\u00e0 pourquoi\",\"date\":\"2026-10-25\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.magicmaman.com\/vous-vivez-en-immeuble-et-vous-n-avez-toujours-pas-de-chauffage-cet-automne-voila-pourquoi,3787269.asp\",\"citation\":\"Cette date nationale n\u2019existe pas. La loi ne fixe pas un calendrier d\u2019allumage commun \u00e0 tous les immeubles.\",\"auteur\":\"Cabinet Kohen Avocats\"}]},\"selectra\":{\"nom\":\"Selectra\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Reflet des panneaux solaires du voisin : l\u2019argument qui a d\u00e9j\u00e0 fait condamner un propri\u00e9taire \u00e0 les retirer\",\"date\":\"2026-09-24\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/selectra.info\/energie\/actualites\/marche\/panneaux-solaires-voisin-eblouissement\",\"citation\":\"Sur l\u2019arr\u00eat de la cour d\u2019appel de N\u00eemes du 3 avril 2025 (n\u00b0 22\/02456), l\u2019article renvoie \u00e0 l\u2019analyse publi\u00e9e par le cabinet.\",\"auteur\":\"Selectra\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"next\":{\"nom\":\"Next\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Fin de Bloctel, interdiction du d\u00e9marchage d\u00e8s le 11 ao\u00fbt : on fait le point\",\"date\":\"2026-08-04\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/next.ink\/249950\/fin-de-bloctel-interdiction-du-demarchage-des-le-11-aout-on-fait-le-point\/\",\"citation\":\"Selon le cabinet Kohen Avocats, les jurisprudences dans ce secteur devraient \u00ab \u00e9clairer la port\u00e9e du futur r\u00e9gime \u00bb.\",\"auteur\":\"Next\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"actu-juridique\":{\"nom\":\"Actu-Juridique\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Magistrature et franc-ma\u00e7onnerie : que dit le droit ?\",\"date\":\"2026-09-22\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.actu-juridique.fr\/professions\/magistrats\/magistrature-et-franc-maconnerie-stupeur-et-evitements\/\",\"citation\":\"L\u2019article cite en r\u00e9f\u00e9rence l\u2019analyse de Ma\u00eetre Hassan Kohen, avocat en droit p\u00e9nal \u00e0 Paris, sur l\u2019avis du Coll\u00e8ge de d\u00e9ontologie du 9 juin 2026.\",\"auteur\":\"Actu-Juridique\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"batiweb\":{\"nom\":\"Batiweb\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Mayotte : Lecornu veut un \u00ab choc de mises en chantier \u00bb\",\"date\":\"2026-08-27\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.batiweb.com\/actualites\/urbanisme\/reconstruction-mayotte-lecornu-choc-mises-chantier-49208\",\"citation\":\"Sur les autorisations d\u2019urbanisme n\u00e9cessaires \u00e0 la reconstruction de Mayotte, l\u2019article cite les explications de Me Reda Kohen.\",\"auteur\":\"Batiweb\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"berliner-zeitung\":{\"nom\":\"Berliner Zeitung\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Null Euro Miete, daf\u00fcr Quizabende mit Rentnern: Wie eine 18-J\u00e4hrige ins Seniorenheim zog\",\"date\":\"2026-09-21\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.berliner-zeitung.de\/article\/null-euro-miete-dafuer-quizabende-mit-rentnern-wie-eine-18-jaehrige-ins-seniorenheim-zog-10414380\",\"citation\":\"Der Pariser Anwalt Reda Kohen ordnet das Modell als Gebrauchsleihe ein: Die Wohnung wird \u00fcberlassen, nicht vermietet.\",\"auteur\":\"Berliner Zeitung\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"startupitalia\":{\"nom\":\"StartupItalia\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"Quasi 13 miliardi di dollari di Nvidia per la sconosciuta Hugging Face. Chi vende picconi decide di comprare la miniera\",\"date\":\"2026-09-04\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/startupitalia.eu\/tech\/tredici-miliardi-per-unazienda-sconosciuta-ecco-su-cosa-si-basa-la-scommessa-di-nvidia-con-hugging-face\/\",\"citation\":\"Come ha ricostruito l\u2019avvocato parigino Reda Kohen, la competenza di Bruxelles non dipende dal prezzo ma dai fatturati delle parti.\",\"auteur\":\"StartupItalia\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"beincrypto\":{\"nom\":\"BeInCrypto\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"France Wants to Tax Crypto Holders Before They Sell\",\"date\":\"2026-10-11\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/beincrypto.com\/france-crypto-exit-tax-unsold-gains\/\",\"citation\":\"Left-wing deputy Nicolas Sansu filed it with 16 co-signers, and the National Assembly\u2019s finance committee adopted it on October 8, according to a Paris law firm.\",\"auteur\":\"BeInCrypto\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"kucoin\":{\"nom\":\"KuCoin\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"France Proposes Exit Tax on Crypto Holders with Over \u20ac800,000 in Unrealized Gains\",\"date\":\"2026-10-11\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.kucoin.com\/news\/flash\/france-proposes-exit-tax-on-crypto-holders-with-over-800-000-in-unrealized-gains\",\"citation\":\"Left-wing deputy Nicolas Sansu filed it with 16 co-signers, and the National Assembly\u2019s finance committee adopted it on October 8, according to a Paris law firm.\",\"auteur\":\"KuCoin\",\"paraphrase\":true}]},\"finst\":{\"nom\":\"Finst\",\"articles\":[{\"titre\":\"France Wants to Tax Crypto Before You Sell\",\"date\":\"2026-10-11\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/news.finst.com\/en\/articles\/france-wants-to-tax-crypto-before-sale\",\"citation\":\"According to a Paris law firm, the National Assembly's finance committee approved the plan on October 8.\",\"auteur\":\"Finst\",\"paraphrase\":true}]}}<\/script>\n<script nowprocket data-no-optimize=\"1\" data-no-defer=\"1\">\n(function(){\nvar EN=!\/^fr\/i.test(document.documentElement.lang||'fr');\nvar 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class=\"opt-top\">Lawyer<\/span>\n                <h3 class=\"opt-title\">INSURANCE LAW<\/h3>\n                <span class=\"opt-bottom\">Paris<\/span>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/business-law-attorneys-paris-75017\/bank-account-seizure-lawyer\/\" class=\"opt-card\">\n            <div class=\"opt-card-bg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kohen-v3-expertises\/kohen-fr-carte-saisie-attribution-800.webp\" srcset=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kohen-v3-expertises\/kohen-fr-carte-saisie-attribution-400.webp 400w, https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kohen-v3-expertises\/kohen-fr-carte-saisie-attribution-800.webp 800w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width:767px) 280px,320px\" width=\"800\" height=\"1000\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Garnishment order lawyer Paris\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"opt-card-content\">\n                <span class=\"opt-top\">Lawyer<\/span>\n                <h3 class=\"opt-title\">GARNISHMENT ORDERS<\/h3>\n                <span class=\"opt-bottom\">Paris<\/span>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/commercial-litigation-lawyer-paris\/\" class=\"opt-card\">\n            <div class=\"opt-card-bg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/echecs-cartes-plein-cadre-20261011\/echecs-plein-44-800.webp\" srcset=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/echecs-cartes-plein-cadre-20261011\/echecs-plein-44-400.webp 400w, https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/echecs-cartes-plein-cadre-20261011\/echecs-plein-44-800.webp 800w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width:767px) 280px,320px\" width=\"800\" height=\"1219\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Commercial litigation lawyer Paris\" style=\"object-fit:cover;object-position:50% 50%;\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"opt-card-content\">\n                <span class=\"opt-top\">Lawyer<\/span>\n                <h3 class=\"opt-title\">COMMERCIAL LITIGATION<\/h3>\n                <span class=\"opt-bottom\">Paris<\/span>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/business-law-attorneys-paris-75017\/contract-drafting-lawyer\/\" class=\"opt-card\">\n            <div class=\"opt-card-bg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/echecs-cartes-plein-cadre-20261011\/echecs-plein-66-800.webp\" srcset=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/echecs-cartes-plein-cadre-20261011\/echecs-plein-66-400.webp 400w, https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/echecs-cartes-plein-cadre-20261011\/echecs-plein-66-800.webp 800w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width:767px) 280px,320px\" width=\"800\" height=\"1131\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Commercial contract drafting lawyer Paris\" style=\"object-fit:cover;object-position:50% 50%;\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"opt-card-content\">\n                <span class=\"opt-top\">Lawyer<\/span>\n                <h3 class=\"opt-title\">CONTRACT DRAFTING<\/h3>\n                <span class=\"opt-bottom\">Paris<\/span>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/company-law-lawyer-paris\/\" class=\"opt-card\">\n            <div class=\"opt-card-bg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/echecs-cartes-plein-cadre-20261011\/echecs-plein-16-800.webp\" srcset=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/echecs-cartes-plein-cadre-20261011\/echecs-plein-16-400.webp 400w, https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/echecs-cartes-plein-cadre-20261011\/echecs-plein-16-800.webp 800w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width:767px) 280px,320px\" width=\"800\" height=\"1062\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Company law lawyer Paris\" style=\"object-fit:cover;object-position:50% 50%;\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"opt-card-content\">\n                <span class=\"opt-top\">Lawyer<\/span>\n                <h3 class=\"opt-title\">COMPANY LAW<\/h3>\n                <span class=\"opt-bottom\">Paris<\/span>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/business-law-attorneys-paris-75017\/distressed-business-lawyer\/\" class=\"opt-card\">\n            <div class=\"opt-card-bg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/echecs-cartes-plein-cadre-20261011\/echecs-plein-48-800.webp\" srcset=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/echecs-cartes-plein-cadre-20261011\/echecs-plein-48-400.webp 400w, https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/echecs-cartes-plein-cadre-20261011\/echecs-plein-48-800.webp 800w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width:767px) 280px,320px\" width=\"800\" height=\"854\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Businesses in difficulty lawyer Paris\" style=\"object-fit:cover;object-position:50% 50%;\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"opt-card-content\">\n                <span class=\"opt-top\">Lawyer<\/span>\n                <h3 class=\"opt-title\">BUSINESSES IN DIFFICULTY<\/h3>\n                <span class=\"opt-bottom\">Paris<\/span>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.com\/home\/avocats-abus-biens-sociaux-paris\/\" class=\"opt-card\">\n            <div class=\"opt-card-bg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/echecs-cartes-plein-cadre-20261011\/echecs-plein-09-800.webp\" srcset=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/echecs-cartes-plein-cadre-20261011\/echecs-plein-09-400.webp 400w, https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/echecs-cartes-plein-cadre-20261011\/echecs-plein-09-800.webp 800w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width:767px) 280px,320px\" width=\"800\" height=\"1037\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Misuse of company assets lawyer Paris\" style=\"object-fit:cover;object-position:50% 50%;\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"opt-card-content\">\n                <span class=\"opt-top\">Lawyer<\/span>\n                <h3 class=\"opt-title\">MISUSE OF COMPANY ASSETS<\/h3>\n                <span class=\"opt-bottom\">Paris<\/span>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/business-law-attorneys-paris-75017\/m-and-a-lawyer\/\" class=\"opt-card\">\n            <div class=\"opt-card-bg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/echecs-cartes-plein-cadre-20261011\/echecs-plein-16-800.webp\" srcset=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/echecs-cartes-plein-cadre-20261011\/echecs-plein-16-400.webp 400w, https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/echecs-cartes-plein-cadre-20261011\/echecs-plein-16-800.webp 800w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width:767px) 280px,320px\" width=\"800\" height=\"1062\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Mergers and acquisitions lawyer Paris\" style=\"object-fit:cover;object-position:50% 50%;\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"opt-card-content\">\n                <span class=\"opt-top\">Lawyer<\/span>\n                <h3 class=\"opt-title\">MERGERS & ACQUISITIONS<\/h3>\n                <span class=\"opt-bottom\">Paris<\/span>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/business-law-attorneys-paris-75017\/business-sale-lawyer\/\" class=\"opt-card\">\n            <div class=\"opt-card-bg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/echecs-cartes-plein-cadre-20261011\/echecs-plein-42-800.webp\" srcset=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/echecs-cartes-plein-cadre-20261011\/echecs-plein-42-400.webp 400w, https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/echecs-cartes-plein-cadre-20261011\/echecs-plein-42-800.webp 800w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width:767px) 280px,320px\" width=\"800\" height=\"1137\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Sale of a business lawyer Paris\" style=\"object-fit:cover;object-position:50% 50%;\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"opt-card-content\">\n                <span class=\"opt-top\">Lawyer<\/span>\n                <h3 class=\"opt-title\">SALE OF A BUSINESS<\/h3>\n                <span class=\"opt-bottom\">Paris<\/span>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/business-law-attorneys-paris-75017\/due-diligence-lawyer\/\" class=\"opt-card\">\n            <div class=\"opt-card-bg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/echecs-cartes-plein-cadre-20261011\/echecs-plein-05-800.webp\" srcset=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/echecs-cartes-plein-cadre-20261011\/echecs-plein-05-400.webp 400w, https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/echecs-cartes-plein-cadre-20261011\/echecs-plein-05-800.webp 800w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width:767px) 280px,320px\" width=\"800\" height=\"1319\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Due diligence audit lawyer Paris\" style=\"object-fit:cover;object-position:50% 30%;\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"opt-card-content\">\n                <span class=\"opt-top\">Lawyer<\/span>\n                <h3 class=\"opt-title\">AUDIT & DUE DILIGENCE<\/h3>\n                <span class=\"opt-bottom\">Paris<\/span>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/business-law-attorneys-paris-75017\/warranty-and-indemnity-lawyer\/\" class=\"opt-card\">\n            <div class=\"opt-card-bg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/echecs-cartes-plein-cadre-20261011\/echecs-plein-82-800.webp\" srcset=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/echecs-cartes-plein-cadre-20261011\/echecs-plein-82-400.webp 400w, https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/echecs-cartes-plein-cadre-20261011\/echecs-plein-82-800.webp 800w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width:767px) 280px,320px\" width=\"800\" height=\"1073\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Warranty and indemnity agreement lawyer Paris\" style=\"object-fit:cover;object-position:50% 50%;\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"opt-card-content\">\n                <span class=\"opt-top\">Lawyer<\/span>\n                <h3 class=\"opt-title\">WARRANTY & INDEMNITY AGREEMENTS<\/h3>\n                <span class=\"opt-bottom\">Paris<\/span>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/business-law-attorneys-paris-75017\/business-sale-agreement-lawyer\/\" class=\"opt-card\">\n            <div class=\"opt-card-bg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/echecs-cartes-plein-cadre-20261011\/echecs-plein-36-800.webp\" srcset=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/echecs-cartes-plein-cadre-20261011\/echecs-plein-36-400.webp 400w, https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/echecs-cartes-plein-cadre-20261011\/echecs-plein-36-800.webp 800w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width:767px) 280px,320px\" width=\"800\" height=\"1062\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Business sale and purchase agreement lawyer Paris\" style=\"object-fit:cover;object-position:50% 50%;\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"opt-card-content\">\n                <span class=\"opt-top\">Lawyer<\/span>\n                <h3 class=\"opt-title\">SALE AND PURCHASE AGREEMENTS<\/h3>\n                <span class=\"opt-bottom\">Paris<\/span>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/business-law-attorneys-paris-75017\/commercial-contracts-lawyer\/\" class=\"opt-card\">\n            <div class=\"opt-card-bg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/echecs-cartes-plein-cadre-20261011\/echecs-plein-27-800.webp\" srcset=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/echecs-cartes-plein-cadre-20261011\/echecs-plein-27-400.webp 400w, https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/echecs-cartes-plein-cadre-20261011\/echecs-plein-27-800.webp 800w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width:767px) 280px,320px\" width=\"800\" height=\"1422\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Commercial contracts and franchise lawyer Paris\" style=\"object-fit:cover;object-position:50% 50%;\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"opt-card-content\">\n                <span class=\"opt-top\">Lawyer<\/span>\n                <h3 class=\"opt-title\">DISTRIBUTION & FRANCHISE<\/h3>\n                <span class=\"opt-bottom\">Paris<\/span>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/business-law-attorneys-paris-75017\/terms-of-sale-lawyer\/\" class=\"opt-card\">\n            <div class=\"opt-card-bg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/echecs-cartes-plein-cadre-20261011\/echecs-plein-36-800.webp\" srcset=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/echecs-cartes-plein-cadre-20261011\/echecs-plein-36-400.webp 400w, https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/echecs-cartes-plein-cadre-20261011\/echecs-plein-36-800.webp 800w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width:767px) 280px,320px\" width=\"800\" height=\"1062\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"General terms of sale lawyer Paris\" style=\"object-fit:cover;object-position:50% 50%;\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"opt-card-content\">\n                <span class=\"opt-top\">Lawyer<\/span>\n                <h3 class=\"opt-title\">GENERAL TERMS OF SALE (CGV)<\/h3>\n                <span class=\"opt-bottom\">Paris<\/span>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/business-law-attorneys-paris-75017\/commercial-agent-lawyer\/\" class=\"opt-card\">\n            <div class=\"opt-card-bg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/echecs-cartes-plein-cadre-20261011\/echecs-plein-56-800.webp\" srcset=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/echecs-cartes-plein-cadre-20261011\/echecs-plein-56-400.webp 400w, https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/echecs-cartes-plein-cadre-20261011\/echecs-plein-56-800.webp 800w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width:767px) 280px,320px\" width=\"800\" height=\"967\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Commercial agent lawyer Paris\" style=\"object-fit:cover;object-position:50% 50%;\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"opt-card-content\">\n                <span class=\"opt-top\">Lawyer<\/span>\n                <h3 class=\"opt-title\">COMMERCIAL AGENTS - VRP<\/h3>\n                <span class=\"opt-bottom\">Paris<\/span>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/business-law-attorneys-paris-75017\/unfair-competition-lawyer\/\" class=\"opt-card\">\n            <div class=\"opt-card-bg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/echecs-cartes-plein-cadre-20261011\/echecs-plein-11-800.webp\" srcset=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/echecs-cartes-plein-cadre-20261011\/echecs-plein-11-400.webp 400w, https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/echecs-cartes-plein-cadre-20261011\/echecs-plein-11-800.webp 800w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width:767px) 280px,320px\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Unfair competition lawyer Paris\" style=\"object-fit:cover;object-position:50% 50%;\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"opt-card-content\">\n                <span class=\"opt-top\">Lawyer<\/span>\n                <h3 class=\"opt-title\">UNFAIR COMPETITION<\/h3>\n                <span class=\"opt-bottom\">Paris<\/span>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/business-law-attorneys-paris-75017\/insolvency-proceedings-lawyer\/\" class=\"opt-card\">\n            <div class=\"opt-card-bg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/echecs-cartes-plein-cadre-20261011\/echecs-plein-48-800.webp\" srcset=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/echecs-cartes-plein-cadre-20261011\/echecs-plein-48-400.webp 400w, https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/echecs-cartes-plein-cadre-20261011\/echecs-plein-48-800.webp 800w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width:767px) 280px,320px\" width=\"800\" height=\"854\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Insolvency proceedings lawyer Paris\" style=\"object-fit:cover;object-position:50% 50%;\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"opt-card-content\">\n                <span class=\"opt-top\">Lawyer<\/span>\n                <h3 class=\"opt-title\">INSOLVENCY PROCEEDINGS<\/h3>\n                <span class=\"opt-bottom\">Paris<\/span>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/business-law-attorneys-paris-75017\/debt-recovery-lawyer\/\" class=\"opt-card\">\n            <div class=\"opt-card-bg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/echecs-cartes-plein-cadre-20261011\/echecs-plein-09-800.webp\" srcset=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/echecs-cartes-plein-cadre-20261011\/echecs-plein-09-400.webp 400w, https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/echecs-cartes-plein-cadre-20261011\/echecs-plein-09-800.webp 800w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width:767px) 280px,320px\" width=\"800\" height=\"1037\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Debt recovery lawyer Paris\" style=\"object-fit:cover;object-position:50% 50%;\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"opt-card-content\">\n                <span class=\"opt-top\">Lawyer<\/span>\n                <h3 class=\"opt-title\">DEBT RECOVERY<\/h3>\n                <span class=\"opt-bottom\">Paris<\/span>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<style>\n\/* ================= CSS \"Droit des Affaires\" ================= *\/\n\n#slider-affaires-seo {\n    position: relative;\n    width: 100%;\n    max-width: 100%;\n    margin: 0 auto;\n    padding-bottom: 20px;\n    background: transparent;\n    font-family: 'Lato', sans-serif !important;\n    box-sizing: border-box;\n}\n\n#slider-affaires-seo * {\n    box-sizing: border-box;\n}\n\n\/* Header *\/\n#slider-affaires-seo .opt-section-header {\n    text-align: center;\n    padding: 30px 20px 40px 20px;\n}\n\n#slider-affaires-seo .opt-section-header h2 {\n    font-family: 'Lato', sans-serif !important;\n    font-weight: 400 !important;\n    font-size: clamp(20px, 2vw, 30px) !important;\n    color: #212121 !important;\n    margin: 0 !important;\n    line-height: 1.2 !important;\n}\n#slider-affaires-seo .highlight { color: #E09019 !important; font-style: italic; font-weight: 700; }\n\n\/* Scroll Container *\/\n#slider-affaires-seo .custom-slider-scroll {\n    display: flex;\n    overflow-x: auto;\n    gap: 15px;\n    padding: 20px 40px 60px 40px;\n    scroll-snap-type: x mandatory;\n    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700 clamp(24px, 3vw, 34px)\/1.18 Lato, Inter, sans-serif !important; color: #1A1A1A !important; margin: 0 0 14px !important; letter-spacing: 0 !important; }\n.hkx6-business-intent p { font: 400 16px\/1.7 Lato, Inter, sans-serif; color: #3F4652; margin: 0 0 18px; }\n.hkx6-business-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr)); gap: 12px; margin: 22px 0 8px; }\n.hkx6-business-item { border: 1px solid #EDF0F4; border-radius: 10px; background: #FFFFFF; padding: 16px; }\n.hkx6-business-item strong { display: block; font: 700 15px\/1.35 Lato, Inter, sans-serif; color: #1A1A1A; margin: 0 0 6px; }\n.hkx6-business-item span { display: block; font: 400 14px\/1.55 Lato, Inter, sans-serif; color: #56616F; }\n.hkx6-business-links { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 10px; margin-top: 22px; }\n.hkx6-business-links a { color: #9A5F0D; background: #FFF7EA; border: 1px solid #F1D6AA; border-radius: 999px; padding: 9px 13px; text-decoration: none; font: 700 14px\/1.2 Lato, Inter, sans-serif; }\n.hkx6-business-links a:hover { background: #E09019; color: #FFFFFF; }\n@media (max-width: 760px) { .hkx6-business-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; } .hkx6-business-intent-card { padding: 20px; } .hkx6-business-links { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 1fr; } }\n<\/style>\n\n<section class=\"hkx6-business-intent\" aria-labelledby=\"hkx6-business-intent-title\">\n  <div class=\"hkx6-business-intent-card\">\n    <h2 id=\"hkx6-business-intent-title\">Business lawyer in Paris: the situations we handle<\/h2>\n    <p>As a business lawyer in Paris, the firm steps in when a company director's decision must be secured quickly: a contract to sign, an acquisition to audit, a sale to negotiate, an unpaid commercial debt, unfair competition or a dispute between shareholders.<\/p>\n    <div class=\"hkx6-business-grid\">\n      <div class=\"hkx6-business-item\"><strong>Acquisition, sale, sale and purchase agreement<\/strong><span>Legal audit, letter of intent, warranty and indemnity agreement, price clauses and closing timetable.<\/span><\/div>\n      <div class=\"hkx6-business-item\"><strong>Commercial contracts and general terms of sale<\/strong><span>Drafting, negotiation and correction of sensitive clauses in light of the binding force of contracts.<\/span><\/div>\n      <div class=\"hkx6-business-item\"><strong>Unfair competition and parasitism<\/strong><span>Evidence to gather, formal notice, urgent application, assessment of the loss and action before the competent court.<\/span><\/div>\n      <div class=\"hkx6-business-item\"><strong>Commercial litigation in Paris<\/strong><span>Writ of summons, payment order, sudden termination of an established commercial relationship and defence of the company director.<\/span><\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"hkx6-business-links\" aria-label=\"Useful business law pages\">\n      <a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/business-law-attorneys-paris-75017\/m-and-a-lawyer\/\">Mergers and acquisitions (M&amp;A)<\/a>\n      <a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/business-law-attorneys-paris-75017\/business-sale-lawyer\/\">Sale of a business<\/a>\n      <a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/business-law-attorneys-paris-75017\/terms-of-sale-lawyer\/\">General terms of sale<\/a>\n      <a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/business-law-attorneys-paris-75017\/unfair-competition-lawyer\/\">Unfair competition<\/a>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n\n<style>\n@media (max-width: 480px) {\n  body .hk-footer-avocat { width: min(100vw, 390px) !important; max-width: 100vw !important; }\n  body .hk-footer-avocat img { width: 100% !important; max-width: 100% !important; }\n}\n<\/style>\n\n<!-- faq-2026-06-12-affaires-faffdf1 -->\n<div class=\"hkx6-faq-wrapper\" id=\"faq-2026-06-12-affaires-faffdf1\">\n  <h2 class=\"hkx6-faq-title\">Frequently asked questions about business law<\/h2>\n  <div class=\"hkx6-faq-list\">\n    <details class=\"hkx6-faq-item\">\n      <summary class=\"hkx6-faq-question\">What is a business lawyer?<\/summary>\n      <div class=\"hkx6-faq-answer\"><p>A business lawyer is a legal professional specialised in advising companies and their directors. They act in every area connected with the life of a company: company formation, drafting of commercial contracts, commercial litigation, company law, mergers and acquisitions, commercial leases, restructuring and so on. Their role is both <strong>advisory<\/strong> (preventing legal risks and securing transactions beforehand) and <strong>contentious<\/strong> (defending the company in court in the event of a dispute).<\/p><p>In Paris, a business lawyer assists start-ups, small and medium-sized businesses and large companies alike with complex legal issues. They have in-depth expertise and a thorough knowledge of the Parisian business landscape, which allows them to propose solutions suited to local specifics while having a command of national and international regulations.<\/p><\/div>\n    <\/details>\n    <details class=\"hkx6-faq-item\">\n      <summary class=\"hkx6-faq-question\">When should you call on a business lawyer in Paris?<\/summary>\n      <div class=\"hkx6-faq-answer\"><p>It is advisable to consult a business lawyer as soon as you set up your company, in order to choose the most suitable legal form and to draft robust articles of association (statuts). You can also call on a lawyer when negotiating and drafting important contracts, for a fundraising, for the sale of a company, or in the event of a commercial dispute (a conflict with a customer, a supplier, a competitor or a shareholder). As a general rule, whenever your company faces a strategic decision or a significant legal risk, the involvement of a business lawyer is valuable to secure your steps and defend your interests.<\/p><p>In Paris, where business life is particularly dynamic and competitive, a business lawyer also acts preventively: legal audit of your contracts and internal processes, compliance with local and European regulations (personal data, commercial planning, etc.), and securing commercial relationships so that minor disagreements do not turn into litigation. Moreover, since January 2020, the Paris Commercial Court has required representation by a lawyer for any dispute above \u20ac10,000, a threshold quickly reached in many commercial disputes, which makes a lawyer indispensable in a good many proceedings.<\/p><\/div>\n    <\/details>\n    <details class=\"hkx6-faq-item\">\n      <summary class=\"hkx6-faq-question\">What is the difference between a business lawyer and an in-house counsel?<\/summary>\n      <div class=\"hkx6-faq-answer\"><p>Although they work on similar issues, a business lawyer and an in-house counsel have different statuses and roles. A business lawyer is a self-employed professional, registered with the Bar, who acts externally to advise and defend several clients. They can represent a company before the courts (right of audience) and are bound by absolute professional secrecy over their exchanges with their clients. They are called on for specific assignments or complex disputes requiring in-depth expertise and complete independence.<\/p><p>An in-house counsel, for their part, is an employee integrated within the company (generally in the legal department). They work internally, day to day, to handle routine legal questions, ensure the company's compliance and prevent risks. They cannot represent the company in court, and their advice does not have the absolute confidentiality of a lawyer's (internal exchanges can be seized in legal proceedings). In short, the in-house counsel acts mainly in prevention and internal support, whereas the business lawyer is an external expert engaged to defend the company's interests in the event of a specific need or dispute. The two professions are complementary: many large Parisian companies have an in-house legal department for day-to-day matters and call on business lawyers for strategic or contentious operations.<\/p><\/div>\n    <\/details>\n    <details class=\"hkx6-faq-item\">\n      <summary class=\"hkx6-faq-question\">What is the difference between business law and commercial law?<\/summary>\n      <div class=\"hkx6-faq-answer\"><p>Commercial law is a specific branch of business law that governs commercial acts and the relationships between traders. It covers, for example, the sale of goods, distribution agreements, commercial leases, invoice recovery procedures, unfair competition and so on. Commercial law is therefore concerned with commercial transactions and activities in the strict sense, generally between companies (B2B).<\/p><p>Business law is a broader concept that encompasses commercial law but is not limited to it. It also includes company law (formation, operation and governance of companies), corporate tax law, employment law as applied to the company (employer-employee relations), intellectual property law (trade marks, patents, etc.) in a business context, the law of civil and commercial contracts, and disciplines such as competition law, banking and financial law, and the law of insolvency proceedings (bankruptcies). In short, commercial law is one component of business law, which is much broader.<\/p><p>In practice, a business lawyer in Paris is well versed in commercial law <em>and<\/em> the other areas of law affecting the company, in order to offer comprehensive support. For example, the drafting of an important commercial contract may raise questions of tax law (VAT, taxation), intellectual property (trade mark licence clauses) or international law (if the contract is with a foreign partner), all matters falling within business law in the broad sense.<\/p><\/div>\n    <\/details>\n    <details class=\"hkx6-faq-item\">\n      <summary class=\"hkx6-faq-question\">How much does a consultation with a business lawyer in Paris cost?<\/summary>\n      <div class=\"hkx6-faq-answer\"><p>Fees for a first consultation with a business lawyer in Paris generally range between \u20ac150 and \u20ac300 incl. VAT for an appointment of about 45 minutes to 1 hour. This fee depends on the lawyer's experience, the complexity of your issue and sometimes the size of the firm (renowned firms in Paris's central business district often charge higher fees). At the firm, the first consultation is charged at \u20ac80 incl. VAT.<\/p><p>In Paris, the hourly rates of business lawyers are on average 30 to 40% higher than in provincial cities, reflecting the cost of living and the level of in-depth expertise required in often complex cases. However, many Parisian firms state the cost of the first consultation clearly on their website or when making an appointment, in order to ensure transparency with clients. Do not hesitate to ask in advance for the consultation fee and what it includes (for example, review of documents, preliminary analysis, etc.).<\/p><\/div>\n    <\/details>\n    <details class=\"hkx6-faq-item\">\n      <summary class=\"hkx6-faq-question\">How much does it cost to set up a company with a lawyer in Paris?<\/summary>\n      <div class=\"hkx6-faq-answer\"><p>Assistance from a lawyer when setting up a company in Paris generally costs between \u20ac1,500 and \u20ac3,500 excl. VAT (excluding taxes), depending on the complexity of your project. This amount generally covers: advice on the choice of legal form (SARL, SAS, SA, micro-enterprise, etc.), drafting of tailor-made articles of association, drafting of a shareholders' agreement if there are several shareholders, registration formalities (filing with the court registry, legal notice, obtaining the Kbis extract) and sometimes follow-up during the company's first months.<\/p><p>For a small, simple structure (e.g. a single-member SASU or a family SARL without a complex shareholders' agreement), fees are rather between \u20ac1,500 and \u20ac2,000.<\/p><p>For more complex projects involving, for example, several shareholders with specific clauses in the shareholders' agreement, contributions in kind requiring the involvement of a contributions auditor, or the setting up of remuneration plans (BSPCE, bonus shares), the budget can reach \u20ac3,000 to \u20ac5,000.<\/p><p>This initial investment may seem substantial, but it secures the birth of your company. Poorly drafted articles of association or omissions in the formalities can later lead to costly disputes between shareholders or refusals of registration. A business lawyer makes sure your company starts on sound legal foundations, which will spare you many pitfalls and later costs.<\/p><\/div>\n    <\/details>\n    <details class=\"hkx6-faq-item\">\n      <summary class=\"hkx6-faq-question\">How much does it cost to have a commercial contract drafted by a lawyer in Paris?<\/summary>\n      <div class=\"hkx6-faq-answer\"><p>The cost of having a commercial contract drafted by a lawyer in Paris depends on the nature of the contract and its complexity. On average, the following can be estimated:<\/p><p>Simple commercial contract (e.g. standard general terms of sale, basic services contract): from \u20ac800 to \u20ac1,500 excl. VAT.<\/p><p>Complex or strategic contract (e.g. exclusive distribution agreement, franchise agreement, SaaS IT contract, international partnership agreement): between \u20ac2,000 and \u20ac5,000 excl. VAT, or more for extremely specialised contracts.<\/p><p>Highly elaborate bespoke contract (e.g. merger and acquisition agreement, shareholders' agreement for a major fundraising): the budget can reach \u20ac5,000 to \u20ac10,000 excl. VAT or be charged on time spent according to the number of hours worked.<\/p><p>This fee generally includes an analysis of your needs and your particular situation, the drafting of the contract with tailor-made clauses, and then, where appropriate, exchanges with the opposing contracting party to negotiate and adjust certain clauses. In Paris, given the high standards of economic players, lawyers take care to draft very comprehensive contracts to prevent any future dispute. Using a generic template found online without legal review is strongly discouraged: a poorly adapted contract can cause considerable financial losses in the event of a dispute. Investing in a well-drafted contract is peace-of-mind insurance for your company.<\/p><\/div>\n    <\/details>\n    <details class=\"hkx6-faq-item\">\n      <summary class=\"hkx6-faq-question\">How much does commercial litigation cost with a lawyer in Paris?<\/summary>\n      <div class=\"hkx6-faq-answer\"><p>The cost of commercial litigation (a dispute brought before the court) with a lawyer in Paris can vary enormously depending on the nature of the case, its complexity and its duration. On average:<\/p><p>For a simple commercial dispute (e.g. recovery of an undisputed debt, payment order (injonction de payer) procedure): fees may be fixed at around \u20ac1,500 to \u20ac3,000 excl. VAT, especially if the case is resolved quickly or amicably.<\/p><p>For more complex litigation requiring several hearings, expert assessments, or involving significant financial stakes (e.g. dispute between shareholders, wrongful termination of a contract, unfair competition): a lawyer may charge on time spent at an hourly rate ranging from \u20ac200 to \u20ac400 excl. VAT per hour. The total bill may then reach \u20ac5,000 to \u20ac15,000 excl. VAT, or more, depending on the number of hours devoted to the case.<\/p><p>Some lawyers offer a success fee in addition to a basic fixed fee (for example, a percentage of the sums recovered or saved for the client), especially in cases involving the recovery of substantial debts or damages.<\/p><p>Important: since 2015, the law requires a written fee agreement between the lawyer and the client, specifying the method of billing (fixed fee, hourly, success) and the estimated budget. In Paris, lawyers are accustomed to detailing their fees in advance given the sums at stake. Do not hesitate to discuss from the outset the foreseeable cost of the proceedings and the options for controlling it (instalments, a cap on hours, etc.). Also bear in mind that losing a case may lead to an order to pay part of the opposing party's costs (Article 700 of the Code of Civil Procedure), in addition to your own costs.<\/p><\/div>\n    <\/details>\n    <details class=\"hkx6-faq-item\">\n      <summary class=\"hkx6-faq-question\">Does a business lawyer offer fixed-fee packages or subscriptions?<\/summary>\n      <div class=\"hkx6-faq-answer\"><p>Yes, more and more business law firms in Paris offer fixed-fee packages or monthly subscriptions tailored to the needs of their professional clients. These innovative formulas aim to give more visibility over the legal budget and to establish a long-term relationship with the client.<\/p><p>For example, a single fixed fee may be offered for a specific assignment: <em>turnkey setting up of an SAS<\/em>, <em>drafting of a standard contract<\/em>, <em>GDPR compliance<\/em>, etc. The client knows in advance the total cost and the deliverables included. Package prices are set according to an estimate of the time required and the added value provided.<\/p><p>As for legal subscriptions, they suit companies with regular needs. For a monthly amount typically ranging from \u20ac300 to \u20ac1,500 excl. VAT (depending on the scope of the services), the company can benefit each month from:<\/p><p>A volume of advisory hours (for example 2, 5 or 10 hours) to be used to ask a variety of legal questions, have documents reviewed or obtain quick consultations.<\/p><p>The review or drafting of a certain number of simple contracts.<\/p><p>Unlimited short telephone consultations for day-to-day questions.<\/p><p>Proactive legal monitoring (alerts on legal developments affecting the company, updates of standard documents, etc.).<\/p><p>This subscription formula is particularly advantageous for Paris start-ups and small and medium-sized businesses that do not yet have an in-house counsel: it gives them responsive legal advice, available at all times, at a controlled cost, often lower than a legal counsel's salary. Before taking out a subscription, it is advisable to define clearly with the lawyer the scope of the services included, the term of the commitment and the termination terms, so that the service corresponds precisely to your expectations.<\/p><\/div>\n    <\/details>\n    <details class=\"hkx6-faq-item\">\n      <summary class=\"hkx6-faq-question\">Which legal form should I choose for my company in Paris: SARL or SAS?<\/summary>\n      <div class=\"hkx6-faq-answer\"><p>The choice between a limited liability company (SARL, Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e0 Responsabilit\u00e9 Limit\u00e9e) and a simplified joint-stock company (SAS, Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 par Actions Simplifi\u00e9e) depends on the nature of your project and your objectives. Here are the main differences:<\/p><p>SARL: suited to family or small entrepreneurial projects, where the members know each other well. The SARL imposes a more rigid and secure framework (its operation is largely dictated by law, which leaves less freedom but prevents abuse). The majority manager falls under the self-employed (TNS) regime, which means that they contribute to a specific fund (SSI, formerly RSI) and benefit from a social security regime that is less costly than an employee's. On the other hand, the manager's net remuneration is less advantageous for the calculation of social security contributions (about 45% social charges, against 80% for an equivalent employee). The SARL is often chosen for its simplicity and its family social protection (the spouse may have the status of collaborating spouse, for example).<\/p><p>SAS: highly popular in Paris, the SAS offers great flexibility of operation and governance. The shareholders can organise the management of the company with considerable latitude in the articles of association: they can provide for a Chairman, possibly a Managing Director, a Board of Directors, and so on, or on the contrary a lighter structure. The SAS is ideal for attracting investors (investment funds, business angels) because new shares can easily be issued, categories of preferred shares can be created, and so on. The SAS director has the status of employee-equivalent (assimil\u00e9-salari\u00e9: they contribute like a salaried executive, with about 80% social charges on their remuneration, but benefit from the protection of the general social security regime). SAS are also favoured for setting up stock-option or bonus-share plans for employees. In return for this flexibility, social charges on remuneration are higher.<\/p><p>In Paris, the majority of innovative start-ups choose the SAS, because it facilitates fundraising and the entry of new shareholders. The SARL remains popular for more traditional businesses, local shops or family structures. In practice, it is advisable to make an appointment with a business lawyer to present your project: they can simulate with you the impact of one status or another on governance, the cost of social charges and taxation (income tax through the tax option of the family SARL, for example, or standard corporate tax), and help you make an informed choice.<\/p><\/div>\n    <\/details>\n    <details class=\"hkx6-faq-item\">\n      <summary class=\"hkx6-faq-question\">Is a lawyer compulsory to set up a company in Paris?<\/summary>\n      <div class=\"hkx6-faq-answer\"><p>No, in France it is not compulsory to use a lawyer to set up a company, including in Paris. It is perfectly possible to draft your company's articles of association yourself, to complete the administrative forms (available on the business one-stop shop website or infogreffe.fr) and to file the registration application without legal assistance. Many entrepreneurs in fact opt for this solution for simple structures (small SARL with a single member, micro-enterprise, etc.), notably to save on advisory fees.<\/p><p>However, the fact that it is not compulsory does not mean it is not recommended. Using templates of articles of association found online or imitating another company's documents carries risks: every project has its own specifics, and poorly adapted standard clauses may create later disputes or run contrary to the members' intentions. For example, a poorly drafted pre-emption clause could block the resale of shares, or the absence of certain clauses can make day-to-day management more difficult (no approval clause to control the entry of new members, etc.). In addition, some formalities can be bewildering for a newcomer, and a poorly prepared file can be rejected by the court registry, causing lost time and frustration.<\/p><p>In Paris, where business life moves fast, using a lawyer to set up your company is strongly advised as soon as the company involves a minimum of financial stakes or complexity (several shareholders, a wish for rapid growth, a need for investors, etc.).<\/p><p>The lawyer makes sure you start on solid foundations that comply with the latest laws in force, which spares you from having to go back to correct legal errors.<\/p><p>In short, a lawyer is not compulsory but is highly desirable if you wish to secure your project and concentrate on developing your business with peace of mind.<\/p><\/div>\n    <\/details>\n    <details class=\"hkx6-faq-item\">\n      <summary class=\"hkx6-faq-question\">How long does it take to set up a company in Paris with a lawyer?<\/summary>\n      <div class=\"hkx6-faq-answer\"><p>With the help of a lawyer, setting up a company in Paris is a relatively quick process: allow generally 2 to 4 weeks for your company to be registered and operational, from the moment you have provided all the necessary information. Here are the main stages and indicative timings:<\/p><p>Initial consultation and gathering of information (DAY 1 to 7) \u2013 At the first appointment, you present your project to the lawyer (activity, shareholders, financing, etc.). The lawyer advises you on the legal form and collects the necessary information (company name, registered office address, split of the share capital, shareholders' identity documents, etc.). This phase may take a few days, especially if you need to think over certain choices or gather documents.<\/p><p>Drafting of the articles of association and shareholders' agreement (DAY 7 to 14) \u2013 The lawyer drafts the company's articles of association and, where applicable, a shareholders' agreement. Exchanges take place to validate each clause. Depending on how responsive the parties are, this stage takes on average one week.<\/p><p>Signing of the documents and banking formalities (DAY 14 to 18) \u2013 Once the articles of association are finalised, they are signed by all the shareholders. If a share capital deposit is required (as for an SA, SAS, SARL, etc.), you must deposit the funds in a blocked account (bank or notary) to obtain a certificate of deposit of the funds. In Paris, the time to obtain a bank appointment can vary from 1 to 5 business days depending on the bank.<\/p><p>Filing of the registration application (DAY 18 to 21) \u2013 The lawyer prepares the registration file (signed articles of association, proof of registered office, certificate of deposit of the funds, form M0, legal notice, etc.) and files it online via the one-stop shop or directly with the registry of the Paris Commercial Court.<\/p><p>Registration and obtaining the Kbis (DAY 21 to 30) \u2013 The registry examines the file. If it is complete, registration takes place within a few days. In Paris, the Commercial Court generally issues the Kbis extract (the official document attesting to the company's existence) within 48 to 72 hours of receiving the complete file. You then receive your Kbis by post or electronically, marking the official birth of your company.<\/p><p>In summary, for a standard company formation without difficulty, a company can be registered in Paris in about 3 weeks. This timescale can be reduced to about ten days for a small, uncomplicated structure (thanks to fast online procedures) or, conversely, extend to 1-2 months in particular cases (for example if a contributions auditor must be involved, if an administrative licence must first be obtained, or in the event of administrative delay). By working with a lawyer, you maximise the chances that the file will be accepted the first time, and you are guided at each stage to keep to these tight deadlines.<\/p><\/div>\n    <\/details>\n    <details class=\"hkx6-faq-item\">\n      <summary class=\"hkx6-faq-question\">What is a shareholders' agreement and is it necessary in Paris?<\/summary>\n      <div class=\"hkx6-faq-answer\"><p>A shareholders' agreement (pacte d'associ\u00e9s, also called a pacte d'actionnaires in companies limited by shares) is a confidential contract signed between a company's shareholders, in addition to the articles of association. Unlike the articles of association, which are public and enforceable against third parties, the shareholders' agreement remains secret and binds only its signatories. Its purpose is to organise in detail the relationships between shareholders and to provide for situations not covered (or not covered precisely enough) in the articles of association.<\/p><p>In practice, a shareholders' agreement may contain clauses on:<\/p><p>The conditions for transferring shares: for example, a pre-emption clause (if a shareholder sells, the others may buy in priority), a reinforced approval clause (the entry of any new shareholder must be unanimously approved), or a drag-along\/tag-along clause (if the majority is sold, minority shareholders may be dragged along in the sale or have the right to join the sale).<\/p><p>Governance: agreements on the appointment of directors, the composition of the board of directors, the right of certain shareholders to be consulted on important decisions even if they do not hold the majority, and so on.<\/p><p>Dispute management and shareholders' exit: for example, buy-out clauses (buying back the shares of a shareholder who dies, becomes incapacitated or resigns), bad leaver\/good leaver mechanisms (conditions for buying back the shares of a shareholder who leaves the company depending on whether they leave on good terms or following misconduct), or the organisation of mediation\/arbitration in the event of a serious dispute.<\/p><p>Confidentiality and non-competition: an undertaking by the shareholders not to disclose certain sensitive information and not to compete with the company for the duration of their holding, and often for a period after their departure.<\/p><p>In Paris, the shareholders' agreement is very widespread as soon as there are several shareholders, particularly in start-ups, small and medium-sized businesses with high growth potential, or when investors come in. In these environments, it is essential to supplement the articles of association (often standardised for registration) with a tailor-made agreement that will remain confidential. For example, Parisian incubators or investment funds almost systematically require the signing of an agreement before investing in a young company, in order to secure their future exit and their rights.<\/p><p>In short, a shareholders' agreement is not legally compulsory, but it is strongly recommended as soon as the financial or relational stakes between shareholders are significant. It is the legal tool that makes it possible to anticipate hard times and to prevent the entrepreneurial dream from turning into a nightmare in the event of disagreement. A lawyer will help you draft a balanced agreement, compliant with the law (certain clauses must not contradict the articles of association or mandatory public-policy rules) and adapted to the specifics of your business in Paris.<\/p><\/div>\n    <\/details>\n    <details class=\"hkx6-faq-item\">\n      <summary class=\"hkx6-faq-question\">Why have your commercial contracts drafted by a lawyer in Paris?<\/summary>\n      <div class=\"hkx6-faq-answer\"><p>Having your commercial contracts drafted or reviewed by a lawyer in Paris is strongly advised to secure your commitments and prevent disputes. A well-drafted commercial contract clearly defines each party's obligations, the conditions for performing the service or sale, payment terms, warranties, liability in the event of breach, cases of early termination, and so on. It must be balanced: protecting your company while remaining acceptable to your business partner.<\/p><p>By entrusting this task to a lawyer specialised in business law, you benefit from several advantages:<\/p><p>Adaptation to your business: the lawyer will tailor the contract to the specifics of your sector and of the transaction. For example, an IT services contract will include intellectual property and after-sales service clauses, while a distribution contract will deal with stock, territorial exclusivity, and so on.<\/p><p>Legal compliance: French (and European) commercial law is framed by numerous mandatory public-policy rules. For example, certain clauses must appear in franchise agreements, B2B general terms of sale must not contain unfair clauses on pain of sanction, competition law prohibits anti-competitive agreements, and so on. A lawyer makes sure your contract complies with all these legal and regulatory constraints.<\/p><p>Anticipation of disputes: drawing on their experience, the lawyer will know which clauses to include to manage possible future disagreements. For example, they can insert a mandatory mediation clause before any court action, define the competent court (in Paris or in private arbitration) in the event of a dispute, provide for late-payment penalties that are moderate but dissuasive, and so on.<\/p><p>Optimised negotiation: if your counterparty has its own lawyer or legal department, having your own lawyer restores a balance in the discussion. In Paris, large companies or investors have in-house counsel who will try to take advantage of the clauses. Your lawyer helps you negotiate sensitive points closely (limited liability, non-competition clause, data ownership, etc.) to reach a win-win agreement and avoid finding yourself bound by overly restrictive obligations.<\/p><p>In summary, entrusting the drafting of your contracts to a lawyer means investing in dispute insurance. The initial cost is largely offset by the savings made by avoiding litigation, unpaid invoices or lost customers caused by contractual misunderstandings. In a Parisian context where financial stakes are high and competition fierce, having solid and clear contracts is a sign of seriousness and a guarantee of peace of mind.<\/p><\/div>\n    <\/details>\n    <details class=\"hkx6-faq-item\">\n      <summary class=\"hkx6-faq-question\">What are the main commercial contracts to have drafted by a lawyer?<\/summary>\n      <div class=\"hkx6-faq-answer\"><p>Several types of commercial contract deserve particular attention and the involvement of a lawyer for their drafting or validation, notably:<\/p><p>Services contracts: for example, an external consultant's contract, a software development contract, a maintenance or marketing contract. It must define precisely the scope of the assignment, the deadlines, the remuneration and the ownership of the deliverables.<\/p><p>Sale or supply contracts: to govern the sale of products between companies (framework purchase agreement, B2B general terms of sale, etc.), with clauses on delivery times, quality standards, penalties for delay, and so on.<\/p><p>Distribution or commercial agency contracts: an exclusive distribution, dealership, commercial agency or franchise agreement. These contracts are highly technical (franchise rules, the protective status of the commercial agent) and often require specific clauses to be valid and effective.<\/p><p>Commercial leases (baux commerciaux): for the rental of commercial premises in Paris. A commercial lease generally commits the parties for 9 years, with rules protecting the tenant (right to renewal, capped rents). A lawyer is indispensable to negotiate advantageous terms and avoid pitfalls.<\/p><p>Partnership and joint-venture contracts: when companies or entrepreneurs join forces on a shared project without creating a joint company, through a partnership, consortium or joint-venture contract, it is crucial to set out clearly each party's contributions, the sharing of results and the governance of the project.<\/p><p>General terms of sale (CGV) and of purchase (CGA): these documents govern all your standard commercial transactions. Well drafted, they protect you in the event of a dispute (retention of title until full payment, limitation of liability, competent court, etc.). They are compulsory in certain cases (the CGV must be provided to any professional buyer who requests them).<\/p><p>Of course, this list is not exhaustive. As soon as a contract has significant importance for your company (financially or strategically), it is better to secure its drafting. In Paris, business lawyers frequently see companies arrive with a major dispute because they signed a contract \u201clightly\u201d without measuring its legal scope. Remember that anything not written in the contract cannot easily be claimed in the event of disagreement. As a precaution, have any document that commits you heavily reviewed by a lawyer, especially if it comes from the other party.<\/p><\/div>\n    <\/details>\n    <details class=\"hkx6-faq-item\">\n      <summary class=\"hkx6-faq-question\">Can you use a contract template found online instead of consulting a lawyer?<\/summary>\n      <div class=\"hkx6-faq-answer\"><p>Using a contract template found on the internet may seem an economical and quick solution, but it carries real risks. Online templates are by definition generic and do not take account of the specifics of your situation. Moreover, it is often difficult to check whether they are up to date with the latest laws or case law, and whether they comply with French law (some templates come from foreign legal systems or are roughly translated).<\/p><p>Here are the main problems encountered with non-personalised standard contracts:<\/p><p>Unsuitable clauses: a template may contain clauses that make no sense for your business, or miss essential clauses. For example, a template services contract might not address the intellectual property of the deliverables, leaving you without protection over your creations.<\/p><p>Imbalances and unfair clauses: some templates contain clauses that favour one party too heavily and that a court could regard as unfair or null. Examples: exorbitant late-payment penalties, a clause releasing you from all liability in all circumstances, and so on. Relying on them can give you a false sense of legal security.<\/p><p>Legal non-compliance: regulations change regularly. A template downloaded a few years ago may be obsolete (for example, a 2017 template will not reflect the 2019 changes on significant imbalances between businesses or the latest GDPR requirements on personal data, etc.). Using an outdated contract can put you in breach without your even knowing it.<\/p><p>Lack of advice: a contract is not just a text; it is also the product of a negotiation strategy and of reflection on what may happen. A template will not advise you on what to negotiate first, what it is better to concede, or which wording to adopt to satisfy both parties. A lawyer, on the other hand, plays this role of advice and adaptation.<\/p><p>Ultimately, nothing replaces a lawyer's expertise to ensure that the contract you sign actually protects you. If your budget is tight, you can opt for a compromise: draft a contract yourself drawing on templates, then have it reviewed and corrected by a lawyer. The cost will be lower than for full drafting, but you will benefit from professional safeguards. In Paris, many small businesses choose this route for everyday contracts: they propose a draft and the lawyer optimises it. It is a way of learning while protecting yourself against the most serious legal pitfalls.<\/p><\/div>\n    <\/details>\n    <details class=\"hkx6-faq-item\">\n      <summary class=\"hkx6-faq-question\">How does the negotiation of a commercial contract with a lawyer in Paris work?<\/summary>\n      <div class=\"hkx6-faq-answer\"><p>The negotiation of a commercial contract with a lawyer's assistance generally takes place in several phases:<\/p><p>Initial analysis of the contract: your lawyer begins by studying the draft contract (or the specifications if the contract is to be drafted from scratch) and discusses with you your objectives, your points of vigilance and what you are prepared to accept or not. They identify the critical clauses and explain the stakes of each provision.<\/p><p>Drafting or amendments: if you initiate the contract, the lawyer prepares a complete draft adapted to your needs. If the contract comes from the other party, the lawyer proposes amendments to the existing document, adding missing clauses or correcting those that pose a problem.<\/p><p>Exchanges with the other party: your lawyer sends the amended document to the other party (or to their lawyer if they have one). A dialogue then opens, often in writing (by email with the annotated document, or through a track-changes tool). There may be several rounds: for example, the supplier rejects a particular penalty clause and proposes an alternative, your lawyer counters on the warranty, and so on. During these exchanges, it is common in Paris for lawyers to speak directly to clarify technical points or find compromises, which smooths the negotiation.<\/p><p>Final validation and signatures: once both parties have agreed on the text, the final version of the contract is drawn up. Your lawyer checks one last time the overall consistency (for example, if the term was changed in article 2, making sure that the article on termination takes this into account too). You can then sign the contract, often in several original copies or now by electronic signature. The lawyer can organise a signing session if necessary, especially for major contracts where everyone meets.<\/p><p>In Paris, where business partners are often well advised, the negotiation phase can be quick or very long depending on what is at stake in the contract. For the commercial lease of a shop, for example, it can be wrapped up in a few days if the parties are in a hurry to open, whereas an international joint-venture contract can take several months of negotiation. The lawyer acts as a technical mediator: they unpack the legal jargon for you, slow things down when it is in your interest, or on the contrary speed up if time is against you. They always make sure to preserve your main interest while finding common ground acceptable to the counterparty. In the end, a successful negotiation is recognisable by one sign: each party signs the contract feeling that they have won what mattered most to them, having conceded on less crucial points.<\/p><p>What is an unfair clause in a commercial contract and how can you protect yourself against it in Paris?<\/p><p>An unfair clause (a term used mainly in consumer law) or, for contracts between professionals, a clause creating a significant imbalance, is a contractual clause that imposes on the other party excessive obligations or obligations contrary to fairness. In B2B relationships, Article L442-1 of the Commercial Code (Code de commerce) allows the judge to sanction clauses or practices that create a significant imbalance between the rights and obligations of the parties to the contract.<\/p><p>In practice, here are examples of problematic clauses in commercial contracts between companies:<\/p><p>Disproportionate late-payment penalties (for example, late-payment interest at 20% per day of delay, which bears no relation to the actual loss).<\/p><p>A clause allowing only one of the partners to modify the contract unilaterally with no consideration for the other (e.g. the supplier reserves the right to change prices at any time without notice).<\/p><p>An abusive unilateral termination clause (for example, your counterparty can terminate the contract overnight without reason, whereas you are firmly committed for 3 years).<\/p><p>The absence of reciprocity on essential obligations: for example, in a distribution contract, only the distributor has minimum-volume obligations, whereas the manufacturer guarantees no exclusivity or minimum supply.<\/p><p>To protect yourself against this, the first step is to have your contracts reviewed by a lawyer who will be able to detect these unbalanced clauses. They can either remove them or adjust them to restore balance (for example, capping late-payment penalties at a reasonable level, introducing a reciprocity clause, etc.). If you are subject to a contract with an unfair clause imposed by an economically more powerful partner, be aware that you can bring legal action to have it annulled or declared unwritten, on the basis of significant imbalance (if you are the \u201cweak\u201d party in the commercial relationship).<\/p><p>In Paris, competition and economic pressure can lead some players to impose one-sided (very harsh) conditions on their smaller partners. The Paris courts, alert to these abuses, no longer hesitate to sanction unfair clauses between professionals, especially since the legislative reinforcements of 2019. The mere fact of having in your contract a clause deemed unfair can expose you to an administrative fine through the DGCCRF (French consumer and competition authority), independently of civil litigation. Hence the importance of a regular contractual audit of your key commercial documents by a lawyer, in order to remain compliant and preserve balanced relationships with your partners.<\/p><\/div>\n    <\/details>\n    <details class=\"hkx6-faq-item\">\n      <summary class=\"hkx6-faq-question\">When should you bring a case before the Paris Commercial Court?<\/summary>\n      <div class=\"hkx6-faq-answer\"><p>The Paris Commercial Court (Tribunal de commerce) has jurisdiction to hear disputes relating to commercial acts and involving traders or commercial companies. You must (or may) bring a case before the Paris Commercial Court in several typical situations:<\/p><p>Customer-supplier dispute: for example, a customer (a trader) who does not pay its invoices, or a supplier who has not delivered conforming goods.<\/p><p>Disputes between partners or between shareholders of a Parisian commercial company (challenge to a general meeting, removal of a manager, dispute over the distribution of profits, etc.).<\/p><p>Unfair competition and parasitism: if a competitor disparages your company, unlawfully copies your products, or poaches your employees en masse in breach of the rules, you can take action before the commercial court.<\/p><p>Abusive termination of established commercial relationships: if a partner abruptly ends a long-standing contract or commercial relationship without sufficient notice, the commercial court can be seized to obtain compensation (this is a frequent type of litigation in Paris, notably in the distribution sector).<\/p><p>Insolvency proceedings: if your counterparty goes bankrupt (judicial reorganisation or judicial liquidation proceedings), it is the commercial court that supervises the proceedings, and it is to the creditors\u2019 representative (mandataire judiciaire), or to the liquidator in judicial liquidation, that you must declare your claim. Likewise, if it is your company that is in difficulty, the Paris Commercial Court can be seized to open safeguard, reorganisation or liquidation proceedings.<\/p><p>As a general rule, whenever it concerns a commercial dispute in the broad sense in Paris (including a dispute arising from a commercial lease, or a dispute involving a bank on a commercial transaction), the commercial court has jurisdiction. Note that there are exceptions: for example, disputes between a trader and a non-trader (a private consumer) fall within the civil judicial court, not the commercial court.<\/p><p>Important point: in Paris, since 1 January 2020, representation by a lawyer has been compulsory before the commercial court for all disputes where the amount exceeds \u20ac10,000. Below that threshold, you may in theory defend yourself or be represented by a relative (holding a power of attorney), but this is inadvisable given the technicality of the procedure. In practice, even for a dispute below \u20ac10,000, it is wise to entrust the case to a business lawyer who will know how to build a solid file and master the rules of commercial procedure.<\/p><\/div>\n    <\/details>\n    <details class=\"hkx6-faq-item\">\n      <summary class=\"hkx6-faq-question\">How long does commercial litigation last in Paris?<\/summary>\n      <div class=\"hkx6-faq-answer\"><p>The duration of commercial litigation in Paris depends on the procedure brought and the complexity of the case. As a guide:<\/p><p>Proceedings on the merits (standard): before the commercial court, standard proceedings last on average 8 to 12 months from the filing of the writ of summons to the judgment. This period includes the pre-trial phase (exchange of submissions and documents between lawyers, which often takes 4 to 8 months with several adjournments), then the oral hearing, and finally the deliberation (the judges' time for reflection, generally 1 to 3 months before delivering the decision).<\/p><p>Accelerated urgent proceedings (r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9): if the case is urgent or the right is obvious (for example, obtaining urgent delivery of an essential order, or stopping a flagrant disparagement campaign), you can bring an urgent application. The r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9 is a fast procedure: an order can be obtained in about 3 to 6 weeks in Paris. However, the r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9 does not settle the dispute on the merits definitively; it is often a provisional measure pending proceedings on the merits.<\/p><p>Complex or technical cases: some disputes take longer, particularly if they require a court-appointed expert assessment (for example a dispute over the construction of commercial premises where a building expert must give an opinion, or a financial dispute where a chartered accountant is involved). Such proceedings can last 18 to 24 months or even more, because each expert measure adds months (appointment of the expert, meetings, report, etc.).<\/p><p>You must also bear in mind that after the judgment there may be an appeal before the Paris Court of Appeal, which prolongs the litigation by a further year or two. On appeal, timescales are sometimes a little longer than at first instance.<\/p><p>In Paris, the Commercial Court is one of the busiest in France (thousands of cases each year), which can cause somewhat longer delays than in smaller courts. However, it has also introduced active case-management procedures to avoid undue delays (encouragement of mediation, stricter pre-trial conferences, etc.).<\/p><p>In summary, be prepared for commercial litigation in Paris to take about 1 year. Your lawyer can give you a finer estimate depending on the chamber of the court seized (some chambers move faster than others) and on procedural strategy (certain choices, such as requesting an expert assessment, inevitably lengthen the duration). They can also look for ways to speed things up (for example, pleading in urgent proceedings on the merits where possible, a less commonly used but faster procedure).<\/p><\/div>\n    <\/details>\n    <details class=\"hkx6-faq-item\">\n      <summary class=\"hkx6-faq-question\">Can you avoid court in a commercial dispute in Paris?<\/summary>\n      <div class=\"hkx6-faq-answer\"><p>Yes, and it is often desirable to try to avoid full-blown litigation, because court proceedings are long, costly and uncertain as to their outcome. There are several alternative dispute resolution (ADR) methods that you can consider for a commercial dispute in Paris:<\/p><p>Direct amicable negotiation: before considering any action, your lawyers (or you yourselves) can try to find common ground. Sometimes a simple well-argued formal notice from a lawyer is enough to unblock the situation and bring the other party to the negotiating table. You can agree on an amicable solution (for example, payment of an invoice in instalments, partial compensation for termination of a contract, etc.) and record it in writing.<\/p><p>Mediation: this is a formalised process in which an independent mediator (often a lawyer or an expert trained in mediation) is appointed to facilitate discussions. In Paris, the Paris Mediation and Arbitration Centre (CMAP), for example, offers mediators experienced in business disputes. The parties meet in the presence of the mediator, who helps them talk and find an agreement themselves. Mediation is confidential and quick (a few weeks to a few months at most). Parisian judges frequently encourage the parties to try mediation before pursuing the case.<\/p><p>Conciliation: close to mediation, but often conducted by a court conciliator (conciliateur de justice, who provides the service at no cost to the parties) or by the judge themselves at the start of the proceedings. The principle is the same: to find a mutually acceptable agreement with the help of a neutral third party.<\/p><p>Arbitration: this is an alternative to the commercial court. The parties agree to submit their dispute to a private arbitrator (or an arbitral tribunal of several arbitrators) who will render an award having the same value as a judgment. Arbitration is quick and confidential, but it has a cost (the arbitrators and the arbitral institution must be paid). It is generally reserved for highly technical or international commercial disputes, or where an arbitration clause (clause compromissoire) appears in the contract from the outset. In Paris, institutions such as the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) administer arbitrations for business disputes from all over the world, and there are also ad hoc arbitrations.<\/p><p>In practice, it is common for a commercial dispute to lead to an amicable solution during the proceedings. In other words, a writ of summons is filed to meet deadlines or to apply pressure, but discussions continue in parallel to avoid going all the way to judgment. Parisian business lawyers are well versed in these parallel negotiations. Often, the mere fact that a hearing is approaching pushes the parties to find a compromise (for fear of losing at trial). If an agreement is reached, it can be approved by the court to give it the force of a judgment.<\/p><p>In summary, yes, the courts can often be avoided through mediation, conciliation or negotiation. This is generally less costly, quicker, and preserves the commercial relationship (when it is important to you to keep working with the partner). A good lawyer will always seek the best result for you, and that sometimes means a good agreement rather than a bad trial.<\/p><\/div>\n    <\/details>\n    <details class=\"hkx6-faq-item\">\n      <summary class=\"hkx6-faq-question\">What remedies are available against unpaid invoices between professionals in Paris?<\/summary>\n      <div class=\"hkx6-faq-answer\"><p>Faced with a professional customer who does not pay an invoice or a business partner who owes you money, you have several legal remedies, graded from the simplest to the most coercive:<\/p><p>Amicable reminder and formal notice: before any legal action, send written reminders (emails, letters) reminding the other party that the due date has passed. If that is not enough, a formal notice (mise en demeure), preferably drafted by a lawyer and sent by registered post with acknowledgement of receipt, can unblock the situation. This letter must set out the facts, the amount due and the invoice references, and call on the other party to pay within a certain period (generally 8 or 15 days), failing which you will commence proceedings. Often, the prospect of additional legal costs prompts the debtor to pay at this stage.<\/p><p>Payment order (injonction de payer): this is a quick, non-adversarial procedure. With a lawyer's help, you file a case with the registry of the competent court (in Paris, the Commercial Court for a B2B dispute) including the details of the debt and the supporting documents (invoice, purchase order, reminders, etc.). The judge, without hearing the debtor, can issue a payment order within a few weeks. You then have it served on the debtor by a bailiff, and the debtor has 1 month to object. If they do not object, the order becomes final and you can have it enforced (bank attachment, etc.). The payment order is suited to undisputed or manifestly legitimate unpaid debts.<\/p><p>Writ of summons on the merits (standard proceedings): if the debtor disputes the debt or if the claim is complex (damages, contractual clauses in dispute, etc.), you will have to issue a writ of summons before the Paris Commercial Court to decide the dispute. This is the standard procedure with an exchange of arguments and a hearing. It is longer (several months) and involves lawyer's and procedural costs, but it is the way to obtain an enforceable judgment where there is a serious dispute.<\/p><p>Urgent application for an interim payment (r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9-provision): this is a mix between the payment order and standard proceedings. If you consider that the debt is due and hardly disputable (for example, the debtor does not deny owing the money but asks for time, or no longer replies), you can issue an urgent application before the court. The urgent applications judge can, pending the final judgment on the merits, award you an interim payment (partial payment) if the debt does not appear seriously disputable. In Paris, a decision in urgent proceedings is obtained within a few weeks. This route is useful when the payment order might be contested just to gain time, or when you want to show your determination quickly.<\/p><p>In addition, if the amount is high or the debtor appears to be in difficulty, do not wait: your lawyer may recommend protective measures from the moment of the formal notice (for example, a protective attachment on the debtor's bank account, which freezes the sum pending the judge's decision). This applies additional pressure and secures your chances of recovering the money by preventing it from disappearing in the meantime.<\/p><p>Every situation is unique. A law firm in Paris can assess your debtor's solvency and the nature of your claim to choose the appropriate strategy. For example, against a large company acting in good faith that is slow to pay, negotiation and a payment order will suffice; against a company in financial difficulty, you will need to act quickly, even declare the claim in insolvency proceedings if it has filed for insolvency. The important thing is to react from the first late payments, because the more time passes, the harder it is to recover an old debt.<\/p><\/div>\n    <\/details>\n    <details class=\"hkx6-faq-item\">\n      <summary class=\"hkx6-faq-question\">Is a lawyer compulsory before the Paris Commercial Court?<\/summary>\n      <div class=\"hkx6-faq-answer\"><p>Yes, in most cases a lawyer is now compulsory before the Paris Commercial Court. More precisely, since the reform that came into force on 1 January 2020, representation by a lawyer has been compulsory in proceedings on the merits where the amount in dispute exceeds \u20ac10,000. Below that threshold, you may in theory represent yourself or be represented by an agent of your choice (holding a power of attorney), whether an employee, a relative or an adviser who is not a lawyer.<\/p><p>However, even though the law allows representation without a lawyer (including for disputes below \u20ac10,000), it is strongly inadvisable to embark alone on commercial litigation in Paris. The procedure has its specifics (exchange of submissions, compliance with procedural deadlines, legal formalities to be observed on pain of your claims being inadmissible) and the opposing party, especially in Paris, will very often have its own lawyer. Appearing without a lawyer against experienced counsel means risking procedural errors or not knowing how to counter the opposing legal arguments.<\/p><p>A business lawyer is practised in these exercises: they will know how to present your claims in a legally admissible way, draft powerful submissions, select the relevant documents (emails, contracts, letters) to prove your statements, and plead your case effectively before the commercial judges (the judges of the commercial court are often former business owners, receptive to concrete and well-supported arguments).<\/p><p>Moreover, hiring a lawyer gives you added credibility: it is a signal to your opponent that you take the dispute seriously and are ready to see it through, which can encourage an amicable resolution as mentioned above. Finally, let us not forget that your exchanges with your lawyer are covered by professional secrecy, which allows you to confide everything to them so that they can prepare your defence as well as possible, without it being used against you.<\/p><p>In summary, except for very small claims where the financial stakes would not justify the costs, it is practically unavoidable to be assisted by a lawyer before the Paris Commercial Court, if only to even up the balance of power with the other side and maximise your chances of success.<\/p><\/div>\n    <\/details>\n    <details class=\"hkx6-faq-item\">\n      <summary class=\"hkx6-faq-question\">Why consult a lawyer before signing a commercial lease in Paris?<\/summary>\n      <div class=\"hkx6-faq-answer\"><p>The commercial lease is a crucial contract for any trader or company renting premises: it commits you for a long term (9 years as standard, with exit possibilities only every 3 years under conditions) and it sets major financial and legal obligations (rent, service charges, works, renewal, etc.). In Paris, where rents are high and opportunities for premises are fiercely contested, it can be tempting to sign quickly so as not to \u201cmiss out on the spot\u201d. However, consulting a lawyer before signing your commercial lease is a precaution that can save you a great deal of money and trouble later on.<\/p><p>When reviewing or negotiating the draft lease, the lawyer will notably check and discuss:<\/p><ul><li>The amount of the rent and its consistency with the market: Paris has a very heterogeneous market depending on the arrondissement and even the street. Your lawyer will know whether the proposed rent is at the high or low end of the area's range, and may be able to negotiate it down or obtain adjustments (stepped rent, rent holiday in the first months for works, etc.).<\/li><li>The allocation of charges and works: Parisian \u201call-inclusive commercial\u201d leases often include recoverable charges (building maintenance, caretaking, etc.) and clauses on works. A lawyer will check that the statutory allocation is respected (for example, the Pinel law prohibits making the tenant bear certain major works or structural charges). They can clarify the list of charges that the landlord wants to invoice you for, to avoid unpleasant surprises.<\/li><li>Rent review and indexation clauses: almost all leases provide for annual indexation (often the ILAT or ILC index for shops). You need to look at whether the index is appropriate and whether the lease provides for a three-yearly review, capped or not. In Paris, some landlords try to introduce turnover clauses (rent varying with turnover) or other mechanisms that deserve to be analysed by a lawyer.<\/li><li>Renewal and eviction terms: a commercial lease in principle gives a right to renewal every 9 years, or failing that eviction compensation (indemnit\u00e9 d'\u00e9viction) if the landlord refuses to renew. A lawyer will check that your lease contains no unlawful clause on this point (for example, an advance waiver of the right to renewal, which would be null). They will also explain the deadlines and formalities for requesting renewal when the time comes.<\/li><li>Specific clauses: sometimes a lease contains particular features: an exclusivity clause (you are the only trader of a given type in the building or arcade), a permitted-use clause (limiting the activities authorised in the premises), a joint guarantee by a third party, and so on. The lawyer will detect these points and tell you whether they are standard, negotiable, dangerous, and so on.<\/li><\/ul><p>In short, the lawyer protects you by balancing the contract, which is otherwise often drafted heavily in the landlord's favour. They can negotiate certain clauses to soften or clarify them. For example, by having it specified that a works clause covers only routine maintenance and not major compliance works on the building (which normally fall to the owner).<\/p><p>In Paris, key money (pas-de-porte) and rents represent such a heavy investment that it is in your interest to secure this item legally. A bad lease can ruin a business's profitability (rent too high, impossibility of subletting, obligation to refurbish on departure, etc.). So never sign a commercial lease with your eyes closed: an appointment with a lawyer can pay for itself simply by obtaining a rent reduction or the landlord taking on certain works rather than you.<\/p><\/div>\n    <\/details>\n    <details class=\"hkx6-faq-item\">\n      <summary class=\"hkx6-faq-question\">How much does it cost to negotiate a commercial lease with a lawyer in Paris?<\/summary>\n      <div class=\"hkx6-faq-answer\"><p>Fees for a lawyer's assistance in negotiating a commercial lease depend on the complexity of the lease and the intensity of the negotiation. In Paris, the following average costs can be estimated:<\/p><p>Review and simple advice on a standard lease: from \u20ac1,000 excl. VAT, the lawyer reviews the draft lease provided by the landlord, and prepares a note or holds a meeting to point out the points of attention and advise you on what you can negotiate. Here, the lawyer does not deal directly with the landlord; you lead the discussion, guided by their advice.<\/p><p>Active negotiation by the lawyer: between \u20ac1,500 and \u20ac3,000 excl. VAT for a standard lease. The lawyer reviews the lease, then contacts the landlord (or their adviser) to propose amendments, discuss the clauses and reach an agreement. This fee often covers several rounds of exchanges over a period of a few weeks. For example, negotiating a 5% rent reduction, obtaining a 3-month rent holiday for works, limiting the director's personal guarantee to 1 year's rent, and so on.<\/p><p>Very complex or voluminous leases (shopping centres, premises &gt; 1,000 m\u00b2, tripartite lease with franchise): fees can reach \u20ac5,000 excl. VAT and more, because the negotiation often involves many technical points (particular renewal clause, contribution to the charges of a shopping centre, regulations on establishments open to the public (ERP), etc.) and can last several months. The lawyer may work as a team with a real estate expert, notably for shopping-centre leases where the documents run to hundreds of pages.<\/p><p>These amounts should be seen as an investment. If your lawyer manages to reduce the rent by just 5% on a lease at \u20ac3,000 per month, that is \u20ac150 saved per month, so \u20ac16,200 over 9 years. Not to mention potential savings on charges or works. Likewise, avoiding being a joint surety for payment of the rent can save you in hard times.<\/p><p>Some lawyers in Paris also offer a basic fixed fee plus a success fee based on the savings obtained on the lease. For example, you could agree a fixed fee of \u20ac1,500 + 10% of the rent savings obtained in the first year. The lawyer is thus motivated to negotiate firmly. This kind of arrangement must be formalised in the fee agreement.<\/p><p>Finally, note that lawyer's fees relating to the negotiation and drafting of a commercial lease can be booked as an expense for the company (and are therefore tax-deductible), which further reduces the real cost to you.<\/p><\/div>\n    <\/details>\n    <details class=\"hkx6-faq-item\">\n      <summary class=\"hkx6-faq-question\">Can you terminate a commercial lease early in Paris?<\/summary>\n      <div class=\"hkx6-faq-answer\"><p>The \u201c3-6-9\u201d commercial lease is designed to offer stability to the tenant, but it nevertheless provides for a few cases of early termination. In Paris as elsewhere in France, here are the cases in which you can end a commercial lease before the 9 years expire:<\/p><p>Three-yearly termination by the tenant: this is the right, for the tenant only, to give notice at the end of each 3-year period. In other words, you can leave the premises after 3 or 6 years, provided you give the landlord at least 6 months' notice by bailiff's deed or registered letter with acknowledgement of receipt. This three-yearly right is automatic, subject to exceptions (shorter leases such as a short-term commercial lease (bail d\u00e9rogatoire), or a lease that has expressly waived this right in certain very particular cases such as leases of single-purpose premises or premises built for a single use).<\/p><p>Amicable termination: at any time, you can agree with the landlord to end the lease by mutual consent. This contractual termination is formalised in writing (a termination amendment) that sets the departure date and any conditions (payment of compensation, takeover of the business, etc.). It is a simple negotiation between the parties: often, in Paris, a landlord may agree to release a tenant early if they have another tenant ready to pay more, or if the tenant, in financial difficulty, is no longer paying; it is better to reach an arrangement than to endure proceedings.<\/p><p>Judicial termination for breach: if one of the parties fails to comply with its obligations, the other can ask the court to terminate the lease. For example, if the tenant no longer pays any rent at all, or uses the premises for an activity not authorised by the permitted-use clause, the landlord can bring legal action to have the termination pronounced and the tenant evicted. Conversely, if the landlord seriously breaches its obligations (for example, it fails to maintain the building to the point of danger or of making it impossible to operate), the tenant could seek judicial termination of the lease at the landlord's fault. These cases remain rare and require a bailiff's report, etc.<\/p><p>The termination clause (clause r\u00e9solutoire): almost all commercial leases contain a termination clause providing that, in the event of non-payment of rent (or of another essential obligation) not remedied after formal notice, the lease will be terminated automatically. In practice, this clause requires the landlord to have a formal demand to pay (commandement de payer) served on the tenant by a bailiff, and if the tenant does not pay within the period (generally 30 days), the landlord can apply to the court to have the termination of the lease recorded and the tenant evicted. This is a quick procedure when the tenant is in default.<\/p><p>For a tenant who wants to leave early, outside the three-yearly deadlines or an amicable negotiation, there is no other option. They cannot leave unilaterally without valid reason during a period, otherwise they would remain liable for the rent until the end of the lease. On the other hand, they can sublet or assign the lease with the landlord's agreement to pass the commitment on to a successor, which is often a way out (beware: many leases in Paris contain a ban on assignment\/subletting without the landlord's agreement, to be checked case by case).<\/p><p>Note also that for certain types of lease (short leases known as \u201cd\u00e9rogatoires\u201d of no more than 3 years, precarious market leases, etc.), termination can be freer because the term is shorter. But under the standard 3-6-9 framework, you need to plan your departure carefully to fit these three-yearly windows or find an arrangement. A lawyer can help you <em>negotiate an exit<\/em> with the landlord if needed (notably by finding a solvent replacement, etc.) or check whether a clause in the lease might allow you to leave without penalty (sometimes there are specific clauses, e.g. in the event of the tenant's transfer, retirement, etc.; these are seen in leases for small family businesses).<\/p><\/div>\n    <\/details>\n    <details class=\"hkx6-faq-item\">\n      <summary class=\"hkx6-faq-question\">Can a business lawyer act urgently in Paris?<\/summary>\n      <div class=\"hkx6-faq-answer\"><p>Yes, many business lawyers in Paris are used to handling emergency situations and can act very quickly when the company's interests are threatened. Here are a few examples of urgent cases where you should call on a lawyer without delay:<\/p><p>Urgent proceedings (r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9): if you need a provisional court decision urgently (suspension of a decision, an order to do or not to do something, etc.), a lawyer can prepare and file an urgent application within a few days. For example, to have a competitor's dissemination of confidential or defamatory content prohibited, or to obtain the lifting of an abusive seizure.<\/p><p>Protective measures: where a substantial debt is to be recovered, the lawyer can, from the amicable phase, ask the court for a protective attachment on the debtor's bank accounts or assets, in order to secure the money pending the judgment on the merits. These applications are often made urgently <em>ex parte<\/em> (without warning the opponent beforehand, to prevent them from arranging their insolvency).<\/p><p>Response to a writ of summons or formal notice: if you receive a writ of summons from an opponent (with a hearing date soon) or a formal notice calling on you to act on pain of legal action, you must consult a lawyer very quickly. In Paris, some disputes require a response within a few days (for example an urgent application where the hearing is set within 2 weeks). A lawyer will organise your defence and can negotiate a postponement if necessary.<\/p><p>Urgent negotiation of a contract or agreement: in business, an opportunity or a crisis sometimes demands quick action. For example, the possibility of buying a competing company whose auction sale is in 10 days, or conversely a shareholder who wants to leave overnight and threatens to block the company. A business lawyer can prioritise your case and mobilise their team to draft a confidentiality agreement, a memorandum of agreement or any documentation in record time, in order to secure the transaction before the critical deadline.<\/p><p>Crisis management: in the event of a search of your premises, a cyberattack, a serious labour dispute, etc., a lawyer must be contacted immediately. Many Parisian firms have a telephone duty service and can be reached even at weekends or at night for this kind of case. For example, if your company is the victim of a fraud or a misappropriation discovered late, your lawyer can file a criminal complaint, communicate with the authorities and initiate procedures to limit the damage (blocking of accounts, etc.).<\/p><p>In practice, at the initial contact, make clear the urgent nature of your request so that the firm can organise itself accordingly. It is not unusual for a lawyer to rearrange their diary for a loyal client facing an emergency, or for a firm to rely on its network (fellow lawyers, correspondents) to act on several fronts simultaneously. In Paris, since access to the courts and administrations is made easier by proximity, a lawyer can physically file an urgent application or meet a judge within the day if necessary. This responsiveness is one of the strengths of a human-sized firm compared with larger, more procedure-bound firms (where responsiveness can sometimes be lower). When you choose your business lawyer, take an interest in their ability to handle emergencies: it may prove crucial one day or another.<\/p><\/div>\n    <\/details>\n    <details class=\"hkx6-faq-item\">\n      <summary class=\"hkx6-faq-question\">How does the first consultation with a business lawyer in Paris work?<\/summary>\n      <div class=\"hkx6-faq-answer\"><p>The first consultation is an important step that allows the lawyer to learn about your situation and allows you to take the measure of the lawyer (skills, rapport, working method). In Paris, most firms offer a first appointment of 30 minutes to 1 hour, in person or by videoconference. Here is how it generally goes:<\/p><p>Presentation of your situation \u2013 You set out the facts and your issue: for example, \u201cI wish to set up a company in such-and-such a field\u2026\u201d, or \u201cI am in a dispute with a supplier who\u2026\u201d, or \u201cI have an important contract project and need advice\u2026\u201d. It is advisable to provide the relevant documents at this first meeting (current articles of association, contracts, letters received, emails, accounts, etc.) so that the lawyer has a concrete view of the case.<\/p><p>The lawyer's questions and analysis \u2013 The lawyer will ask you questions to clarify the important points, pin down your objectives (what you want to achieve or avoid), and assess the legal and financial stakes. They analyse the information in real time and identify the legal levers to act on. For example, they may already spot that a clause in your contract is unfair, or that a formality was overlooked when your company was set up, and so on.<\/p><p>Initial advice and possible options \u2013 Depending on what they understand of your situation, the lawyer sets out the options available to you, with their advantages and drawbacks. For example: \u201cWe can send a formal notice, then consider an urgent application if necessary\u201d, or \u201cYou would do well to opt for the SAS rather than the SARL for such-and-such a reason\u201d. They give you a legal roadmap, in simple terms, and answer your first specific questions if you have any (even if not everything can be resolved in an hour).<\/p><p>Proposal for the assignment and quote \u2013 At the end of the meeting, if you wish to continue with this lawyer, they will explain how they propose to help you in practice: what the next steps would be, how long it could take and, above all, how much it would cost. They generally discuss their method of billing (fixed fee, hourly rate, success fee) suited to your case. In Paris, business lawyers then draw up an engagement letter or fee agreement detailing the assignment and the budget. You can ask for this document before committing definitively.<\/p><p><em>Practical tip<\/em>: Prepare for this appointment by making a list of the questions you wish to ask, and gather all the factual elements of the case in a file (paper or digital) so as not to forget anything. The first consultation is often dense with information; do not hesitate to take notes. Be transparent with the lawyer about all aspects of your situation (even the awkward points or any mistakes you may have made): the clearer their view, the better they can advise you.<\/p><p>Finally, use this meeting to assess whether you get on well: a relationship of trust is paramount. Make sure you feel listened to, understood and at ease asking questions, however simple. A good business lawyer must also be a good teacher, able to demystify legal jargon and give you confidence in the strategy to follow. If you leave the consultation with a clearer view and the feeling of being in good hands, that is a good sign for what follows.<\/p><\/div>\n    <\/details>\n    <details class=\"hkx6-faq-item\">\n      <summary class=\"hkx6-faq-question\">Why choose a business lawyer in Paris rather than in the provinces?<\/summary>\n      <div class=\"hkx6-faq-answer\"><p>Choosing a business lawyer based in Paris offers several advantages if your company is based in the Paris region (\u00cele-de-France) or your cases involve the Parisian ecosystem:<\/p><p>Knowledge of the local business landscape: Paris is France's economic heart, with most large companies' head offices, numerous innovative small and medium-sized businesses, start-ups, investors, investment funds, and so on. A Parisian lawyer is used to working with these players and knows their practices, their level of expectation and sometimes the key people. For example, a Parisian business lawyer will know how to negotiate with a major commercial landlord in the market, or how to approach the legal department of a large group because they have experience of these counterparts.<\/p><p>Mastery of local procedures: being on the spot in Paris is also an asset for handling local judicial or administrative procedures. Your lawyer can easily go to the Paris Commercial Court, the judicial court (Tribunal judiciaire) or the Court of Appeal to file a case urgently, attend a hearing, meet a court clerk, and so on. Likewise, they are close to central administrations (URSSAF, the non-resident tax office, INPI for trade marks, etc.). This geographical proximity can speed up certain procedures.<\/p><p>Availability and responsiveness: if you are yourself in Paris or the inner suburbs, working with a local lawyer allows quick in-person appointments, even visits on site at your premises if needed. In hard times, being able to meet your lawyer physically within the day can make the difference. Of course, with videoconferencing, distance matters less than before, but the lawyer's local network counts: a Parisian lawyer can more easily mobilise a Paris bailiff for service within the day, know a well-regarded court-appointed administrator, or recommend a local chartered accountant for an assignment.<\/p><p>Experience of complex and international cases: Paris also attracts international and high-stakes cases. Parisian business law firms are well versed in high-level transactions and disputes, often in English, involving foreign legislation or negotiations with foreign lawyers. If your company aims to expand internationally, a Paris lawyer will probably have more contacts and experience to assist you (many of them have a network of correspondents in London, New York, Shanghai, etc.). The same goes for specialised sectors (finance, technology, luxury fashion, etc.) that are very present in Paris.<\/p><p>Monitoring and cutting-edge training: being at the centre, Parisian lawyers have easy access to the continuing training of the Paris Bar, to economic conferences and to specialist legal symposia. They are often at the forefront of legislative and case-law developments, sometimes even involved in the legislator's deliberations through professional committees. This head start can benefit your company in terms of proactive advice (anticipating a legal reform, applying a new regulation before others, etc.).<\/p><p>Of course, there are excellent lawyers in the provinces. However, if your business is mainly in Paris or your disputes take place before the Parisian courts, having a Parisian business lawyer avoids a possible unfamiliarity with local practices. For example, the practices of the Paris Commercial Court (which has its own specifics, its very experienced commercial judges, its appointed mediators, etc.) can differ from a commercial court in the regions. Likewise, for networking or business development, a well-connected lawyer in Paris can sometimes put you in touch with a financer or a partner through their own network.<\/p><p>Finally, the prestige attached to Paris can play a part: in certain international negotiations, mentioning that your adviser is a lawyer in Paris can subconsciously reassure as to standing and seriousness (Paris being perceived as a business law hub in Europe, like London). It is a detail, certainly, but in business every asset counts.<\/p><p>In conclusion, if your legal needs are linked to the Parisian ecosystem or require in-depth and responsive expertise, a business lawyer in Paris is often the best choice. Conversely, for very local cases in the provinces, a lawyer on the spot will be more appropriate; it is really a question of matching the geographical\/jurisdictional situation of the problem with the location of the adviser.<\/p><\/div>\n    <\/details>\n  <\/div>\n  <button class=\"hkx6-faq-voir-plus\" type=\"button\">Show more questions<\/button>\n<\/div>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\", \"@type\": \"FAQPage\", \"mainEntity\": [{\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What is a business lawyer?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"A business lawyer is a legal professional specialised in advising companies and their directors. They act in every area connected with the life of a company: company formation, drafting of commercial contracts, commercial litigation, company law, mergers and acquisitions, commercial leases, restructuring and so on. Their role is both advisory (preventing legal risks and securing transactions beforehand) and contentious (defending the company in court in the event of a dispute). In Paris, a business lawyer assists start-ups, small and medium-sized businesses and large companies alike with complex legal issues. They have in-depth expertise and a thorough knowledge of the Parisian business landscape, which allows them to propose solutions suited to local specifics while having a command of national and international regulations.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"When should you call on a business lawyer in Paris?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"It is advisable to consult a business lawyer as soon as you set up your company, in order to choose the most suitable legal form and to draft robust articles of association (statuts). You can also call on a lawyer when negotiating and drafting important contracts, for a fundraising, for the sale of a company, or in the event of a commercial dispute (a conflict with a customer, a supplier, a competitor or a shareholder). As a general rule, whenever your company faces a strategic decision or a significant legal risk, the involvement of a business lawyer is valuable to secure your steps and defend your interests. In Paris, where business life is particularly dynamic and competitive, a business lawyer also acts preventively: legal audit of your contracts and internal processes, compliance with local and European regulations (personal data, commercial planning, etc.), and securing commercial relationships so that minor disagreements do not turn into litigation. Moreover, since January 2020, the Paris Commercial Court has required representation by a lawyer for any dispute above \u20ac10,000, a threshold quickly reached in many commercial disputes, which makes a lawyer indispensable in a good many proceedings.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What is the difference between a business lawyer and an in-house counsel?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Although they work on similar issues, a business lawyer and an in-house counsel have different statuses and roles. A business lawyer is a self-employed professional, registered with the Bar, who acts externally to advise and defend several clients. They can represent a company before the courts (right of audience) and are bound by absolute professional secrecy over their exchanges with their clients. They are called on for specific assignments or complex disputes requiring in-depth expertise and complete independence. An in-house counsel, for their part, is an employee integrated within the company (generally in the legal department). They work internally, day to day, to handle routine legal questions, ensure the company's compliance and prevent risks. They cannot represent the company in court, and their advice does not have the absolute confidentiality of a lawyer's (internal exchanges can be seized in legal proceedings). In short, the in-house counsel acts mainly in prevention and internal support, whereas the business lawyer is an external expert engaged to defend the company's interests in the event of a specific need or dispute. The two professions are complementary: many large Parisian companies have an in-house legal department for day-to-day matters and call on business lawyers for strategic or contentious operations.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What is the difference between business law and commercial law?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Commercial law is a specific branch of business law that governs commercial acts and the relationships between traders. It covers, for example, the sale of goods, distribution agreements, commercial leases, invoice recovery procedures, unfair competition and so on. Commercial law is therefore concerned with commercial transactions and activities in the strict sense, generally between companies (B2B). Business law is a broader concept that encompasses commercial law but is not limited to it. It also includes company law (formation, operation and governance of companies), corporate tax law, employment law as applied to the company (employer-employee relations), intellectual property law (trade marks, patents, etc.) in a business context, the law of civil and commercial contracts, and disciplines such as competition law, banking and financial law, and the law of insolvency proceedings (bankruptcies). In short, commercial law is one component of business law, which is much broader. In practice, a business lawyer in Paris is well versed in commercial law and the other areas of law affecting the company, in order to offer comprehensive support. For example, the drafting of an important commercial contract may raise questions of tax law (VAT, taxation), intellectual property (trade mark licence clauses) or international law (if the contract is with a foreign partner), all matters falling within business law in the broad sense.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"How much does a consultation with a business lawyer in Paris cost?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Fees for a first consultation with a business lawyer in Paris generally range between \u20ac150 and \u20ac300 incl. VAT for an appointment of about 45 minutes to 1 hour. This fee depends on the lawyer's experience, the complexity of your issue and sometimes the size of the firm (renowned firms in Paris's central business district often charge higher fees). At the firm, the first consultation is charged at \u20ac80 incl. VAT. In Paris, the hourly rates of business lawyers are on average 30 to 40% higher than in provincial cities, reflecting the cost of living and the level of in-depth expertise required in often complex cases. However, many Parisian firms state the cost of the first consultation clearly on their website or when making an appointment, in order to ensure transparency with clients. Do not hesitate to ask in advance for the consultation fee and what it includes (for example, review of documents, preliminary analysis, etc.).\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"How much does it cost to set up a company with a lawyer in Paris?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Assistance from a lawyer when setting up a company in Paris generally costs between \u20ac1,500 and \u20ac3,500 excl. VAT (excluding taxes), depending on the complexity of your project. This amount generally covers: advice on the choice of legal form (SARL, SAS, SA, micro-enterprise, etc.), drafting of tailor-made articles of association, drafting of a shareholders' agreement if there are several shareholders, registration formalities (filing with the court registry, legal notice, obtaining the Kbis extract) and sometimes follow-up during the company's first months. For a small, simple structure (e.g. a single-member SASU or a family SARL without a complex shareholders' agreement), fees are rather between \u20ac1,500 and \u20ac2,000. For more complex projects involving, for example, several shareholders with specific clauses in the shareholders' agreement, contributions in kind requiring the involvement of a contributions auditor, or the setting up of remuneration plans (BSPCE, bonus shares), the budget can reach \u20ac3,000 to \u20ac5,000. This initial investment may seem substantial, but it secures the birth of your company. Poorly drafted articles of association or omissions in the formalities can later lead to costly disputes between shareholders or refusals of registration. A business lawyer makes sure your company starts on sound legal foundations, which will spare you many pitfalls and later costs.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"How much does it cost to have a commercial contract drafted by a lawyer in Paris?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The cost of having a commercial contract drafted by a lawyer in Paris depends on the nature of the contract and its complexity. On average, the following can be estimated: Simple commercial contract (e.g. standard general terms of sale, basic services contract): from \u20ac800 to \u20ac1,500 excl. VAT. Complex or strategic contract (e.g. exclusive distribution agreement, franchise agreement, SaaS IT contract, international partnership agreement): between \u20ac2,000 and \u20ac5,000 excl. VAT, or more for extremely specialised contracts. Highly elaborate bespoke contract (e.g. merger and acquisition agreement, shareholders' agreement for a major fundraising): the budget can reach \u20ac5,000 to \u20ac10,000 excl. VAT or be charged on time spent according to the number of hours worked. This fee generally includes an analysis of your needs and your particular situation, the drafting of the contract with tailor-made clauses, and then, where appropriate, exchanges with the opposing contracting party to negotiate and adjust certain clauses. In Paris, given the high standards of economic players, lawyers take care to draft very comprehensive contracts to prevent any future dispute. Using a generic template found online without legal review is strongly discouraged: a poorly adapted contract can cause considerable financial losses in the event of a dispute. Investing in a well-drafted contract is peace-of-mind insurance for your company.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"How much does commercial litigation cost with a lawyer in Paris?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The cost of commercial litigation (a dispute brought before the court) with a lawyer in Paris can vary enormously depending on the nature of the case, its complexity and its duration. On average: For a simple commercial dispute (e.g. recovery of an undisputed debt, payment order (injonction de payer) procedure): fees may be fixed at around \u20ac1,500 to \u20ac3,000 excl. VAT, especially if the case is resolved quickly or amicably. For more complex litigation requiring several hearings, expert assessments, or involving significant financial stakes (e.g. dispute between shareholders, wrongful termination of a contract, unfair competition): a lawyer may charge on time spent at an hourly rate ranging from \u20ac200 to \u20ac400 excl. VAT per hour. The total bill may then reach \u20ac5,000 to \u20ac15,000 excl. VAT, or more, depending on the number of hours devoted to the case. Some lawyers offer a success fee in addition to a basic fixed fee (for example, a percentage of the sums recovered or saved for the client), especially in cases involving the recovery of substantial debts or damages. Important: since 2015, the law requires a written fee agreement between the lawyer and the client, specifying the method of billing (fixed fee, hourly, success) and the estimated budget. In Paris, lawyers are accustomed to detailing their fees in advance given the sums at stake. Do not hesitate to discuss from the outset the foreseeable cost of the proceedings and the options for controlling it (instalments, a cap on hours, etc.). Also bear in mind that losing a case may lead to an order to pay part of the opposing party's costs (Article 700 of the Code of Civil Procedure), in addition to your own costs.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Does a business lawyer offer fixed-fee packages or subscriptions?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Yes, more and more business law firms in Paris offer fixed-fee packages or monthly subscriptions tailored to the needs of their professional clients. These innovative formulas aim to give more visibility over the legal budget and to establish a long-term relationship with the client. For example, a single fixed fee may be offered for a specific assignment: turnkey setting up of an SAS, drafting of a standard contract, GDPR compliance, etc. The client knows in advance the total cost and the deliverables included. Package prices are set according to an estimate of the time required and the added value provided. As for legal subscriptions, they suit companies with regular needs. For a monthly amount typically ranging from \u20ac300 to \u20ac1,500 excl. VAT (depending on the scope of the services), the company can benefit each month from: A volume of advisory hours (for example 2, 5 or 10 hours) to be used to ask a variety of legal questions, have documents reviewed or obtain quick consultations. The review or drafting of a certain number of simple contracts. Unlimited short telephone consultations for day-to-day questions. Proactive legal monitoring (alerts on legal developments affecting the company, updates of standard documents, etc.). This subscription formula is particularly advantageous for Paris start-ups and small and medium-sized businesses that do not yet have an in-house counsel: it gives them responsive legal advice, available at all times, at a controlled cost, often lower than a legal counsel's salary. Before taking out a subscription, it is advisable to define clearly with the lawyer the scope of the services included, the term of the commitment and the termination terms, so that the service corresponds precisely to your expectations.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Which legal form should I choose for my company in Paris: SARL or SAS?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The choice between a limited liability company (SARL, Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e0 Responsabilit\u00e9 Limit\u00e9e) and a simplified joint-stock company (SAS, Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 par Actions Simplifi\u00e9e) depends on the nature of your project and your objectives. Here are the main differences: SARL: suited to family or small entrepreneurial projects, where the members know each other well. The SARL imposes a more rigid and secure framework (its operation is largely dictated by law, which leaves less freedom but prevents abuse). The majority manager falls under the self-employed (TNS) regime, which means that they contribute to a specific fund (SSI, formerly RSI) and benefit from a social security regime that is less costly than an employee's. On the other hand, the manager's net remuneration is less advantageous for the calculation of social security contributions (about 45% social charges, against 80% for an equivalent employee). The SARL is often chosen for its simplicity and its family social protection (the spouse may have the status of collaborating spouse, for example). SAS: highly popular in Paris, the SAS offers great flexibility of operation and governance. The shareholders (called \u201cactionnaires\u201d in an SAS) can organise the management of the company with considerable latitude in the articles of association: they can provide for a Chairman, possibly a Managing Director, a Board of Directors, and so on, or on the contrary a lighter structure. The SAS is ideal for attracting investors (investment funds, business angels) because new shares can easily be issued, categories of preferred shares can be created, and so on. The SAS director has the status of employee-equivalent (assimil\u00e9-salari\u00e9: they contribute like a salaried executive, with about 80% social charges on their remuneration, but benefit from the protection of the general social security regime). SAS are also favoured for setting up stock-option or bonus-share plans for employees. In return for this flexibility, social charges on remuneration are higher. In Paris, the majority of innovative start-ups choose the SAS, because it facilitates fundraising and the entry of new shareholders. The SARL remains popular for more traditional businesses, local shops or family structures. In practice, it is advisable to make an appointment with a business lawyer to present your project: they can simulate with you the impact of one status or another on governance, the cost of social charges and taxation (income tax through the tax option of the family SARL, for example, or standard corporate tax), and help you make an informed choice.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Is a lawyer compulsory to set up a company in Paris?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"No, in France it is not compulsory to use a lawyer to set up a company, including in Paris. It is perfectly possible to draft your company's articles of association yourself, to complete the administrative forms (available on the business one-stop shop website or infogreffe.fr) and to file the registration application without legal assistance. Many entrepreneurs in fact opt for this solution for simple structures (small SARL with a single member, micro-enterprise, etc.), notably to save on advisory fees. However, the fact that it is not compulsory does not mean it is not recommended. Using templates of articles of association found online or imitating another company's documents carries risks: every project has its own specifics, and poorly adapted standard clauses may create later disputes or run contrary to the members' intentions. For example, a poorly drafted pre-emption clause could block the resale of shares, or the absence of certain clauses can make day-to-day management more difficult (no approval clause to control the entry of new members, etc.). In addition, some formalities can be bewildering for a newcomer, and a poorly prepared file can be rejected by the court registry, causing lost time and frustration. In Paris, where business life moves fast, using a lawyer to set up your company is strongly advised as soon as the company involves a minimum of financial stakes or complexity (several shareholders, a wish for rapid growth, a need for investors, etc.). The lawyer makes sure you start on solid foundations that comply with the latest laws in force, which spares you from having to go back to correct legal errors. In short, a lawyer is not compulsory but is highly desirable if you wish to secure your project and concentrate on developing your business with peace of mind.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"How long does it take to set up a company in Paris with a lawyer?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"With the help of a lawyer, setting up a company in Paris is a relatively quick process: allow generally 2 to 4 weeks for your company to be registered and operational, from the moment you have provided all the necessary information. Here are the main stages and indicative timings: Initial consultation and gathering of information (DAY 1 to 7) \u2013 At the first appointment, you present your project to the lawyer (activity, shareholders, financing, etc.). The lawyer advises you on the legal form and collects the necessary information (company name, registered office address, split of the share capital, shareholders' identity documents, etc.). This phase may take a few days, especially if you need to think over certain choices or gather documents. Drafting of the articles of association and shareholders' agreement (DAY 7 to 14) \u2013 The lawyer drafts the company's articles of association and, where applicable, a shareholders' agreement. Exchanges take place to validate each clause. Depending on how responsive the parties are, this stage takes on average one week. Signing of the documents and banking formalities (DAY 14 to 18) \u2013 Once the articles of association are finalised, they are signed by all the shareholders. If a share capital deposit is required (as for an SA, SAS, SARL, etc.), you must deposit the funds in a blocked account (bank or notary) to obtain a certificate of deposit of the funds. In Paris, the time to obtain a bank appointment can vary from 1 to 5 business days depending on the bank. Filing of the registration application (DAY 18 to 21) \u2013 The lawyer prepares the registration file (signed articles of association, proof of registered office, certificate of deposit of the funds, form M0, legal notice, etc.) and files it online via the one-stop shop or directly with the registry of the Paris Commercial Court. Registration and obtaining the Kbis (DAY 21 to 30) \u2013 The registry examines the file. If it is complete, registration takes place within a few days. In Paris, the Commercial Court generally issues the Kbis extract (the official document attesting to the company's existence) within 48 to 72 hours of receiving the complete file. You then receive your Kbis by post or electronically, marking the official birth of your company. In summary, for a standard company formation without difficulty, a company can be registered in Paris in about 3 weeks. This timescale can be reduced to about ten days for a small, uncomplicated structure (thanks to fast online procedures) or, conversely, extend to 1-2 months in particular cases (for example if a contributions auditor must be involved, if an administrative licence must first be obtained, or in the event of administrative delay). By working with a lawyer, you maximise the chances that the file will be accepted the first time, and you are guided at each stage to keep to these tight deadlines.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What is a shareholders' agreement and is it necessary in Paris?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"A shareholders' agreement (pacte d'associ\u00e9s, also called a pacte d'actionnaires in companies limited by shares) is a confidential contract signed between a company's shareholders, in addition to the articles of association. Unlike the articles of association, which are public and enforceable against third parties, the shareholders' agreement remains secret and binds only its signatories. Its purpose is to organise in detail the relationships between shareholders and to provide for situations not covered (or not covered precisely enough) in the articles of association. In practice, a shareholders' agreement may contain clauses on: The conditions for transferring shares: for example, a pre-emption clause (if a shareholder sells, the others may buy in priority), a reinforced approval clause (the entry of any new shareholder must be unanimously approved), or a drag-along\/tag-along clause (if the majority is sold, minority shareholders may be dragged along in the sale or have the right to join the sale). Governance: agreements on the appointment of directors, the composition of the board of directors, the right of certain shareholders to be consulted on important decisions even if they do not hold the majority, and so on. Dispute management and shareholders' exit: for example, buy-out clauses (buying back the shares of a shareholder who dies, becomes incapacitated or resigns), bad leaver\/good leaver mechanisms (conditions for buying back the shares of a shareholder who leaves the company depending on whether they leave on good terms or following misconduct), or the organisation of mediation\/arbitration in the event of a serious dispute. Confidentiality and non-competition: an undertaking by the shareholders not to disclose certain sensitive information and not to compete with the company for the duration of their holding, and often for a period after their departure. In Paris, the shareholders' agreement is very widespread as soon as there are several shareholders, particularly in start-ups, small and medium-sized businesses with high growth potential, or when investors come in. In these environments, it is essential to supplement the articles of association (often standardised for registration) with a tailor-made agreement that will remain confidential. For example, Parisian incubators or investment funds almost systematically require the signing of an agreement before investing in a young company, in order to secure their future exit and their rights. In short, a shareholders' agreement is not legally compulsory, but it is strongly recommended as soon as the financial or relational stakes between shareholders are significant. It is the legal tool that makes it possible to anticipate hard times and to prevent the entrepreneurial dream from turning into a nightmare in the event of disagreement. A lawyer will help you draft a balanced agreement, compliant with the law (certain clauses must not contradict the articles of association or mandatory public-policy rules) and adapted to the specifics of your business in Paris.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Why have your commercial contracts drafted by a lawyer in Paris?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Having your commercial contracts drafted or reviewed by a lawyer in Paris is strongly advised to secure your commitments and prevent disputes. A well-drafted commercial contract clearly defines each party's obligations, the conditions for performing the service or sale, payment terms, warranties, liability in the event of breach, cases of early termination, and so on. It must be balanced: protecting your company while remaining acceptable to your business partner. By entrusting this task to a lawyer specialised in business law, you benefit from several advantages: Adaptation to your business: the lawyer will tailor the contract to the specifics of your sector and of the transaction. For example, an IT services contract will include intellectual property and after-sales service clauses, while a distribution contract will deal with stock, territorial exclusivity, and so on. Legal compliance: French (and European) commercial law is framed by numerous mandatory public-policy rules. For example, certain clauses must appear in franchise agreements, B2B general terms of sale must not contain unfair clauses on pain of sanction, competition law prohibits anti-competitive agreements, and so on. A lawyer makes sure your contract complies with all these legal and regulatory constraints. Anticipation of disputes: drawing on their experience, the lawyer will know which clauses to include to manage possible future disagreements. For example, they can insert a mandatory mediation clause before any court action, define the competent court (in Paris or in private arbitration) in the event of a dispute, provide for late-payment penalties that are moderate but dissuasive, and so on. Optimised negotiation: if your counterparty has its own lawyer or legal department, having your own lawyer restores a balance in the discussion. In Paris, large companies or investors have in-house counsel who will try to take advantage of the clauses. Your lawyer helps you negotiate sensitive points closely (limited liability, non-competition clause, data ownership, etc.) to reach a win-win agreement and avoid finding yourself bound by overly restrictive obligations. In summary, entrusting the drafting of your contracts to a lawyer means investing in dispute insurance. The initial cost is largely offset by the savings made by avoiding litigation, unpaid invoices or lost customers caused by contractual misunderstandings. In a Parisian context where financial stakes are high and competition fierce, having solid and clear contracts is a sign of seriousness and a guarantee of peace of mind.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What are the main commercial contracts to have drafted by a lawyer?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Several types of commercial contract deserve particular attention and the involvement of a lawyer for their drafting or validation, notably: Services contracts: for example, an external consultant's contract, a software development contract, a maintenance or marketing contract. It must define precisely the scope of the assignment, the deadlines, the remuneration and the ownership of the deliverables. Sale or supply contracts: to govern the sale of products between companies (framework purchase agreement, B2B general terms of sale, etc.), with clauses on delivery times, quality standards, penalties for delay, and so on. Distribution or commercial agency contracts: an exclusive distribution, dealership, commercial agency or franchise agreement. These contracts are highly technical (franchise rules, the protective status of the commercial agent) and often require specific clauses to be valid and effective. Commercial leases (baux commerciaux): for the rental of commercial premises in Paris. A commercial lease generally commits the parties for 9 years, with rules protecting the tenant (right to renewal, capped rents). A lawyer is indispensable to negotiate advantageous terms and avoid pitfalls. Partnership and joint-venture contracts: when companies or entrepreneurs join forces on a shared project without creating a joint company, through a partnership, consortium or joint-venture contract, it is crucial to set out clearly each party's contributions, the sharing of results and the governance of the project. General terms of sale (CGV) and of purchase (CGA): these documents govern all your standard commercial transactions. Well drafted, they protect you in the event of a dispute (retention of title until full payment, limitation of liability, competent court, etc.). They are compulsory in certain cases (the CGV must be provided to any professional buyer who requests them). Of course, this list is not exhaustive. As soon as a contract has significant importance for your company (financially or strategically), it is better to secure its drafting. In Paris, business lawyers frequently see companies arrive with a major dispute because they signed a contract \u201clightly\u201d without measuring its legal scope. Remember that anything not written in the contract cannot easily be claimed in the event of disagreement. As a precaution, have any document that commits you heavily reviewed by a lawyer, especially if it comes from the other party.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Can you use a contract template found online instead of consulting a lawyer?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Using a contract template found on the internet may seem an economical and quick solution, but it carries real risks. Online templates are by definition generic and do not take account of the specifics of your situation. Moreover, it is often difficult to check whether they are up to date with the latest laws or case law, and whether they comply with French law (some templates come from foreign legal systems or are roughly translated). Here are the main problems encountered with non-personalised standard contracts: Unsuitable clauses: a template may contain clauses that make no sense for your business, or miss essential clauses. For example, a template services contract might not address the intellectual property of the deliverables, leaving you without protection over your creations. Imbalances and unfair clauses: some templates contain clauses that favour one party too heavily and that a court could regard as unfair or null. Examples: exorbitant late-payment penalties, a clause releasing you from all liability in all circumstances, and so on. Relying on them can give you a false sense of legal security. Legal non-compliance: regulations change regularly. A template downloaded a few years ago may be obsolete (for example, a 2017 template will not reflect the 2019 changes on significant imbalances between businesses or the latest GDPR requirements on personal data, etc.). Using an outdated contract can put you in breach without your even knowing it. Lack of advice: a contract is not just a text; it is also the product of a negotiation strategy and of reflection on what may happen. A template will not advise you on what to negotiate first, what it is better to concede, or which wording to adopt to satisfy both parties. A lawyer, on the other hand, plays this role of advice and adaptation. Ultimately, nothing replaces a lawyer's expertise to ensure that the contract you sign actually protects you. If your budget is tight, you can opt for a compromise: draft a contract yourself drawing on templates, then have it reviewed and corrected by a lawyer. The cost will be lower than for full drafting, but you will benefit from professional safeguards. In Paris, many small businesses choose this route for everyday contracts: they propose a draft and the lawyer optimises it. It is a way of learning while protecting yourself against the most serious legal pitfalls.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"How does the negotiation of a commercial contract with a lawyer in Paris work?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The negotiation of a commercial contract with a lawyer's assistance generally takes place in several phases: Initial analysis of the contract: your lawyer begins by studying the draft contract (or the specifications if the contract is to be drafted from scratch) and discusses with you your objectives, your points of vigilance and what you are prepared to accept or not. They identify the critical clauses and explain the stakes of each provision. Drafting or amendments: if you initiate the contract, the lawyer prepares a complete draft adapted to your needs. If the contract comes from the other party, the lawyer proposes amendments to the existing document, adding missing clauses or correcting those that pose a problem. Exchanges with the other party: your lawyer sends the amended document to the other party (or to their lawyer if they have one). A dialogue then opens, often in writing (by email with the annotated document, or through a track-changes tool). There may be several rounds: for example, the supplier rejects a particular penalty clause and proposes an alternative, your lawyer counters on the warranty, and so on. During these exchanges, it is common in Paris for lawyers to speak directly to clarify technical points or find compromises, which smooths the negotiation. Final validation and signatures: once both parties have agreed on the text, the final version of the contract is drawn up. Your lawyer checks one last time the overall consistency (for example, if the term was changed in article 2, making sure that the article on termination takes this into account too). You can then sign the contract, often in several original copies or now by electronic signature. The lawyer can organise a signing session if necessary, especially for major contracts where everyone meets. In Paris, where business partners are often well advised, the negotiation phase can be quick or very long depending on what is at stake in the contract. For the commercial lease of a shop, for example, it can be wrapped up in a few days if the parties are in a hurry to open, whereas an international joint-venture contract can take several months of negotiation. The lawyer acts as a technical mediator: they unpack the legal jargon for you, slow things down when it is in your interest, or on the contrary speed up if time is against you. They always make sure to preserve your main interest while finding common ground acceptable to the counterparty. In the end, a successful negotiation is recognisable by one sign: each party signs the contract feeling that they have won what mattered most to them, having conceded on less crucial points. What is an unfair clause in a commercial contract and how can you protect yourself against it in Paris? An unfair clause (a term used mainly in consumer law) or, for contracts between professionals, a clause creating a significant imbalance, is a contractual clause that imposes on the other party excessive obligations or obligations contrary to fairness. In B2B relationships, Article L442-1 of the Commercial Code (Code de commerce) allows the judge to sanction clauses or practices that create a significant imbalance between the rights and obligations of the parties to the contract. In practice, here are examples of problematic clauses in commercial contracts between companies: Disproportionate late-payment penalties (for example, late-payment interest at 20% per day of delay, which bears no relation to the actual loss). A clause allowing only one of the partners to modify the contract unilaterally with no consideration for the other (e.g. the supplier reserves the right to change prices at any time without notice). An abusive unilateral termination clause (for example, your counterparty can terminate the contract overnight without reason, whereas you are firmly committed for 3 years). The absence of reciprocity on essential obligations: for example, in a distribution contract, only the distributor has minimum-volume obligations, whereas the manufacturer guarantees no exclusivity or minimum supply. To protect yourself against this, the first step is to have your contracts reviewed by a lawyer who will be able to detect these unbalanced clauses. They can either remove them or adjust them to restore balance (for example, capping late-payment penalties at a reasonable level, introducing a reciprocity clause, etc.). If you are subject to a contract with an unfair clause imposed by an economically more powerful partner, be aware that you can bring legal action to have it annulled or declared unwritten, on the basis of significant imbalance (if you are the \u201cweak\u201d party in the commercial relationship). In Paris, competition and economic pressure can lead some players to impose one-sided (very harsh) conditions on their smaller partners. The Paris courts, alert to these abuses, no longer hesitate to sanction unfair clauses between professionals, especially since the legislative reinforcements of 2019. The mere fact of having in your contract a clause deemed unfair can expose you to an administrative fine through the DGCCRF (French consumer and competition authority), independently of civil litigation. Hence the importance of a regular contractual audit of your key commercial documents by a lawyer, in order to remain compliant and preserve balanced relationships with your partners.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"When should you bring a case before the Paris Commercial Court?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The Paris Commercial Court (Tribunal de commerce) has jurisdiction to hear disputes relating to commercial acts and involving traders or commercial companies. You must (or may) bring a case before the Paris Commercial Court in several typical situations: Customer-supplier dispute: for example, a customer (a trader) who does not pay its invoices, or a supplier who has not delivered conforming goods. Disputes between partners or between shareholders of a Parisian commercial company (challenge to a general meeting, removal of a manager, dispute over the distribution of profits, etc.). Unfair competition and parasitism: if a competitor disparages your company, unlawfully copies your products, or poaches your employees en masse in breach of the rules, you can take action before the commercial court. Abusive termination of established commercial relationships: if a partner abruptly ends a long-standing contract or commercial relationship without sufficient notice, the commercial court can be seized to obtain compensation (this is a frequent type of litigation in Paris, notably in the distribution sector). Insolvency proceedings: if your counterparty goes bankrupt (judicial reorganisation or judicial liquidation proceedings), it is the commercial court that supervises the proceedings, and it is to the creditors\u2019 representative (mandataire judiciaire), or to the liquidator in judicial liquidation, that you must declare your claim. Likewise, if it is your company that is in difficulty, the Paris Commercial Court can be seized to open safeguard, reorganisation or liquidation proceedings. As a general rule, whenever it concerns a commercial dispute in the broad sense in Paris (including a dispute arising from a commercial lease, or a dispute involving a bank on a commercial transaction), the commercial court has jurisdiction. Note that there are exceptions: for example, disputes between a trader and a non-trader (a private consumer) fall within the civil judicial court, not the commercial court. Important point: in Paris, since 1 January 2020, representation by a lawyer has been compulsory before the commercial court for all disputes where the amount exceeds \u20ac10,000. Below that threshold, you may in theory defend yourself or be represented by a relative (holding a power of attorney), but this is inadvisable given the technicality of the procedure. In practice, even for a dispute below \u20ac10,000, it is wise to entrust the case to a business lawyer who will know how to build a solid file and master the rules of commercial procedure.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"How long does commercial litigation last in Paris?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The duration of commercial litigation in Paris depends on the procedure brought and the complexity of the case. As a guide: Proceedings on the merits (standard): before the commercial court, standard proceedings last on average 8 to 12 months from the filing of the writ of summons to the judgment. This period includes the pre-trial phase (exchange of submissions and documents between lawyers, which often takes 4 to 8 months with several adjournments), then the oral hearing, and finally the deliberation (the judges' time for reflection, generally 1 to 3 months before delivering the decision). Accelerated urgent proceedings (r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9): if the case is urgent or the right is obvious (for example, obtaining urgent delivery of an essential order, or stopping a flagrant disparagement campaign), you can bring an urgent application. The r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9 is a fast procedure: an order can be obtained in about 3 to 6 weeks in Paris. However, the r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9 does not settle the dispute on the merits definitively; it is often a provisional measure pending proceedings on the merits. Complex or technical cases: some disputes take longer, particularly if they require a court-appointed expert assessment (for example a dispute over the construction of commercial premises where a building expert must give an opinion, or a financial dispute where a chartered accountant is involved). Such proceedings can last 18 to 24 months or even more, because each expert measure adds months (appointment of the expert, meetings, report, etc.). You must also bear in mind that after the judgment there may be an appeal before the Paris Court of Appeal, which prolongs the litigation by a further year or two. On appeal, timescales are sometimes a little longer than at first instance. In Paris, the Commercial Court is one of the busiest in France (thousands of cases each year), which can cause somewhat longer delays than in smaller courts. However, it has also introduced active case-management procedures to avoid undue delays (encouragement of mediation, stricter pre-trial conferences, etc.). In summary, be prepared for commercial litigation in Paris to take about 1 year. Your lawyer can give you a finer estimate depending on the chamber of the court seized (some chambers move faster than others) and on procedural strategy (certain choices, such as requesting an expert assessment, inevitably lengthen the duration). They can also look for ways to speed things up (for example, pleading in urgent proceedings on the merits where possible, a less commonly used but faster procedure).\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Can you avoid court in a commercial dispute in Paris?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Yes, and it is often desirable to try to avoid full-blown litigation, because court proceedings are long, costly and uncertain as to their outcome. There are several alternative dispute resolution (ADR) methods that you can consider for a commercial dispute in Paris: Direct amicable negotiation: before considering any action, your lawyers (or you yourselves) can try to find common ground. Sometimes a simple well-argued formal notice from a lawyer is enough to unblock the situation and bring the other party to the negotiating table. You can agree on an amicable solution (for example, payment of an invoice in instalments, partial compensation for termination of a contract, etc.) and record it in writing. Mediation: this is a formalised process in which an independent mediator (often a lawyer or an expert trained in mediation) is appointed to facilitate discussions. In Paris, the Paris Mediation and Arbitration Centre (CMAP), for example, offers mediators experienced in business disputes. The parties meet in the presence of the mediator, who helps them talk and find an agreement themselves. Mediation is confidential and quick (a few weeks to a few months at most). Parisian judges frequently encourage the parties to try mediation before pursuing the case. Conciliation: close to mediation, but often conducted by a court conciliator (conciliateur de justice, who provides the service at no cost to the parties) or by the judge themselves at the start of the proceedings. The principle is the same: to find a mutually acceptable agreement with the help of a neutral third party. Arbitration: this is an alternative to the commercial court. The parties agree to submit their dispute to a private arbitrator (or an arbitral tribunal of several arbitrators) who will render an award having the same value as a judgment. Arbitration is quick and confidential, but it has a cost (the arbitrators and the arbitral institution must be paid). It is generally reserved for highly technical or international commercial disputes, or where an arbitration clause (clause compromissoire) appears in the contract from the outset. In Paris, institutions such as the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) administer arbitrations for business disputes from all over the world, and there are also ad hoc arbitrations. In practice, it is common for a commercial dispute to lead to an amicable solution during the proceedings. In other words, a writ of summons is filed to meet deadlines or to apply pressure, but discussions continue in parallel to avoid going all the way to judgment. Parisian business lawyers are well versed in these parallel negotiations. Often, the mere fact that a hearing is approaching pushes the parties to find a compromise (for fear of losing at trial). If an agreement is reached, it can be approved by the court to give it the force of a judgment. In summary, yes, the courts can often be avoided through mediation, conciliation or negotiation. This is generally less costly, quicker, and preserves the commercial relationship (when it is important to you to keep working with the partner). A good lawyer will always seek the best result for you, and that sometimes means a good agreement rather than a bad trial.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What remedies are available against unpaid invoices between professionals in Paris?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Faced with a professional customer who does not pay an invoice or a business partner who owes you money, you have several legal remedies, graded from the simplest to the most coercive: Amicable reminder and formal notice: before any legal action, send written reminders (emails, letters) reminding the other party that the due date has passed. If that is not enough, a formal notice (mise en demeure), preferably drafted by a lawyer and sent by registered post with acknowledgement of receipt, can unblock the situation. This letter must set out the facts, the amount due and the invoice references, and call on the other party to pay within a certain period (generally 8 or 15 days), failing which you will commence proceedings. Often, the prospect of additional legal costs prompts the debtor to pay at this stage. Payment order (injonction de payer): this is a quick, non-adversarial procedure. With a lawyer's help, you file a case with the registry of the competent court (in Paris, the Commercial Court for a B2B dispute) including the details of the debt and the supporting documents (invoice, purchase order, reminders, etc.). The judge, without hearing the debtor, can issue a payment order within a few weeks. You then have it served on the debtor by a bailiff, and the debtor has 1 month to object. If they do not object, the order becomes final and you can have it enforced (bank attachment, etc.). The payment order is suited to undisputed or manifestly legitimate unpaid debts. Writ of summons on the merits (standard proceedings): if the debtor disputes the debt or if the claim is complex (damages, contractual clauses in dispute, etc.), you will have to issue a writ of summons before the Paris Commercial Court to decide the dispute. This is the standard procedure with an exchange of arguments and a hearing. It is longer (several months) and involves lawyer's and procedural costs, but it is the way to obtain an enforceable judgment where there is a serious dispute. Urgent application for an interim payment (r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9-provision): this is a mix between the payment order and standard proceedings. If you consider that the debt is due and hardly disputable (for example, the debtor does not deny owing the money but asks for time, or no longer replies), you can issue an urgent application before the court. The urgent applications judge can, pending the final judgment on the merits, award you an interim payment (partial payment) if the debt does not appear seriously disputable. In Paris, a decision in urgent proceedings is obtained within a few weeks. This route is useful when the payment order might be contested just to gain time, or when you want to show your determination quickly. In addition, if the amount is high or the debtor appears to be in difficulty, do not wait: your lawyer may recommend protective measures from the moment of the formal notice (for example, a protective attachment on the debtor's bank account, which freezes the sum pending the judge's decision). This applies additional pressure and secures your chances of recovering the money by preventing it from disappearing in the meantime. Every situation is unique. A law firm in Paris can assess your debtor's solvency and the nature of your claim to choose the appropriate strategy. For example, against a large company acting in good faith that is slow to pay, negotiation and a payment order will suffice; against a company in financial difficulty, you will need to act quickly, even declare the claim in insolvency proceedings if it has filed for insolvency. The important thing is to react from the first late payments, because the more time passes, the harder it is to recover an old debt.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Is a lawyer compulsory before the Paris Commercial Court?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Yes, in most cases a lawyer is now compulsory before the Paris Commercial Court. More precisely, since the reform that came into force on 1 January 2020, representation by a lawyer has been compulsory in proceedings on the merits where the amount in dispute exceeds \u20ac10,000. Below that threshold, you may in theory represent yourself or be represented by an agent of your choice (holding a power of attorney), whether an employee, a relative or an adviser who is not a lawyer. However, even though the law allows representation without a lawyer (including for disputes below \u20ac10,000), it is strongly inadvisable to embark alone on commercial litigation in Paris. The procedure has its specifics (exchange of submissions, compliance with procedural deadlines, legal formalities to be observed on pain of your claims being inadmissible) and the opposing party, especially in Paris, will very often have its own lawyer. Appearing without a lawyer against experienced counsel means risking procedural errors or not knowing how to counter the opposing legal arguments. A business lawyer is practised in these exercises: they will know how to present your claims in a legally admissible way, draft powerful submissions, select the relevant documents (emails, contracts, letters) to prove your statements, and plead your case effectively before the commercial judges (the judges of the commercial court are often former business owners, receptive to concrete and well-supported arguments). Moreover, hiring a lawyer gives you added credibility: it is a signal to your opponent that you take the dispute seriously and are ready to see it through, which can encourage an amicable resolution as mentioned above. Finally, let us not forget that your exchanges with your lawyer are covered by professional secrecy, which allows you to confide everything to them so that they can prepare your defence as well as possible, without it being used against you. In summary, except for very small claims where the financial stakes would not justify the costs, it is practically unavoidable to be assisted by a lawyer before the Paris Commercial Court, if only to balance the forces against the opponent and maximise your chances of success.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Why consult a lawyer before signing a commercial lease in Paris?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The commercial lease is a crucial contract for any trader or company renting premises: it commits you for a long term (9 years as standard, with exit possibilities only every 3 years under conditions) and it sets major financial and legal obligations (rent, service charges, works, renewal, etc.). In Paris, where rents are high and opportunities for premises are fiercely contested, it can be tempting to sign quickly so as not to \u201cmiss out on the spot\u201d. However, consulting a lawyer before signing your commercial lease is a precaution that can save you a great deal of money and trouble later on. When reviewing or negotiating the draft lease, the lawyer will notably check and discuss: The amount of the rent and its consistency with the market: Paris has a very heterogeneous market depending on the arrondissement and even the street. Your lawyer will know whether the proposed rent is at the high or low end of the area's range, and may be able to negotiate it down or obtain adjustments (stepped rent, rent holiday in the first months for works, etc.). The allocation of charges and works: Parisian \u201call-inclusive commercial\u201d leases often include recoverable charges (building maintenance, caretaking, etc.) and clauses on works. A lawyer will check that the statutory allocation is respected (for example, the Pinel law prohibits making the tenant bear certain major works or structural charges). They can clarify the list of charges that the landlord wants to invoice you for, to avoid unpleasant surprises. Rent review and indexation clauses: almost all leases provide for annual indexation (often the ILAT or ILC index for shops). You need to look at whether the index is appropriate and whether the lease provides for a three-yearly review, capped or not. In Paris, some landlords try to introduce turnover clauses (rent varying with turnover) or other mechanisms that deserve to be analysed by a lawyer. Renewal and eviction terms: a commercial lease in principle gives a right to renewal every 9 years, or failing that eviction compensation (indemnit\u00e9 d'\u00e9viction) if the landlord refuses to renew. A lawyer will check that your lease contains no unlawful clause on this point (for example, an advance waiver of the right to renewal, which would be null). They will also explain the deadlines and formalities for requesting renewal when the time comes. Specific clauses: sometimes a lease contains particular features: an exclusivity clause (you are the only trader of a given type in the building or arcade), a permitted-use clause (limiting the activities authorised in the premises), a joint guarantee by a third party, and so on. The lawyer will detect these points and tell you whether they are standard, negotiable, dangerous, and so on. In short, the lawyer protects you by balancing the contract, which is otherwise often drafted heavily in the landlord's favour. They can negotiate certain clauses to soften or clarify them. For example, by having it specified that a works clause covers only routine maintenance and not major compliance works on the building (which normally fall to the owner). In Paris, key money (pas-de-porte) and rents represent such a heavy investment that it is in your interest to secure this item legally. A bad lease can ruin a business's profitability (rent too high, impossibility of subletting, obligation to refurbish on departure, etc.). So never sign a commercial lease with your eyes closed: an appointment with a lawyer can pay for itself simply by obtaining a rent reduction or the landlord taking on certain works rather than you.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"How much does it cost to negotiate a commercial lease with a lawyer in Paris?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Fees for a lawyer's assistance in negotiating a commercial lease depend on the complexity of the lease and the intensity of the negotiation. In Paris, the following average costs can be estimated: Review and simple advice on a standard lease: from \u20ac1,000 excl. VAT, the lawyer reviews the draft lease provided by the landlord, and prepares a note or holds a meeting to point out the points of attention and advise you on what you can negotiate. Here, the lawyer does not deal directly with the landlord; you lead the discussion, guided by their advice. Active negotiation by the lawyer: between \u20ac1,500 and \u20ac3,000 excl. VAT for a standard lease. The lawyer reviews the lease, then contacts the landlord (or their adviser) to propose amendments, discuss the clauses and reach an agreement. This fee often covers several rounds of exchanges over a period of a few weeks. For example, negotiating a 5% rent reduction, obtaining a 3-month rent holiday for works, limiting the director's personal guarantee to 1 year's rent, and so on. Very complex or voluminous leases (shopping centres, premises > 1,000 m\u00b2, tripartite lease with franchise): fees can reach \u20ac5,000 excl. VAT and more, because the negotiation often involves many technical points (particular renewal clause, contribution to the charges of a shopping centre, regulations on establishments open to the public (ERP), etc.) and can last several months. The lawyer may work as a team with a real estate expert, notably for shopping-centre leases where the documents run to hundreds of pages. These amounts should be seen as an investment. If your lawyer manages to reduce the rent by just 5% on a lease at \u20ac3,000 per month, that is \u20ac150 saved per month, so \u20ac16,200 over 9 years. Not to mention potential savings on charges or works. Likewise, avoiding being a joint surety for payment of the rent can save you in hard times. Some lawyers in Paris also offer a basic fixed fee plus a success fee based on the savings obtained on the lease. For example, you could agree a fixed fee of \u20ac1,500 + 10% of the rent savings obtained in the first year. The lawyer is thus motivated to negotiate firmly. This kind of arrangement must be formalised in the fee agreement. Finally, note that lawyer's fees relating to the negotiation and drafting of a commercial lease can be booked as an expense for the company (and are therefore tax-deductible), which further reduces the real cost to you.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Can you terminate a commercial lease early in Paris?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The \u201c3-6-9\u201d commercial lease is designed to offer stability to the tenant, but it nevertheless provides for a few cases of early termination. In Paris as elsewhere in France, here are the cases in which you can end a commercial lease before the 9 years expire: Three-yearly termination by the tenant: this is the right, for the tenant only, to give notice at the end of each 3-year period. In other words, you can leave the premises after 3 or 6 years, provided you give the landlord at least 6 months' notice by bailiff's deed or registered letter with acknowledgement of receipt. This three-yearly right is automatic, subject to exceptions (shorter leases such as a short-term commercial lease (bail d\u00e9rogatoire), or a lease that has expressly waived this right in certain very particular cases such as leases of single-purpose premises or premises built for a single use). Amicable termination: at any time, you can agree with the landlord to end the lease by mutual consent. This contractual termination is formalised in writing (a termination amendment) that sets the departure date and any conditions (payment of compensation, takeover of the business, etc.). It is a simple negotiation between the parties: often, in Paris, a landlord may agree to release a tenant early if they have another tenant ready to pay more, or if the tenant, in financial difficulty, is no longer paying; it is better to reach an arrangement than to endure proceedings. Judicial termination for breach: if one of the parties fails to comply with its obligations, the other can ask the court to terminate the lease. For example, if the tenant no longer pays any rent at all, or uses the premises for an activity not authorised by the permitted-use clause, the landlord can bring legal action to have the termination pronounced and the tenant evicted. Conversely, if the landlord seriously breaches its obligations (for example, it fails to maintain the building to the point of danger or of making it impossible to operate), the tenant could seek judicial termination of the lease at the landlord's fault. These cases remain rare and require a bailiff's report, etc. The termination clause (clause r\u00e9solutoire): almost all commercial leases contain a termination clause providing that, in the event of non-payment of rent (or of another essential obligation) not remedied after formal notice, the lease will be terminated automatically. In practice, this clause requires the landlord to have a formal demand to pay (commandement de payer) served on the tenant by a bailiff, and if the tenant does not pay within the period (generally 30 days), the landlord can apply to the court to have the termination of the lease recorded and the tenant evicted. This is a quick procedure when the tenant is in default. For a tenant who wants to leave early, outside the three-yearly deadlines or an amicable negotiation, there is no other option. They cannot leave unilaterally without valid reason during a period, otherwise they would remain liable for the rent until the end of the lease. On the other hand, they can sublet or assign the lease with the landlord's agreement to pass the commitment on to a successor, which is often a way out (beware: many leases in Paris contain a ban on assignment\/subletting without the landlord's agreement, to be checked case by case). Note also that for certain types of lease (short leases known as \u201cd\u00e9rogatoires\u201d of no more than 3 years, precarious market leases, etc.), termination can be freer because the term is shorter. But under the standard 3-6-9 framework, you need to plan your departure carefully to fit these three-yearly windows or find an arrangement. A lawyer can help you negotiate an exit with the landlord if needed (notably by finding a solvent replacement, etc.) or check whether a clause in the lease might allow you to leave without penalty (sometimes there are specific clauses, e.g. in the event of the tenant's transfer, retirement, etc.; these are seen in leases for small family businesses).\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Can a business lawyer act urgently in Paris?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Yes, many business lawyers in Paris are used to handling emergency situations and can act very quickly when the company's interests are threatened. Here are a few examples of urgent cases where you should call on a lawyer without delay: Urgent proceedings (r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9): if you need a provisional court decision urgently (suspension of a decision, an order to do or not to do something, etc.), a lawyer can prepare and file an urgent application within a few days. For example, to have a competitor's dissemination of confidential or defamatory content prohibited, or to obtain the lifting of an abusive seizure. Protective measures: where a substantial debt is to be recovered, the lawyer can, from the amicable phase, ask the court for a protective attachment on the debtor's bank accounts or assets, in order to secure the money pending the judgment on the merits. These applications are often made urgently ex parte (without warning the opponent beforehand, to prevent them from arranging their insolvency). Response to a writ of summons or formal notice: if you receive a writ of summons from an opponent (with a hearing date soon) or a formal notice calling on you to act on pain of legal action, you must consult a lawyer very quickly. In Paris, some disputes require a response within a few days (for example an urgent application where the hearing is set within 2 weeks). A lawyer will organise your defence and can negotiate a postponement if necessary. Urgent negotiation of a contract or agreement: in business, an opportunity or a crisis sometimes demands quick action. For example, the possibility of buying a competing company whose auction sale is in 10 days, or conversely a shareholder who wants to leave overnight and threatens to block the company. A business lawyer can prioritise your case and mobilise their team to draft a confidentiality agreement, a memorandum of agreement or any documentation in record time, in order to secure the transaction before the critical deadline. Crisis management: in the event of a search of your premises, a cyberattack, a serious labour dispute, etc., a lawyer must be contacted immediately. Many Parisian firms have a telephone duty service and can be reached even at weekends or at night for this kind of case. For example, if your company is the victim of a fraud or a misappropriation discovered late, your lawyer can file a criminal complaint, communicate with the authorities and initiate procedures to limit the damage (blocking of accounts, etc.). In practice, at the initial contact, make clear the urgent nature of your request so that the firm can organise itself accordingly. It is not unusual for a lawyer to rearrange their diary for a loyal client facing an emergency, or for a firm to rely on its network (fellow lawyers, correspondents) to act on several fronts simultaneously. In Paris, since access to the courts and administrations is made easier by proximity, a lawyer can physically file an urgent application or meet a judge within the day if necessary. This responsiveness is one of the strengths of a human-sized firm compared with larger, more procedure-bound firms (where responsiveness can sometimes be lower). When you choose your business lawyer, take an interest in their ability to handle emergencies: it may prove crucial one day or another.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"How does the first consultation with a business lawyer in Paris work?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The first consultation is an important step that allows the lawyer to learn about your situation and allows you to take the measure of the lawyer (skills, rapport, working method). In Paris, most firms offer a first appointment of 30 minutes to 1 hour, in person or by videoconference. Here is how it generally goes: Presentation of your situation \u2013 You set out the facts and your issue: for example, \u201cI wish to set up a company in such-and-such a field\u2026\u201d, or \u201cI am in a dispute with a supplier who\u2026\u201d, or \u201cI have an important contract project and need advice\u2026\u201d. It is advisable to provide the relevant documents at this first meeting (current articles of association, contracts, letters received, emails, accounts, etc.) so that the lawyer has a concrete view of the case. The lawyer's questions and analysis \u2013 The lawyer will ask you questions to clarify the important points, pin down your objectives (what you want to achieve or avoid), and assess the legal and financial stakes. They analyse the information in real time and identify the legal levers to act on. For example, they may already spot that a clause in your contract is unfair, or that a formality was overlooked when your company was set up, and so on. Initial advice and possible options \u2013 Depending on what they understand of your situation, the lawyer sets out the options available to you, with their advantages and drawbacks. For example: \u201cWe can send a formal notice, then consider an urgent application if necessary\u201d, or \u201cYou would do well to opt for the SAS rather than the SARL for such-and-such a reason\u201d. They give you a legal roadmap, in simple terms, and answer your first specific questions if you have any (even if not everything can be resolved in an hour). Proposal for the assignment and quote \u2013 At the end of the meeting, if you wish to continue with this lawyer, they will explain how they propose to help you in practice: what the next steps would be, how long it could take and, above all, how much it would cost. They generally discuss their method of billing (fixed fee, hourly rate, success fee) suited to your case. In Paris, business lawyers then draw up an engagement letter or fee agreement detailing the assignment and the budget. You can ask for this document before committing definitively. Practical tip: Prepare for this appointment by making a list of the questions you wish to ask, and gather all the factual elements of the case in a file (paper or digital) so as not to forget anything. The first consultation is often dense with information; do not hesitate to take notes. Be transparent with the lawyer about all aspects of your situation (even the awkward points or any mistakes you may have made): the clearer their view, the better they can advise you. Finally, use this meeting to assess whether you get on well: a relationship of trust is paramount. Make sure you feel listened to, understood and at ease asking questions, however simple. A good business lawyer must also be a good teacher, able to demystify legal jargon and give you confidence in the strategy to follow. If you leave the consultation with a clearer view and the feeling of being in good hands, that is a good sign for what follows.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Why choose a business lawyer in Paris rather than in the provinces?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Choosing a business lawyer based in Paris offers several advantages if your company is based in the Paris region (\u00cele-de-France) or your cases involve the Parisian ecosystem: Knowledge of the local business landscape: Paris is France's economic heart, with most large companies' head offices, numerous innovative small and medium-sized businesses, start-ups, investors, investment funds, and so on. A Parisian lawyer is used to working with these players and knows their practices, their level of expectation and sometimes the key people. For example, a Parisian business lawyer will know how to negotiate with a major commercial landlord in the market, or how to approach the legal department of a large group because they have experience of these counterparts. Mastery of local procedures: being on the spot in Paris is also an asset for handling local judicial or administrative procedures. Your lawyer can easily go to the Paris Commercial Court, the judicial court (Tribunal judiciaire) or the Court of Appeal to file a case urgently, attend a hearing, meet a court clerk, and so on. Likewise, they are close to central administrations (URSSAF, the non-resident tax office, INPI for trade marks, etc.). This geographical proximity can speed up certain procedures. Availability and responsiveness: if you are yourself in Paris or the inner suburbs, working with a local lawyer allows quick in-person appointments, even visits on site at your premises if needed. In hard times, being able to meet your lawyer physically within the day can make the difference. Of course, with videoconferencing, distance matters less than before, but the lawyer's local network counts: a Parisian lawyer can more easily mobilise a Paris bailiff for service within the day, know a well-regarded court-appointed administrator, or recommend a local chartered accountant for an assignment. Experience of complex and international cases: Paris also attracts international and high-stakes cases. Parisian business law firms are well versed in high-level transactions and disputes, often in English, involving foreign legislation or negotiations with foreign lawyers. If your company aims to expand internationally, a Paris lawyer will probably have more contacts and experience to assist you (many of them have a network of correspondents in London, New York, Shanghai, etc.). The same goes for specialised sectors (finance, technology, luxury fashion, etc.) that are very present in Paris. Monitoring and cutting-edge training: being at the centre, Parisian lawyers have easy access to the continuing training of the Paris Bar, to economic conferences and to specialist legal symposia. They are often at the forefront of legislative and case-law developments, sometimes even involved in the legislator's deliberations through professional committees. This head start can benefit your company in terms of proactive advice (anticipating a legal reform, applying a new regulation before others, etc.). Of course, there are excellent lawyers in the provinces. However, if your business is mainly in Paris or your disputes take place before the Parisian courts, having a Parisian business lawyer avoids a possible unfamiliarity with local practices. For example, the practices of the Paris Commercial Court (which has its own specifics, its very experienced commercial judges, its appointed mediators, etc.) can differ from a commercial court in the regions. Likewise, for networking or business development, a well-connected lawyer in Paris can sometimes put you in touch with a financer or a partner through their own network. Finally, the prestige attached to Paris can play a part: in certain international negotiations, mentioning that your adviser is a lawyer in Paris can subconsciously reassure as to standing and seriousness (Paris being perceived as a business law hub in Europe, like London). It is a detail, certainly, but in business every asset counts. In conclusion, if your legal needs are linked to the Parisian ecosystem or require in-depth and responsive expertise, a business lawyer in Paris is often the best choice. Conversely, for very local cases in the provinces, a lawyer on the spot will be more appropriate; it is really a question of matching the geographical\/jurisdictional situation of the problem with the location of the adviser.\"}}]}<\/script>\n<script>\n(function(){\n  var wrapper = document.getElementById('faq-2026-06-12-affaires-faffdf1');\n  if (!wrapper) return;\n  var btn = wrapper.querySelector('.hkx6-faq-voir-plus');\n  if (!btn) return;\n  var list = wrapper.querySelector('.hkx6-faq-list');\n  btn.addEventListener('click', function(){\n    list.classList.add('expanded');\n    btn.classList.add('hidden');\n  });\n})();\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a5f63b6 e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"a5f63b6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;gradient&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dd7f0f9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"dd7f0f9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-98cc3ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"98cc3ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation_mobile&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">  <h2>The latest <span>news.<\/span><\/h2>\n\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element 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Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. 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Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2157055 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2157055 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/allison-saeng-Hpw4nI_QUWQ-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2157055 post-2157055 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/25\/foreign-company-france-corporate-bank-account-refusal-abroad\/\">Your French Bank Won&#8217;t Open a Corporate Account While You Live Abroad: Right to an Account, Banque de France Designation and the Anti-Money-Laundering Wall<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2157013 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2157013 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/getty-images-p1ZW7qeVRyE-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2157013 post-2157013 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/25\/foreign-company-france-sas-pay-abroad-salary-dividends-management-fees\/\">Your French SAS Pays You While You Live Abroad: Salary, Dividends or Management Fees<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2156883 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2156883 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/getty-images-p1ZW7qeVRyE-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2156883 post-2156883 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/25\/foreign-company-france-sas-capital-increase-cash-call-filing-abroad\/\">Your French SAS Needs Cash From Abroad: Increase Capital, Call Up Unpaid Shares or Lend Instead \u2014 Filing and New Kbis Without Flying to Paris<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2156702 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2156702 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/pawel-czerwinski-mIT9kEQBC6Q-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2156702 post-2156702 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/24\/foreign-company-france-hire-first-employee-dpae-contract-trial-pay-abroad\/\">Hiring Your First French Employee While You Live Abroad: DPAE, Contract, Trial Period, Pay and Registration<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2156668 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2156668 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/alex-vasey-F5HtPjpBb9k-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2156668 post-2156668 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/24\/foreign-company-france-management-fees-transfer-pricing-file-defence-abroad\/\">Your French Subsidiary Pays Management Fees to Its Foreign Parent While You Live Abroad: Transfer Pricing File, Deduction and Reassessment Defence<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Rendre la carte cliquable (Simule le lien)\n    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.card-item');\n    \n    cards.forEach(card => {\n        card.style.cursor = 'pointer';\n        \n        \/\/ On cherche l'URL dans le titre de la carte\n        const titleLink = card.querySelector('.card-title a');\n        let url = titleLink ? titleLink.href : null;\n\n        if (url) {\n            \/\/ Clic sur toute la carte\n            card.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n                \/\/ Si on ne clique pas d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur un bouton ou un autre lien valide\n                if (!e.target.closest('a') && !e.target.closest('button')) {\n                    window.location.href = url;\n                }\n            });\n        }\n\n        \/\/ 2. Nettoyer les liens DANS le texte (Expos\u00e9 des motifs, etc.)\n        const content = card.querySelector('.elementor-widget-theme-post-content');\n        if (content) {\n            const links = content.querySelectorAll('a');\n            links.forEach(link => {\n                \/\/ Remplace le lien <a href=\"...\">Texte<\/a> par un simple <span>Texte<\/span>\n                const span = document.createElement('span');\n                span.innerHTML = link.innerHTML;\n                link.replaceWith(span);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n});\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<style id=\"loop-dynamic-1983483\">.e-loop-item-2156642 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .e-loop-item-2156642 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5bca5836 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/shubham-dhage-ICCn56-jyuw-unsplash-scaled.webp\");}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"1983483\" class=\"elementor elementor-1983483 e-loop-item e-loop-item-2156642 post-2156642 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-decryptage category-doing-business-in-france\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca5836 card-item e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bca5836\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daf2e8 card-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"daf2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.fr\/en\/2026\/10\/24\/foreign-company-france-shareholder-loan-compte-courant-abroad\/\">Your French Subsidiary Needs Cash From Abroad: Shareholder Loans (Compte Courant d&#8217;Associe), Interest, Approval and Getting Repaid<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e11a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7e11a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t <script>\n  (function() {\n    let attempts = 0;\n    const maxAttempts = 20; \/\/ 20 tentatives = 10 secondes max\n\n    function tryClean() {\n      attempts++;\n      console.log('Tentative', attempts);\n\n      \/\/ Cherche TOUS les conteneurs possibles\n      const containers = document.querySelectorAll(\n        '.elementor-widget-theme-post-content .elementor-widget-container, ' +\n        '.card-item [class*=\"post-content\"], ' +\n        '.elementor-loop-container [class*=\"widget-container\"]'\n      );\n\n      console.log('Conteneurs trouv\u00e9s:', containers.length);\n\n      if (containers.length === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        \/\/ R\u00e9essaye dans 500ms\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let cleaned = 0;\n\n      containers.forEach(function(container) {\n        const html = container.innerHTML;\n\n        if (html && html.includes('Expos\u00e9 des motifs')) {\n          console.log('Nettoyage en cours...');\n          const parts = html.split('Expos\u00e9 des motifs');\n          if (parts[1]) {\n            container.innerHTML = parts[1].trim();\n            cleaned++;\n          }\n        }\n      });\n\n      console.log('Cartes nettoy\u00e9es:', cleaned);\n\n      \/\/ Si rien n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 nettoy\u00e9 et qu'on a encore des tentatives\n      if (cleaned === 0 && attempts < maxAttempts) {\n        setTimeout(tryClean, 500);\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Lance au chargement\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n      document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', tryClean);\n    } else {\n      tryClean();\n    }\n  })();\n  <\/script>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaeb6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bcaeb6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\n    \n    \/\/ 1. 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